Tap chi NghiSn cilu va Phat trien, so 2 (119). 2015
V NH0NG DONG GOP CUA NGUYEN DONG CHI VAO VIEC NGHIEN C0U THE LOAI VAN HOC DAN GIAN VIET NAM
Tran Thi An*
I. TiJf g o c d p tie'p c4ni v a n h o c b a t d ^ u c h u y e n s a n g g o c d p t i d p c $ h f o l k l o r e
La bp p h a n ngdn tfl eua folklore, t h u a t ngfl "van hpc ddn gian" trong nhieu trfldng hdp da mang nhflng dinh danh khae nhau, t h e b i e n edc cdch quan nidm khdc nhau cua ede n h a nghien eflu. Cd t h e h i n h dung k h a r 5 n e t sfl xudt hidn va thay ddi thudt ngfl ndy trong ly thuye't ve edng thfle t r u y e n m i e n g cua Milman Parry vd hpc trd eua dng Id Albert Lord, hai Giao sfl Trfldng Harvard, khi hai dng d l xua't ly thuyd't t r u y i n thd'ng t r u y i n midng (oral tradition) t r o n g mot cdng trinh nghien cflu v l sfl thi.'" Theo hai dng, k h a i nidm truyen m i e n g m a hp dung cho sfl thi da tflng eo n h i l u tdn gpi, deu n h a m khu biet bp p h a n s d n g tde nay vdi vdn hpe t h a n h van. Cae tdn gpi dd ed khi la ddn gian (folk) (thfldng bi dong nha't vdi nhiJng ngfldi thfle h d n h vd Iflu gifl ehung Id "nong dan" (peasant) lac hdu t r o n g mdi trfldng xd hdi ndng thdn); binli ddn (popular) ngu y ve nhiJng san phdm ed chat Ifldng kem; ddn tgc (national) trong edn sdt ehu nghia dan tpc the' ky XIX; nguyen thuy (primitive) vdi ngu y rang, sdng tde dan gian xuat hien trfldc sdng tdc t h d n h vdn.
Khdng tan dong vdi ede quan diem nay, hai dng de nghi sfl dung t h u a t ngfl truyen mieng (oral) danh cho sfl thi vdi mue dieh p h a n biet sfl t h i truyen mieng va sfl thi thdnh van, eung nhfl each thfle md nhieu nghe n h a n eung t h a m gia sang tao ndn mdt SLf thi t r u y i n midng."^' Cham de'n van de raau ehd't cua dae trflng v a n hpc^ddn gian, tde gia vidt: "Dilu quan trong khong phai la vide dien xfldng bang mieng md la vide td chflc tde p h a m trong qud trinh d i l n xfldng b a n g mieng".'^'
O Viet Nam cung v£iy, thuat ngfl v a n hpe dan gian dflde dung phd bid'n hidn nay tflng da cd nhieu tdn gpi: vdn hgc (truyen miing, binh ddn), van chuong (truyen khdu, binh ddn). Vd dieu quan trpng Id, du folklore hpe d Viet Nam chi mdi trd thdnh mdt ehuyen n g a n h nghien eflu vao khoang vdi b a t h d p nidn cudi thd' ky XX nhflng nd da dflde b a t dau tfl trfldc dd n h i l u thd' ky (nd'u cd thd t i n h cong t r i n h nghien cdu d thfl tich sdm n h a t con lai dd'n nay la "Ldi b a t " cua Vu Quynh - Kieu Phu trong ban Linh Nam chick qudi n a m 1492) vdi truyen thd'ng nghidn cflu tfl phfldng dien ngdn b a n md t h u a t ngfl chi nd deu ed chung tfl udn hgc. Do t r u y i n thdng nghien cflXi ngdn b a n folklore eua Viet Nam k h d n g thodt khdi van vfltfng
"vdn hoc" (cho de'n t a n hdm nay), trong eac t h u a t ngfl trdn, cd t h d ndi, "van hpc t r u y i n mieng" la mpt t h u a t ngfl gan gui htfn ca vdi b a n eha't folklore'^' md trong dd, Sfl tfltfng tae gifla t i n h "van hpc" vdi t i n h "truyin midng" se ldm n e n dde trflhg cua folklore ngdn tfl, khde biet hodn todn vdi vdn hpc vid't.
Trong nhung ndm 50 eua t h d ky XX, N g u y i n Dong Chi dd sfl dung t h u d t ngfl
" v a n h o c t r u y e n m i ^ n g " trong ede eong t r i n h nghien cflu vdi quan niem rdng, do la bd phan vdn hpe "dfltfc luu truyen tfl cfla mieng ngfldi n a y qua cfla mieng ngfldi khac" trong mot tbdi gian dai t h d n h "thdi quen", t h d n h " t r u y i n thdng".'^' Tidp tue
* PGS TS, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc Xa hpi Viet Nam.
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
truyen t h d n g k h ^ n g dinh t i n h chat/gid t r i "vdn hpe" cua bd p h a n nghe thudt ngdn tfl d a n gian, Nguydn Ddng Chi da sfl dung edeh tie'p can va phfltfng p h a p nghidn eflu vdn hpc vid't; tuy nhien, dng dd chu y dung mflc tdi t i n h chd't "truyen midng"
ldm n e n t i n h ddc thu eua bd p h a n ngdn tii d a n gian, khde biet vdi "vdn hpe vie't".
Sfl dung each tiep can "vdn hpc", cdc n h d nghidn culi ngdn tfl ddn gism (tfl day chung tdi sfl dung t h u a t ngfl pho bid'n Id van hpe ddn gian) da bdt dau bang vide nghien cull thd loai, mpt phfltfng phdp thu h u t dfltfc sfl quan t a m cua edc nhd nghidn eflu vd ede chfltfng t r i n h giang day htfn ea, bdi ndi nhfl M. Bakhtin, t h e loai Id nhdn udt chink cua tdn kick lich si? vdn hgc vd lich sfl van hpe, trfldc hd't Id sfl hinh t h d n h , phdt trien va tfltfng tde gifla eae t h d loai/^'
Dong thdi, d giai doan dau cua folklore hpc, vdi tfl cdch la mdt ngdnh khoa hpe dpe lap, thd loai Id m d t van d l t r u n g t d m eua nghidn euli folklore. Richard Bauraan eho rang: "Thd loai vd van de t h e loai dd vd dang la md'i bdn tdm ehinh ydu trong v a n hpc dan gian, dinh h i n h n e n bd khung eho viee thu t h a p , Iflu trfl, giang day vd nghien culi hpc t h u a t dd'i vdi van hpc dan gian".'^' Hdn thd, Dan Ben- Amos eon cho r^ng, "dinh thfle eua he thd'ng phdn loai trong folklore dflde xem la dieu kidn tidn quyd't dd'i vdi bdt ky mot bfldc tidn ndo trong nghidn cflu".'*'
Nam trdn r a n h gidi cua folklore vd vdn hpe, v a n de t h e loai dfltfng nhien la van d l trpng t a m cua nghien cflu v a n hpc dan gian, ddc bidt d nhfldng bfldc di ban dau. Tinh "bdn l l " dd d a n d a n dfltfc eac nhd nghien euli y thfle ro htfn dd xay dflng hd thdng ly thuyd't t h d loai ridng cho chuydn ngdnh minh. Vdn hpe ddn gian, do chfla dfltfc sdng tac mot cdch cd y thflc, lai dfldc Iflu truyen trong mdi trfldng truyen midng ndn cdc sang tac ngdn tfl folklore mang t i n h khau ngfl, t i n h edng thfle, tinh di ban; theo dd, cae v a n b a n dd'n tay ngfldi dpe deu mang da'u a'n phong edeh cua ngfldi sflu t a m va v a n b a n hda ehung.'^' Ben eanh dd, t i n h ngdu hflng cua sang tde tao n e n h e thdng ldi (verbal a r t : ldi ke/ldi ndi/ldi hdt/ldi dien) m a n g t i n h "ddng" vd t i n h "long" eao khid'n eho vide nghidn cflli dde trflhg t h e loai vdn hpc dan gian tfl gdc dd ngdn tfl gdp phai n h i l u khd k h a n . Chinh vi vdy, dd xdc dinh t h e loai vdn hpc dan gian, n h a nghien eflu can tim dd'n edc hd quy chie'u khde ngodi van ban nhfl mue dieh sdng tde eua ngfldi ndi/ke/hat/dien hay ddi tfldng hfldng de'n eua cdc boat ddng ndi/kd/hdt/dien do. Trdn ctf sd dd, cdc thudt ngfl t h e loai vdn hpe dan gian dfltfc h i n h t h d n h , vfla tfl k i n h nghiem nghign eflu Uen ngdnh dfldng nhfl da sdm xua't hidn (dan tdc hpe, ly luan v a n hpc, v a n hda hoc...), vfla tfl mflc dp t h a m n h a p vao t i n h "folk" cua bp ph$n ngon tfl nay.
Bfldc vao dia h a t folklore tfl ngay edn tre vd xdng xao t r e n n h i l u iTnh vfle, md'i quan t a m h d n g dau cua Nguyin Ddng Chi dfltfng n h i e n cung ehinh Id van d l the loai. CJ day, dng ed nhflng khd k h a n eua ngfldi di n h u n g bfldc b a n dau khdng sao t r d n h khdi vd cung cd n h u n g de xuat tdm huydt, trd t h d n h p h a t kidn cd gia tri ben vi3ng, md ngfldi sau khdng the khdng noi theo.
I I . H a n h t r i n h k i e m t i m v a p h a n d i n h t h d l o a i
Trong khudn khd eua bai vid't nay, chung tdi t a p t r u n g nghidn euli nhung ddng gdp eua N g u y i n Ddng Chi v l 3 thd loai v a n hpe dan gian ehu yd'u: thdn thogi, truyin thuyit vd truyen cd tich - trong sfl quy chidu cija tpa dd "vdn hpc" va "truyen midng" md dng ludn y thflc du day, dflpe t h e hien t a p t r u n g d 4 edng t r i n h : Viet Nam cd vdn hgc si?,'^"' Luac khdo ve than thoai Viet Nam,'-^^^ Sa thdo lich sd udn hoc Viet Nam,^^^' Klio tdng truyin cd tich Viit Nam'(1958-1982).^^^^
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
1. Nhqtn di$n nhom the loai) thi loq.i va. phan chia tieu logi 1.1. Nlidm thilogi
Xudt phat tfl sfl phong phu, be bpn vd da dang v l tfl lieu, trfldc khi phdn chia t h e loai, cac n h d nghidn cflli folklore trgn t h e gidi da tid'n h a n h p h d n chia t h a n h nhdm. Richard M. Dorson eho rang, folklore bao gom bdn nhdm: van hoc truyin mieng, van hod vdt chat, phong tuc ddn gian va nghe thuat bieu dien.*"* Elliott Oring cung dio rang, folklore bao gom nhieu nhdm, trong mdi nhdm lai cd cdc thd losii. Cdc nhdm dng dfla r a gom: dan toe, ton gido, nghe nghiep, tre em, tfl sfl dan gian, ballad va ddn ca, tuc ngfl va cau dd.'^^' Tuy vide lfla chpn tieu ehi khae nhau ddn den cdc cdch phan loai khac nhau nhflng d bang phan loai cua hai tde gia deu xuat hien udn hge truyin mieng hay tU sU ddn gian. Dieu nay cho thay tam quan trpng cua eae the loai tfl sfl ddn gian trong bd phdn nghd thuat ngdn tfl dan gian.
