KHOA HOC VA CtNG NGHE M O _ ^ ^
NGHIEN CUU HIEN TRANG KHAI THAC VA MOI TRirOTNG MOT SO MO DA VAT UEU XAY DUNG HUYEN TUY AN, PHU YEN
V A GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC
KS. TRAN THIEN HOANG CHINH - Truung Dai hpc M&Dja chit TS. Lt NGOC NINH - Tong cue Mdi trwdng, Bp TN&MT
§ | i , i | h nay, do nhu cau vgt lieu xay dyng ngay
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"iC,rirtpt cao de phyc vy phat triln kinh t l xa hpi,*,^g)op phan phat trien tfnh Phu Y§n, cac mo khai thdc da >^t lieu xdy dyng thong thu'dng (VLXDTT) cung irng cho thj tardng ngdy cang gia
^ n g ve quy md va so lirang, keo theo do Id hang logt nhu'ng he lyy den moi tru'dng d hien tai vd tLPong lai. Qua khao sat, dieu tra cho thay, hoat dpng khai thdc tai cac md (no mm, vgn chuyen,...} dang gay anh hydng nghiem trpng d i n ddi song sinh hoat va Idnh te cua ngipdi dan xung quanh khu vyc cdc mo.
Mat khac, trong bj-ang lai, hau qua Idu dai do ia sy biln d l i dja mgo de lai cac h i md sau, cac bd mo d i e Idn khien cho mdi sinh kho phyc hli du'gc va sau xa han nOa do la sy suy thodi moi tru'dng gdp phan vdo sy biln doi khi hdu trong nu'dc vd tren toan c i u . Mac du da co nhCfng phap c h i cung nhu' sy kilm tra don doc cua ca quan chfnh quyln cua Tnjng u'ang va Dja phu'ang nhu'ng din nay van chu'a khac phyc tript de du-pc nhOng hp lyy gdy ra cho moi trLFdng ma hoat dpng khai ttiac dd VLXDTT mang Igi tgi ddy. Bdi bao ndy se tap tmng de c|p den vipc khao sdt, dieu tra, danh gia tac ddng din mdi tnjdng cua cac mo dd cung nhu' de xuit mpt so giai phap khac phuc hi§n trang nay trgn dja bdn xa An Chin, huygn Tuy An, b'nh Phu Yen.
1. Gidi thigu s a ILFOC ve mdt so mo trong khu vyc 1.1. Vi trf dia if
Cdc md da VLXDTT do nhom nghien cdu thyc hign thuoc cum mo dd khu vyc xa An Chin, huygn Tuy An, tinh PhQ Yen (H.1). Cdc m^o da nay deu khai thdc va d$p, nghiin da Bazan de cung dng vat lieu xay dyng cho thdnh p h i Tuy Hda vd khu vyc Nam huyen Tuy An. Vj tri rat thudn lal, khoang each trung binh tiJ cdc mo ra du'dng quic Id Id 1,5 km va td du'dng quic 10 ve thanh pho Tuy Hoa Id 6 km. Tuy Hoa la thanh pho dang tren da phdt trien vdi
chT so gia tang GDP hang nam 9 %. Day van hda hen Id mdt thj tm'dng da tiem nang ft-ong ft nhat 20 nam tdi cho cym mo thupc pham vi bdo cao.
H. 1. Sa bd vi tri cdc diim mo Bazan Idm vat lieu xdy d^ng thdng thimng 1.2. Dac diem khoang sang
Doi tu'ong khai thac trong khu md chu y l u Id da Bazan lam vat lidu xay dyng thong thu'dng, kem theo con co cdc sdn pham phy la dat d p phli.
Da Bazan dang du-pc khai thdc d cdc md cd cau tgo dgng khoi ndt ne, mau xam den, xdm xanh nam xen ke vdl cdc Idp da tram tich gan k i t y l u nhu' cat kit, bot kit, set ket doi nai gap cdc ldp mong diatomit mau xdm xanh, xam trang thdm tri CO ca cac Idp dd bazan bj phong hoa. Kit qua thdm do cdc mo dd bazan Phu Thgnh, Phu Thanh 3,..., cho thay da bazan d day cd chat lirang lam da VLXDTT rat tot so vdi tieu chuan da Idm VLXDTT. Ket qua phdn tich m l u ca ly dd bazan the hien tren Bang 1.
