LUAT
CONG l/CfC CUA LIEN HOP QUOC VE CHONG TRA TAN
- NHtfNG VAN DE DAT RA DOI VCfl QUOC GIA THANH VIEN
• PHAM THANH SON
TOM TAT:
Cdng ffde cua Li6n hdp qud'c \i ebd'ng tra td'n va cdc binh thffc ddi xff hoac trffng phat tan bao, vd nhSn dao hoac ba nbue eon ngffdi (Cdng ffde cbdng tra tan) la mdt trong 28 dieu ffde qud'c Id'quan trpng ve quyin con ngffdi, dffdc thdng qua ngay 01/12/1984 va cd hieu Iffc tff ngdy 26/6/1987. Cong ffdc dffdc xay dffng tren nhffng nguyen tac da dffdc Tuydn bd trong Hie'n chffdng ciia Lien hdp qud'c ve cdng nhan quyen binh dang va khdng the chuyen nhffdng cua mpi thanh vien trong cdng ddng nhan loai, la ed sd eua sff tff do, cdng ly va hda binh tren the gidi va phu hdp vdi cdc van ki6n pbap ly khac ciia Lien hpp qud'c ve quyen con ngffdi.
Bai vie't khdi qudt nhffng npi dung cd ban tim hie'u ve Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n va sff sff tham gia ciia cdc qud'c gia, nha't la cdc nghia vu, trdch nhiem cho cdc qud'c gia thanh vien.
Tiif khoa: Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n. Lien hdp qud'c, tra ta'n, quydn con ngffdi.
1. Dgt vSnd6
Cdng ffde chd'ng tra ta'n ciia Lien hdp qud'c dffdc thdng qua ngay 01/12/1984 va cd hieu Iffc tff ngay 26/6/1987. Cdng ffde la sff the hien y chi ciia nhan loai yeu chudng hda binh, ti6'n bd tren the' gidi mong mud'n sdm loai bd hanh vi dd'i xff hoac binh pbat tdn bdo, vd nhan dao ra khdi ddi sd'ng xd hpi. Cdng ffdc dffdc de ngd cbo cdc qud'c gia ky ket tai tru sd ciia Lien hdp qud'c lai New York tff ngdy 04/02/1985 vd tinh de'n ngdy 08/6/2015, da cd 158 qudc gia tbam gia Cdng ffdc, 10 qud'c gia da ky nhffng chffa phe chua'n.
Cdc thanh vien ciia Cdng v(6c cbii ye'u la d chau Au, chau Phi, chau My, chau Uc, cdc nffdc chau A da phd chuan Cdng ffdc nay chii ye'u la khu vffc Trung A. Xet trong moi tffdng quan vdi Viet Nam, cdc nffdc trong khu vffc chau A da la thanh vien cua Cdng ffdc mdi chi cd Trung Qud'c (1988), Han Qud'c (1995). Nhal Ban (1999), Thai Lan (2007), In-dd-ne-xia (1998), Cam^pu-chia (1992), Phi-lip-pin (1986), Lao (2012). An Dd da ky Cdng ffdc vao nam 1997 nhffng de'n nay vdn chffa phe chuan. Cac qud'c gia khde trong ASEAN gdm Xinh-ga-po, Mi-an-ma, Bru-nay, Ma-lai-xia
So 3 - T h d n g 3/2019 37
chffa la thanh vien ciia Cdng ffde. Mac dii cdn cd mot sd'qud'c gia chffa phe chua'n, nhffng vdi da sd' cac qud'c gia la tbanh vien ciia Lidn bdp qud'c tham gia Cdng ffdc da the hien y chi cua da so' trong cdng ddng qud'c le yeu chudng hda binh va lien bd tren the' gidi kien quyet loai bd hanh vi tra ta'n, dd'i xff tan bao hoac vd nhan dao vdi con ngffdi vi ba't ky ly do gi ra khdi ddi sd'ng ciia nhan loai.