Cung nhfl edc nhd nghidn cfln folklore ngdn tfl trdn t h d gidi, vide p h a n chia thd loai van hpe ddn gian Viet Nam dflde bdt dau b a n g viee p h a n chia eac nhdm.
Cach thfle dfldc dp dung phd bien nha't la suf dung cdch p h a n loai van hpc eua Aristotle: tfl sfl, trfl t i n h vd kich; theo dd, vdn hpc ddn gian dfldc chia t h d n h tU sU ddn gian, trd tinh ddn gian, sdn khdu ddn gian. Trong Scr thdo lick sd udn hoc Viet Nam Q. I (1957), chfldng "Van hpe t r u y i n mieng", N g u y i n Dong Chi da tfl thfle te vdn hpc t r u y i n midng Viet Nam md p h a n chia van hpe d a n gian t h d n h ba bd phdn tfltfng tfl nhfl each p h a n loai cua Aristotle: Logi truyin ( t h a n thoai, t r u y i n thuydt, truyen cd tieh, truydn ngu ngdn, truydn tie'u lam, truyen khdi hai); Logi vdn vdn (tuc ngfl, ea dao, ddn ca); Logi nghe thugt sdn khdu (tudng, cheo, cai Ifltfng)."^' Mdi dd'n mdt vdi t h a p nien sau va mudn hdn, mdi xud't hidn m p t sd' cdch phdn nhdm khde nhfl Dinh Gia Khdnh - Chu Xuan Dien (1973) vdi 4 n h d m : TU sU ddn gian, Trd tinh ddn gian, Sdn khdu ddn gian vd Lai dn tiing ndi cua'nhdn ddn;^^''* Cao Huy Dinh (1974) vdi 4 nhdm gom: Vdn hgc ki chuyin ddi, Vdn hoc phd diin tdm tinh, Vdn hgc due kit kinh nghiim thUc tiin vd Vdn hoc diin tro (to hgp cd ba loai trin);^^^* Hodng Tien TflU (1990) vdi 4 nhdm: noi, ki,'lidt, diin.^^^^ Chinh Nguyin Ddng Chi trong khi ehu bien edng t r i n h ldn Bia chi vdn hda ddn gian Nghi-Tinh vdo dau nhflng ndm 80 (1981-1983) cung da ddt tuc ngfl, phfldng ngdn, cdu dd vdo phan "Tri thfle dan gian""*"' ben eanh cdc phdn "Truypn ke d a n gian", "Thtf ea nhac ddn gian", "Trd chdi, mua, hpi d i l n vd san khau d a n gian", "Nghe t h u d t vd mdn an dan gian", "Phong tue t a p qudn dan gian".*^" Sfl phdn n h d m vdi thdi gian ngdy mpt sat hop htfn cho thd'y cdc tde gia dd dan thodt ly khdi k h u n g p h a n loai eua vdn hpc vie't, theo dd, phong each nghp thudt khdng dfltfc sfl dung lam tieu ehi phdn loai nfla ma thay vao dd Id tieu chi "diln xfldng"; d ddy, t i n h "truyen midng" se Id n h a n td quy dinh t i n h "van hpc" cua eae ngdn ban.
Nhfl da ndi d tren, p h a n ldi cua vdn hpc dan gian cd t i n h "long" vd "d^ng"
bdi cdch thflc sdng tde vd Iflu t r u y i n ndn hi$n tfltfng d a n xen t h d loai t r o n g mpt tdc p h a m vdn hpc dan gian (ehung toi t a m sfl dung tfl "tdc p h a m " eua vdn hpe viet de ehi edc dtfn vi cua sang tde truyen mieng, vi du: 1 truyen ke, 1 bai ea dao, 1 edu tuc ngfl,..) Id tfltfng dd'i phd bie'n. Chinh vi vdy, viec nghidn cflU t h d loai vdn hpe dan gian cdn cd thdm y n g h i a Id de hieu sau htfn v l tiing dim vi tac p h a m . V l dilu ndy, V.Ia. Propp eung cd n h a n dinh tfltfng tfl rang, "chitog nao nhflng dde trtftig eua the loai ehfla dfltfc nghidn eflXi, hodc chi it r a chfla dfltfc md t a trdn nhflng ndt dai efldng thi nhiJng sang tde ridng le thudc kdt cau thd loai cung chfla t h i dflpe nghidn eflli".'^^'
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119) . 2015
Trong bfle t r a n h chung dd, dfl theo nhiing n h d m phdn loai nao thi cdc thd loai t y sfl d a n gian ldn v a n Id: thdn thogi, truyin thuyet va truyin cd tich, ma d day, Nguyen Dong Chi da ed cdng ddt cae vien gach d^u tien, vd trong qud t r i n h nghien cflli, da k h a n g dinh tfl t h d cua mdt n h d nghien eflli h d n g dau Vidt Nam vd m a n g t a m quoe td.
1.2. Xdc dinh thi logi
Vdo nhflng n a m eud'i thd' ky XIX va dau t h e ky XX, vide nghidn culi thd loai van hpe ddn gian d Vidt N a m v i n ehfla dfldc b a t dau. Nhflng cdng t r i n b suU tam, bidn soan vdo giai doan ndy nhfl Truyen ddi xiia (TrflOng Vinh Ky, xud't b a n lan dau vao ndm 1866), Chuyin gidi buon (Huynh Tinh Cua, xuat b a n ldn ddu vdo ndm 1885), Truyen cd nudc Nam (Nguyin Vdn Ngpc, xuat b a n lan ddu vdo n a m 1932) deu chfla co mdt y thfle ro r e t v l edc t h e loai vdn hpe d a n gian. Trong edng t r i n h nghidn cull Viet Nam vdn hgc sit yiu (1941) eua Dfltfng Quang Hdm, chfltfng "Vdn chfltfng binh dan" (thudc t h i e n Vdn chuang truyin khdu) ehi mdi d l cdp tdi mdt so the loai ca dao, tue ngfl, t h a n h ngfl, phfltfng ngon, cdu vi; vd sfl thidu h u t cdc thd loai tfl sfl ddn gian da dfltfc bd sung trong edng t r i n h Viit Nam cd vdn hgc sii:*^'' cua Nguyin Ddng Chi. Vdi cdng t r i n h ndy, ed t h e ndi, Nguyen Ddng Chi Id ngfldi dau tidn ddt vdn d l nghidn euli eae t h e loai tfl sfl ddn gian md dng gpi Id: thdn thogi, chuyin thdn qudi, chuyin vdt. Tfl cdng t r i n h ddu tidn nghien culi v l vdn hpe dan gian nay, cd t h d t h a y t h d loai Id mdt van d l dm a n h N g u y i n Ddng Chi trong sudt cudc ddi nghidn cflu eua m i n h . Ong da ndi: "xde dinh npi dung tflng loai truydn eo khac nhau dd di de'n p h a n loai truyen ed v a n la mdt cdng viee hflng thu vd ludn ludn cd y nghia dd'i vdi nhieu nhd nghidn cdli va sflu t a m van hpe ddn gian tfl trfldc dd'n na/'.'^'" Ong cung dd diem ede cdch phdn loai vdn hpe d a n gian eua edc tdc gia Nghiem Toan va T h a n h Lang, Nguydn Van Ngpc vd Trfltfpg Tflu de ehi r a cdc ba't cap eua eae each p h a n loai nay, eoi dd la nbiJng e h l minh can bo khuyd't.
So vdi edng t r i n h ddu tidn v l vdn hpc sfl n a m 1942, n h a n thflc cua Nguyen Ddng Chi v l t h e loai vdn hpe trong cdc edng t r i n h sau dd cd n h i l u bfldc tid'n. Trong eong t r i n h Sa thdo lich sd udn hgc Viet Nam, dng da dinh d a n h ba t h d loai tfl sfl ddn gian b i n g ede t e n gpi (md cac n h a nghien culi qud'c te' va trong nfldc vdn sfl dung cho dd'n hdm nay) la thdn thogi, truyin thuyit ud truyin cd tich. Tuy trong bfldc di b a n dau, sfl p h a n dinh rach rdi dde trflng thd loai khdng phai da dflpe dng thfle hien tript de (trong Luge khdo vi thdn thoai Viet Nam, N g u y i n Ddng Chi n h a p t r u y i n thuyd't vdi t h a n thoai; trong Klio tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, dng phdn bi§t t f u y l n thuydt vdi cd tieh song eoi t r u y i n thuydt la gan gui vdi tidu loai
"cd tieh lieh sfl" vd nhgp chung lai trong khi t r i n h bdy), nhflng phai thfla n h a n rkng, vipc n h $ n didn dung dan ba t h e loai tfl sfl dan gian eua Nguyen Ddng Chi dd xae lap k h u n g t h d loai de chinh dng vd ede n h a nghidn eflU sau dng ed dieu kien di sdu nghidn eflu ddc trflng t h e loai.
