©• Vien KHLNVN - VAFS
ISSN. 1859 - 0373 Dang lai tai: www vafs gov vn
MOT SO DAC DI^M CCiA CAC MO HJNH NONG LAM KET HOP CHINH dy THANH HOA
Hoang Van Thang', Delia C. Catacutan^ Cao Van Lang', Nguyen Mai Phirong^, Nguyen Hoang Tiep'
Vien Nghien cuu Ldm sinh, Vien Khoa hoc Ldm nghiep Viel Nam - ICRAF Viet Nam
T O M T A T
Trong giai doan 2007 - 2012 6 Thanh Hoa co hai mo hinh nong lam ket hop chinh la san va ngo duoc trong xen dudi cac rirng trong Keo tai tuong trong nam thir 1 va thu 2. Den cuoi nam 2012 dien tich mo hinh trong xen sSn va ngo vao rirng trong Keo tai tupng o Thanh Hoa dat khoang 3257,5ha, tSng 2079ha so vai nam 2007, trong do dien tich cac mo hinh nay a 3 huyen dieu tra gom huyen Ha Trung la 166,7ha; huyen Thach Thanh la 157,6ha va huyen N h u X u a n l a l 3 1 0 , 7 h a .
Ket qua dieu tra cung da chi ra rang, trong xen cac ioai cay nong nghiep nhu san va ngo vao rirng trong keo da mang lai hieu qua kinh te tucmg doi cao cho nguoi trong rirng. Loi nhuan rong trung binh thu duac tir mo hinh san xen Keo lai tugng tren Iha trung chu ky 6 nam voi 12i sua! vay 7,2%/nam dat 65.775.917 ddng va tir mo hinh ngo xen Keo tai tugng la 66.949.411 dong.
CSc mo hinh trong xen s^in va ngo dat Igi nhuan r6ng cao hon so voi mo hinh trong Keo tai tuong thuan loai (khong trong xen) tir 22,3 - 24,5%.
TH- k!i6a: Ddc diem. Mo hinh nong ldm ket hop chinh, Thanh Hoa
Nhin chung viec tieu thu cac san pham lir mo hinh nong lam kel hpp 6 Thanh Hoa tuong d6i thuan loi vi tren dia ban tinh va cac linh lan can dang co cac cong ty, nha may thu mua, che bien cac san pham nay. Cac san pham lir cac mo hinh nong lam k^t hgp (g6ni g6 keo, san, ngo) a 3 huyen dieu Ira Id I la Trung, Thach Thanh va Nhu Xuan hien dang duac ban chii yeu cho cac tu thuang tai dia phuang Tuy nhien, cung nhu cac loai san pham nong nghiep khac, viec tieu thu cac san phdm tir mo hinh nong lam ket hpp o Thanh Hoa v§n dang trong tinh trang khong on djnh va Iuon bj tu thuong ep gia. Day la van d^ quan trpng nhdi co anh hucrng Idn den su ton tai va phat trien cac mo hinh nong lam kk hgp d Thanh Hoa noi rieng va d nudc ta ndi chung.
Keywords:
Characiensfics. mam agroforestry models, Thanh Hoa province.
Some characteristics of main agroforestry models in Thanh Hoa province
Agroforestry models in ihe period from 2007 - 2012 in Thanh Hoa province is intercropping agricultural crops in the Acacia mangium plantations, with 2 main models are cassava and maize intercropped in Acacia mangium plantation The crops such as cassava and maize are often groun on Acacia plantations in 1st and 2nd \ear. By the end of year 2012 ihe area of inlercroppina cassava and maize in Acacia plantation in Thanh Hoa about
Tap chi KHLN 2014 Hoang Van Thang etal., 2014(1) 3257.5ha, increase in 2079ha compared with year 2007, in which area of this intercropping system in 3 surveyed districts included Ha Trung district is 166.7ha, Thach Thanh district is 157.6ha and Nhu Xuan district is 1310.7ha.
The survey results also showed that intercropping of agricultural crops such as cassava and maize on Acacia magium plantations has brought economic efficiency is relatively high for growers. Average net profit obtained per 1 ha in cycle 6 years with loan interest rate of 7.2% /year fi-om cassava intercropping model reached 65,775,917VND and maize intercropping model is 66, 949, 41IVND. The intercropping cassava and maize brought higher net profit compared with the model Acacia monoculture (no intercrop) from 22.3% to 24.5%.
