M- ''^'''^'^-—~
} NGHliN cau-TRAO B6I
BAO DAM QUYEN THAM CHINH CUA PHU N C 6 VIET NAM
N g u y e n T h a n h Tving'
Tdm tat: Bii viet de cap den khia canh quyen tham chinh (QTC) cua phu nil dddi giie do quyen con ngddi (QCN), thdc trang vi nhdng rio cin ddi vdi viec bdo dim QTC cua phu ndd Viet Nam hien nay, td do kien nghi giai phdp dim bio QTC cua phu ntt d Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Tit khda: Phu nd, tham chinh, Viet Nam
Abstract: The article deals with women's political rights in terms of human rights, the real situations and the harriers to women's financial security in Vietnam today, and then, propose solutions to ensure women's financial management in Vietnam in the near future.
Keywords; Women, Politics, Vietnam.
Ngiy nhgn bii: 18/02/2020 Ngiy sda bii: 02/03/2020 Ngiy duyet dang 03/4/2020 1. QTC cua phu nit -
g i i e d p Q C N
Tham chinh tfl liu dupc coi l i mpt bp p h i n cua QCN nen ti^ nd cd gii tri phd qudt. khdng t h i chia eat v i php thupe, cd liln quan den nhau. Cdng Ude ve cic quyin chinh tri c i a phu nfl nam 1952 cd hieu Ifle tfl 07/07/1954 da thfla n h i n rang, mpi ngfldi cd quyin tham gia v i o chinh phu c i a nflde minh mdt cdch gidn tilp hoae thdng qua cic dai dien do hp tU do lUa chpn v i cd quyin tilp c i n binh dang vdi dich vu cdng cdng cua nflde minh;
mong mudn binh d i n g hda dia vi c i a nam gidi v i nfl gidi trong viec hfldng v i thflc hien cic quyin chinh tri, theo quy dinh eua H i l n ehfldng Lien Hiep Qudc v i Tuyin ngdn Toin t h i gidi v l QCN. D i l u 25 Cdng fldc qudc t l v l cic quyen d i n '"' ThS, Vien Xhi nUdc va Phap luqt, Vien Han lam
t i l p can dfldi sU v i chinh tri n i m 1966 quy dinh; "Mpi cdng d i n , khdng cd bat ky sfl p h i n bi$t n i o . . . v i khdng cd sfl ban c h l bat h p p Iy n i o , d l u cd quyin va cP hdi de; tham gia v i o viec dilu h i n h eic cdng viee xa hdi mdt cich trflc tilp hoae thdng qua nhflng dai dien dflpc hp Ifla ebon.."
Dilu 28 Hiln phap 2013 cua Nfldc Cpng hda xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam quy dinh; cdng d i n cd quyen tham gia q u i n Iy n h i nUde v i xa bpi, tham gia t h i o l u i n v i kiln nghi vdi eo quan n h i nfldc ve cdc van d l cua co sd, dia phflong va cd nfldc;
n h i nfldc tao dieu kien d l cdng dan t h a m gia q u i n ly nhd nude va xa hdi; cdng khai, minh bach trong tilp n h i n , phan hdi y kiln, k i l n nghi c i a cdng d i n . Dieu 26 H i l n phdp 2013 quy dinh: cdng dan n a m , nfl binh dang ve mpi mat. Nha nflde cd Khoa hoc Xd hgi Viet Nam
38 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
r^ =i«i
\ \ \ NGHliN ClJfU-TRAO B6I chinh sdch bio dim quyin vi co hdi bmh
ding gidi: nhi nfldc, xa hpi vi gia dinh tap dieu ki?n dl phu nfl phdt triln tPan dien, phit huy vai trd cua mmh trpng xa hdi;
nghiem cam phin bilt doi xfl vl gidi. Diy li ehmh CO sd Hiln dinh quan trpng tao din dl thiJc hien QTC cua phu nfl.
Tham chinh dflpc hilu li sfl tham gia chinh quyen d mpt cflPng vi nip dd [1].
N|i him cia tham chinh cd thi hieu Ii vi?c mpt ci nhin tham gia cic sinh boat chinh tri cua cpng ddng hpac cdng tic chuyin mdn vdi tfl cich ngfldi linh dao vi ra quylt dinh hay thinh vien eua mdt tl chflc trong h$ thdng chinh tri hoae mang tinh chinh tri [2]. Tren phUOng dien ly thuylt. trpng tUPng quan gifla nam vi nii, ca hdi tham chinh chia dlu eho ed hai.
