DAC DIEM CU PHAP VA NGU^ NGHIA CUA MENH DE TRANG NGU^ TIENG ANH
NGUYSN DINH
mSNG "
Tom tat: Menh de trang ngif (adverbial clause) trong tieng Anh la menh di phu trong ciu nhitng lai gay cho ngifdi hgc tiing Anh nhieu liing tung khi sd dung. Menh de trang ngd co chdc nang nhH mpt trang td, co c&'u true va y nghia dac trilng trong so sanh, doi chiiu vdi hS thd'ng tieng Viet. Bki viit phan tich khai quat cac dac tmng cu phap va ngii nghia ciia menh de trang ngd trong moi quan he vdi cac thanh phan cua cau trong tiehg Anh.
Td khda: Menh de; menh de trang ngd; ngd phap; mpnh di phu.
Abstract: Adverbial clause in English is a subordinate clause in a sentence; yet it often causes confusion among English learners. The adverbial clause in English functions as an adverb; it has unique structure and meanings when compared to similar clauses in Vietnamese language. This article analyzed the syntactic and semantic characteristics the adverbial clauses in English in relation to other sentence elements.
Key words: Clauses; adverbial clauses; grammar; subordinate clause.
Ngay nhan bai: 10/01/2020; Ngay sita bai: 12/02/2020; Ngay duyet dang hai: 27/02/2020.
1. Dat van de
Ngdn ngfl ra ddi song hanh vdi sfl ra ddi va phat trien cua loai ngfldi, thdng qua lao dpng, ngdn ngfl dfldc t h i hien dfla tren hanh vi st£ dung ngdn ngfl va phi ngdn ngfl (cd. chi, dieu bd, ky hieu, am hieu...). Tuy nhien, eac ldi ndi khdng tfl nhien tudn ra ma phai dflde kd't hpp nhd vao y do eua ngfldi ndi, sfl linh hdi thdng tin dflde sinh ra nhd vdo qua trinh tie'p nhan ngdn ngfl, hay ndi each khdc ngfldi ndi vd ngfldi nghe phai cflng mdt he thd'ng tin hieu, va eao hdn nfla do la cflng mdt he thd'ng ngdn ngfl.
Tie'ng Anh la ngdn ngfl da am, ed he thd'ng ngfl phdp phfle tap bdi sfl lien kit gifla khdng nhflng hinh vi, eu phdp - sfl thay doi ve hinh thflc eiia tfl, md'i lien he cua tflng thanh to' trong cau, ma edn tinh da nhiem trong ca'u am- sfl thay ddi am vi
lam thay doi y nghia eua ldi ndi. La mdt ngdn ngfl ddn am, tie'ng Viet mang mau sac bieu cam cao, tinh bdm y sau sac va linh hoat, tuy nhidn, cac thanh td' trong cau ludn thay doi va phfle tap trong phan tieh ve mat cu phap, dac biet la sfl khdng ro rang gifla cum va ngfl trong eau. Trong tie'ng Anh, tfl - cum - menh de la nhflng khdi nidm ngdn ngfl hpc ed tieu ehi khu biet va eflng chflc nang, bao gom: danh tfl, dpng tfl, tinh tfl va trang tfl, va tfldng flng vdi mdi tfl loai ta ed eae cum va menh de chflc nang ddng tinh nhflng khdng tuyet dd'i.
Menh de trang ngfl la menh dl phu, vi tri thay ddi phu thupc vao ehii the phat ngdn, cd ehfle nang nhfl mdt trang tfl
'** Dai hoc Kinh doanh va Cong nghe Ha Noi Email: hungk9a@gmail,com
NGUYEN DINH HUNG n h l m giflp t h d n g t i n t r d n e n rd r a n g , d a y
du va e h i n h xae. T u y n h i e n , t r o n g t i l n g Viet, sfl p h a n b i e t t r a n g ngfl v l n cdn n h i i u k h u y n h hfldng va q u a n d i e m tie'p can k h a e n h a u .
Tfl cac k h a i q u a t ly l u a n va thflc t i e n v l t r a n g ngfl t r o n g ngfl p h a p t i e n g A n h n e u tren, viec p h a n tich, h e thd'ng h d a m e n h de t r a n g ngfl t r o n g t i l n g A n h l a c a n thie't;
vi vay, b a i vid't hfldng de'n viec n g h i e n cflu v l m e n h de t r a n g ngfl tie'ng A n h cua ngfldi vie't t r o n g tfldng lai.