1.3. Plidn chia tiiu logi
Trong ba t h d loai, viec p h d n chia tidu loai diigc Nguygn Ddng Chi dp dung eho t h e loai truygn cd tich. Ong dd chia truyen cd tieh t h d n h 3 loai: "truyen ed tieh t h d n kj-" (trong lan? in thfl nha't la truyin cd tick hoang dUdng), "truydn ed tieh t h e sfl", "truydn cd tich lich sfl" vd xdc dinh eae tieu ehi n h ^ n didn ehung. Dieu ddc bidt Id, ngay tfl ndm 1958, quan diem phdn loai va tieu loai truydn ed tich eua Nguyen Ddng Chi dfi cd sfl gdp gd vdi cdc hpe gia qudc td v l VEUI d l p h a n dinh rach roi gifla tidu Ioai truyen cd tick thdn ky vd truyen cd tick thi sU. Ve tidu loai truydn ed
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phdt tri6'n, sd 2 (119) . 2015
tieh thdn ky, ong vie't: "Nhung t r u y i n thuyet t h a n bi, ky qudi, nhiJng truypn ngfldi, truygn vat nhflng bgn trong day ddy nhdng sU can thiep cda huyin diiu d i u ed the xem la ed tieh t h a n ky".'^^' Tham dinh nguydn tae xdc dinh tieu loai len mdt tdc pham eu the, dng viet: "That ra, tuy k e t cue cua truygn Su tick chim hit cd ed ndi de'n mpt dfla be hda t h a n h chim, song mach sd'ng cua todn eau chuyen vdn khdng he chiu cki phdi bdi mdt yeu td thdn ky ndo".*^^* V l truydn ed tieh thd' sfl, dng vid't:
"Truygn ed tieh t h e sfl e h i n g nhung khong lam eho ngfldi nghe, ngfldi dpc qugn mat eoi ddi trfldc m a t m a lai d i n ho xuydn sdu vao mpi ngd ngach cudc ddi. Nd klidng ndi din nhdng cdi phi tkudng, nhiing edi "qudi ddn bd't kinh", nhflng trong eai tam thfldng, cai binh di cua ede t i n h tid't, vSn dn gid'u mdt k h a n d n g gay hflng thu manh me, hodc mot dilu gi ddng thfldng dang cam rdt mflc".'^^' O day, dng dd Id'y "pham vi hoat ddng cua yd'u td' t h a n ky" lam tieu ehi n h a n didn truydn cd tieh thdn ky va truydn cd tich thd' sfl. Day eung ehinh Id quan diem n h a n didn truydn cd tich thdn ky "trong truyen eo tieh t h a n ky, eac xung dot dflde giai quye't t r o n g dia h a t cua edi thdn ky va nhd edi t h d n ky"'^^' eua edc nhd folklore hpe Nga; tieu ehi nay dfldc coi la quan trong vd thuyd't phuc n h a t dd phdn bigt truyen ed tieh t h a n ky vd truyen ed tieh the sfl, n h a n dflde sfl thd'ng nha't eao trong gidi cd tieh hpe t r d n thd' gidi. De xua't cac quan didm cd t i n h chat ly thuyet v l t h e loai va tidu loai truydn cd tich tfl kha sdm, dilu n a y eho t h a y tinh m a n cam khoa hpe eua Nguyen Ddng Chi.
2. Lich sui vdn hgc dan gian - nhin tin the loai
Cung nhfl ede nhd nghien culi van hoe ddn gian Viet N a m khde, trong eae nghidn euli eua minh, Nguyen Ddng Chi ed mot md'i quan tdm khd thfldng trflc Id nghien culi lieh sfl vdn hpe dan gian, md vdi dng Id vide nghidn cflu lieh sfl ede the loai. Cd the t h a y md'i am anh", sfl t r a n trd eua dng da dfldc t h d hidn lap di ldp lai, d nhieu mflc dp khde nhau trong hdng t r a m t r a n g vid't, cu t h e d: "Van v a n khai mdo cho vdn hpe" vd "Chuydn ddi xfla" {Viet Nam cd vdn hoc s&), "Lai lich t h a n thoai"
{Luge khdo ve thdn thogi Viet Nam), "Sfl suy vong cua truyen t h a n thoai vd con dfldng bid'n hda eua t r u y i n thuye't Viet Nam" (Stf thdo lich sd udn hgc Viit Nam, Q. I, tr. 91); "Sfl phdt tridn cua truyen ed Vidt Nam" (So thdo, Q. I, tr. 94), "Truyen CO Viet Nam qua eac thdi dai" (Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, Tap 1).
Nd'u rihfl trong Viet Nam cd udn hgc sa, v6i 5 t r a n g vid't, h a u nhfl dng ehfla ddt vdn de nghidn euli lich sfl van hpe dan gian m a chi mdi liet k e mpt vdi hien tfldng md dng cho Id "van vdn buoi dau", vi "saeh vd k h i e m k h u y e t ehi truyen khdu ma thdi" thi dd'n Li^c klido vi than thogi Viet Nam, dng da d d n h b a n mdt chfltfng vid't ve "lai lieh t h a n thoai" de neu nhflng lu$n didm cua m i n h v l nguon gd'c t h i n thoai vd qud t r i n h d i l n tid'n tfl da thdn den nha't t h d n de sdp xd'p cac mau than thoai thdnh he t h d n g va sfl lui t a n eua t h d n thoai t r o n g edc bfldc giai thigng md dng cho rdng, "than thoai trong khoang eudi eua nd, ngfldi, vdt cung nhfl ma, quy da len loi. rai rdc vdo trong h a n g ngu eua thdn", k h i e n "than thoai da kem md't mdt phan ndo t i n h ehat t h u a n tuy eua nd".'^^'
Trong Sa thdo lich sd vdn hgc Viet Nam, Nguydn Ddng Chi da p h d t bidu quan diem cua minh v l sfl p h a t sinh, p h a t t r i i n vd suy t a n eua ba t h e loai t h a n thoai, truyin thuyet vd truyen ed ticb Viet Nam. Theo dng, thdi dai eua t h a n thoai Id thdi t i l n va stf sfl; thdi dai eua truyen t h u j d t Id thdi ky B^c thudc; .thdi dai cua truy$n cd tich la thdi ky phong kien tfl ehu. Ong vid't: "Thdi ky sfl sdng tdc r a truypn t h i n thoai bat d i u suy lai Id thdi ky t h i n h cua sfl sang tde r a t r u y i n thuyet. Thdi ky san sinh ra truyen thuydt ed le b a t dau tfl khi tde Viet tiep xue vdi cudc xam lupc
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trign, sd 2 (119). 2Q15
cua phong kie'n Trung Hoa... Thdi ky chd dp phong kien la thdi ky truydn cd tieh xua't hien k h a nhilu".'^"'
Trong p h i n vig't "Truyen cd Viet N a m qua eac thdi dai" (Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam), N g u y i n Ddng Chi tiep tuc k h a n g dinh quan d i l m cua m i n h v l sfl phdt sinh, p h a t tridn eua ba t h d loai t h i n thoai, truyen thuyg't vd truydn cd tich;
khao sat truydn ddn gian trong ede thfl tieh thdi Trung dai. Mdt ddng gdp dde biet eua Nguyen Ddng Chi d p h a n vidt nay la ong k h a n g dinh thdi diem suy t a n eua truygn cd tieh vdo eud'i thdi Ld. K h a n g dinh nay cua dng dfla t r e n ctf scf ly thuye't md dng da cd dip b a n de'n tfl trfldc, dd Id sfl khae bidt cua hai logi ta duy truyin cd tich vd tiiu thuyet vdn dfltfc nay sinh tfl hai loai bdi eanh xd hdi khde nhau.
Bdi eanh xa hdi cudi ddi Le dfltfc Nguyen Ddng Chi n h a n dien vdi 4 bieu hidn:
a) phong trao ndng d a n khdi nghia; b) tin ngfldng dao Tien la'n at dao Ph$t;
c) sfl md rpng l a n h t h o d a t nfldc ve phfltfng Nam; d) xu hfldng tidu thuyd't hda vd d i l n bang vdn van, dflpe dng eho Id bdi canh tao dieu kien cho nghe t h u a t tieu thuyd't b i t d i u h i n h t h d n h , vd ehinh bd'i canh ndy se tri^t tieu d i n cam hflng sdng tao vd thi hid'u thfldng thfle truyen co tich.
Nhflng v a n de md Nguydn Ddng Chi neu len v l lich sfl p h a t tridn cdc thd loai t h a n thoai, t r u y i n thuyd't vd truyen cd tieh ddt ra nhieu vd'n d l khoa hoe dd chung t a trao ddi, chang h a n nhfl: sfl ilng hpp cua tflng giai doan lieh sfl vdi sfl phdt sinh, p h a t tridn vd t a n lui eua tflng the loai eu t h e ; b a n chat eua t h e loai trong md'i tfltfng quan ydi thdi dai san sinh vd ton tai eua nd; t i n h "phan anh" thdi dai eua ndi dung t h e loai...
3. Nghien cvtu dq^c triing the loai 3.1. Thdn thogi
Ld mdt t h d loai quan trpng eua folklore, t h i n thoai n h a n dfltfc sfl quan t a m eua ede nhd nghidn eflu h a n g d i u , va t r e n thflc td, da trd t h d n h mdt n g a n h nghidn cflu ddc ldp (ngdnh thdn thogi hgc) vdi vide nghien euli bd p h a n ngdn tfl ddn gian.
La mdt n g a n h nghidn cflli ddi hdi t i n h lien n g a n h cao, t h i n thoai hpc ed sfl ket htfp nhuan nhuydn eua eae cdch tid'p can va edc phfltfng phdp nghidn cflu eua ddn tpc hpe, khao ed hpe, sfl hpc, tdn giao hpe, nghd t h u a t hoc, vdn hpe dan gian vd n h a n hpe; dflde thfle h i | n bdi sfl da'n t h a n eua edc n h a khoa hpc. Kdt qua eua sfl dd'n t h a n dd Id nhijng edng t r i n h nghien cull kinh dien v l t h i n thoai eae bd tdc it ngfldi sdng trong edc vung xa xdi heo ldnh, vd thdng qua dd, cdc n h a t h a n thoai hpe dd tao r a eae phfltfng p h a p nghidn culi k i n h dien nhfl thuyd't tidn hda ludn (evolution theory) vdi Edward B u r n e t t Tylor, phfltfng p h a p nghign eflu h u y i n thoai n h i n tfl ma tbu$t vd tdn gido (magic a n d religion) cua J a m e s George Frazer, thuyg't p h a n t a m hpe (psychoanalytic) vdi Carl Jung, thuyet lan t r u y i n (diffusion theory) vdi F.^ Boas, thuyet ehfle ndng (function theory) vdi Bronislaw Malinowski, thuydt cau true (structure theory) vdi E. Durkhiem, thuyd't dia ly-nhan hpc (anthropo-geography) eua F . Ratzel... Trfldc di san do so dfloc kid'n tao h a n g trdm ndm dd, de' so s a n h thi can n h a n thdy rang, vide nghien culi t h a n thoai Vidt N a m , eho dd'n d i u t h e ky XXI, v i n hay edn la mdt ngdnh non ndt vd b a t cap. P h a i tfl didm n h i n mang t i n h so sdnh ndy mdi ddnh gid het cdng lao vd kdt qua nghidn eflu t h a n thoai cua hpe gia N g u y i n Dong Chi each day htfn nfla t h e ky.