D}c bi?t. xu hudng de cao QCN trong ede nln din chu hi|n dai, viec dim bio co hdi tham chinh chp phu nfl dat ra ylu eau rat cip thilt chp tit ci eic qupc gia tren thi gidi, trpng dd cd Vilt Nam. Dilu niy xuat phit tfl nhflng ly dp sau; (i) VI sd lupng, phy nfl chiem mpt nfla din sp, vi thi hp cd thi dim nhiem 50% vi tri ra quylt dinh;
(ii) VI kinh nghiem, phu nfl cd nhflng kinh nghiem khic so vdi nam gidi vl xi h^i hpc vi sinh hpe. Vdn kinh nghilm niy dupc phit huy khi phu nfl dfldc dam nhin nhflng vi tri cd tam inh hfldng. (ill) Ve lpi ich, phu nfl vi nam gidi ed quan tim va lpi ich khic nhau. Se hilu qui vi chinh ding Hon nlu quan tam vi lpi ich cua hai nhdm deu dflpc phin inh vi hip dam. (iv) VI sfl phit triln ben viJng, theo mdt nghien cflu ciia Dai hpc Qudc gia Singappre, eO quan l?p phip nio cd ty 11 phu nfl ddng hdn thi cac chinh sich vi luit phip vl bdo ve QCN va moi trfldng se dflpe thdng qua nhilu
hpn so vdi nhflng eP quan lip phdp cd it dai dien li phu nfl [3]. Viec tham chinh cua phu nfl giup phit huy tai nang vi ngudn Iflc tfl mdt nfla din sd cia dat nfldc. (v) VI thflc tien, ed khi nhilu nhflng rio cin CP hpi tilp cin QTC cia phu nfl. Nhflng rio ein ve thi ehl, vin hda, quan niem, sfl bat binh dang trong ddi xfl, tao eP hdi...
cang ddi hdi nhilu hPn trdch nhiem cia nhi nflde, cpng ddng trpng viec bip dim ngiy cang tdt hPn QTC cho phu nfl.
2. Thflc trang va nhiJLng rio can phu nii tham chinh d Viet Nam hidn nay
Cie sd lieu thdng ke dfla ra md ti bfle tranh dai dien it di cua phu nfl trong h?
thdng chinh tri, nhit li d cie vi tri dflng diu cic ca quan. Cu thi li;
- Ty le nfl dai bilu Qudc hdi khoi XIII nhiem ky 2011 - 2016 la 24,4%, thap nhit trong 4 nhiem ky vfla qua, Khda XIV ti 11 niy li 26,8%. Tinh din thdi diem thing 5 nam 2015, Viet Nam xep thfl 49/190 vl ty II nfl dai bieu trong Qudc hdi theo Lien minh Nghi vien The gidi, giim so vdi thfl 36 vio nim 2010 vi 2009, thfl 33 nam 2008, thfl 31 nam 2007, thfl 25 nam 2006 vi thfl 23 nam 2005. Theo tflng tinh/
thinh phd, trong nhiem ky 2011-2016, cd 22 tinh/thinh phd cd ty 11 tren 30% dai bilu Qudc hdi la phu nfl, trong dd cd 2 tinh cd 50% (Ninh Binh va Hi Giang).
Bin canh dd, cd 3 tmh khdng cd dai bilu nio li phu nfl.
- Tai cie co quan quin ly nhi nflde cap trung uong nhiem kf 2011 - 2016. nfl bd trudng vi tfldng dfldng ehi cd 2/22 (ehilm 4,55%); nfl thfl trfldng vi tflflng dflong li 11/142 (chiem 7,7%), ty le nfl vu trUdng Tap ehi Khoa hpc Npi vu I 39
I NGHliN CCru-TRAO B6I
"•^^^
vi tflflng dflong Ii 7,8%, nfl vu phd vi tflpng dflong Id 13,4%.