Ngay 07/11/2013, lai tru sd chinh cua Lien hdp qud'c, Dai sff Trffdng Phdi doan dai dien tbffdng trffc Viet Nam tai Lien hdp qud'c da thay mat nffdc Cdng hda xa bdi cbu nghia Viel Nam ky Cdng ffdc. Tie'p dd, ngay 18/9/2014, Chii tich nffdc Cdng bda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam cd Td trinh sd' 03/TTr-CTN trinh Qud'c hdi vd viec phe chuan Cdng ffde. Ngay 28/11/2014, tai ky hpp thff tdm, Qudc bdi khoa XIII da thdng qua Nghi quye't so 83/2014/QH13 ve viec phe chua'n Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n. Viet Nam trd thanh thanh vien thff 157 ciia Cdng ffde, la van kien thff 10/28 dieu ffdc qud'c te'vl quyen con ngffdi ma Viet Nam da gia nhap, phe chua'n.
Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n cd 33 dieu, cau true thanh 03 phan vdi eae ndi dung cu the nhff sau:
Phan mdt la cdc dieu khoan quy dinh nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien, mang tinh quan trpng nha't ciia Cdng ffdc gdm: Kbai niem tra tan; nghia vu ciia cdc qudc gia tbanh vien phai thffc hien cac bien phdp lap phap, banb phdp.
Iff pbap hoac cdc bien phdp hieu qua khde de ngan chan cdc hanh vi tra ta'n; nghia vu eiia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien khdng dffdc true xua't, din do bay tra mdt ngffdi ve cbo mdt qud'c gia khde, ndi md ngffdi dd ed nguy cd bi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien phai quy dinh hanh vi tra ta'n la tdi pham trong luat hinh sff vdi nhffng hinh phat thich dang vdi hanh vi pham tdi; nghia vu ciia qud'c gia thanh vien phai tbie't lap tham quyen tai phan dd'i vdi cac hanh vi pham tdi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai bat giff va tien hanh dieu tra nhffng ngffdi bi nghi ngd la da thffc hien hanb vi tra ta'n kbi ed ed sd; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai dan do hoac chuyen vu viec len
eae cd quan cd tha'm quyen de truy td' ngffdi dffdc cho la da cd hanh vi pham tdi tra tan;
nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phdi earn ke't dffa nhffng hanh vi pham tdi tra tan vao danh muc cdc tdi cd the dan dp; nghia vu etia cac qud'c gia thanh vidn trong viec bd trd lan nhau ve cac thii tuc Id'lung hinh sff lien quan de'n cdc tpi pham tra ta'n, bao gdm ca viec hd trd cung ca'p chffng cff; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai giao due va luyen truyen trong viec ngan cd'm cac banb vi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia tbanh vien phai ra sodt mdt cdch cd he thd'ng cdc nguyen tac tha'm va'n, cung nhff cac cd che' giam giff va dd'i xff vdi nhffng ngffdi bi bat, bi giam giff, bi cam tu dffdi mpi hinh thffc, nham ngan chan tra tan; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia tbanh vien phai tie'n hanh dieu tra nhanh cbdng vd kbdch quan tatca eae hanh vi tra ta'n;
nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien phai dam bao rang cdc nan nhan cua nhffng hanh vi tra tan cd quyen kbieu nai va viec kbieu nai ciia hp phai dffdc xem xet bdi ed quan cd tham quyen mdt each nhanh cbdng va khach quan;
nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai dam bao eae bien phap khac phuc va bdi thffdng thiet hai cbo cac nan nhan bi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cac qudc gia tbanh vien dam bao rdng ba't ky ldi kbai hoac luyen bd' nao dffdc dffa ra nhff la ket qua cua tra ta'n se khdng dffdc sff dung lam bang chffng; nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien trong viec ngan chan eae hinh thffc tri^ng phat hoac dd'i xff lan ac, vd nhan dao hoac ha nhuc khac.