1.3. Quy trinh cdng nghi va h$ thong khai Oiac a. H$ thong khai thdc
Dieu kien dia hinh khu md chu y l u d dang swan die thoai dd die trung binh khoang 25°~35° tao dieu kien thuan lai cho ldm du'dng, vi vay nhung
CONG NGHIlP MO, $63-2016
KHOA HOC VA CtNG NGH| MO
mo CO san lu-gng Id'n hay ap dung h§ th6ng khai thac lop bang van tai tru'C tiep bang 6 to, nhu- mo Phu Lien 2, md 3.2. Cdn nhOng mo cd san lu'ong nho nhu 1.5 hien dang ap dung he th6ng khai thac theo l(jp doc thoai van chuyen blng 6 to, vl trong pham vi md cd nhieu khu khai thac va^o cac cao Sd khic nhau, tan dung nhmg noi cd dieu kiSn thuan lpi khai thac tru'd'c de nhanh thu h6i von.
Sang 1. Tdng hgp kit qua phan tich mau ca if da bazan
b. Quy trinh cdng nghd
<• Boc Idp phu: Thanh phan lop phu gom cd Idp dSt mat, lop cat ket, bdt ket, Id'p Bazan ban phong hda. Cdng tac boc Id'p phO du'g'c thyc hien bang may xuc thuy lire gSu ngu-pc, sau do chat tai ien d td. San pham nay cd hai huping giai quyet dd la lam dat cip phdi san l§p hoac lam du'O'ng, cai tao bai thai trong, bai thai ngoai....
•:• Chuan bj dSt da: Cong tac chuan bj dit da chu y&u la khoan no min sau dd dung dau dap thuy lyc de xCf ly da qua cd'. RiSng mo Ddc Sue sir dung hoan toan diu dap thuy life vCfa khau vCfa dap toi vdi nang suit thuc t^ 200 m'/ca.
•:• Khau nghien sang: Da so cac md da 6' day sil dung t6 hpp nghien sang iiSn hgp tU' dpng, cho ra cac san phan da nhu- da dam 1 "2, da 3x4, da mi,...
2. Cac yeu to tac dong den mdi tru-d-ng tai khu khai thac va dk xuat giai quylt
2.1. HiSn trang chiem dung dit a. Khii niem chiem dung dat trong khai thic Chiem dung dat trong khai thac da vat VLXDTT chinh la khoang dien tlch tnj'oc day la tham thifc vat ho$c dit ndng nghiep bj doanh nghiap khai thac chiem dung. Doanh nghiep hoan toan khong
vi pham dieu khoan nao neu chiem dung hoai dien tlch dat trong bi§n gi6i du-oc d p phep neu cd phuang phap t6i uu giup han chl- chiem dung dit dSng thd-i tang th&i gian|
cDa tham thuc vat, dilu nay c6 ^ nghTa ft mat mdi truong. , • b. Cic lo$l hinh hd thing khai thic tfartsl HS th6ng khai thSc id'p bang ySu c i u [ dud'ng ISn d i n dinh roi tiln hinh cat tl^
theo thil tu tCr trSn xu6ng duoi Lo?i h? t la nguyen nhan chinh d i n d i n su gia tf dung dat. He thing khai thac nay khSng t kiSn vda khai thac vHa hoan phyc mSi t' dln gia tang chilm dgng d i t (H 2 a)
Loai hinh khai thac khdng quy cO, i _ hinh khai thac kha p h i biln trong cac khu doanh nghiSp tan dung nhung noi thuan I via, l&p phu mdng, da tuoi, dS lam di«
khai thac trud'c nham rut ngan th&i giani Day la loai hinh khdng cd trong h i so thief cap phep. Lo?i he thing khai thac nay r chit manh mun, khai thac toi dau thi 13, trang nham nhd den d l y cho nen cung^
lam gia tang dien tlch chiem dgng (H.2 V c. GUI phap khic phuc
Be giai quylt tinh trang nay, tac gi§ c dgng triSt de hS thong khai thac khiu the dilng kit hgp vd'i hoan phuc mdi truong t trinh khai ttiac hay cdn ggi \a hmh thuc cut Loai hinh nay cd cac uu diem nhu hoan vlir do chi phi diu tu ban d i u it thich hop vilfi da CO nang suit nho. Cd the ap dung nhieff^
quy trinh san xuat trong loai hS thong khai l ^ nhu cat ting nhd hac ldn chuySn tai bang m hoac may xuc va may Cli. Hon nua hiSu qua^
phuc mSi tru-dng sau khai thac se duoc caij do tho'i gian trong cay dupc keo dai hon (''
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H.2. Cic loai hinh he thing khai thilt
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KHOAHOCVACfiNQNeHlMO
d. Chf so chiim dung dit (Sc)
Gpi Sc la phin dien tfch gidi hgn bdi du'dng cong ,(S)^va tryc hoanti trong bieu do (hinh H.2).