The consumption of products from main agroforestry models in Thanh Hoa is relatively favorable because there are companies, plant acquisition, processing these products in Thanh Hoa province and neighboring provinces. The products from the agroforestry models (including wood of Acacia, cassava, maize) is investigated in 3 districts of Ha Trung, Thach Thanh and Nhu Xuan currently being sold mainly to local traders. Then traders transported to the factories, processing units in the district, province or neighboring provinces for consumption. However, as well as other kinds of agricultural products, the consumption of products from agroforestry models in Thanh Hoa is still in unstable condition and price pressure has always been traders. This is the most important problem has a great impact on the survival and development of agroforestry in Thanh Hoa in particular and in Vietnam in general.
L DAT VAN DE
Theo ket qud thdng ke hien trang sir dung ddt nam 2012 cua tinh Thanh Hda, trong tdng sd dien tich ddt tu nhien cua tinh la 1.113.047ha thi dat ndng nghiep chiem 816.578ha (77,41%), ddt phi ndng nghiep la 165.622ha (14,88%) vd ddt chua sir dung cd 85.847ha (7,71%). So vdi tdng dien tich ddt tir nhien cua tinh thi dat rimg san xudt cua Thanh Hda chiem dien tich nhieu nhdt 336.878 ha tuang img 30,27% (Cue Thdng ke Thanh Hda, 2013). Vdi dien tich ddt rimg san xudt tucmg ddi Idn, ket hpp vdi didu kien ddt dai va khi hdu tucmg doi thudn Ipi nen Thanh Hda cd nhieu tiem nang dl phdt triSn cac he thdng Ndng Lam ket hpp (>ILKH).
Trong cdc loai cay trdng rung san xudt d Thanh Hda thi Keo tai tupng la lodi dang duac gdy trdng rdng rai nhat d cdc huyen cua tinh (theo Quygt dinh sd 844/QD-UBND).
Trong giai doan dau khi trdng rung ngudi dan thu'dng trdng xen eac loai cdy nong nghiep ngan ngay vao eac rirng trdng sdn xuat nham nang cao hieu qua sii dung ddt va gdp phdn cai thien ddi sdng. Tu quan diem dd d cac huyen cua tinh Thanh Hda da hinh thanh cdc he thdng canh tdc Ndng Lam ket hpp khdc nhau, trong do ed nhiing md hinh hieu qud da dupe ngudi dan gay trdng pho bien d nhieu huyen.
De cd eo sd cho viec de xudt eac giai phap phat trien cac md hinh NLKH chinh d tinh Thanh Hda thi viec dieu tra thu thap cac thdng
Hodng Van Thang ef al, 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014
tin CO ban eung nhu cde dae didm cua edc md hinh Ndng Ldm kdt hgp chinh d tinh Thanh Hda la viec lam cdn tbik. Bai bao ndy se eung cap mpt sd thong tin ea ban vi mdt sd ddc diem cua cdc md hinh NLKH chinh d tinh Thanh Hda.
VA PHirONG PHAP n. VAT LIEU
NGHIEN ClTlJ 2.1. Vat lieu nghien cihi
Vdt lieu nghien cuu la edc md hinh Ndng Ldm ket hgp trdng xen cdy ndng nghiep trong rirng trdng Keo tai tugng d mdt sd huyen ciia tinh Thanh Hda nhu Ha Trung, Thach Thanh, Nhu Xudn.
2.2. Phuong phap
Sir dung phuong phap k^ thira tai lieu kdt hpp vdi phdng van cdc thanh phdn lien quan va diSu tra tai hien trudng d^ thu thdp thdng tin.
Trudc het ldm viec vdi cdc co quan qudn ly cap tinh (Sd NN&PTNT, Trung tdm Khuydn Ndng, Chi cue Ldm nghiep, Chi cue Kilm ldm) de lira chpn ra cac md hinh NLKH phd biln d tinh Thanli Hda. Tren ca sd dd lira chpn cac huyen cd md hinh NLKH chinh va dai dien cho cac khu vuc kliac nhau cua tinh de dieu tra thu thdp thdng tin chi tiet cho timg loai md hinh. Tai mdi huyen dupe lira chpn tien hanh thu thdp edc thdng tin lien quan den cac md hinh NLKH chinh dl dilu tra, ddnh gia.
Bang 1. Dien tich cac md hinh NLKH d mpt so huyen ciia tinh Thanh Hoa III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Xac dinh mo hinh Nong Lam ket hffp chi'nh d Thanh Hoa
Ket qud dieu tra vdo cudi thang 12 nam 2013 cho thdy, tren dia ban tinh Thanh Hda trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 2007 din 2012 cd 2 he thdng ndng ldm ket hgp phd biln do la: (1) Cdy ndng nghiep trdng xen trong edc rimg Keo tai tugng va (2) cay ndng nghiep va cdy dirge lieu trdng xen trong rimg Cao su.