- O cap dia phflpng, trong cP quan chap hanh cia Hdi ddng nhin din (HDND) vi CO quan hinh chinh nhi nflde (HCNN) d dia phflong li iy ban nhin dan (UBND), ty le phu nfl Ii chi tich UBND nhiem ky 2011-2016 li 1,58% (giim 1,54% so vdi nhiem ky trfldc), ty le phu nfl li phd ehu tich UBND li 10,42% (giim 5,66%). Ty le tham gia qud thap cia phu nfl d vi tri chi chdt trong eP quan hinh phdp dia phflpng gdi ra rang dudng nhfl cd sfl phin biet ddi xfl cd he thdng edn trd hp vflpn Ien dim dflpng cac cflPng vi lanh dao. Trong nhiem ky 2016-2021, ty 1? phu nfl li chi tieh UBND tinh khdng dflpc cii thien, chi cd 1/63 tinh, thinh phd ed chu tieh UBND li phu nfl (tinh Yen Bdi) [4]. Trong ky bau cfl HDND ede cap nhilm k\' 2011 - 2016, chi ed 31% flng cfl vien li nfl, 67%
flng cfl vien nam trung cfl trong khi dd chi cd 47% flng cfl vien nfl trung cfl.
- Ty le phu nfl trong BCH Trung flong Ding cung khd thip: lOida XI ed IB iy vien (chiem 9%), IChda XII cd 14 iy vien (ehilm 7,8%). Trong sd 63 tinh thinh phd trflc thude trung UPng, ed 3/63 tinh, thanh cd phu nfl dflpc bau gifl vi tri Bi thfl Tinh iy nhiem ky 2016-2020 (chiem 4,76%).
Chp du sfl binh dang gifla nam vi nfl trong linh vflc tham chinh da dflpc dim bip trong khung phip ly nhflng eing d vi tri cao, sd Iflpng vi ty le phu nfl tham gia thfle te cing thip dan. Dilu niy cho thay nhflng rao can ddi vdi phu nfl trong qud trmh phan dau. Thflc trang nay xuat phdt tfl nhflng nguyen nhin ca bin sau:
- VI mat the chl, ehu trfldng, dfldng ldi vi chinh sdch, phdp luit nhilu nim hfldng den mpt cP cau sfl tham chinh eua php nfl.
Nghi quylt sd 11/NQ-TW cia Bp Chinh tri dit ra muc tieu phan dau din nam 2020, cin bd nfl tham gia cap iy ding cic cap dat tfl 25% trd lin; nfl dai bieu Qudc hpi vi HDND eic cap tfl 35% din 40%. Cic CP quan. ddn vi cd ty 11 nfl tfl 30% trd lln, nhat thilt cd cin bd lanh dao chu chdt la nfl (5]. Tren cP sd Nghi quylt eua Dang, Nhi nflde se ban hinh eic quy dinh vi td chflc triln khai thflc hiln. Thi du: Luat bau cfl Dai bilu Qudc bdi vi Dai bieu HDND nim 2015 quy dinh dfl kiln cp eau phu nfl dflpc gidi thieu flng cfl dai bilu Qudc hpi, dai bieu HDND it nhat li 35% [6]. Trfldc dd Luit Binh dang gidi nam 2006 cung cho ring viec xie dinh ty le phu nfl dai bieu Qudc hdi, dai bilu HDND, gifl cic chflc danh trong eP quan nhi nflde phu hpp vdi mue tieu qudc gia ve binh ding gidi Ii ede bien phdp thuc day binh dang gidi trong chinh tri [7).
- Muc tieu ma Nghi quylt vd cdc quy dinh neu ra li tdt dep, tuy nhien chinh viee xdc dinh eP cau sU tham gia cia phu nfl da lai dang phan dnh sU bat binh ding trong CP hdi tham chinh cia phu nfl so vdi nam gidi. Can phii thiy rang, bang khi nang, trinh dp, kinh nghiem, sU khep leo vd nhflng td chat rieng ed eua phu nfl, nlu dflpc dat trong mpt mdi trfldng canh tranh binh dang thi co hdi tham chinh cua nam gidi vi nfl gidi la bing nhau. Mac du van de dang gidi da dupc long ghep trong hiu hit cic vdn bdn phdp luit hien hinh.