Bkng trflc gide nhay bdn eua mpt nhd folklore hpe b a m sinh, N g u y i n Ddng Chi dd bdt tay nghidn eflu t h i n thoai tfl k h a sdm, va b a n g edng t r i n h Lugc khdo
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
vi thdn thogi Viet Nam, dng da dat nln mdng eho vide nghidn cflu than thoai Viet Nam, ma sau dng vai chuc ndm van ehfla cd ehuyen khao nao tie'p tuc xua't hidn.
De thflc hien t|.p chuyen khao - tfl lieu ndy, Nguyin Ddng Chi co sfl dan than, ea ve y thflc ddt pha vao mdt chuyen ngdnh hdc bua va mdi me lan vide may md tra cflu trong thfl tich va lan ldn tim kidm tfl lieu trong thuc td. Trong cdng trinh ndy, Nguydn Ddng Chi lln diu tien gidi thieu eho gidi nghien culi vd ddc gia Viet Nam he thdng ly luan vl than thoai va mot sd' thin thoai cua cdc dan tde. Ong da thd hien quan niem vl than thoai: "Thin thoai la sfl tieh vl edc than","" la "thin" cua ngfldi nguyen thuy, xud't phat tfl quan niem van vat hi3u linh nhfl than Sdt, than Mfla... "dd trinh bay nhflng f kien thd stf vl vu tru vd nhdn sinh, ghi nhd cac sfl kien lieh sfl xay ra lflc dd",'^^' phan biet than tfl nhien trong thin thoai vdi cdc
"than" trong cdc nghi thfle thd eung nhfl than An trpm, than Chd't nghdn, than Ldn ("neu thin trong thin thoai Id tfldng tfldng cua ngfldi nguyen thuy mudn eit nghia ban than vd ngoai gidi ma ed thi thin trong thin tich lai do sfl thd cflng vd tin ngfldng phfle tap tao ndn"'^^*)..- Trong edng trinh ndy, Nguydn Ddng Chi da ddt ra nhflng van dl ma ngdnh than thoai hpe thd' gidi quan tam nhfl:
Qud trinh hinh thdnh hi than thogi (mythology) cda thdn thogi Viit Nam tfl nhflng mdu ke ridng le ddn vide xay dflng thdnh he thdng: "Nguydn Ddng Chi da ti mi xd'p ddt de cudi eiing diAig ldn mdt hd thdng thin thoai Viet Nam vdi 4 ting khdng gian rieng bidt, vd nhin theo thdi gian thi eung Id 4 chdng dfldng lieh sfl ciaa sfl hinh thdnh dan tde Viet: 1) Tdng trdi, d dd ton tai edc thien thin (Nguyin Ddng Chi gpi la "Budi khai mac eua vu tru"); 2) Tdng trdi vd ddt, d do thien thin kdt hdp vdi nhan thin (Nguyen Ddng Chi gpi la "Gia pha cua hp nhd thin"); 3) Tdng ndi vd biin, d do nhan thin chinh phuc thd' gidi vd tao nen ndi gid'ng (Nguyin Ddng Chi gpi Id "Truyin thuyd't ve Lac Long Quan"); 4. Tdng ddt vd nUdc, 6 dd ede anh himg thdi khuyd't sfl bit dau chidu dan l$p qude (Nguyin Ddng Chi gpi dd Id "Ddt sfl vl ddi Hung Vfltfng")",'*" trong dd ed hinh anh cua cdc vi than chu trong the gidi thin thidng eua mdt dan toe, nhfl "thin nfldc chidm vi tri ddng dao vd quan trpng bac nhd't",'^^' vipe tdn xflng than Set thdnh vi thin chu eua edc vi thin khai thien lap dia eua eae dan tde Ba-na (Bahnar), Gia-rai (Djarai), Rdn-gao (Rengao); hay qua trinh my hda Tay Vfltfng Mdu trong thin thoai Trung Qudc;"^'
Su dan xen thi logi thdn thogi vd truyin thuyit ("than thoai trong khoang eudi cua nd, ngtfdi, vat cung ma quy da len vdo rai rdc trong hdng ngu cua than.
Ye'u td truyin thuyet da nd din trong than thoai"'^");
Mdi quan hi gida thdn thogi vd lich sd, thdn thogi vd tin ngudng, thdn thogi vd clunk tri khidn eho "Chinh ban than than thoai vdn la van hpe nghd thuat cua ngfldi nguydn thuy. Thin thoai la sfl thi, Id tidu thuydt lieh sfl, lai Id ngu ngdn...
Ngodi ra, thin thoai lai cd lidn quan dd'n nhflng mdn nghd thu$t khde nhfl hdi hpa vd didu khlc";'^*'
Nguyin nhdn tdn mdt cua thdn thogi Viit Nam (do vide chfl Ndm xuat hien mupn, sfl dde tdn chfl Han, anh hfldng eua tidn thoai, phdt thoai tfl Trung Qudc ddn thin thoai Vi^t Nam).
Tat nhidn, edng trinh eung da ed nhflng nh^n thfle, quan niem da hi vfldt qua (nhfl quan niem thin thoai phan dnh hipn thflc chinh phuc tfl nhien, ddu tranh xd hdi eua ngfldi nguydn thuy) vd edn ed mOt khodng each khd ldn vdi cdc nghidn eflU thin thoai trdn the gidi trfldc va cung thdi vdi dng dfltfc the hidn trong cdc quan nidm mang chieu sau tridt hpe va vdn hda nhfl: Than thoai la "truydn kd vl nhiJng
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu vd Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
sfl khdi ddu m a n g t i n h vdn hda va tdn giao", la "truydn kd v l eae sfl kien d i l n r a khi the' gidi cdn dang t r o n g qua t r i n h h i n h t h a n h " (Claire T. Rarrer), Id "nhung an du qua thdi gian m d t di y nghia b a n d i u vd t r d t h d n h nhiJng thfle t h e ed t h e t h a y t h e eho chung" (Max Muller), "dflpe nay sinh tfl tiem thfle t a p thd" (C. Jung), "la nhflng truyen kd t h i e n g lieng eung ca'p nhOng ly do can b a n cho sfl ton tai vd cdch ldm vide t r o n g cdc n e n v a n hda dd" (W. Bascom).'^^'
3.2. Truyin thuyet
Trong thdi ky d i u eua viee xae ldp n g a n h nghien eflu vdn hpe dan gian Viet Nam, truyen thuydt cd khi bi phu n h a n vdi tfl each la mdt t h e loai ("Cdc danh tfl t r u y i n thuydt vd da sfl nhfl vay Id khdng bao hdm gidi thuyet ve mpt thd loai vdn hpc nhd't dinh. Nhflng d a n h tfl dy n e n eoi nhfl mot thudt ngfl sfl hpe, khdng ndn eoi nhfl thuat ngfl vdn hoc ddn gian"""'), vd viec cdng n l i ^ nd, vide nghidn eflu dde trflng t h d loai t r u y i n thuyet bi bo trdng trong mdy tbsip nidn.
Nghidn cflu v l t r u y i n thuye't thflc sfl b a t dau vao t h d p nien 50 eua t h e ky XX.
Trong khi ede tae gia eija Lagc thdo lick sH vdn hgc Viet Nam^*^^ dd "truyin thuyg't"
vao eiJng n h d m vdi "truydn ed tieh" t h i Nguyin Ddng Chi trong p h i n "Truydn truyen mieng" cua cudn Sa thdo lich sd vdri hgc Viet Nam da nghien eflu truyen thuydt vdi tfl cdch la mdt thi logi ddc lap. 6 n g dd tfl nhflng t r u y i n thuydt eu t h e dd n h g n dinh v l nhflng dde trufng quan trpng nha't eua t h e loai t r u y i n thuyd't d cdc phfldng dien: ddc didm ndi dung, thdi dai hinh t h d n h va sfl t h a y ddi eua bp mdt t r u y i n thuydt qua vipe ghi chep b n h i l u thdi dai. 6 n g vie't: "Xdt v l d l tdi t r u y i n thuye't, ed thd phong dodn rang, t r u y i n thuye't da xud't hidn sau t h i n thoai. Truyin thuydt Id nhflng truypn lieh sfl, vd truygn lich sfl chi cd t h e ed khi eon ngfldi dd ed y thfle v l lieh sfl eua m i n h , ve da't dai vd xfl sd eua minh".'*^' So vdi sfl trdng v^ng cua ly luan thd loai truyen thuye't trfldc dd, t h d n h tflu eua So tlido lick si2' vdn hgc Viet Nam ed t h d coi la nhflng dot phd quan trpng. Ddc bidt, ed t h d eoi nhiJng n h a n xet ngan md N g u y i n Ddng Chi rut r a tfl vide p h d n tich m d t sd' t r u y i n thuyd't cu thd Id nhflng vien gach dau tien ddt n e n mdng cho nhflng bfldc tidp theo trong linh vfle nghien cflli t r u y i n thuyet d a n gian Viet Nam; trong dd, phai ndi la nhdn dinh
"truyin thuyd't Id nhflng truyen lich sfl" cd sflc a n h hfldng k h a sau sde de'n edc nhd nghien culi thd' he sau.
Cung vdi chfldng saeh trong Sa thdo lich sa vdn hgc Viet Nam, edc p h i n vidt cua Nguyin Ddng Chi d Luge khdo vi thdn thogi Viet Nam va Kho tdng truyin cd tick Viit Nam dd thd hidn cdc ddng gdp sau day eua dng khi nghidn cflli v l ddc trflng eua truyen thuyg't dan gian:
Binh nghia cua dng vi truyen thuyit ("Truyin thuyg't cfl nhfl nghia eua nd la nhihig truyen nghe t r u y i n tfl xfla lai hay tfl trong dan gian ra. T r u y i n thuydt Id mdt khdi nidm chi nhi3ng sfl vide Uch sfl dfltfc ke lai do truyen tung, khdng dam bao ve p h i n chinh xde. Nd ed t h e do ngfldi ndy t r u y i n eho ngfldi khdc md sai lac hodc do sfl tfldng tfltfng cua dan ehung phu hpa, theu ddt m a cd""^0;
Nhdn dinh cua dng vi cdch thdc ta sU cua truyin thuyi't ("dilu c i n chu y trfldc he't Id p h i n nhieu ede t r u y i n thuye't d i u ehfla dfltfc xay dflng t h d n h truypn.