Trong giai doan tir nam 2007 din 2012 phdn ldn cdc huyen (dac biet Id cac huyen mien nui) deu trdng cay Keo tai tugng vd Cao su vdi dien tich tuang ddi ldn. Tuy nhien, trong nhirng nam gdn ddy, dien tich ciia md hinh trdng xen cdy ndng nghiep trong edc rimg trdng Keo tai tugng d eac huyen da tang len rd ret. Chi tinh rieng eho 6 huyen Nhu Xudn, Nhu Thanh, Thudc Xudn, Cdm Thiiy, Thach Thanh vd Ha Trung, dien tich trdng xen cdy cay ndng nghiep vao rirng trdng Keo tai tugng trong giai doan tir 2007-2012 da tdng len 2129ha trong khi dd dien tieh trdng xen edy ndng nghiep vdo rimg Cao su trong ciing giai doan lai gidm di dang ke, khodng 180ha. Sd lieu ve dien tich trdng xen vao edc rimg Keo tai tugng va rimg Cao su d 6 huyen neu tren dugc the hien nhu trong bang 1.
TT
1 2 3 A 5 6
Huy^n
Nhif xuan Nhu Thanh Thifang Xuan Cam Thuy Thach Thanh Ha Trung
Dien tich Keo tai tufq>ng trdng xen cay nong nghiep (ha) Nam 2007
16,2 511,5 48,1 177,6 0,00 85,6
Nam 2012 1310,7
891,2 177,8 264.1 157,6 166,7
Dien tich cay Cao su trdng xen cay nong nghiep (ha) Nam 2007
250 0 30 0 50 0
Nam 2012 110
0 10 10 20 0 (Nguon: S6 li?u diiu tra thang 12 nam2013).
3175
Tap chi KHLN 2014 Hoang Van Thing ef al, 2014(1}
Kit qud nay cho thdy, md hinh cay nong nghiep trdng xen trong cac rimg Keo tai tugng la md hinh NLKH chinh d tinh Thanh Hda.
Dien tich md hinh NLKH nay chu yeu dupe h-dng phd biln d 11 huyen mien niii vd cae huyen thudc viing ban san dia cua tinh. Tir ket qud nay, dd lira chpn ra 3 huyen dai dien cd md hinh NLKH cay ndng nghiep trdng xen trong ede rirng trdng Keo tai tugng de tien hanh dieu tra, thu thdp thdng tin tai hien trudng, do Id (1) Huyen Ha Trung nam phia Ddng Bac cua tinh, dai dien trong viing ban son dia; (2) Huyen Thach Thanh nam d phia Tay Bdc cua tinh; (3) Huyen Nhu Xudn nam phia Tay Nam cua tinh, 2 huyen Thach Thanh vd Nhu Xuan dai dien cho cae huyen mien niii ciia tinh Thanh Hda. Ca 3 huyen nay deu cd tiem ndng phat trien manh ve md hinh NLKH cay ndng nghiep xen trong rirng trdng Keo tai tugng theo cdc chuong trinh trdng rimg (661, WB3, KFW, du dn khuyen ndng, khuyen ldm eiia tinh va dupe hd trg de trdng rimg keo theo thdng tu lien ijch sd 52/2008/TTLT-BNN- BTC ngay 14/4/2008 cua Bd Ndng nghiep vd
Bang 2. Dien tich md hinh NLKH cay ndng ngh Thanh Hda giai
Phat triln ndng thdn, Bd Tai chinh). Phan Idn dien tieh cac riJng trdng Keo tai tugng tuoi 1 va mpt phdn dien tich rimg trdng Keo tai tupng tudi 2 d cac huyen nay deu da va dang dugc trdng xen vdi cdc loai cay ndng nghiep nhu sdn va ngd. Trong dd udc tinh tren 80%
dien tich rimg trdng Keo tai tugng tudi 1 d 2 huyen Thach Thdnh va N h u Xuan deu duac trdng xen cay ndng nghiep va khodng 5-10%
dien tich rimg trdng Keo tai tugng tudi 2 la trong xen cdy ndng nghiep. Tai huyen Ha Trung udc tinh khodng 60% dien tieh rimg trdng Keo tai tugng tudi 1 dugc trdng xen cdc lodi cay ndng nghiep.