Phan hai ciia Cdng ffdc cd 8 dieu, quy dinh ve cdc thii tuc gdm: Cdc dieu khoan ve tha'm quyen ciia Uy ban Gidm sdt Cdng ffdc, cdc nguyen tac boat ddng cua Uy ban, tbii tuc bao cao ciia cdc qud'c gia tbanh vien, ihii tuc kiem tra thdng dn, thu tuc kbieu nai giffa cac qud'c gia thanh vien ciia Cdng ffdc, thu tuc kbieu nai cd nhan, cdc quyen dffdc ffu dai vd midn trff ciia cdc thanh vi6n cua Uy ban, nghTa vu bao cdo thffdng men eiia Uy ban de'n cdc qud'c gia thanh vien va cho Dai hdi ddng Lien hdp qud'c.
Phan ba cua Cdng ffdc la cdc didu khoan cud'i
LUAT
cung mang tinh ky thuat v6 vi6c ky ket, phe chuan, gia nhap, cdc dieu kien cd hieu Iffc, quyen bao Iffu, thu tuc sffa dd'i, bd sung; giai quye't tranh chap giffa eae qud'c gia thanh vien;
thii tuc bai ffdc.
2. Nhiing vli'n dd Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra tan dat ra dd'i vdi qud'c gia thanh vien
Ve mat ndi dung, Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n dat ra rat nhieu ngbia vu, trdch nhiem cho cac qud'c gia thanh vien, nha't la nghia vu hinh sff hda hanh vi tra ta'n, thffc hien cdc bien phdp lap phdp, banb phdp, tff phdp hoac nhffng bien phap hffu hidu khde de ngdnchancdebanh vi tra ta'n; khdng true xua't, trao tra hoac ddn dd nd'u cd dii cdn cff de tin rang ngffdi nay cd nguy cd phai chiu sff tra ta'n;
yeu can tbie't lap quyen tdi pban; dp dung bien phap ngan chan de tie'n hanh thii tuc to'tung hinh sff hoac de' dan dd; nghia vu truy td'trong trffdng hdp khdng dan dp, quy dinh vd tdi pham tra ta'n la nhffng tpi pham cd the bi dan dp trong cdc hiep dinh ma qud'c gia thanh vien da ky ket hoac tbam gia; nghia vu hd trd lan nhau trong qua trinh td' tung hinh sff; yeu cau phd hie'n, tuyen truyen day dii viec nghiem ca'm hanh vi tra ta'n va dao tao ddi ngu nhan vien tham gia vao viec bat giff, th§'m vd'n hay xff ly cdc ed nbdn ed the bi bat, tam giam bode phat tii; bao dam vide didu tra kip tbdi va cdng bdng; bao dam quyen khie'u nai, quyen dffdc bdi thffdng ciia ngffdi bi tra ta'n va nghia vu ngan chan cac hinh ihffc dd'i xff hoac trffng phat tan bao, vd nhan dao hoac ha nhuc eon ngffdi khde chffa de'n mffc bi coi Id tra tdn.
Ve mat blnb thffc, trong sd'eae dieu khoan quy dinh ve trinh tff, thii tuc cua Cdng ffdc cd quy dinh ve Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n va giai quye't tranh chap, trong dd xdc dinh:
- Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n bao dam cac qud'c gia thanh vien thffc ihi Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n mdt cdch nghiem tiic, Uy ban cd ed cau td chffc chat che (Dieu 17, 18 Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n), cd nhieu chffc nang va nhiem vu quan trpng (Dieu 19, Dieu 20). Tuy nhien, mdt so tha'm quyen ciia Uy ban ebd'ng tra ta'n chi cd hieu Iffc dd'i vdi mdt qud'c gia thanh vien Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n khi qud'c gia tuyen bd cdng nhan tbam quyen dd
(Dieu 21, 22). Cdng ffdc cung cbo pbep bao Iffu mot sd'tbam quyen ciia Uy ban (Dieu 20).