Tuy nhien, ri soit cie nghien cflu khde nhau thay ring, khdng ed quy dinh trich nhiem, cic bien phip khuyen khich va 40 I Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
\ \ \ NGHliN COU - TRAO D6I ky lu|t de ho trp thflc hien cac chi tieu ve
d^ diln nfl. Cac quy dinh hien hinh mdi dli dflng lai 6 viec keu gpi cic bien phap ma thdi. Sfl thieu sdt hay li bat hpp ly bdi cac quy dinh cua phap luit chuyen nganh ding da tao can trd ldn kha nang tham chinh cua phu nfl:
- Ve an sinh xi hpi, vdi quy drnh cua Lu?t Bio hiem xi hdi (BHXH) hien banh, phu nfl thupe khu vflc phi chinh thflc khong dflpe hd trp tfl chinh sach nghi sinh 6 thing. Ngoii ra, viec ngfldi phu nfl quay trd lai lim vile sau 6 thing sinh con dat ra nhflng nhu cau xa hdi ldn tfl he thdng dich vv chim sdc tre em ban ngiy. Cac nghien cflu gan day eho thay sfl thieu hut ldn vl dich vy cham sdc tre dfldi 3 tudi d ca khu v\}c nhi nfldc va tfl nhan. O hau bet cic cd quan nhi nflde va eP sd dao tao sau dai hpc hien nay khdng cd nha tre hay Idp mau giao eho con cin bd hay hpe vien tai CP sd dao tao khiln eho nhieu phu nfl bit bupc phii chpn Ifla flu tien la gia dinh va con cii trfldc khi chpn Ifla cic eP hpi dio tao hay thing tien. Dieu nay dat ra nhflng thach thflc rat ldn cho phu nfl lam viee khi phii cin bang cdng viee va cham sdc eon nho, cing thach thfle vdi nhflng phu nfl muon cd thing tiln trong cdng viec vi khi do, hp can ed nhflng thanh tich cao trong cong viee, di ddi vdi dim bao eic bang cap tflPng flng vdi mdi vi tri can phan dau.
- Chinh sich BHXH tfl nguyen hien nay khong hap din vdi lao ddng nfl di cfl do mdi chi dflpc hfldng hai che do hflu tri vi tfl tuat. Hai chl dp rat dflpc lao ddng nii di cfl quan tam li thai sin, tai nan lao dpng - benh nghe nghiep khdng ed, nen bo khdng mudn tham gia.
- Theo quy dinh, ddi vdi trfldng hpp binh thfldng, tuoi nghi hflu cua nam li 60 tudi. nfl la 55 tuoi. Quy dinh nay mdt mat tao dieu kien diphu nfl cd them thdi gian nghi ugPi vi cham sdc sflc khde, tao dilu kien hfldng lpi cho nhflng nhdm phu nfl d cie nganh nghe nang nhpc, ddc hai. Mat khac dilu nay tao ra nbutng ip lpc ddi vdi phu nfl tham gia lanh dao, quan ly phan dau vio cic vi tri nghe nghiep cua minh.
Nhflng quy dinh ve dp tudi nay dang dat nam va nfl tren nhflng mat bing so sinh khic nhau va trong tflpng quan so sinh niy nam gidi dang d vi thi ed lpi hPn. Vi du, quy dinh ddi vdi cap uy ding tham gia lan dau phai du tudi dl cdng tie bai nhiem ky trd Ien, neu dflpc gidi thieu tai flng cfl cap uy dang khda mdi phii du tudi cdng tic it nhat 4 nam vi khdng cd khic biet nio gifla nam vi nfl. Vdi phu nfl, quy dinh tran tudi nay la kha thich thflc. Tinh theo nhflng sfl kien cua vdng ddi gia dinh, nhflng boat ddng nhfl sinh eon, cham sdc con nhd vi cae thanh \ien trong gia dinh, quan ly viec nha, quan ly viee hpc tip cua con, hau hit van la trach nhiem cua phu nfl va dlu it nhieu anh hfldng din thdi gian thflc te cdng tic vi tiep dd la khi ning thing tien do bi tre thdi gian hoan thinh cac tieu chuan cung ve dao tao va it thdi gian hpn trong the hien nang Iflc lanh dao.
Ngay ei khi \'flpt qua dflpe nhflng thach thflc nay, phu nfl van phai tiep tuc phan dau dl khang dinh nang Ifle, de dxiac lanh dao cdng nhin va Ifla chpn sdm hPn nam gidi 5 nam neu khdng mudn bi loai vi dp tudi. Da sd phu nfl hoae phii chap nhin hy sinh cac hanh phue ci nhin de tip trung trong cdng viec hoae tfl choi tham gia cudc dua, hoae phai nd Iflc vdi sfl ung hp ldn tfl gia dinh . Dieu nay eung phin anh tfl duy Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 41
VI "^r- -
f NGHliN cau-TRAO B6I cua cic nha lam luit. hp khdng phan biet dflpc che dp hflu tri (tuoi gii) li quyen chfl khdng phai li nghla vu cua ngfldi lao ddng.