Bai bdo nay se tap trung danh gid md hinh NLKH ehinh la cay ndng nghiep (san, ngd) trdng xen trong cdc rirng trdng Keo tai tupng d 3 huyen dai dien ciia Thanh Hda la Hd Trung, Thach Thanh vd N h u Xudn. Dien bien dien tieh ciia md hinh NLKH cay ndng nghiep trdng xen trong edc rirng trdng Keo tai tugng d 3 huyen dupe trinh bay nhu trong bdng 2.
iep trdng xen Keo tai tugng d 3 huyen va toan tinh doan 2007-2012
Nam
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Huyen Ha Trung Dien tich ru'ng l<eo (ha)
171,3 372,6 552,5 627,3 684,9 1,0923
Dien tich i<eo xen cay
nong nghiep (ha)
85,6 142,4 250,4 268,3 83,1 166,7
Huyen Thach Thanh Dien tich rCrng keo (ha) 127,7 197,3 475,2 1.215,1 1.377,7 1-563,2
Dien tich l<eo xen cay
nong nghiep (ha)
0.0 54,7 217,8 801,2 327,6 157,6
Huyen Nhu'Xuan Dien tich rCrng i<eo (ha)
159,5 1 016,6 1,937,8 2.585,3 3.686,9 5.439,4
Dien tich t(eo xen cay
nong nghiep (ha)
16,2 712 1237,4
1467 1375,7 1310,7
Toan tinh Dien tich fLpng iteo (ha)
6,660,2 12,240,4 18 566,8 24.441.4 30.570,3 35 681,3
Dien tich yen xen cSy nong nghi|p
(ha) 1178,3 3603,7 5815,3 6897,5 3522,4 3257,5 (Nguon So lieu dieu ira 12/2013).
Bang 2 cho thdy, dien tich cay ndng nghiep Irdng xen trong cac rimg trdng keo trong giai doan tir nam 2007 din 2012 cua tinh Thanh
Hda tang len ddng ke, khodng 2079ha. Binh quan mdi nam dien tich md hinh NLKH nay ciia tinh Thanh Hda tang them 346,5ha.
Hoang Van Thing ef al., 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014
1600 1400 1200 - 1000 -
• Ha Trung
• Thach Thanh a Nhu Xuan
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
it
Bieu do didn bien dien tieh cay ndng nghiep xen keo tai 3 huyen giai doan 2007 - 2012 Ket qud dieu tra eiing cho thay, trong cac loai
cdy ndng nghiep dupe trdng xen vdi Keo tai tupng thi san vd ngd la 2 lodi cdy dugc sir dung trong xen tren dien tich ldn nhdt vd d quy md rdng nhdt (d hau het cdc huyen mien niii vd bdn son dia cua tinh). Dac diem ve cac md hinh NLKH chinh d Thanh Hda nhu sau:
+ Mo hinh sdn Irong xen trong rieng Keo lai licang: Trong md hinh nay cay trdng chinh la Keo tai tupng {Acacia magium), cdy trdng xen la san lai (1 vii/ndm). Cac khu vuc xdy dung md hinh nay thudng nam d viing ddi thdp, ddi trung binh vd chii yeu la do eac chu hp cd ddt trdng rimg thuc hien. Ddy la md hinh dupe trdng rat phd bien d cdc huyen va chu yeu Id
dupe trdng xen trong nam dau khi keo dang cdn nhd, den nam thu 2 mpt sd hd tiep tuc trdng xen sdn vd sau nam thir 2 tdt cd cde hd deu khdng trdng xen ma de kinh doanh keo chu ky ngdn (5-6 ndm). Sau dd khai thae keo va lai trdng xen keo va san chu ky mdi. Ddt trdng cde md hinh nay trudc ddy phdn ldn dugc ehuyen ddi tir rimg ngheo kiet hoac sau khi khai thae tir rimg trdng keo. Md hinh ndy da nang cao hieu qua sir dung ddt, tang ngudn thu nhdp eho ngudi dan "lay ngan nudi ddi".
Tuy nhien. cac md hinh nay cung cdn tdn tai mpt sd vdn de ve ky thudt xdy dung md hinh nen dd dnh hudng den nang sudt ciia cac loai cdy trong md hinh.