Cd t h l du'a ra edng thdc tong quat:
S c = i ; K i x A t . (1)
Trong dd: n - So nam hoat dong khai thdc cua md, t h l hi§n trfin taie hoanh hinh H.3; At - Khoang thdi gian chia nhd td so nam n; Kj - T;^ Id gida dlfin tfch huy dpng phyc vy cho khai thdc vao nam thd i va dign tich bien gidi md.
Di^n tich huy ddng khai thac khdng bao gom khoang di§n tieh da thyc hign hodn phyc. Cac phan dien tich ndy du'pc do blng phan mem d l hpa trong qua trinh thiet k l . Du'dng cong (S) du'pc tao bdi tgp hpp cac dilm Si(Ki; i). Vi day la mdt hdm s6 xdc djnh tr§n nhilu khoang gia tri, ndn d l dan gian tinh todn ta dung phan mem do hpa d l tinhdientich S^(H.3).
lai do gay anh hu'dng tdi ngu'di dan. D l gidi quyet tinh trgng ndy ngu'di ta da tang cu-dng tu-dl nddc khde phuc tru-de mat trong khi tiln hanh xay dicdng bd tdng rieng tdch rdi vdi khu ddn cu-. Cho den nay, van de nay da dirac glai quylt trigt d l do du'dng vgn tai duac tach rdi khdi khu dan eu".
Cung trong thdi gian nay, tgl khu vyc cdc trgm nghiin t^p trung vdl nhau (gom Cdng ty Hai Thach, Cdng ty Di§p Minh vd Cdng ty 1-5) mat dO phat th>i byi cao dd Idm anh hu'dng tdi hoa mdu xung quanh. Ngu'di ta dd tiln hdnh lam ydt vdt li^u nghiin nhung cho d i n nay vin chua khac phuc triet de. Mat dd bui d ddy cao din nil tam nhin chi khoang 13-17 m khi di thye t l . K i t qua lay mau thd nghiem tai khu vyc ndy ndm 2015, do Trung tam Kiem dmh Tieu chuin Do ludng Chit luang tinh Phu Yen dupc the hidn tai Bdng 2.
Bang 2. Kit qud phdn tlch chit liPQfng khong khi
H.3. Bidu do tinh todn Sc Sc phan anh dup'c quy md chilm dyng dat cd ke den yeu to thdi gian cua tdng loai he thing khai thdc. N l u tich cyc thyc hien cdng tac hodn phye mdi trudng song song vdi hogt dgng khai thac se giam duo'c ti le Kj vd keo theo chi so Sc cQrig giam theo.
2.2. Hien trang d nhiem bui t^l tram nghien^
Trong cdng tac khai thac va c h i bien dd V L X D T T I ed eac khau phat thdi byi chu yeu nhu khoan - n l min, xuc boc, van tai, d l thai, nphien sang... Nhung mdc dp phdt thai byi d hlu het cdc trifdng hap deu d mdc chap nhdn duac do ndng suit cac md thude dgng nhd dudi 150.000 m^/nam.
Xet den trudng hap cum md, do dung ehung dudng van tai eung nhu cdc tram nghien sang dat gin nhau khien cho cdc diem phat thai cdng hudng vdi nhau dan d i n nong d6 byi vuat qud quy djnh cho phdp.
a. Hi§n trang mOv do d nhiim
D i u ndm 2015, dudng vgn tai cua cym mo khai thdc di qua khu d i n eu thdn Phu Thgnh dd bj chan
Qua k i t qua phan tfch so sdnh vdi quy chuan QCVN 05:2009/BTlsiMT (Quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia v l chit lupng khdng khf xung quanh) cho thay cac chi ti§u chit lupng khong khf deu cao han gidi han cho phep 1,5 den 20 lan. Qua khao sat bang mat thudng cho thay, Khu vyc tap trung ba tram nghiin thudng xuyen gay byi d mdc vuat qua quy chuin nhilu lln (H.4).