- Tranh cha'p giffa cac qud'c gia thanh vien lien quan de'n giai thich hay dp dung Cdng ffde ebd'ng tra ta'n dffdc giai quyet thdng qua eae phffdng tidn nhff dam pban, trpng tai, Tda an Cdng ly qud'c te (Dieu 30).
Ve ndi dung bao Iffu, Cdng ffdc quy dinh cdc qud'c gia thanh vien ed the tuyen bd' khdng thffa nhan tha'm quyen eua Uy ban ebd'ng tra lan theo quy dinh tai Dieu 20, dd la tham quyen ciia Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n trong vide yeu cau qud'c gia thanh vien bdp tdc kiem tra thdng dn ed chffa dffng nhffng can cff xdc ddng cho tha'y bdnh vi tra tan dang dffdc thffc hien mdt cdch cd he thd'ng tren lanh iho ciia qud'c gia thanh vien dd. Theo dd, thanh vien ciia Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n cung cd the tie'n hdnh dieu tra bi mat, tbi sat tr6n lanh thd mdt qud'c gia, viec nay cd the ddn den viec dffa ra nhffng bao cao, tin Iffc ba't ldi cbo qud'c gia hi dilu tra, thi sal.
Mat khde, eae qud'c gia thanh vien cung cd quyen luyen bd'khong rang budc bdi quy dinh ve viec giai quye't tranh cha'p giffa hai hay nhieu qud'c gia thdnh vien hen quan de'n giai thich hay dp dung Cdng ffdc vao thdi diem ky, phe chuan hoac gia nhap Cdng ffdc. Theo dd, ne'u khdng giai quydl dffdc thdng qua dam phdn thi mdt trong cdc ben ed quyen yeu cau trpng tai pban xff. Ne'u trong ihdi ban 06 thdng ke tff ngay yeu cau trpng tai phan xff ma cdc ben van khdng the thd'ng nha't ve viec td chffc trong lai thi mot trong cdc ben cd quyen de trinh tranh chap ra Tda an Cdng ly qud'c te bdng mdt yeu cau phu bdp vdi Quy che ciia Tda dn. Viec dffa tranh cha'p ra Tda dn qud'c te' can phai cd sff ddng thuan cua ta't cd cdc ben lien quan ddn tranh cha'p, dieu nay bao dam quyen chii ddng ciia Viet Nam trong tffng trffdng hdp giai quyet tranh chap cu the.
3. Quyen va nghta vu ciia qud'c gia thanh vien phat sinh tu" vi&c phe chua'n C6ng ffdc
Ve quyen va ldi icb cd ban, cdc qudc gia thdnh vien (trong dd ed Viet Nam) se dffdc hffdng nhffng quyen va ldi ich bao gdm:
Mot Id, nhan dffdc sff bd trd va hpp tdc qud'c te tff cdc qud'c gia thdnh vien khac trong qud trinh So 3-Thdng 3/2019 39
chffa la thanh vien cua Cdng ffdc. Mac du cdn ed mdt sd' qud'c gia chffa phe chua'n, nhffng vdi da sd' cdc qud'c gia la thdnh vien eiia Lien hdp qud'c tbam gia Cdng ffde da the hien y chi ciia da so' trong cdng ddng qud'c te yeu chudng hda binh va tie'n bd tren the' gidi kien quye't loai bd hanb vi tra ta'n, dd'i xff tan bao hoac vd nhan dao vdi con ngffdi vi ba't ky ly do gi ra khdi ddi sd'ng cua nhan loai.
Ngay 07/11/2013, tai tru sd chinh eua Lien hdp qud'c, Dai sff Trffdng Phdi doan dai dien thffdng trffc Viet Nam lai Lien bdp qud'c da thay mat nffdc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghTa Vidt Nam ky Cdng ffdc. Tiep dd, ngdy 18/9/2014, Chii tich nffdc Cdng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam cd Td tnnb sd 03/TTr-CTN trinh Qudc hdi ve viec phe chuan Cdng ffdc. Ngay 28/11/2014, tai ky hop thff tam, Qud'c bdi kbda XIII da thdng qua Ngbi quyet sd 83/2014/QH 13 ve viec phe chuan Cdng ffde chd'ng tra tan. Viet Nam trd thanh thdnh vien thff 157 ciia Cdng ffdc, la van kien thff 10/28 dieu ffdc qud'c te ve quyen con ngffdi ma Viet Nam da gia nhap, phe chua'n.
Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n cd 33 dieu, ca'u true thanh 03 phan vdi cdc ndi dung cu the nhff sau:
Phan mdt la cac dieu khoan quy dinh nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia tbanh vidn, mang tinh quan trong nha't ciia Cdng ffdc gdm: Khdi niem tra tSn; nghTa vu ciia cdc qudc gia thanh vidn phai thffc hien cac bien phdp lap phdp, hanh phap, tff phap hoac cdc bien phdp hieu qua khde de ngan chan cac hanh vi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia tbanh vien khdng dffdc true xua't, ddn dd bay tra mdt ngffdi ve cho mdt qudc gia khde, ndi ma ngffdi dd cd nguy cd bi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia tbanh vien phai quy dinh hanh vi tra ta'n la tdi pham trong luat hinb sff vdi nhffng hinh phat thich ddng vdi hanh vi pham tdi; ngbia vu ciia qud'c gia thdnh vien phai tbie't lap tham quyen tai phdn dd'i vdi cac hanh vi pham tdi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai ba't giff va tie'n hanb dieu tra nhffng ngffdi bj nghi ngd la da thffc hien hanh vi tra tan khi cd cd sd; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai ddn dd hoac chuyen vu viec len
cac cd quan cd tha'm quyen de truy td ngffdi dffdc cho la da cd hdnh vi pham tdi tra tan;
ngbia vu ciia cac qud'c gia tbanh vien phai cam ke't dffa nhffng banb vi pbam tdi tra ta'n vao danh muc cdc tdi cd the' dan dp; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vidn trong vide bd trd lan nhau ve cac thii tuc id'lung hinh sff lien quan de'n cdc ldi pham tra td'n, bao gdm cd viec bd trd cung ca'p chffng cff; nghia vu cua cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai giao due va tuyen truyen trong vide ngan ca'm cdc hanh vi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien phai rd soat mdt each ed h€
thd'ng cdc nguyen tac tham va'n, cung nhff cdc cd che' giam giff va dd'i xff vdi nhffng ngffdi hi bat, bl giam giff, hi cam tii dffdi mpi hinh thffc, nham ngdn chan tra ta'n; nghia vu eua cac qud'c gia thanh vien phai tie'n hdnh dieu tra nhanh cbdng vd khach quan ta't ca cdc hanh vi tra td'n;
ngbia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien phai dam bao rang cdc nan nhan ciia nhffng hdnh vi tra tan cd quyen khie'u nai va viec khie'u nai ciia ho phai dffdc xem xet bdi cd quan cd tha'm quyen mdt each nhanh chdng va kbdch quan;
ngbia vu ciia cac qud'c gia tbanh vien phai dam bao cac bien pbap khac phuc vd bdi thffdng thiet hai cho cac nan nhan hi tra ta'n; nghia vu ciia cdc qud'c gia thanh vien dam bao rang ba't ky ldi khai hoac tuyen bd' ndo dffdc dffa ra nhff la ke't qua ciia tra tan se khdng dffdc sff dung lam bang chffng; nghia vu ciia cac qud'c gia thanh vien trong vide ngan chan cdc hinh thffc trffng phai hoac dd'i xii tan ac, vd nhan dao hoac ba nhuc khde.