Chung chi mdi Id tflng m l u truydn"; "ehfla ed ket eau tron ven, chfla n h u I n n h u y i n t i n h ngh? thu$t"'"');
Mdi quan hi ddc biitgiUa truyin thuyet vd truyen cdtich: Tuy cd e h l N g u y i n Ddng Chi dd nhdp t r u y i n thuydt vdo t h a n thoai hodc vdo truydn ed tich khi phdn
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119) • 2015
tieh ndi dung t h e loai nhflng ong thi^c stf p h a n b i # t c a e t h e l o a i n a y v a sdtm k h a n g d i n h tvl e a c h t h e l o a i c u a t r u y e n t h u y e ' t . Trong p h i n n g h i e n culi d Kho tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam, dng chia truydn ed tich t h a n h ba tieu loai (Truydn ed tieh t h i n ky, Truyen eo tieh t h e sfl, Truyen ed tieh lich sfl. T a p 1, t r . 73); d p h i n edng bd tai lieu sflu t a m , cd mdt sd truyen dfltfc dng xd'p t r o n g cae nhdm: "Sfl tieh dd't nflde Viet" (Nhdm II) vd "Sfl tich a n h hiang ndng dan" (Nhdm V) vdi tfl cdch Id nhflng truydn "cd tich lieh sfl". Nhflng ong ed n h a t loat dung k h d i nidm "truyen ed tich lich su" de t h a y t h e "truyin thuye't" hay khdng? T a h a y thfl tim hieu quan diem eua dng v l van d l ndy.
Nguyin Ddng Chi Id ngfldi cd y thfle phdn bidt thd loai ra't rd. 6 n g vidt:
"Truyen thuyd't vd eo tich tuy gid'ng nhau t r e n dai thd, nhflng t h a t r a v i n la hai khai nidm e l n p h a n bidt".'^^' Trong Scr thdo lick sd udn hgc Viet Nam, dng da phdn biet t r u y i n thuye't vd truydn eo tich nhfl sau: "Thdi ky cbe dp phong kidn la thdi ky truyen ed tieh xuat hidn k h a nhieu. Mpt sd truyen cd tich n h a t dinh la lieh sfl ke bang mieng cua n h d n dan, sau khi da dflpe hodc it nhieu td diem h a y phdng dai.
Mdt sd truydn khac la nhflng truyen ghi nhd cdc a n h h u n g cua n h a n dan. NhiJng a n h hflng ndy cung la nhijng a n h bung cua lich sfl. Nhflng n h u n g a n h hung lieh su"
trong truydn ed tieh lai khae nhung a n h hung lich sfl m a moi ngfldi thfldng thay trong ehinh sfl. Le Nhfl Hd trong truygn ed tieh vi vdy ed n h i l u cho khae Le Nhfl Hd trong lieh sfl eua n h a Le, Nguyin Trai trong truydn ed tieh eung khdc nhieu vdi Nguyin Trai trong chinh sfl. Nhung chinh Le Nhfl Hd eung nhfl Nguydn Trdi trong truydn cd tieh mdi dfltfc nhieu ngfldi yeu md'n"."^' Tidp tue quan diem ndy, trong Klio tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, dng vie't: "Nd'u t r u y i n thuyd't cd t h e dflng dfltfc t h a n h mgt the loai ridng bidt thi phai gom nhflng truy$n xfla ndi ve a n h hung lflc si trong thdi khuydt sfl va thdi B i c thude da dfltfc ky vi hda, t h i n t h a n h hda.. Nhiing anh hung, lflc si sang tac trong thdi phong kidn tfl chij dfltfng n h i e n khdng thd liet vao loai truyen thuyet nay, vi ndi ehung, trong quan nidm nghd t h u a t ve eon ngfldi eua ehung, dd cd sfl khde bidt ve ehat. Con ngfldi d day khdng cd phong t h a i chat phdc vd tfl va k h a n g khdi nhfl edc n h a n vat a n h hung thdi xfla. N h a n v a t Ld Phung Hieu Id mpt n h a n vat cd sflc khoe tuyet t r l n , nhiftig eai fldc mudn cua Le Phung Hieu thi ehung quy khdng ngodi fldc mud'n phuc vu vua chua phong kien de ciu danh lpi. Ve dep cua dng da dfltfc mdt he quy ehid'u t h a m my khdc trfldc quy dinh".''"'
Vi thd', de giai thich vide lfla chpn va sdp xdp t r u y i n thuyd't vao cung trong p h i n truydn cd tieh eua bd Klio tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, dng vid't: "Tuy phdn biet truyin thuydt vdi ed tieh nhfl t r e n nhiftig d day, khi siAi tap, ehung tdi v i n xd'p chung t r u y i n thuye't vdi ed tieh va eoi nhfl Id nhung truyen ed tieh. Edi vi, khdng nhihig so' Ifltfng cua ehung it di, ma ve npi dung, nhiing truyen thuyet ndy cflng dfltfm it n h i l u phong vi eua cd tieh, nd'u nhfl khdng dfltfm phong vi cua t h i n thoai".'**'
Nhfl vdy, theo N g u y i n Ddng Chi, sfl khde biet gifla truyen thuyd't va truyen cd tieh khdng phai Id d d l tai, md la d edeh thfle tfl sfl, theo dd, truyen thuyet Id
"sfl bang midng cua n h a n dan" (chfl dung cua dng) v l nhflng ngfldi a n h hung lich sfl "mang phong t h a i chat phac vd tfl vd k h a n g khdi" ehu ydu eua thdi khuyd't sfl hodc Bae thude, ton tai trong nhiing "mau truydn"; eon truyen cd tich lieh sfl Id nhung truydn ke v l ngfldi a n h hung ndng ddn da dfltfc theu ddt, hfl cd'u trong nbi3ng truygn ke hodn chinh m a trong dd, ngfldi a n h hung da "luy" vdo ddi thfle bdi sfl ciu danh ldi xud't hien trong thdi phong kien tfl chu hay "dfltfc mdt he quy ehid'u t h a m my khde trfldc quy dinh" (theo edeh ndi eua dng). Theo chung tdi, se rd't khd ehflng
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015 43
m i n h v l t i n h chinh xac nidn dai ciia ede t h e loai truyen truyen mieng ma thdi diem sang tde ludn ludn Id b i t d i u va thdi diem hoan td't luon ludn la d phia trfldc; cdc vdn b a n cd dinh hda chung eung chi la nhiJng md'e thdi gian tfldng dd'i. Tuy nhidn, vdn ed t h e n h i n thd'y "hat n h d n ldp ly" mang t i n h thd'ng n h a t trong quan nidm cua Nguyin Ddng Chi v l thd loai t r u y i n thuye't Id: ue kiiu td chdc ngi dung, n h d n vat truyen thuydt dflpc ngfldi ke ddt trong md'i quan hd vdi cpng dong, eon n h d n vat eua truydn cd tieh dfltfc ngfldi kd ddt trong mdi quan hd the' sfl (theo ly thuyd't loai hinh npi dung eua G.N. Paspelov);'*^' ui cdch thdc trdn thugt, t r u y i n thuydt Id t h e loai t i l n n g h e t h u a t , chi mdi ditng lai d cac mau truydn; cdn truydn cd tieh la loai nghe t h u a t tfl giac, da dflde xay dflng t h a n h cac thd'gidi nghd t h u a t ddc lap. Tuy ed mpt sd ddn chiJng md N g u y i n Dong Chi dfla r a eon t h e hien y thflc t h e loai ehfla t h a t rd r a n g (vi du, ed cho dng v a n gpi t h a n thoai Ong Bung bd Bd hay truyen cd tich Sa tick con mu§i, Sa tich ho Ba Bi la t r u y i n thuyd't'^"'), nhflng nhiJng can cfl mang t i n h ly luan raa N g u y i n Ddng Chi k h a n g dinh sfl ton tai dde lap eua the loai t r u y i n thuyet dd t h e hien cdm nhdn ddc biit tinh te cua dng v l mdt the loai md gidi nghidn culi khdng thfla n h a n trong n h i l u t h a p nien sau nghien cflli eua ong.
Tuy nhidn, eiing e l n t h a y r i n g , do quan niem thdi dai cua t r u y i n thuyet chu yd'u n i m trong thdi Bae thudc n e n npi dung cua truyen thuydt trong quan diem eua Nguyin Ddng Chi edn k h a b a n hep, chu yeu t a p trung "phan dnh cupc dau t r a n h tieh cflc eua n h a n ddn n h a m giai phdng khdi deh dp bfle di tpc".'^" Gidi b a n ndy da dfltfc cdc nhd nghign cflu sau dng vfltft qua.
3.3. Truyen cdtich
Trong cdc t h e loai cua vdn hpc ddn gian, truypn ed tich la mpt ddi tflong thu hut sfl quan t a m eua edc n h a nghien cufti htfn ca. Trdn t h e gidi, vipe nghien eflu the loai ndy dflde b a t d i u tfl dau t h e ky XIX vdi cdng t r i n h nghien cflu cua Jacob Grimm. Trong cudn Thdn thogi BUc, J . Grimm vie't: "Cd n h i l u ly do thich dang de phan bidt truydn ed tieh ydi t r u y i n thuye't ddn gian mde du chung ludn phidn kdt ndi vdi nhau. Ldng leo hon va it hi gidi b a n htfn t r u y i n thuye't, truydn co tich thieu di tinh dia phfldng vdn ddng khung truyen thuydt vd ldm cho t r u y i n thuydt chat phac hdn. Truyen ed tieh t h i bay, truyen thuydt t h i di vd go vdo cfla tflng nha. Mot ben thi cd t h i ndi t h a n g vdi sfl phong phu cua thi ea, edn bdn kia thi lai g i n nhfl ed uy quyen vdi lieh su".'^^' Sfl p h a n bidt nay ed y nghia h i n h t h d n h nhflng khai nidm CO ban, de tfl do, eac n h d nghien euli di sau trien khai eu t h e hdn.