2. N h u f n g d a c d i e m c u p h a p v a n g f l n g h i a c u a m e n h d e t r a n g ngvi t i e n g A n h
K h i hpc tie'ng A n h , ngfldi hpc thfldng dat r a e a u hdi: hpe Ngfl p h a p la hpc cai gi? D e t r a ldi c a u h d i n a y , n h i e u n h a n g d n ngfl hpc da dfla r a q u a n d i e m v a p h a n loai ngfl p h a p . Eastwood*^' (1994) cho r i n g ngfl p h a p tie'ng A n h bao gom: tfl (word), c u m tfl ( p h r a s e ) , m e n h de (clause) va cau (sentence). Quirk*^^' (1976) l a i chia ngfl p h a p t h a n h : h i n h t h a i hpe va cu p h a p hpe. H i n h t h a i hpe (hay cdn gpi la tfl p h a p hpc) n g h i e n cflu ca'u t r u e b e n t r o n g ciia tfl va nhflng quy l u a t ca'u t a o tfl, nd dddc chia t h d n h h a i h e thd'ng: h e thd'ng ddng (closed-system items) va h e thd'ng md (open-class i t e m ) . T r o n g k h i do, efl p h a p hpc la bd m d n n g h i e n eflu cd'u t r u e eua eau, tfle l a n g h i e n eflu nhflng quy luat chi phd'i each thflc cac tfl, cac c u m tfl va eu d o a n ke't h p p vdi n h a u de t a o t h a n h eau, h o a e n g h i e n eflu md'i q u a n h e l a n n h a u gifla cac ye'u to' d t r o n g cau. M e n h di t r a n g ngfl la m d t t r o n g s d nhflng y e u to' n a y , v a c u n g cd nhflng n e t k h u b i e t vd dac d i e m cu p h a p v a ngfl n g h i a t r o n g e a u tie'ng A n h .
SO 3-2020
2.1. Cu phap
M e n h de t r a n g ngfl la m e n h de p h u t r o n g eau va cd ehfle n a n g nhfl mdt t r a n g ngfl do dd t r a n g ngfl la t h a n h td'dfldc ngfldi vie't d l cap trflde nhd't trong bai vie't nay.
2.1.1. Trang ngd
Oliva & Meehan*^* (2018) chia t r a n g ngfl l a m 3 loai: t r a n g ngfl t i n h hud'ng ( C i r c u m s t a n c e adverbials), t r a n g ngfl q u a n diem (Stance adverbials)va t r a n g ngfl nd'i (Linking adverbials).
C i r c u m s t a n c e adverbials thfldng cung ca'p eho c h u n g t a t h e m eae t h d n g t i n ve thdi gian, dia diem, cdch thfle eua h a n h ddng h a y t r a n g t h a i . Stance adverbials dfla t h e m b i n h l u a n hoae q u a n diem ciia ngfldi ndi; v d L i n k i n g adverbials h i e n t h i md'i q u a n h e ngfl n g h i a logic gifla eae y tfldng t r o n g cflng mdt v a n ban. Vi du.:
a, We had a party at home.
b, Fortunately, the game was cancelled. Surprisingly, no one turned up!
c, She was a great person. However, few people were aware of this.
N h i n 3 vi du t r e n t a tha'y d vi du a "at home" l a C i r c u m s t a n c e a d v e r b i a l s , vi d u b "Fortunately" la S t a n c e a d v e r b i a l s , va d vi du e "However^' la Linking adverbials.
Trong sd' nhflng loai t r a n g tfl t r e n C i r c u m s t a n c e adverbials la t r a n g tfl t h d n g d u n g nha't. Chflng thfldng t r a ldi cho cac eau hdi b a t d i u b a n g eac tfl de hdi:
W h e r e ? When? How? How much? How long? How often?
<" John Eastwood, Oxford Gmde to English Grammar, p.l.
*2i Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaun, A University Grammar of Enghsh, p.18,19.
<^' Man'a Bel^n OUva & Patricia Meehan, Enghsh Grammar E
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
DAC DIEM CU PHAP VA NGCT N G H U . . Quirk'^* (1976) eung chia trang ngfl thanh 3 loai trang ngfl lien ke't (Adjunct), trang ngfl taeh biet (Disjunct) va trang ngfl nd'i (Conjunct). Ba trang ngfl nay cd cdch stf dung tflpng tfl nhfl cac trang ngfl ma Oliva & Meehan (2018) da dfla ra. Adjunct la trang ngfl ma hda nhap vao ca'u trfle cua menh de hoae eau. Disjunct thi tach ra khdi ca'u trfle va Conjunct dung de nd'i y trong van ban, vi du:
a, He works carefully.
h. Generally, he spoke about it.
c, Secondly, you have to learn French.