De dflpc hfldng che dp hflu tri (tuoi gia) tbi ngfldi lao ddng cd nghia vu tham gia ddng BHXH trong mdt thdi gian \k phai dat den mdt dp tudi nhat dinh do phip luit quy dinh. Tuy nhien, khi cd du dieu kien nghi hflu thi cung chfla phii li cp sd de cham dflt quan he lao ddng. Bdi quan he BHXH li quan he gifla ngfldi lao dpng, ngfldi sfl dung lao ddng vdi eP quan BHXH. Do dd, xet ve bin chat quan he lao dpng \ i quan he BHXH li hai quan he khic nhau (mac du cd mdi Uen he mat thiet vdi nhau) nen khdng the coi du dieu ki|n hfldng bio hiem hflu tri thi quan h? lao dpng dflpng nhien cham dflt. Dieu niy ciing eat nghia cho viec ngfldi lao ddng van ed the dip tuc lim viee cho ngfldi sfl dung lao dpng ngay sau khi nghi hflu.
- Ngfldi ta van mac nhien coi phu nfl li ylu the trfldc nam gidi. Viec dinh nhieu flu dai che dp chinh sich dinh cho phu nfl trong eic dao luit khic nhau mat khic dang li minh chflng sfl bat binh ding gidi van cdn kha tram trpng d Viet Nam. Thi du, kl tfl Luit BHXH nam 2014, Viet Nam may min Ipt vio top sd it cic nfldc tren the gidi ed thanh toin thai sin eho nam gidi [8], Phii biet ring viec d nha cham con cung la quyin eua nam gidi, bPn nfla khi nam gidi dflpc nghi thai san, bp ddng vai trd khi ldn trong viec giup dd phu nfl cac cdng viec trong cudc sdng. Day chinh la tiln dl giup phu nfl rinh rang hPn, cd dilu kien hon dl tham gia cae boat ddng xa bdi, trong do cd "tham chinh". Tuy nhiln, Luat BHXH nam 2014 giii quyet thai san eho nam gidi ciing kha khiem tdn. Dilu
42 I Tap chi Khoa hoc Npi vu
nay phin inh ring y thflc va quan ni|ni xa hdi van chfla thiic sfl cdng bing khi cho ring viec sinh nd li cua rieng phu nfl.
Trong linh vnc dio tao, phip luit khdng quy dinh chung ve dp tudi flng vien dfl tuyin di bpe d nfldc ngoii. Theo yeu eau eua ban hit cae ehflPng trinh va hpc bdng dao tao thac sy, tien sy tai eic cP sd nfldc ngoii, flng vien phai dfldi 35 tuoi cho trinh dp thac sy vi dfldi 40 tudi cho trinh dp tiln sy; ddng thdi phai cd it nhat 2 nam kinh nghi|m mdi dflpe dfl tuyen.
Quy dinh ve dp tudi niy ed the khdng anh hfldng din nam gidi, nhflng vdi can bp nfl I^i li mpt bat lpi vi da sd can bp nfl d dp tudi nay phii chiu ip Iflc kit hdn vi sinh con nln se rat khd cd ep hdi tham gia.
Khdng ehi d cdng tic dao tao, bdi dfldng can bp, ngay ca d khau quy hoach, can bp nfl cung gap phii nhflng bat Ipi tflpng tfl do thdi dilm dflpc quy hoach rPi vio giai doan lap gia dinh vi sinh con.
- VI cdng tic td chfle - can bd, sfl nhan thflc va quylt tam chfla eao eua cac cap uy ding, dan den quan diem chi dao tuy nhat quan nhflng td chflc thflc hien thi hinh thflc, khdng cd che tai gin trich nhiem cua cap uy dang, ngfldi dflng dau cap uy ding vdi kit qua thue hien muc tieu binh dang gidi trong cdng tic can bd. "Mpt sd cap uy ding, chinh quyen chua nhan thflc day du, chfla danh sfl quan tim lanh dao, chl dao dung mflc cho cdng tie niy. Sfl phdi hpp gifla cac nganh trong viec trien khai thflc hien binh ding gidi va vi sfl tiln bd cua phu nfl chfla chat che va thieu dong bp. Cdng tic thanh tra, kilm tra, giam sat viee thflc hien chu trflpng cua Ding, chinh sach, phip luat cua Nha nude ve cdng tic binh ding gidi va vi sfl tien bp cua phu nfl
\ \ \ NGHliN COU - TRAO D6I
con nhieu ban che".