Vide nghidn cfln truydn co tich dflpc tridn khai m a n h me hdn vdo eud'i t h d ky XIX bdi cac n h a nghidn cflu thuoc trfldng phdi dia ly-lieh sfl P h a n Lan (Historic- Geographic Method) Id JuUus Leopold Fredrik Krohn (1835-1888), Kaarle Krohn (1863-1933), Antti Amatus Aarne (1867-1925) va sau dd la Stith Thompson (1885- 1976) vdi cdc cdng t r i n h nghidn culi ve type va motif; va bdi eac n h a nghidn cflu thupc trfldng phdi cd'u true vdi edng t r i n h Logi hinh hgc truyin cd tich (1928) eua V.Ia. Propp (1895-1970). Hai ly thuydt nay dd md r a h a i hfldng nghidn eflu ehinh v l truydn cd tieh trong t h e ky XX trdn t h e gidi va da thu dfldc n h i l u k e t qua, md ket qua ldn n h a t Id t i n h loai h i n h cua truyen ed tich dflde thfla n h a n , theo dd, nhflng khudn mau ehung cua truydn ed tieh t h i n ky (type, motif, chflc ndng n h a n vdt, cdu true truydn) Id tfltfng dong trdn toan t h d gidi; ben canh dd, "nhflng edn r l xa hpi" cua truypn ed tieh thd hidn sfl tfltfng dong vd khae biet eua tflng dan tpc.
So vdi the' gidi, vipc nghidn culi truyen ed tieh Viet N a m dfldc b i t dau mudn hdn m d t nfla t h d ky, vd mdt trong nhung cdng t r i n h dau tidn Id cac nghien culi cua
44 Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119) . 2015
Nguydn Dong Chi dfldc xuat b a n l l n d i u n a m 1958. Trong T a p 1 cua bp sach Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viit Nam (1958), Nguyen Ddng Chi da eo mdt p h i n n g h i e n culi bdi ban v l truyen cd tieh 6 cdc gdc dd: bdn chdt truyin cd tich, lai lich truyin cd tich, lich suphat trien cua truyen cdtich va dfldc tie'p tuc d T a p 5 (1982) vdi nhflng Nhgn dinh tdng qudt vi kho tdng truyin cd tick Viit Nam d h a i v a n d l chinh^ ddc diim cua truyin cd tich Viet Nam va nguSn gde cda truyin cd tich Viit Nam. O edc nghien eflu nay, ed t h e t h a y Nguydn Ddng Chi da ddt r a cdc va'n d l quan t r p n g cua nghien eilu truydn co tieh nhfl:
Tinh ddn tgc - mdt ndt ndi trdi eua each ke truyen cd tieh (dng vid't: "Khi truydn eo tich eua mpt dan toe ndy truyen vdo mdt ddn tdc khde t h i phdi ehuyen hda t h a n h mot truyen mdi, hay it nhd't cung phai m a n g nhflng motif mdi, nhflng mdu s i c quen thudc hodc g i n nhfl quen thupc vdi dilu kien sinh hoat, vdi tam hdn cua dan tpc mdi".'^^' O Tap 5, dng da k h d n g dinh lai dieu ndy trong lu$n diem ve
"tinh ehflng mflc v l dp trong tfl duy nghe t h u a t Viet Nam".'^*'
Nghi thudt trdn thudt (so vdi t h i n thoai va t r u y i n thuyd't): dng ehi r a r^ng, truyen ed tieh mdi la t h e loai nghe t h u a t tfl gide, edn eae t h e loai k h a e Id t i l n nghp thuat. Ong viet: "truydn eo tich khdc vdi cdc loai truydn d a n gian khdc d chd, nd la mgt tdc phdm vdn hoc hodn ehinh. Nd la mpt the loai da d a t dd'n ca'p dd cao trong nghd thudt tfl sfl truyen mieng, trfldc khi chuydn sang giai doan todn t h i n h eua van xudi tfl sfl trong n l n vdn hoc vig't";*^^* "Cd the ndi, so vdi t h i n thoai va truyen thuye't, tinh chat chung eua truyen ed tich Id sfl da dang cua t d m ly, t i n h edeh, ddt trpng sfl phfle t a p eua nhflng t i n h tie't".'^^'
Tinh logi hinli: sfl tfltfng ddng eua truygn cd tieh t h a n ky the' gidi (vi du, truygn cd tich Tdm Cdm).
Qud trinh hinh thdnh truyen cd tich (trong nhutig tfltfng tac efla t r u y i n midng vd vdn ban, dan tde vd ngoai lai, t i n h b a n dia, b a n s i c eua t r u y e n ed tich).
Du ehfla thufc sfl tiem can vdi viee nghien cflu truydn cd tich t h e gidi nhflng cd the thay, nhflng van d l md Nguyin Ddng Chi dat r a va dat tdi Id nhflng cdi mdc quan trong trong vide n h d n thfle ede gia tri ndi dung vd dde biet la gid t r i dan toe eua truydn cd tieh Viet N a m .
I I I . Kho tdng truydn cd tich Viet Nam - B p s a c h d e ddTu fi'n t r o n g n g a n h f o l k l o r e h p c Vipt N a m
1. Nguyen Ddng Chi • ngiicti ke truydn co tich co tai
Mpt tfl cdch ndi bdt eua Nguyin Dong Chi m a gan nhfl khdng cd ddi tfltfng so sdnh, dd Id ngfldi kd truydn ed tieh. Vdi 200 truydn ed tieh dflde chpn Ipe r a tfl hdng van truyen dd bien soan, ehinh ly vd xuat b a n trong g a n 30 n a m , Nguyen Ddng Chi dd cd nhflng ddng gdp quan trpng cho nganh eo tieh hpc Viet N a m .
Cdc ddng gop eua N g u y i n Ddng Chi d vide sflu t a m truypn cd tieh ed t h d thd'y d mdt khdi Ifltfng do so ede b a n k l ed t i n h bao quat cac vung mien, cdc ddn toe Viet Nam; each ldm vide nghiem c i n cua n h a khoa hpc trong vide ghi ehu xudt xfl cua truyen ke; each dieu tidt ede s i c thdi edm xue vd ngdn ngfl de t h d hien dfltfc tdm hon ngfldi Viet (Iflu y quan ni$m cua ong v l "tinh chiJng mtfc v l dp t r o n g tfl duy nghe thudt Viet Nam" - Tap 5, tr. 2.427); viee p h a n loai edc truydn kd vdo edc muc dd ngfldi dpc de theo ddi; vi?e sap xep cdc di b a n de cdc n h a nghien culi cd the t h a m khao. Ong y thflc ro r i n g : "Tdn trong ehu d l vd kdt cd'u dd ed cua nhflng
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu vit Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
truyen cd tich t r o n g ddi sdng t r u y i n mieng tfl xfla, chung tdi ed' g i n g t r i n h bdy nguydn, khdng sfla chfla. Trfldng hop nhflng truyen ed nhflng dia phfldng kd khac nhau v l chi tidt h a y toan p h a n , chung tdi se ghi tdm t a t d mue Khao di de tien t h a m khao".*^'' De ldm dfldc nhifng thao tae nay, N g u y i n Ddng Chi phai ddnh ea cudc ddi eho nd, md khdng ed mdt t i n h ygu t h a thid't vdi di san vdn hda ddn tde vd y thfle chuydn nghiep vdi cdng viec thi khdng t h d ldm ndi. Cd t h d t h a y dang sau ede eau ehuyen dflde kd Id sfl dan xen cua mot nhd nghien culi vd mot nghd nhdn, vfla ldm viec nghiem can lai vfla ed t a m hdn trong treo, mpt sfl dong cam vdi ede cdu chuy$n dflde kd vd khao k h a t dfldc chia se sfl ddng cam dd vdi eong dong. Cd le chinh vi t h e m a Ld Vdn Hao dd n h a n xet ve Nguyen Dong Chi nhfl sau: "Ong cd cai tfl ehd't eua mdt nhd van bid't ghi lai trung t h a n h niem hflng khdi, n e t ngdy thtf va sfl cam ddng eua ngfldi ke chuypn va nhd thtf dan gian".'^^'
O Vipt N a m , dng la ngfldi tiep bfldc cdc t h d hd hoe gia danh tidng nhfl Trfltfng Vinh Ky,*59> Huynh Tinh Cua,'^'" Nguyin Vdn Ngpc,«" Vu Ngpc Phan.'^^' Tuy nhidn, thdnh edng eua bd sflu t|ip 200 truyen cd tich cua dng t h e hien d chd vfla mang t i n h bao qudt va phong phu lai vfla mang t i n h chpn lpc vd dai di^n; vfla mang t i n h hon nhign cua mpt thd loai truyen t r u y i n mieng lai vfla m a n g t i n h nghe thudt cao eua eae cdch kd dflpe gpt giua t r a u ehudt da thd bidn sfl vfltft trdi cua Nguydn Ddng Chi trong tfl each ngtfdi ke ehuyen ddn gian. Ddc bidt, cac b a n ke trong Klio tdng truyen cd tick Viet Nam m a n g phong each eua nhd vdn hda Nguyen Dong Chi da thd hidn t i n h b a n s i c eua van hda dan tpc, va d diem nay, dng hodn todn xung dang dfltfc so sdnh vdi edc n h a vdn hda ldn t r e n thd' gidi nhfl Charles Perrault (1628-1703), Jacob Ludwig Kari (1785-1863) va Wilhelm Kari Grimm (1786-1859).
Sfl so sdnh ndy khdng phai la de tdn vinh Nguyin Ddng Chi md Id de k h i n g dinh dong gdp cua N g u y i n Dong Chi cho dan tpc m i n h theo each md Charles Perrault lam eho nfldc P h d p vd hai a n h em Grimm lam eho nflde Dflc; ddng thdi, cung Id de khang dinh nhflng ddng gdp eua dng eho ngdnh ed tieh hpc t h d gidi nhfl cac dong nghiep qud'c te' eua dng da lam.
2. Nguyen Ddng Chi - Stith Thompson ciia Vi^t Nam
Trong vai "Nguyin Ddng Chi - ngfldi kd chuyen cd tich ed tdi", c i n k h i n g dinh ndt ddc biet nhd't eua edi tdi ndy Id vide tdeh bach vd ndi tr0i vai "Nguyen Ddng Chi - n h a nghidn ciJu". Vd phai ndi ngay la, vdi Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, Nguyin Ddng Chi Id mpt dong nghidp xudt s i c cua cac nhd nghign cflli theo trfldng phdi dia ly-lich sfl P h i n Lan.