Anh 1. Sdn trdng xen Keo tai Urgng nam thir 2 Anh 2. San tt-dng xen trong rimg Keo tai tupng d xa Ha Tiln, Ha Trung nam thir 2 d xd Xuan Le, Nhu Xudn
3177
Tgpchi KHLN 2014 Hoang Van Thing ef al.. 2014(1) t- Md hinh trdng ngd xen trong rimg Keo tai
tuang: Loai cay trdng chinh trong md hinh nay cung la Keo tai tugng va cdy trdng xen la ngd (cac giong DK955, C888,...). Ngd dugc trdng xen 2 vu/ndm dau vd 1 vu dau trong nam thir 2. Sau khi khai thae keo vao tudi 5 - 6 lai t i l p tue trdng keo chu ky mdi va trdng xen ngd trong nam ddu. Md hinh nay dugc xdy dung tren cac vimg ddi thdp.
ddi trung binh va phan Idn dat xay dimg mo hinh d u g c chuydn ddi tir ddt trdng rimg theo du an 327. Ky thuat xay dung md hinh nay eiing edn mdt sd tdn tai, chua hgp ly, dac biet la eu ly trdng xen va ky thuat cham sdc md hinh dd lam anh h u d n g den san lupng, chdt lugng san pham cua cdc loai cay trong md hinh.
Anh 3. Ngd trdng xen trong rimg Keo tai tupng 1 tudi d xd Ngpc Trao, Thach Thdnh Nhin chung cdc md hinh NLKH trdng xen cdy ndng nghiep trong cdc rimg trdng keo d tinh Thanh Hda chii yeu dupe trdng tren ddt xam, day la loai ddt chiem ty trpng ldn nhdt trong tdng dien tich ddt ty nhien eiia tinh. Loai dat nay cd tang dat day la dieu kien rdt tdt de phat trien cay ndng nghiep trdng xen trong rimg trdng keo d tudi 1 vd 2, nham tang nang sudt sir dung dat, ndng cao hieu qua kinh t l .
Anh 4. Ngd trdng xen Keo tai tugng 1 tudi d Bdng Son, xa Hd Tien, Hd Trung 3.2. Nang suat, san l u o n g cua cac loai cay trong mo hinh N L K H chinh d Thanh Hoa Ddi vdi md hinh san trdng xen trong rimg keo, mdi nam chi thu dugc 1 vu sdn vao thang 11 hoac thdng 12. Nang suat va sdn luong san trong 3 ndm tir 2010 den 2012 tai cde huyen dieu tra nhu trong bdng sau.
13. Nang suat, sdn lugng san tai cac huyen dilu tra tai tinh Thanh Hda
Huyin
Ha Trung Thgch Thanh Nhu' Xuan Toan tinh
Nam 2010 Nang suat (t^ma)
65,0 73,4 130.0 112,6
San lu'o'ng (tin) 611 5.175 28.457 172 618
Nam 2011 Nang su^t (t^/ha)
85,5 80,0 163,0 122,7
San lu'o'ng (tin)
590 5.144 33 969 203 140
Nam 2012 Nang s u i t (ta/ha)
86,0 85,0 200,0 130,1
San lu'9'ng (tin)
722 6,486 47.840 219 021
Trung binh Nang
s u i t (t^/ha)
78,8 79,5 164,3 121.8
San lu'o'ng
(tan) 641 5.602 36 755 198 260 (Nguon: Cue thong ke tinh Thanh Hoa, 2013).
Hoang Van Thing ef a/. 2014(1) Tap clii KHLN 2014 Bang 3 cho thSy nang suat sSn trung binh
ciia toan tinh Thanh Hoa trong 3 nam dat 121,8 ta/ha. Trong khi do nang suit sin tai 2 huyen Ha Trung va Thach Thach chi dat la 78,8 ta/ha/nam va 79,5 ta/ha/nam. Tai huyen Nhu Xuan nang suat san dat 164,3 ta/ha/nam, vugt 34,92% so voi nang suat sin trung binh CLia tinh. San lugng san trong 3 nam g^n day ciia tinh Thanh Hoa ngay cang tang, nam 2010 dat 172.618 tin d i n nam 2012 dat 219.021 tin, tang 26,88% so voi nam 2010.
San luong sin trung binh cua toan tinh trong 3 nam dat 198.260 tan. Nhu Xuan la huyen Bang 4. Nang suat, san lirgng ngo tai
CO san lugng sin trung binh trong 3 nam dat cao nhat la 36.755 tin chi6m 18,54% so voi toan tinh, tiSp den la huyen Thach Thanh dat 5.602 tan (2,83%) va huyen Ha Trung dat thip nhit la 641 tin (0,32%).