- Vl van hda, tai Viet Nam van tdn tai d|nh kiln lien quan den khi nang tham chinh vi nang Ifle lanh dao cua nfl gidi, ring phu nfl thieu kien quyet, dflt diem trong viec ra quylt dinh; hay quan niem
"nam trfldng, nfl phd" khien phu nfl it dflpc ung hp vio cic vi tri lanh dao cd tam anh hfldng ldn. Quan niem truyin thdng cho ring, phu nfl ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vi?c npi trp, bep nue, cham sdc eon cii, gin chit hp vdi thiln chflc cua ngfldi me, ngfldi vp, ngfldi con, khiln vi tri lanh dao tren chinh trfldng cua hp thfldng dflng sau nam gidi. Thdng thfldng, bp phii nd li/c lim viec gap ddi mdi dflpe thfla nhan.
- Ve giao dye, vile tilp can cac chflpng trinh giio due cua tre em gii, die biet la 6 cac vung miln nui, vung sau vung xa, con rat han chl cung la mpt trong nguyen nhin din din CP hdi, kha nang tham chinh CLia phu nfl. Hien tflpng bat binh dang gidi trong giio due cdn tdn tai d mot s6 nhdm din cfl, vung, mien, ti le tre em nfl d cac vung dan tdc thieu so chfla bao gid di bpc eao hPn so vdi cic vung khic trong ci nfldc; ty le biet dpc, biet viet thap nhat ci nfldc; ty le bilt doe bilt vilt d bac tieu hpc thap hOn tre em trai tai tat ea eae tinh trong cung vung; cing hpe cao tre em gai bd hpc cang nhieu so vdi tre em trai.
Phan tich sd lieu thdng ke tfl Tdng dieu tra Din sd vi Nhi d nam 2019 eua Tdng Cue 1h6ng Ke cho thay, tre em gai vung dan tpc mien nui phia Bae ed: (i). Ty le khdng di hpc eua dan sd nfl thap hPn dan sd nam, tflpng flng la 7,5% va 9,2%; (ii). Ty le bilt eha cua nam cao hPn nfl 2,4 diem %.
3. Giai phap bao dam QTC cua phu
nfi d Viet Nam
Ty le phu nfl trong be thdng chinh tri da tang Ien trong nhflng nam gan diy nhflng ty le nfl trong eic vi tri quin ly cao nhat van duy tri d mflc thap. Sd Iflpng nfl tham gia cdn qua it cho nen tilng ndi eua hp khdng du manh. Them vao dd, dai da sd khdng d vi tri ehu chdt, hay cie mang cdng viec it mang tam chiln Iflpc cho nen phu nfl tham chinh cd tieng ndi, song khdng thflc sfl mang tinh quylt dinh.
Nguyen nhan eua thfle trang niy xuat phat tfl nhflng rao can vl van hda, die biet li the che da phin tich d tren. Trin cP sd dd, giai phap bio dim QTC cua phu nfl d Viet nam trong thdi gian tdi can tip trung nhflng van dl trpng tim sau:
Thd nhdt, van de binh dang gidi can dflpc quan tim sat sao hpn nfla khi tien hinh tham dinh cac dfl in luit trfldc khi trinh Qudc hdi thdng qua. Bd quy dinh an dinh ty le phan trim phu nfl tham chinh trong td chflc chinh quyen nha nflde tfl trung flpng din eP sd; sfla ddi Luat Binh dang gidi theo hfldng xda bd cic thuat ngfl dinh tinh nhfl bao dim ty le thich dang nfl dai bieu Qudc hdi, dai bilu HDND phu hpp vdi mue tieu qudc gia vl binh dang gidi ma can phii dat ra eae phflpng thflc tao cP hpi cdng bing cho phu nfl tham chinh d ca Trung flPng vi dia phflPng de thflc thi triet de cae quy dinh phap luat vl gidi vi binh dang gidi. Cae Van kien eua Dang cung nen bd sung theo hfldng nay trd thanh dinh hfldng khi xay dflng cic van ban luat tao nln tang, cP sd phip ly dam bio QTC cua phu nfl tren thflc te;
Th d hai, ra soat, sfla ddi bo sung cac quy dinh phap luat hien hanh lien quan din
Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu I 43
f NGHIEN cau - TRAO D6I che dp chinh sach ddi vdi phu nfl. Tiep tuc md rpng ddi tflpng tham gia BHXH, hfldng tdi bio ve eho toan bd ngfldi lao dpng ndi chung, lao ddng nfl ndi rieng.