Nhfl trdn da ndi, trfldng phdi dia ly-lich sfl P h i n Lan (Historic-Geographic Method) dfltfe sdng lap vao eudi t h e ky XIX hdi ede nhd nghidn cflu P h i n Lan Id Julius Leopold Fredrik Krohn, Kaarle Krohn, Antti Amatus Aarne vdi viee di sau nghien cflU truyen cd tieh b i n g vide t§p htfp n h i l u di b a n truydn cd tich cua chau Au vd s i p xep ehung theo ede ddn vi type va motif. Phfldng phdp ndy dfltfe dp dung vd phdt tridn bdi nhd cd tich hpe Hoa Ky Stith Thompson; dng da sidi tam, tdp hop, lap bang t r a type va motif truydn co tich trdn toan t h e gidi.'^^' Cac cdng t r i n h cua dng lan Ifldt tfl vide dieh va md r^ng b a n g t r a type truyen cd tich do A. Aaime xac lap ddn Bdng tra motif vdn hgc ddn gian (6 t | p , 1932-1936)'^'" vd Truyin cd tich (1946)*^^' Id sfl kidn tri flng dung phfltfng p h a p dia ly-lich sfl P h i n Lan vdo viec nghien cflu truydn ed tieh ndi ehung, vdn hpe dan gian ndi ridng. Phfldng p h a p ndy b a n d i u chi tdp t r u n g vdo truyen cd tieh nhflng v l sau, S. Thompson da md rdng r a nhieu t h e loai khac vd kdt qua nghidn euli chung cija Aarne va Thompson (dflde gpi
46 . Tap chi Nghj&n cflu va Phat tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
Id tfl dien A-T) da dfltfc ap dung de sap xep nhieu t h e loai truydn co dan gian vao cae 6 tjTie v a motif. T h a n h edng cua cdc cdng t r i n h thupc trfldng phdi n a y da md r a mdt phong trao nghidn euli truydn co tich tfl gdc dp t j ^ e vd motif t r d n toan thd gidi.
Phong trao ndy ehi mdi l a n den Viet N a m vdo t h a p nien eudi t h e ky XX nhflng trdn thfle te', Nguydn Ddng Chi da thflc sfl ldm vide theo m d t each thflc tfltfng tfl tfl gan mdt nfla t h e ky ve trfldc. Trong Kho tdng truyin cd tich Viet Nam, sau tflng dtfn vi truyen trong so 200 truyen ed tich dfldc ke, Nguydn Ddng Chi da cung cap mpt sd Iflpng ldn cdc truyen kd cung type, bode nhflng motif tfldng ddng, hodc nhflng type truydn mang n h i l u motif vfla tfltfng dong vfla k h d c biet va mot bang tra cull t e n truydn eua p h i n Khdo di d cuoi saeh. Tuy n h i e n , k h d n g chi la bang tra, Nguyin Ddng Chi da eung ca'p toan bd eau chuydn bode Iflde ke tflng cau chuyen, tao nen sfl bihig thu theo doi tflng chu6i truyen tfldng dong, de ngtfdi dpc thfldng thflc vd nhd nghien cflli rdng dfldng t h a m khao.
Cd dflde n h a n g truydn ke tfltfi mdt v a tfldng nhfl gian di nay, N g u y i n D6ng Chi - ngfldi ke chuydn da dfltfe dinh hfldng bdi mot Nguyen Ddng Chi - nhd nghidn cflu. Ong da ehflng to sfl m i n cam cua mdt n h a n g h i e n cflu ly thuyet-thfle t i l n d ehd, tfl h a n g nghin b a n kd thu thdp dflde, dng dd lap n d n n h u n g md h i n h type va motif; dong tbdi, tfl thfle t e sflfl t i m va bidn soan, dng da chi r a tinh bdt biin cua truyen eo tich eua mot dan toe d cd't truyen vd motif vd tinh khd biin 6 cdc tinh tid't cua motif hay sfl k e t htfp gifla cdc motif vdi nhau'^^' m a sfl t r a i nghiem vd thd'm sau van hda Viet N a m dd giup dng cd dfltfe n h a n thfle nay.
Khdng rd Nguydn Ddng Chi ed tiJng tidp xuc vdi ly thuyet eua trfldng phdi dia ly-lieh sfl P h i n Lan hay khdng, ehi thd'y con dfldng di vd kdt qud dng dat dfltfc vfla cd nhflng n e t tfltfng dong eua nhiJng tri tud ldn, vfla ed t i n h rieng bidt dfltfe lam nen bdi b a n sac vdn hda Vidt Nam, m a htfn dau hd't, chinh kho t d n g truyen ed tich Viet N a m m a dng tim tdi, trai nghidm trong do va edng h i e n ea eudc ddi dd hilu no da giup dng ed dfltfc. Vi thd', ndi Nguyen Ddng Chi la "Stith Thompson eua Viet Nam" la ndi t a m vdc eua edng t r i n h , t i n h due kd't eua t h d n h qua lao dpng, gia tri gtfi y eho hau the', t i n h truyen cam hflng cho dong nghiep; edn t i n h dde lap eua mgt nhd khoa hpe vd t i n h rieng biet eua b a n sac v a n hda t h i Nguyen Ddng Chi la mgt hien tfldng khdng thd so sdnh.
Dong thdi, ke't qua sflu t i m - nghidn euli ndy, c6 t h e ndi, d Viet N a m la ddc nhd't vd nhi; bdi de cd dfltfe mdt edng t r i n h nhfl thd', ngoai vide d a n h thdi gian, cdng sflc vdi mdt sfl say me vd t a n , ngodi t i n h t h i n nghidm can v a t r i n b dd chuydn nghiep eua nhd khoa hpe t h i cdn e l n phai ed ed, duydn t i e p cdn vdi khd'i Ifltfng truygn kd do so dang ton t a i trong ddi sdng. Tinh t h i n lao ddng vd p h a m chdt eua nhd nghidn eflu m a ong co, hign nay hau nhfl v a n g bdng, vide kd truydn cd tieh trong ddi sdng, nay eiing khdng cdn phong vi nhfl xfla; do vdy, mdt cdng t r i n h nhfl Klio tdng truyen cd tich Viet Nam cua N g u y i n Ddng Chi se la mdt di k h d n g trd lai d Viet Nam. N h a n thflc dflde dieu nay, vfla de n h i n n h a n dung gia tri v a t i m vdc eua eae cong t r i n h nghien eflu eua Nguyin Ddng Chi, vfla de n h i n n h d n nbiJng van d l dang ddt r a eho nghien cflli vdn hpc dan gian cua ngay h d m nay.
Tdi dpe N g u y i n Ddng Chi khi mdi la hpc sinh cap 1 cua mdt trtfdng lang.
.Chinh t a i khdng gian lang que heo hut, ndi chdn trdi dflde gidi b a n bdi mdt doan
Tap chi Nghien cflu va Phat trign, so 2 (119). 2015 47
dfldng quanh co bi chdn lai bdi nhung ngpn nui, nhung cau ehuyen cd tieh eua dng da tao nen mdt an tfltfng sau sac Midng the phai md vl mdt thd' gidi cua long nhan, tinh thi$n; da flcfm trong tdi nhiing hat gid'ng fldc md ma nhd nd tdi dd vfltfn ra khdi luy tre ling de tdi nhifng chan trdi mdi. Ban than tdi eung khdng ngd de hieu dflpe ngfldi ke chuydn duyen dang va hom hinh dd, eln phai khd hpe nhilu ndm vdn ehfla du; nhflng ed mdt dieu chac chin la dd hidu dilu dng ke thi cin cd/
eln nudi dfldng mdt tdm bin trong treo - dd eung chinh Id dilu Nguyin Ddng Chi mud'n dat tdi thdng qua nhiftig edu ehuyen mang khdt vong vl sfl ehie'n thing cua cai thien ma dng khd edng sud't ca eudc ddi ddnh eho ngfldi dpc.
Hfl Ngi, thdng 01/2015 T T A CHU THICH
(1) Lord Albert B, The Singer of Tales, Harvard University Press, Cambridge-MA, 1960, New Yorl<, 1976.
(2) Lord Albert B, The Singer of Tales, 1960, Sdd, tr. 3.
(3) Lord Albert B, The Singer of Tales, 1960, Sdd, tr. 5.
(4) Cdc nhd nghien cflu folldore tren tlie gidi da c h u y i n tfl each tidp c$n van bdn (text-based approach) sang tidp cdn boi canh (context-based approach) vd silt dung thudt ngfl (verbal art) thay cho ede khdi ni?m van hoc dan gian (folk literature) hodc v5n hpc truyen mi?ng (oral literature) nhdm thodt ly hodn todn stf vtftfng van ve "vSn hpc" ngay tfl trong khdi niSm (William Baseom, Verbal Art. Journal of American Folklore. 68 (1955), tr. 245-252; Richard Bauman, Verbal Art as Performance, Texas, 1984, tr. 11).
(5) Van T d n - N g u y i n Hong Phong- Nguyin Ddng Chi-VO Ngpc Phan, Sd thio lich sd vin hgc Viet Nam. Q. I, Nxb Vdn sfl dja. Ha Npi, 1957, tr. 75.
(6) M. Bakhtin, L^ luin vi thi phip tieu thuyet. Phgm VTnh C u tuyen chpn, djch v d g i d i t h i ^ u , Bp v a n hda-Thdng t i n - T h I thap vd Trtfdng Vidt vdn Nguyen Du, Hd Ndi, 1992.
(7) Richard Bauman, Thdlo^i, In trong Folklore - Mgt sd thuat nga dUdng d$i. Ng6 Ddc Thjnh vd Frank Proschan chu bien, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2005, tr. 246.
(8) Dan Ben-Amos, Folklore Genres (The logi folklore), Texas, 1976, trang x.
(9) Nguyin Ddng Chi da luu y den hai bien ddi ndy (cdc "Idp do" cOa ngdn bdn do mdi trtfdng xd hdi vd stf bidn ddi do phong cdch ngtfdi ke chuyen - Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 5, 1993, tr. 2,421-2.426).
(10) Nguyin Dong Chi, Viet Nam covin hgc su; Hdn Thuy&n xud't ban cgc. Ha Npi, 1942.
(11) Nguyin Dong Chi, Lugc khSo ve than thoai ViSt Nam (Tai lieu tham khio vin hgc), Nxb Van sCr dja, Ha Ndi, 1956. Nhflng trich ddn trong bdi nay i i y td NguySn Ddng Chi - Tic pham dugc ting giii thUdng Ho Chi Minh, Quydn I, Nxb Khoa hpc Xd hdi. Ha Ndi, 2003.
(12) Van Tdn - N g u y i n Hong Phong - Nguyin Dong C h i - V u Ngpc Phan, Sa thao ljch sd vin hgc Viet Nam, Q. I, Sdd.
(13) Trong bai ndy, ehiing tdi sil dyng bdn Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, 5 tdp, Vien Van hpc, H a N p i , 1993.