Pban hai ciia Cong ffdc cd 8 dieu, quy dinb ve cac thii tuc gdm: Cdc dieu khoan ve thd'm quyen cua Uy ban Giam sat Cdng ffdc, cac nguyen tac hoat ddng eua Uy ban, thii tuc bdo cdo cua cdc qud'c gia thanh vidn, thii tuc kiem tra thdng tin, thii tuc khie'u nai giffa cdc qud'c gia tbanh vien ciia Cdng ffdc, thii tuc khie'u nai ed nhan, cdc quyen dffdc ffu dai vd midn trff ciia cac thanh vien cua Uy ban, nghia vu bao cao thffdng nien ciia Uy ban de'n cdc qud'c gia tJuinh vien va cho Dai hdi ddng Lien hdp qud'c.
Phan ba ciia Cdng ffdc Id cac dieu khoan cud'i
LUAT
cung mang tinh ky thuSt ve viec ky ke't, phe chuan, gia nhap, cac dieu kien cd hieu Iffc, quyen bao Iffu, thii tuc sffa ddi, bd sung; giai quydt tranh ehd'p giffa cdc qud'c gia thanh vien;
thu tuc bai ffdc.
2. Nhffng vS'n dd Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra tan dat ra dd'i vdi quo'c gia thanh vldn
Vd mat ndi dung, Cdng ffde chd'ng tra ta'n dat ra ra't nhieu nghia vu, trdch nhiem cho cac qud'c gia thanh vien, nhd't la nghia vu hinh sff hda hanh vi tra ta'n, thffc Men cdc bien phap lap phdp, hanh phdp, tff phdp hoac nhffng bien pbap hffu hieu khde de ngan chan cdc hanh vi tra ta'n; khdng true xua't, trao tra hoac dan dp ne'u cd du can cff de tin rang ngffdi nay cd nguy cd phai chiu sff tra ta'n;
yeu cau thiet lap quyen tai phdn; dp dung bien phdp ngdn chan de tie'n hanh thii tuc td'tung hinh sff hoac de dan do; nghia vu iruy td' trong trffdng bdp khdng dan dp; quy dinb ve tdi pham tra ta'n la nhffng ldi pham ed the bi ddn dd trong cac hiep dinh md qud'c gia thdnh vien da ky ke't hoac tham gia; ngbia vu hd trd lan nhau Irong qua trinh to' tung binh sff; yeu cau phd bien, tuyen truyen day dii viec nghiem ca'm hdnh vi tra ta'n va dao tao ddi ngu nhan vien tham gia vao viec bat giff, tham va'n hay xff ly cac ca nhan cd the bi bdt, lam giam hoac phat til; bao dam viec dieu tra kip thdi va cdng bang; bao dam quyen khie'u nai, quyen dffpc bdi thffdng eiia ngffdi bi tra ta'n va nghia vu ngdn chan cdc hinh thffc dd'i xff hoac trffng phat lan bao, vd nhan dao hoac ha nhuc con ngffdi khde chffa de'n mffc bi coi la tra ta'n.
Ve mat hinh ihffc, trong sd cdc dieu khoan quy dinh ve trinh tff, thii tuc ciia Cdng ffdc cd quy dinh ve Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n vd giai quyet tranh cha'p, trong do xdc dinh.
- Uy ban ebd'ng tra ta'n bao dam cdc qud'c gia thdnh vien thffc thi Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n mdt cdch nghiem liic. Uy ban cd cd ca'u td chffc chat che (Dieu 17, 18 Cdng ffde cbdng tra ta'n), cd nhieu ch\ic ndng vd nhiem vu quan trpng (Dieu 19, Dieu 20). Tuy nhien, mot so'tham quyen ciia Uy ban ebd'ng tra ta'n chi ed bieu Iffc dd'i vdi mdt qud'c gia thanh vien Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n khi qud'c gia tuyen bd cdng nhan tbam quyen dd
(Dieu 21, 22). Cdng ffdc cung cbo phep bao Iffu mdt sd tha'm quyen ciia Uy ban (Dieu 20).