Doi voi loai mo hinh ngo xen Keo tai tugng, ngoai san pham go keo thi trong 1 din 2 nam dau cac chii hg dugc thu them san phim tir ngo. Nang suat va san lugng ngo trong 3 nam tir 2010 den 2012 ciia 3 huyen dilu tra va ciia tinh Thanh Hoa dugc trinh bay nhu trong bang 4.
cac huyen dieu tra tai tinh Thanh Hoa Huy^n
Ha Trung Thgch Thanh Nhir Xuan To^n tinh
Nam 2010 Nang suat
(t?/ha) 41,0 35,7 29,6 39,7
San lu'o'ng (1000 tan)
6,3 12,4 4,2 215,9
Nam 2011 Nang s u i t
(ta/ha) 41,0 38,4 36,9 40,4
San lu'o'ng (1000 tan)
5,9 11,7 4,1 214,0
Nam 2012 Nang s u i t
(ta/ha) 39,8 38,1 30,8 40,7
San lu'ong (1000 tan)
5,4 9,1 2,5 199,6
Trung binh Nang s u i t
(ta/ha) 40,6 37,4 32,4 40,3
San lu'p'ng (1000 tan)
5,9 11,1 3,6 209,8 (Ngufln: Cue thong ke tinh Thanh Hoa, 2013).
Trong giai doan tii' nam 2010 din 2012 ndng sudt ngd ciia tinh ludn tang, trung binh trong 3 nam dat 40,3 ta/ha/nam. Nang sudt ngd trung binh 3 nam ciia huyen Nhu Xuan dat 32,4 ta/ha/nam, huyen Thach Thanh dat 37,4 ta/ha/nam va huyen Ha Trung dat 40,6 ta/ha/nam. Sdn lugng ngd trung binh todn tinh trong 3 nam dat 209,8 nghin tdn, giam dan tir 215,9 nghin tan (nam 2010) xudng cdn 199,6 nghin tdn (ndm 2012). Dieu nay Id do trdng ngd ddc canh trong nhieu chu ky
lam ddt suy thoai nen ndng suat ngd gidm dan.
Chinh vi vdy, viee trdng xen ngd vdo cdc rirng trdng keo se gdp phdn ndng cao nang suat, sdn lugng ngd trong cdc ludn ky mdi.
3.3. Hieu qua kinh te va thi t r u d n g tieu thu cac san pham tu- mo hinh NLKH d' tinh Thanh Hda
Ket qud dieu tra vao thdng 12/2013 cho thdy gid ca mdt sd sdn pham tir cdc md hinh NLKH d tinh Thanh Hda dupe tdng hgp nliu trong bang 5.
Bang 5. Gid mdt sd loai san pham tir md hinh NLKH hop tai Thanh Hda Lo^i san p h i m
Keo tai tu'(;rng (go nguyen li^u) Keo tai tu'ij'ng (go xe) Sin tu'O'i Nga I<h6
Do-n vj tinh
3
Kg Kg
Gia ban (VND) T | i Ch6
900-000 1.500-000
1 4 0 0 5 800
Tai dai ly thu mua gan nh^t 1.100 000 1 800.000 1 700 6 500 (Nguon. So lieu dieu tra Ihang 12/2013)
Tgp chi KHLN 2Q14 Hoang VSn Thang ef a/., 2014(1)
Hien nay trong cac san pham tren thi sdn va ngd thudng dugc ban cho cdc tu thuang tai dia phuang, ddi vdi keo thi thudng cae chii hp ban edy dung cho cac tu thucmg, sau dd tu thuang tu td chuc khai thae vd van chuyen den nai tieu thu trong tinh hoac ngodi tinh. Nhin chung gia ban cac san phdm tai dia phuong thudng thdp hon so vdi gid bdn tai cac ddu mdi, edng ty, nha may, cang bien khodng tir 15 - 20%. Tuy nhien, cung nam trong tinh trang chung vdi cdc loai sdn phdm khac, gia cac sdn pham tir md hinh NLKH nay phu thupc rat nhieu vao nang
sudt, sdn lugng hang nam. Nam dugc mua thi gia ca san pham thap, va ngugc lai khi mat miia thi gia san pham lai tang cao. Nhin chung gia ea cdc san phdm khong dn dinh, ngudi dan bi ep gia, mdt sd nha may che bien xa nen chi phi vdn chuydn ldn, lam giam gid tri kinh tk cua cdc loai sdn pham. Ket qua dieu tra ve cac khoan chi phi vd thu nhdp tir eac sdn pham cua mdt sd md hinh NLKH ehinh d Thanh Hda da tinh dugc hieu qua kinh te ciia cdc md hinh do trong chu ky kinh doanh 6 nam vdi lai xudt vay la 7,2%/nam nhu trong bang 6.