(14) Richard M. Dorson, Folklore and Folklife: An Introduction (Folklore va ddi sdng ddn gian:
Nghidn cflu nh^p mdn), The University of Chicago Press, 1972.
(15) Elliott Oring, Folk Groups and folklore genres: An Introduction (Nhdm dan gian vd the logi folklore: Nghidn cflu nhap mdn), Utah State University Press, 1986.
(16) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Sd thio tjch sd vin hgc Viet Nam, Q. I, Sdd, tr. 76.
(17) Dinh Gia Khdnh - Chu Xuan Dien, Vin hgc din gian, 2 tdp, Nxb Dgi hpc vd Trung hpe chuydn nghidp, Hd Ndi, 1973.
(18) Cao Huy Dinh, Tim hidu tidn tdnh vin hgc dan gian Vigt Nam, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi, Hd Ndi, 1974, tr. 224.
(19) Hodng Tidn Ttfu, Vin hgc din gian Viet Nam, Nxb Gido dye. Ha Ndi, 1990, tr. 3-4.
Tap chi Nghi&n cflu va Phat trien, sd 2 (119). 2015
(20) Nguyin Dong Chi, T r i thflc ddn gian", Dia chi van hda dan gian Nghe-Tinh, Nxb Ngh& An tdi ban, 2010, tr. 117-194.
(21) Nguyin Dong Chi (Chu bien), Dia chi vin hda dan gian Nghe-Tinh, Nxb Nghe An, 1995.
(22) D i n theo Dd Binh Trj, NghiSn cdu tidn trinh cua van hgc dan gian Viet Nam, Trtfdng Dgi hpc Stf pham Ha Npi, Hd Npi, 1978, tr. 57.
(23) Nguyen Dong Chi, Wef nam coi^an/?pc s^, 1942, Sdd.
(24) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cd thh Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 52.
(25) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 73. Chd in nghieng do ngtfdi trich ddn nhan manh.
(26) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 75. Chd in nghieng do ngudi trich d i n nhan manh.
(27) Nguyen Dong Chi, Kho tang truySn cd tich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 74. Chd in nghieng do ngtfdi trich ddn nhan mgnh.
(28) A. M. Novicova (ChCi bien), Sang tic thd ca dan gian Nga. Do Hdng Chung va Chu XuSn Dien djch, Nxb Dgi hpc va Trung hpc chuydn nghiep. Ha Npi, 1983, tr. 293.
(29) Nguyen Dong Chi, LUdc khao ve than thoai Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 35.
(30) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Sd thao lich sd van hoc Viet Nam, Q. I, Sdd, tr. 93, tr. 95.
(31) Nguyin Dong Chi, LUdc khao ve than tho^i Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 16.
(32) Nguyin Dong Chi, LUdc khao ve than thoai Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 17.
(33) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen co tich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 115.
(34) Tran Gia Llnh, "Cudn sdch ly luan dau tidn v l than thogi Viet Nam", in trong Nguyin Ddng Chi - Ngudi miet mai tim kidm cac gii tri van hda din tgc, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa iidi, Hd Ndi, 1997, tr. 169.
(35) Tran Gia Linh, Bdd, tr. 167.
(36) Nguyin Dong Chi, LUdc khio ve thin thoal Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 33.
(37) Nguyin Ddng Chi, LUdc khao ve than tho^i Viet Nam. Sdd, tr. 35.
(38) Nguyin Ddng Chi, LUdc khio vi thin thoai Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 43.
(39) Claire R. Rarrer, Than thoai, in trong Folklore - Mgt sd thuat ngU dUdng dai, Sdd, tr. 246, (40) Dinh gia Khanh - Chu Xuan Dien, Vin hoc din gian Viet Nam, Nxb Gido dye, Hd NOi, 1962.
Trich dan nay Idy ttf Dinh gia Khanh - Chu Xudn Didn - Vd Quang Nhtfn, Van hgc din gian Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, HS N6i, 1997, tr. 2 7 1 .
(41) Do Nhdm Le Qui/Don (Trtfdng C h i n h - L e Tri V i l n - Huv^nh L y - D o Dflc Hieu-ViJ Dinh Lien) thudc Ban Tu thtf Bp Giao dye bien sogn, 3 tap, Nxb Xdy dtfng. Ha Npi, 1957.
(42) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Sd thao lich sd van hgc Viit Nam, Q. I, Sdd, tr. 8 1 . (43) Nguyin Dong Chi, LUdc khao ve than thoai Viet Nam, Sdd, tr. 23.
(44) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho tang truySn cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 62-63.
(45) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 6 1 . (46) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Stf thao lich sd vin hgc Viet Nam, Q. I, Sdd, tr. 95.
(47) Nguyin Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 64-65.
(48) Nguyin Dong Chi, Kha tang truyen cdtich ViSt Nam, T i p 1, Sdd, tr. 65.
(49) Trong tac pham NhiJng van de cOa sUphat tridn lich sd vin hgc, G.N. Paspelov eho rang, ljch sfl van hpc thd gidi dtftfc t r i i n khai theo 4 logi htnh npi dung dd l d : / o ^ / hinh ndi dung than thoai, loai hinh ngi dung dan tgc-lich sd. loai hinh ndi dung the sU vi lo^i hinh ngi dung ddi tu. "Logi hinh ndi dung" khdng phai la "de tdi" hay "chu d ^ " ma Id mpt kieu td chflc ndi dung the hien stf khai quat mpt phgm vi ddi sdng rdng Idn dtftfc the hipn b i n g cac mdi quan he didn hinh trong stf phdt trien cda nhan logi qua d i l m nhin cija^con ngudi d eac giai dogn phdt then cda Ijch sfl, va vi the, chiing cd sflc khai qudt cac vdn de cCta stf phdt tridn van hpc the gidi. Cy the, logi hinh ndi dung than thogi khai thac mdi quan hg gifla con ngudi vd thien nhien nham ly giai sdc mgnh va quy ludt cCia ttf nhien; Logi hinh npi dung ddn tdc-ljch siJ thd hidn mdi quan hg gifla cdng ddng vdi cdng ddng hoac quan he gifla cd nhdn vdi cpng d i n g nham ly gidi stf hinh thdnh dan tpc, bleu hidn sflc mgnh va stf c6 kdt cdng ddng trong vi$c
Tap chi Nghign cflu va PhSt tridn, sd 2 (119). 2015
cung cd vd bdo vp qudc gia; Logi hinh the stf khai thdc mdi quan he gifla cac tang Idp trong xa hpi, ly gidi nhflng vdn de dgo dflc phong tyc; Logi hinh ndi dung ddi ttf mieu ta ddi sdng tfl gdc dp ddi tu cua ca nhan [G.N. Paspelov, NhiJng van de cua sUphat tridn lich sCf vin hgc, Nxb Gido dye, IVIaxctfva, 1972, tr. 197].
(50) N g u y i n Dong Chi. Kho ting truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 62-63.
(51) N g u y i n Bdng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtfch Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 116.
(52) Jacob Grimm, Germanic Mythology (Thdn thogi Dflc - 1835), Scott-Townsend xudt ban, Washington, D C , 1997, tr. 3.
(53) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho tang truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 69.
(54) N g u y i n Dong Chi, Kho tang truydn cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 5, Sdd, tr. 2.427.
(55) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 72.
(56) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tap 1, Sdd, tr. 88.
(57) N g u y i n Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cdtich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 12.
(58) Ld Van Hao, "Tresor des Contes Vietnamiens de N g u y i n Dong Chi", BEFEO, Paris, N"
1-1964. Ddn theo N g u y i n Chung Anh, "Nguyen Dong Chi - Nhd vdn, nha khoa hpc". In trong Kho tang truySn cdtich Viet Nam, Tdp 1, Sdd, tr. 43.
(59) Trtfdng VTnh K^, Truyen ddi xUa, Sdd.
(60) Huynh Tjnh Cda, Chuyen giai buon. Sdd, vd mpt sd tap truydn stfu t i m M\ic.
(61) Nguyin V5n Ngpc, TruySn cdnUdc Nam, Sdd.
(62) VQ Ngpc Phan, TruySn cdtich Viet Nam, Sdd.
(63) Stith Thompson, The Type of the Fotkltale - A Classification and Bibliography, Antti Aarne's Verzeichnis der Mdrchentypen, FF Communlcationss N ' 3. Translated and Enlarged by Stith Thompson (Kidu truyen cd tich. Bang phdn logi vd thtf mye. Danh muc truydn cd tfch cua Antti Aarne cflng bd tren Thdng bao cija cic nha folklore sd 3, dtftfc Stith Thompson djch vd md rdng), x u i t bdn cac nam 1928, 1946,1964, 1981 tgi Helsinki va Hoa Ky.
(64) Stith Thompson, tulotif-index of Folk-Literature. A classification of narrative elements in folktale, ballads, myths, fables, medieval romances, exempla. fabliaux, jest-books and local legends (Bdng tra motif vdn hpc dan gian. Bang phan logi cdc ydu td ttf stf trong truydn cd tich, ballad, huyen thogi, truyen ngy ngdn, van hpc Trung dgi, tidu thuydt lang mgn, tieu thuyet, truygn thd tidu lam, truyen ctfdi vd truyen thuydt dja phtftfng), Bloomington, Indiana, USA, xudttjdn 1932-1936.
(65) Stith Thompson, The Folktale (Truyen ed tich), xuat bdn d Hoa Ky vdo cdc nam 1946, 1951, 1977.
(66) Nguyen Ddng Chi, Kho ting truyen cd tich Viet Nam, Tdp 5, Sdd, tr. 2.421.
T6M TAT
Bdi Viet phdn tich nhflng ddng gdp cua hpc gia Nguyin Dong Chi vdo viec nghien cflu 3 thd logi van hpc ddn gian chii ydu: t h i n thogi, truyen thuydt va truydn c l tfch dtfpc the hidn tdp trung d 4 cdng trinh: Viet Nam cd van hgc sd. Lugc khao vi thin thoal Viet Nam. Sd thao lich sd vin hgc Viet Nam vd Kho tang truyen cd tich Viet Nam.
ABSTRACT
THE CONTRIBUTION OF NGUYEN BONG CHI TO THE RESEARCH OF VIETNAMESE FOLKLORE GENRES
The article analyzes the contribution of scholar N g u y i n Ddng Chi to the research of three major folklore categories, i.e. myths, legends and fairy tales, in his four works: "History of Ancient Vietnamese Literature", "A brief Examination of Vietnamese Legends". "First Draft of Vietnamese Literary History" and " A Treasure Chest of Old Vietnamese Stories".