Tflng bfldc dieu chinh tang tuoi nghi hflu hfldng BHXH cho lao ddng nfl ddi vdi mdt sd nhdm doi tflpng de gia tang thdi gian ddng vao quy BHXH vi giam thdi gian hfldng, tao dieu kien cho phu nfl ed CP hdi phan dau, tham gia, dim dflpng eae vi tri trong to chflc ehlnh quyen.
Ddi vdi quy dinh ehl dp hflu tri trong Bd Luat lao ddng, Luit BHXH, can xic dinh rd rang quan he lao ddng va quan he BHXH la hai quan he khac nhau, khdng the coi du dieu kien hfldng bao hiem hflu tri thi quan he lao ddng dflpng nhien cham dflt. Theo do, ngfldi lao dpng ndi chung, phu nfl ndi rieng van cd thi tiep tue lam viee khi phia ngfldi sfl dung lao dpng ed nhu cau vi hai ben dat dflpc thda thuan tilp tuc duy tri quan he lao ddng. Le di nhien, d khu vflc binh chinh cdng phai theo mdt trinh tfl thu tuc chat che, trinh ganh nang cho ngan sach va triet tieu cP hdi tham chinh eua the he ke can;
Thd ba, can thay ddi nhin thflc vl binh dang trong hoach dinh chinh sach, xay dflng phap luat vl binh ding gidi. Binh dang d day khdng cd nghla la an dinh ca cau, cio bang, eae quy dinh ve tuoi ddi, nam kinh nghiem...khi tham gia flng tuyen cie chflPng trinh dao tao hoae dam dflpng cae vi tri trong he thdng chinh tri can cd sfl can nhae din sfl chenh lech thdi diem nghi hflu sdm hPn cua phu nfl so vdi nam gidi. Ben canh dd, cae quy dinh eua phip luat vl chl dp chinh sach, flu dai can thiet kl theo hfldng bao dim sfl can bing cho ca nam gidi. Viec tao dieu kien ve thdi
gian, vat chat cho nam gidi giup phu nfl lim viec nha, cham sdc con cii.. -li cP s6 quan trpng giup phu nfl dflpc giii phdng de tham chinh;
Thd tu, can nang cao hieu qui nhin thfle ve van de gidi, binh dang gidi eho cae cap bp, nganh, dia phflpng va toan xa hpi. Viec ning cao nay cd thi thdng qua cdng tie tuyen truyen, phd biln, giao due va dio tao vl binh dang gidi. Ben canh dd, cdng tie tuyen truyin, phd bien, giao due va dao tao ve binh dang gidi eiing can tinh den nhflng die thii vl vung mien, thdi quen sinh boat, phong tuc tap quan, mdi trfldng sdng, mdi trfldng giao due, tam ly xa hdi... eua cac nhdm doi tflpng khac nhau de tfl dd thiet kl, xay dflng nhflng hinh thflc, biln phip tuyen truyen cho phu hpp. Thi du, d nhflng vung sau, vung xa, vung die biet khd khan, nPi sinh sdng cua cdng ddng cac dan toe thieu sd, ddi khi, viec tuyen truyen thdng qua gii ling, trfldng bin, nhflng ngfldi cd uy tin trong cdng dong dan cfl... lai td ra hieu qua vi dflpc ngfldi dan ddn nhan hPn la so vdi cac hinh thflc tuyen truyin hien dai khic.