Bang 6. Tong hgp hieu qua kinh t6 cua mpt sd md hinh NLKH d Thanh Hda
M6 hinh Keo tai tu'crng + san Keo tai tu-rrng + ngo
Keo tai lu'ong thuin loai (doi chii'ng)
NPV (VNB) . 65 775 917
66.949 411 53.775.750
BCR (VNB)
2,22 2.08 2,53
IRR
(%)
68 81 40 (Nguon: So lieu tinh toan tCr l<et qua dieu tra thang 12/2013).
Bang 6 cho thdy, trong 3 loai md hinh thi Igi nhudn rdng eua md hinli ngd xen Keo tai tugng dat cao nhdt la 66.949.411 ddng, md hinh sdn xen Keo tai tugng dat 65.775.917 ddng, cdn md hinh trdng thudn Keo tai tugng chi dat 53.775.750 ddng. Ve gia tri ddu tu, ciing vdi chu ky la 6 nam thi ldi cua md hinh san xen Keo tai tugng thu dupe Id 68%, md hinh ngd trdng xen Keo tai tugng lai 81%
trong khi do md hinh trdng Keo tai tugng thudn lodi chi lai 40%. Nhu vdy so vdi trong Keo tai tugng thuan loai, viec trdng xen sdn vao cac rimg trdng Keo tai tugng da tang lai cao hon 70% va neu trdng xen ngd thi lai tdng 102,5%. Ket qua nay eho thay viec trdng xen cdc loai cay ndng nghiep vdo eac rimg trdng keo theo phuong thirc NLKH da ndng cao dang ke hieu qua ciia md hinh.
Sdn phdm tir md hinh trdng xen edy ndng nghiep trong rimg Keo tai tugng d tinh Thanh
Hda gdm cd eac loai chinh la san, ngd va go keo (gd ddm hoac gd xe). Ddi vdi san phdm la san sau khi thu hoaeh chu yeu ban cu tuoi, mdt sd hd gia dinh bam nhd sau dd phai kho de lam thirc an chan nudi. Ddi vdi sdn phdm la ngd cac chu hd thu bap mang ve nhd tach hat, hat sau khi phoi khd cd the bdn ra thi trudng hodc dimg lam thiic an cho chdn nudi. Vdi san phdm tir cdy keo chii yeu la Idy gd, vdi muc dich lay gd xe thi keo thudng phai sau khi trdng 9 - 1 0 nam, cdn neu lam nguyen lieu gidy thi trung binh keo trdng tir 5 - 6 nam.
Ngoai ra cac chii hd cd the tan dung nhimg cdnh keo de lam ciii dun hoac lam nguyen lieu bam dam.
Ve thi trudng tieu thu: Sdn phdm gd keo chu yeu dugc ban eho cac tu thuong, cdc nha may che bien, cac chii rimg thudng ban cdy diing, sau dd ngudi mua se ed trdch nhiem khai thae va mang di tieu thu. Ddi vdi gd nguyen lieu
Hoang Van Thang ef al., 2014(1) Tap chi KHLN 2014 thudng dugc dua ve eac nha may tren dia ban
tinh so che, bam dam trudc khi mang ban cho cdc nha may che bien hoac mang den cang bien ban cho cac cdng ty thu mua ehd di cac tinh khde hode xudt khdu, edn ddi vdi gd xe sau khi khai thdc dupe chuyen den cae xudng che bien tren dia ban hoac den cang bien de chd di nai khdc. Hien nay, thi trudng tieu thu cdc sdn phdm gd keo d cdc huyen dieu tra chii yeu chuyen tdi mot sd tinh trong nudc nhu Ha Npi, Hdi Phdng, Lang San... vd xuat khdu sang nudc ngodi qua 2 cdng ldn cua tinh Thanh Hda do la edng Nghi Son thudc huyen TTnh Gia vd cang Le Mdn thudc thdnh phd Thanh Hoa.
Vdi san phdm la sdn: sau khi thu hoach sdn thudng dupe bdn cho cac tu thuong tai nhd, sau do tu thuang mang di ban lai cho cac cong ty che bien tai huyen Nho Quan tinh Ninh Binh hode nhd may che bien tai huyen Yen Thiiy tinh Hda Binh. Cdn vdi san phdm Id ngd thi sau khi thu hoach, hat dugc phai khd vd thudng bdn cho eac tu thuong, dai ly bdn Ie tren dia ban huyen, tinh. Cac dai ly ndy cd th^ tu che bien thanh san phdm hodc ban eho edc nha may che bien d tinh Ninh Binh vd d huyen Chuong My - Hd Ndi.