- Tranh cha'p giffa cdc qud'c gia thanh vien lien quan de'n giai thfeh hay dp dung Cdng ffde chd'ng tra ta'n dffpc giai quyet thdng qua cdc phffdng tien nhff dam phan, Erpng tai, Tda an Cdng ly qud'c te' (Dieu 30).
Ve ndi dung bao Iffu, Cdng ffdc quy dinh cdc qud'c gia thanh vien cd the tuyen bd' khdng tbffa nhan tha'm quydn cua Uy ban chd'ng tra lan theo quy dmh tai Dieu 20, dd la tha'm quyen eua Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n trong viec yeu cau qud'c gia thanh vien hdp tde bem tra thdng tin cd chffa dffng nhffng can cff xdc dang cho tha'y hanh vi tra ta'n dang dffdc thffc hien mdt cdch cd be thd'ng tren lanh ihd cua quo'c gia thanh vien dd. Theo dd, thanh vien ciia Uy ban chd'ng tra ta'n cung cd the de'n hdnh didu tra bi mat, thi sdt tren lanh tho mdt qud'c gia, viec nay cd the dan de'n viec dffa ra nhffng bdo cdo, tin tffe ba't ldi cho qud'c gia bi dieu tra, tbi sat.
Mat khac, cac qud'c gia thdnh vien cung cd quyen tuyen bd' khdng rang bupc bdi quy dinh ve viec giai quye't tranh cha'p giffa hai hay nhieu qud'c gia thanh vien lien quan de'n giai thich hay dp dung Cdng ffdc vao thdi didm ky, phe chuan hoac gia nhdp Cdng ffdc. Theo dd, ne'u khdng giai quye't dffdc thdng qua ddm phdn tbi mot trong cdc ben cd quydn yeu cau trong tai phdn xff. Ne'u trong thdi ban 06 thdng ke tff ngay ydu cdu trong tai phan xii ma cac ben van khdng the thd'ng nha't ve viec id chffc trpng tai thi mdt trong cac ben cd quyen de trinh tranh cha'p ra Tda an Cdng ly quoc te bang mot yeu cau phu hdp vdi Quy che' ciia Tda an. Viec dffa tranh cha'p ra Tda an qud'c te' can phaicd sff ddng thuan ciia ta'tca cdc ben lien quan de'n tranh cha'p, dieu nay bao dam quyen cbii ddng ciia Viet Nam trong tffng trffdng hdp giai quye't tranh cha'p cu the.
3. Quyen va nghTa vu cua qud'c gia thanh vi^n phat sinh tff viec phe chu^n Cdng ffdc
Ve quyen va ldi ich cd ban, cac qud'c gia thdnh vien (trong dd cd Viet Nam) se dffdc hffdng nhffng quyen va ldi ich bao gdm:
Mot Id, nhan dffpc sff hd trd va bdp tac qud'c te tff cdc qud'c gia thdnh vien khde trong qua trinh So 3-Thdng 3/2019 39
tie'^n hanb thu tuc to' tung hinh sff dd'i vdi tdi pham CO ben quan de'n banb vi tra ta'n;
Hai la, cd quyen de cii cdng dan tham gia vac Uy ban chd'ng ira ta'n;
Ba Id, cd quyen bao Iffu mdt sd' ndi dung eiia Cdng ffdc;
Bdn Id, cd quyen kie'n ngbi sffa doi mdt sd ndi dung ciia Cdng ffde.