H.4. Khu viec tdp trung ba tram nghien b. Nang cao cong tdc xtp ly bui tai khu VLFC tram nghiin
Hign co nhilu bi§n phap giam sy phat tan eCia byi dupc ap dyng trong cdc tram nghiin dd tren ca nudc nhu: su dyng he thong nghien sang kfn, su dyng he thing Ipc byi, phun tudi nudc vdo cac vj
CONG NGHIEP MO, SO 3-2016
KHOA HQC VA CtNG NGHt H l i
udt sin phim da, dam bao hi#u qua'xOJjj D l thiet k l h$ thing phuetstsongjUDfl tien hanh tinh toan ton thlt trSn-dui^-'*
chpn vdi phun, cdng suit m4y b o w g cdiig nghe vdi cac ap suit bom, taji, khac nhau va khao sat hiSu quS'Wll ling. K i t qua thl nghi$m neu t r o n g | " "
Bang 3. Hieu qua xir ly bui bing hd thing phun suung ipjuMth^&^^^phu^
tri sinh bui,... Tuy nhiSn, trong dieu kiSn kinh te-kj thuat hien nay thl viec su dgng he thing nghien sang kin va lip dat he thong Igc bgi chg co sd san xuit da la ton kem, khdng kinh te. Tai XI nghiep da Phu Ly, Ha Nam ngudi ta da ap dgng thanh cdng he thing phun suong ap suit thip vdl uu diem tiSt kiem luong nudc tieu hao, khong iam udt bang tai,
Td kit qua thl nghiem cdng nghe neu trSn, ngudi ta da lua chpn cac thdng s l kT thuat cOa he thong phun suong ap suit thip nhu sau [2]:
•:• Cac vdi phun chi lap dat d cac vj tri sinh bgi nhe (bgi hd hip): dap ham, dap tnJC (dap roto), sang plian loai, diu rdt san phim;
• Luu lugng t l i uu cua hS thong la: 4,2-^8,4 l/ph (luu lugng trung binh cua mil vdi phun la 0,7+1,4 l/ph);
•:• Gia tri ap suit til uu cua may bom la 2,0+5,0 at;
•:• Hieu qua xil ly bui dat 71+89 %.
Mdt s6 luu J khi ap dgng phuong phap nay:
• Thudng xuySn ve sinh bee phun de cho ra cac hat suong vdl dg mjn cag nhlt. Thdng thudng neu mieng bee phun cd hien tugng nho gipt la phai ve sinh ngay; , ^
• Thudng xuyen ve sinh blu Ipc, vl bau Ipc hay tu can dan den can trd ddng bom, anh hudng tdi bom;
•> Sir dgng loai bom chuySn dgng va dugc kilm tra thudng xuyen, de y hISn tugng rung lac va tieng keu la.
c. Giim thiiu song chan dgng vi khi, bifi trong khau no min
Khi tiln hanh n l mln khai thac da, ngoai nhung anh hudng v l tac dgng chin ddng, sdng dap khdng khi va da vang cdn sinh ra cac khi ddc hai va mdt iugng bgi kha Idn tung vac bau trdi lam thay all thanh phin khdng khi va tac dpng cd hai manh me din con ngudi va moi tapdng xung quanh do. HISn tai, viec giam thilu sdng chin dpng, khi bgi
d cac md neu trSn chua cd gial phaj™
vl viy qua khao sat cho thiy, sau mil c thudng gay chin ddng (vdi toe dg dao ^ nin dit da tip 10+16 mm/s) iam rang 1 ^ tudng, gay sgt mai mgt s l nha dan, dlrf^
tda mdt lugng lugng bui kha Idn, nho ri^
cua thulc n l , va gid, phan Idn bui dl tSli r J trudng va lam c nhiem blu- khdng'khig nguin nudc mat cOa cac vdng lan can ui dfl lai tdn tai trong ding da n l mln va lam b nliieW khdng khi cua khai tm'dng trong qua trintilX"
va van tai,...