Mac dii cac hd trdng rimg da cd nhieu kinh nghiem trong qud trinh canh tac theo cac md hinh NLKH nhung phdn ldn ngudi dan d cdc huyen eiia Thanh Hda vdn dang canh tdc theo hinh thirc quang canh ma chua dp dung edc tien bp khoa hpc ky thudt dd canli tac. Cac bien phdp kj? thuat xay dung md hinh chua duoc he thdng hda dk tap hudn, tuyen truydn cho ngucd ddn.
Do dd nang sudt, chdt lugng edc san pham tir cdc md hinli NLKH dat duoc chua cao. Them vdo dd eung chua cd edc md hinh trinli dien ve md hinh eanh tac NLKH ehinh d cdc huyen de ngudi dan thdm quan, hpc tap va nhdn rdng md
hinh. Ngoai ra thi trudng tieu thu va gid ca khdng dn dinh, ngudi ddn ludn hi ep gia, eac ky thudt so che, bdo qudn sau thu hoach ciing dang Id nhirng van de cdn nhieu tdn tai vdi hdu het ede san phdm tir md hinh NLKH.
IV. K E T LUAN
- He eanh tac NLKH chinh d tinh Thanh Hda trong giai doan tir 2007 den nay la md hinh trdng xen cay ndng nghiep (sdn, ngd) trong cac rimg trdng Keo tai tupng trong ndm thu 1 vd 2. Den cudi nam 2012 udc tinh dien tieh ciia he thdng nay d Thanh Hda dat khoang 3257,5ha, tdng 2079ha so vdi nam 2007.
- He canh tde edy ndng nghiep trdng xen trong cdc rimg trdng Keo tai tugng theo phuang thuc NLKH cua tinh Thanh Hda cd 2 loai md hinh chinh Id sdn vd ngd trdng xen trong rimg Keo tai tugng. Hau het cdc rimg trdng mdi Keo tai tugng tren dia ban 3 huyen dupe dieu tra Id Ha Trung, Thach Thanh vd Nhu Xuan deu dupe ngudi dan trdng xen ngd va sdn trong 1 - 2 nam dau khi rimg chua khep tan.
- Cac san phdm tir md hinh NLKH chinh d cac huyen dieu tra d Thanh Hda (gdm gd keo, sdn, ngd) hien dang dupe ban chii yeu eho cdc tu thuang tai dia phuong. Sau dd tu thuang van chuyen den cac nhd mdy, ca sd che bien tren dia ban huyen, tinh hoac cac tinh ldn can de tieu thu.
- Lpi nhudn rdng trung binh tir md hinh sdn xen Keo tai tupng tren Iha trong chu ky 6 nam vdi ldi sudt vay 7,2%/ndm dat 65.775.917 ddng va tir md hinh ngd xen Keo tai tugng la 66.949.411 ddng. Cdc md hinh trdng xen sdn vd ngd dat Igi nhudn rdng cao hem so vdi md hinh trdng Keo tai tupng thuan lodi (khdng trdng xen) tir 22,3 - 24,5%.
- Gia cd va thj trudng tieu thu cac sdn pham tir md hinh NLKH chinh d tinh Thanh Hda mdc
3181
Tap chi KHLN 2014 Hoang van Thing etal, 2014(1)
dii cd ngudn tieu thu thudn lpi, song dang nam cd anh hudng ldn den sir tdn tai va phdt tri^n trong tinh trang khdng dn dinh vd ludn bj tu eac md hinh NLKH d Thanh Hda.
thuong ep gia. Ddy la van de quan trpng nhat
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Cue Th6ng ke linh Thanh Hoa, 2012. Nien giam th6ng ke tinh Thanh Hoa.
^. Quyii djnh s6 844/QD - UBND ngay 28.3/2012 ciia Chu ijch UBND tinh Thanh Hoa v i viec phe duyet giao kg hoach von dau tir nam 2012 cho cac du an thugc Chuong trinh bao ve va phat trien rimg ben viJng tren dja ban tinh Thanh Hoa.
3 Thong tir lien tich s6: 52/2008/TTLT-BNN-BTC ngay 14/4/2008 cua 8 6 Nong nghiap va Phat trian nong thdn, Bo Tai chinh ve viec huong dan trg cap gao cho d6ng bao dan too thi^u s6 tai ch6 o miin nui tr6ng rung thay the nuang ray.
Ngudi thdm dinh: PGS.TS. Trdn Van Con