Ve nghia vu cd ban, cung vdi cdc quyen va ldi ich neu tren, cac qud'c gia phai thffc bien cac nghTa vu cd ban cua mdt qud'c gia tbanh vidn Cdng ffdc, bao gdm:
Mot Id, phai cha'p thuan dinh nghia ve tra ta'n eiia Cdng ffdc (bao ham ca viec tra ta'n ve tinh than);
Hai Id, cd trach nhiem ban hanh, thffc bien nhffng bien pbap lap phdp, hanh phdp, tff phap hoac nhffng bien phdp hieu qua khde de ngan chan cac hanh vi tra ta'n tren lanh thd thuoc quyen tai phan ciia minh;
Ba Id, phai bao dam mpi banb vi tra ta'n la sff vi pham phap lual hinh sff va phai bi trffng pbat bang nhffng bien phdp thich hdp;
Bdn la, phai bao dam chinh sach pha luat vd cd che thffc hien khieu nai, td' cdo va bdi thffdng tbi^t hai cbo nan nhan cua hanh vi tra tan;
Ndm Id. cd nghTa vu bd trd td'i da cdc qudc gia tbanh vien khde trong viec ngan chan hanh vi tra ta'n;
Sau Id, phai gffi bao cdo ve cdc bien pbap da tie'n hanh de tbffe bien nhffng nghia vu cam ket theo Cdng ffdc cho Uy ban chd'ng tra tan thdng qua Tong thff ky Lien hdp qud'c trong thdi han mdt ndm sau ngay Cdng ffdc cd hieu Iffc. Sau dd. cff bdn ndm mdt lan, Viet Nam phai nop bdo cdo bd sung ve nhffng bien phap mdi dffdc tien hanh cung nhff cac bdo cdo khac theo yeu cau cua Uy ban chd'ng tra tan.
4. Kd^t lu^n
Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n la mdt trong 17 vdn kien cd ban, quan trpng nha't cua Lien hdp qudc ve quyen eon ngffdi. Tinh de'n ngay 08/6/2015, da ed 158 quoc gia tbanh vien, da khang dinh nd life quye't lam chung eua cdng ddng quo'c te trong cude dau tranh chd'ng tra tan va cdc hinb tbffe dd'i xff hoac tri^ng phat tan dc, vd nhan dao hoac ha nhuc khde tren loan the gidi. Viec Dai hdi ddng thdng qua Cdng ffdc chd'ng tra ta'n la sff kien hch suT mang dam da'u dn tien bp eua nhan loai trong nd Iffc bao ve con ngffdi khdi bi tra ta'n la bffdc ddi phd hong cupc da'u tranh phdng, chd'ng tra ta'n tren loan the gidi vd la cdng cu hffu hieu dd loai bd hoan toan hanh vi tra ta'n ra khdi ddi sdng eua xa hdi van minh •
TAI LI5;U THAM KHAO:
1. Liin hap qudc - UNO (1948), Tuyen ngdn todn thigtdi ve nhan quyen;
2. Liin hap qudc - UNO (1984). Cong udc chdng Tra tdn vd TrUng phat hoac Doi xd tdn nhdn. vd nhan dao lam mdt pham gid khac (United Nations Convention against Torture and Oilier Cruet. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment);
3. Qudc hdi (2013), Hien phdp nUdc Cong hoa xd hoi chu nghia Viet Nam ndm 2013;
4. Qudc hpi (2014), Nghi quyet sd83/2014/QH13 ve viec phi chuan Cdng udc chdng tra tdn.
Ngay nhan bai: 7/2/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va siJa chffa: 17/2/2019 Ngay chap nh^n dang bai: 27/2/2019
IUAT
Thong tin tde gid:
ThS. PHAM THANH SON
Khoa Ludt, Hoc vien An ninh nhSn ddn
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE - THE OBLIGATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
OF MEMBERS
• Master. PHAM THANH SON Faculty of Law, Peoples Security A c a d e m y
ABSTRACT:
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment of United Nations (the United Nations Convention against Torture), which is one of 28 important intemadonal conventions on human rights, was passed on December 1, 1984 and took effect from June 26, 1987. This convention is based on adopted principles of the Charter of the United Nations about the recognidon of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family which are the basis of freedom, justice and peace in the world and in accordance with other legal documents on human rights of the United Nations.
This article outhnes the basic contents of the United Nations Convention against Torture and the participation of nations in this convention, especially the obligations and responsibilities of members.
Keywords: The United Nations Convendon against Torture, United Nations, torture, human rights.
S d 3 - T h d n g 3/2019 41