Ba vi du tren cflng ehi ra 3 loai trang ngfl, vi du a "carefully" la Adjunct, vi du b "Generally la Disjunct va vi du e
"Secondly la Conjunct.
Nhin chung, trang ngfl dfldc sii dung ra't linh hoat trong tieng Anh, trang ngfl cd the dflng d i u cau, cud'i eau hoac gifla cau phu thupc vao dung y ciia ngfldi sii dung.
2.1.2. Cum trang ngd
Cum trang ngfl (Adverbial phrase) la cum tfl thflc hien chflc nang nhfl mdt trang tfl, nhflng khdng nha't thie't phai chfla mdt trang tfl trong cum, vi du:
J will graduate in 2 years.
"in 2 year'' la cum trang ngfl va cd chflc nang nhfl mdt trang tfl.
Cum trang ngfl cung cd chflc nang nhfl trang tfl nen de dang cho ngfldi dung tie'ng Anh sii dung mpt each hdp ly theo dung y ciia hp.
2.1.3. Menh de trang ngd
Menh de trang ngfl (adverbial clause) trong tie'ng Anh la menh de thflc hien ehfle nang nhfl mpt trang tfl trong cau.
Quirk'^' (1976) chia menh de trang ngfl theo eae each sau:
Theo each stf dung: menh dl trang ngfl la menh de phu thude (dependent clause) tdn tai trong eau phflc, vi du:
I first visited this place when I was a child.
Trong VI du tren menh de "when I was a child' la menh de phu thupc hay edn gpi la menh dl phu vi mdnh d l nay khdng the dflng rieng de hoan ta't eau ma nd phai di cung menh dl dde lap de tao thanh cau hoan ehinh.
Theo cac thanh to trong mdt menh dS va bo to' cua dong tit (clause elements and verb complementation):
menh d l trang ngfl ed 7 cd'u trfle:
•• S + V(intransitive) He has arrived.
- S + V(intensive) + Cs He was sick.
- S + V(intensive) -f-Aob He was in the garden.
- S + V(monotransitive) + O He loved me.
- S+ V(complextransitive) -i-Od + Aob He put the car in the car park.
- S + V(complextransitive) + Gd + Co They painted the door red.
- S + V(ditransitive) + Oi + Od He gave me his book.
Theo cau true cum dgng tvt (verb phrase structure): menh de trang ngfl co 3 loai:
'^' Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaun, A University G r a m m a r of English, p.207,208.
'^' Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaun, A Umversity Grammar of English, p.309-321.
NGUYEN DINH HUNG
- Finite adverbial clause: la mdt mdnh de trang ngfl ma ddng tfl la mpt cum ddng tfl ehia phu hdp vdi chu ngfl, vi du:
He is a student.
Non Hnite adverbial clause: la mdt menh dl trang ngfl ma dpng tfl la mdt cum ddng tfl khdng ehia phu hdp vdi ehu ngfl, cd eac dang sau:
a. Inf NFACl - "To" inf. NFACl
To learn English is difficult - Base inf. NFACl
Run away is what I could I could do then.
b. -ingpart. NFACl
Going home, I did some shopping.
c. -ed part. NFACl
Given a beautiful present, she was happy.
- Verbless clause: la mdt mdnh de trang ngfl ma ddng tfl khdng xud't hien.
He went to bed angry.
Verbless clause
Theo chvtc nang cu phap cua mSnh de phu (syntactic function of sub- clause): mdnh de trang ngfl cd 4 loai:
-Mdnh de danh ngd (nominal clause):
5^3-2020
la menh de thfle hien chflc nang danh ngfl trong cau nhfl ehu ngfl, tan ngfl hay bo ngfl, VI du:
What he wants is not what I want.
"What he want" la ehu ngfl (subject)
"is nof la ddng tfl (verb)
^'what I want' Id bd ngfl (complement) - Menh dd tinh ngd/menh de quan he Vi du: The man who was standing at the door is my brother.
"who was standing at the door" la menh de tinh ngfl.
- Menh de dan giai (comment clause):
Vi du: To tell the truth, he's generous.
"To tell the truth" la menh de d i n giai.
Nhin ehung, menh de trang ngfl ed dac diem eu phap da dang; tuy nhien sfl da dang ehi nlm b each thfle thi hien cdn vi tri cua menh dl trang ngfl vln dam bao ba vi tri: Adjunct, Disjunct va Conjunct.
2.2. Ngd nghia
Trong 1.1. ve mat cfl phap Quirk"^^' (1976) chia menh de trang ngfl lam 3 loai ed ban:
1^' Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaun, A University Grammar of English, p.322-329.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
DAC DIEM CU PHAP VA NGiy NGHlA...