Ngoii ra, can da dang hda, da cap dd cic hinh thflc tuyen truyen, phd bien vl binh ding gidi, trien khai tren dien rpng nhflng hinh thflc mdi dang phat huy hieu qui tren thfle te nhfl mang internet, xiy dflng chuyen muc phd bien phap luat binh dang gidi, Ifla chpn npi dung tuyen truyen, phd biln phu hpp vdi tflng ddi tflpng sao cho ed hieu qua;
Thd ndm, ddi vdi khiu td chflc thflc hien tuyen truyin, pho biln giao due ve binh dang gidi, mpi phflpng thflc tuyen truyen phd bien can phii ed sfl tham van cua cic chuyin gia, eic nha nghien cflu vl 44 Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu
\ \ \ NGHliN COU - TRAO o6l luat hpc, xa hdi v i tam ly hpc; tranh tinh
trang giy hieu flng tieu ciic, phan t i e dung khi tiln h i n h truyen t u y i n pho bien phap luit binh dang gidi tdi cac tang Idp ngfldi din. Can q u i n triet quan diem, cdng t i c giio due chinh tri tfl tfldng, giao due p h i p luit d i p flng yeu cau nang cao chat Iflpng ngudn nhan Iflc, n i n g cao trinh dp van hda phap ly cho mpi tang Idp nhan d i n trong dieu kien x i y dflng Nha nfldc phap quyin xa hdi chu nghia Viet Nam. Chu ddng bd tri va k i l n toan nang eao chat Iflpng ngudn nhan Iflc lam cdng t i e tuyen truyen, pho b i l n p h i p luat binh d i n g gidi.
Tao cP che phoi hpp gifla can bp phu trich tfl p h i p vdi cic cap cac nganh cua dia phflpng trong giao due p h i p luat cho can bp hdi vien...
Can xay dflng ke hoach phdi hpp gifla chuyen mdn v i cac doan the nhfl Cdng doan, D o i n Thanh nien, Hdi Phu nfl, Hdi Ndng dan, Hpi Cflu chiln binh...trong cdng tic tuyen truyen, phd b i l n v l binh dang gidi nham p h i t huy sflc m a n h tdng hpp cua cic td chfle, long ghep cae hoat dpng nham phd bien kien thfle phap luit binh ding gidi eho mpi tang Idp nhan dan.
Viec day manh chflpng trinh phat trien ben vflng, dau tfl eP sd ha tang, tao cdng an vile lam, nang cao hieu qua mang Ifldi CO sd, dich vu y t l , cham sdc sflc khde cho phu nfl, tre e m . . . se la tien de quan trpng giup phu nfl tham chinh, tfl dd tang cfldng tinh dai dien cua phu nfl trong he thdng chinh trj Viet Nam.
Thuc day binh dang gidi va trao quyen cho phu nfl la muc tieu phan dau cua toan nhan loai trong do cd Viet Nam. The nhflng, tai Viet Nam van edn kha n h i l u
rao e i n ddi vdi phu nfl tham chinh. Vi mue tieu bao d i m , bao ve QCN, eic rao can tfl t h i che, van hda, thflc tiln ddi sdng... can dflpc khac phue, tao ca bdi cho phu nfl tham chinh v i cung la de huy ddng dflpc sfl tham gia, ddng gdp cua hp ddi vdi sfl nghiep xiy dflng va phat trien qudc gia tbmh vflpng./.
T A I L I £ U THAM KHAO 1. Gdng fldc vl Xod bd moi hinh thdc phdn biet doi xd chong lai phu nd, (1979) (Gdng fldc CEDAW)
2. Qudc hdi (2006), Luqt binh dang gidi 3. Qudc hdi (2015), Ludt bdu cd Dai bieu Quoc hdi vd Dgi bieu Hgi dong nhdn ddn
4. Nghi quylt sd 11/NQ-TW ngay 27/4/2007 cua Bd Chinh tri v l Cong tdc phu na thdi ky day manh cong nghiep hda, hien dai hda ddt niidc cua Ddng Cgng sdn Viet Nam.
5. Vien Ngdn Ngfl hpc (2003), Td dien Tieng Viet, Nxb Da N i n g , tr.910.
6. Thu Trang, Bdc tranh phu nd tham chinh tai thdnh pho Dd Ndng ndm 2013, https://noivu.danang.gov.vn, 17/6/2019.
7. Astrid S.Tuminez (2010), Rising to the top? A report on women's leadership in Asia, http://sites.asiasociety.org, ngay 01/10/2019.
8. Tran Thi Minh Thi, Rao cdn the che vd van hoa doi vdi sU tham gia chinh tri cua phu nd d Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghien cdu Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 4/2016.
Tap chi Khoa hpc Ndi vu | 45