Adverbial clause
Finite adverbial clause
Non-finite adverbial clause
Trong bai vie't nay tae gia se neu len cac dae trflng v l ngfl nghia eua menh de trang ngfl dfla tren ba loai dflde ndu ra nhfl sau:
2.2.1. Menh de trang ngd co dgng td/cum dgng td difdc chia phU hpp vdi chu nga.
Xet vl mat ngfl nghia loai mdnh de nay dfldc chia thanh cae loai sau:
- Chi thdi gian (time), vi du:
When I last saw you, you lived in New York.
- Chi dia diem (place), vi du:
They went wherever they could find work.
- Chi dieu kien (condition), vi du:
Real conditions
He must be lying if he told you that.
Unreal conditions
If he came now, I'd see him.
- Chi nhflpng bd (concession), vi du:
No goals were scored though it was an exciting game.
- Chi diiu kien nhflpng bd (conditional concessive), vi du:
She looks pretty whatever she wears.
- Chi li do/nguyen nhan (reason/cause), vi du:
I lent him the money because he badly needed it.
- Chi hodn canh (circumstance), vi du;
Seeing that the weather has improved, we shall enjoy our game.
- Chi dieu bd (manner), vi du:
Please do it (exactly) as I instructed.
- Chi sfl so sanh (comparison), vi du:
He's younger than I am.
- Chi ke't qua (result), vi du:
We planted many shrubs, so (that) the garden soon looked beautiful
Chi can dd'i (proportion and preference), vi du:
As he grew disheartened, (so) his work deteriorated.
Menh de trang ngfl md ddng tfl la mpt cum ddng tfl chia phu hpp vdi ehii ngfl cd y nghia khae nhau khi sii dung vdi eac lien tfl, tfl nd'i khae nhau va dflde tong hdp lai trong bang sau:
Eg
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI S0 3-20ZONGUYEN DINH HUNG Phan loai
1, Menh de trang ngfl chi thdi gian (time)
Lien t^+ tii noi When, while, after, before, whenever ..
2. Menh d l trang ngfl chi dia diem (place)
Where/wherever
3. Menh d l trang ngfl ehi dieu kien (condition)
If, unless, provided (providing) that, as long as, so long as, on condition that
4. Menh de trang ngfl ehi nhflpng bd (concession)
Though, although, even if, even though, whereas, while
• Menh d l trang ngfl ehi dieu kien nhflpng bp (conditional concessive)
Whether ...or, wherever, whatever, whoever, matter how
5. Menh dl trang ngfl chi li do/nguyen nhan (reason/cause)
As, because, since
6. Menh de trang ngfl ehi hoan eanh (circumstance)
Because, since, now that, seeing that
7. Menh d l trang ngfl chi dieu bd (manner)
Exactly as, just as
8. Menh de trang ngfl chi sfl so sdnh (comparison)
More ... than, as if, as though
9. Menh d l trang ngfl chi k i t qua (result)
So (that), in order that (purpose)
10. Menh d l trang ngfl ehi can dd'i (proportion and preference)
As ... (so), the more/less ... the more/less
2.2.2. Menh di trang ngd co dgng -To-infinitive clauses (to V); chi tit/cum dong td khong dddc chia phu hap muc dich
vdichungd: (to + V,soasto + V,inorderto + V,for+N)
. NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHQI g ]
DAC DIEM CtJ PHAP VA NGU" NGHIA...
Vidu:
I left early (so as) to catch the train. (1)
The ceiling is too high for me to reach. (2)
O vi du 1, menh de (so as) to catch the train ed ehfle nang nhfl mdt trang tfl chi muc dich, edn d vi du 2 menh de to reachdong vai trd la mpt trang tfl chi ke't qua.
- i n g p a r t i c i p l e c l a u s e s ; co cac y nghia sau:
- Chi thdi gian (time):
He wrote his greatest novel while working on a freighter.
- Chi hoan canh/tinh huong (circums tance)
The weather having improved, we enjoyed the rest of the game.
- Chi each thdc (manner):
She entered the room without greeting anyone inside.
- Chi ly do (reason):
Being very suspisious, she hesitated to open the door.
- Chi sd flu ai/iiu tien(preference) Rather than sitting quietly at home, he preferred to visit his friends.
- Chi dieu kien, nhugng bg(condition, concession):
Whether living in London or not, John enjoyed himself.
ed p a r t i c i p l e clauses;cd cac y nghia sau:
- Chi thdi gian (time):
Once published, the book caused a remarkable stir.
- Chi ndi chon (place):
Wbere(ver) known, such facts have been reported.
- Chi dieu kiin (condition):
These books will cause great harms to young students unless forbidden.
- Base infinitive clause: nhfl trang tfl chi sfl flu tien, vi du:
Rather than go there by air, I'd take the slowest train.
2.2.3. Menh de trang ngd khong ton tai dgng td: Cd cac y nghia sau:
- Chi ket qua (result):
They went home dead tired.
- Chi nguyen nhan (cause):
John, sad at the news, went to Mexico.
- Chi dieu kien (condition):
If necessary, I'll do that again.
- Chi dia diSm (place):
When in Rome, do as Rome does.
Tren day, eae dac diem efl phap va ngfl nghia eiia menh d l trang ngfl trong tie'ng Anh da dflde phan tieh va khai quat lai. Trong tie'ng Viet, chung ta eung tha'y cd nhiiu eac menh d l trang ngfl dflde sii dung tfldng dfldng trong tilng Anh, vi du:
Tit ngay co xe Ivta, dan may lang vung que, ai cung them di.(l)
Vi hg thay thvt xe la va chay qua nhanh nen hg thich lam.(2)
Trit&c khi cho thuyen rdi khoi ben,CO Phiiang cdn nhin len bd hoi ldn. (3)
Ldc thay mui thuyen gan cung vao bd, cu Uin lien dua mot tay gid lai (4)
Chieu horn ay luc thoang thay
[Qj] NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI SQ 3-2020
NGUYEN DINH HtfNG bong chong di ve dS'n cong, co Thao
lien vol vang Mm con ra sin de don. (5) Nam VI du tren (trich trong "Que me"
eua nha van Thanh Tinh*^') eho tha'y cae menh d l in damchinh la cae menh d l trang ngfl/menh d l phu trong cau.Vi du (1), (3), (4) va (5) la cac mdnh de trang ngfl chi thdi gian (time), vi du 2 menh dl "Vi hg thay thvt xe la va chay qua nhanb"chl li do (reason).
Qua cac vi du nay, ta cd the nhan ra dfldc sfl tfldng dfldng ve each dung mdnh d l trang ngfl trong tilng Anh va tieng Viet.
3. Kit luan
Sfl phat trien eiia eon ngfldi di cung vdi ngdn ngfl, song hanh eflng vdi qua trinh nay la ngfl phap. Ngfl phap dfldc vi nhfl xfldng sd'ng cua cd the con ngfldi, la n i n tang cho toan hp qua trinh sii dung t h a n h thao ba't ky ngdn ngfl nao. St£ dung dfldc mdt ngdn ngfl khdng khd, nhflng s-^ dung dflde ngdn ngfl dd hay va ehinh xac ddi hdi ngfldi stf dung phai cd sfl hieu bie't sau sac v l ngfl phap.
Xua't phat tfl dd, bai vie't phan tich nhflng dac trflng cua menh de trang ngfl trong tie'ng Anh mdt each he thd'ng nham ehi ra dac diem v l ca'u trfle va y nghiaeua menh d l trang ngfl trong cau;
lam ed sd t i l n d l de phat trien nghien cflu: So sanh dd'i ehieu dae diem eu phap va ngfl nghia eua menh d l trang ngfl trong tie'ng Anh va tie'ng Viet va trong nhflng nghien cflu tilp theo.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Alexander L.G. (1988), Longman English Grammar, New York: Longman.
2. Alexander, L. G. (1990, Longman Grammar Practice, London: Longman.
3. Eastwood, J. (1994), Oxford Guide to English Grammar, Oxford: OUP.
4. Halliday, M.A.K. (1994), An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold.''
5. Halhday, M.A.K. (2004),An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd edn, revised by Christian M.I.M.
Matthiessen, London: Arnold.
6. Halhday, M.A.K. and R. Hasan (1976), Cohesion in English, London:
Longman.
7. Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S. (1976),A University Grammar English, London:
Longman.
8. Lyons, J. (1995), Linguistic Semantics:
An Introduction, Cambridge: CUP.
9. Oliva, M.B & Meehan, P. (2018), English Grammar Basics, Facultad de Lenguas: UNC
10. Thanh Tinh (2003), Que me, Nxb.
Kim Ddng
11. Trln Hflu Manh (2008), Fundamentals of English Traditional Syntax, book 1. Nxb. Dai hpc Qud'e gia Ha Ndi.
<^> Thanh Tinh (2003), Que me, Nxh. Kim ; tr.7,14,15, 28.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI jQ|