Mpt trong nhOng nguySn nhan co b injji^
tac hai neu tren la dd su- dgng cac so o'l noH iugng bua khdng hop ly va lugng bui t r o ^ khoan t i n dgng tren m^t tang khai thac
Oe giam thilu sdng chin ddng tdi &3G trinh can bao ve hay cac khu dan cu na' 1 ChCing tdi de xuit giai phap ky thuat nc tyi\f^
kha thi va than thien vdi mdi trudng nhu sm
• Sir dgng cac so d l no vl sai tre'i n .^
sai trong lo khoan, og t h l la: 1) so d 1 . 1 , ^ hang qua l l k i t hop vdi vi sai trong lo (in ' cac mo kha g i n cac nha dan vol kho -i q i 100+200 m); ii) so do vi sai qua hang k 1 T'lg sai trong Id khoan (ap dgng cho cac m 1 kg"
cac nha dan vdi khoang each tu 2O0 J I ' "
cac so do vi sai doi vdi nhu-ng mo sO- » n:: H dISn (ap dgng cho cac md kha gin cac ' '^' *•
cd sii- dgng l l khoan cd dudng kfnh Id 1 li. ^3 i;0Ni; NGHIEP MO, S t 3-2016
KHOA HOC VA CONG NGH£ M 6 mm). Khi sd dung eac sa d l n l vl sai nay vdi quy mo bai min td 500-^1.000 kg thulc n l . sdng chan ddng se gidm khoang 2 lln so vdi sa do no vi sai qua hang va khoang 3 l l n so vdi n l tuc thdi.
I H.5. Sa dd nd min vl sai than thien vai mdi truing
• Su dyng bua min hap ly, cy t h l nhu sau: i) i xae djnh chilu cao bua hap ly: doi vdi cac md khai i thde dd su dyng dudng kfnh (D) nhd va Idn trung : binh nen chpn chilu cao bua bang (25-^30).D hoac
! lly bang khoang cdch giua cac lo min (a) hay lay trong khoang tu (0,5^0,75) dudng can chan tang I (W); ii) sd dyng vgt lieu bua than thidn vdl mdi ifrudng: Loai bua ndy lam tu 3 Ihanh phdn chfnh:
I Ddt set am+phoi khoan+da mi sdng hay eupi sdi I nhd. Dat set am co s i n dudi chdn cac ngon nui I hay nam xen ke trc)ng cdc idp dat dd phu khi trdn I vdi phoi khoan nd se khu duac lupng hgt byi qud I nhd (CO cd hgt nho han 1000 ^m) lan trong phoi I khoan. Loai bua 3 thdnh phan ndu tren, khi nhoi itrong lo khoan se tang duae he s l ma sdt len I thanh lo khoan nhd cdc hat dd ml sang hay cuoi sdi
nen tdng dd chat cua nut min. Vi vgy khi n l , nang I iuang cCia thuoc no hau hit tap trung vao phd vd dat dd, khong g§y phyt bua, khdng day bui bay cao va khong Idm da vdng xa,...;
• Su dyng no phoi hap va phdn dogn 2 loai thuoc n l thdn thi§n vdl mdi trudng trong l l khoan:
Phuong phdp nay da duac dp dyng rdng rdi tren nhieu tinh cua ea nudc. Vi vdy, dli vdi cac md khai thac da Bazan d PhCi Yen can su dyng no phli hpp va phan doan 2 loai thuoc n l nhu ANF0+ADD1 hogc ANFO+NHU TU'CNG. Vide phan dogn 2 logi thuoc no bang cot khdng khf vd no vi sai trong 16 khoan dupc the hien tren H.5.
4. Ket lugn
Hien nay, cac van de bdo ve moi trudng ngay cang dupc uu tien len hang dau, nhat la hoat d$ng khai thac khoang san, yeu cau cac nhd thilt k l md khong chi chu y tdi lpi feh kinh te ma cdn phai k l den lpi feh ve mgt mdi trudng trong khau thiet k l nhat la dli vdi mo da VtJCDTT. Trong bai bdo ndy nhom tac gia da danh gia sa bp duac hien trang chiem dyng dat, mdc dp 6 nhiem bui,... tai khu mo da VLXDTT xa An Chan, huyen Tuy An, tfnh Phu Yen, cung nhu de xuat dupc mpt so gial phap khac phyc cac hien trgng neu tren. Cac giai phdp duac de xuat tuy chua nhieu, nhung neu dp dung triet de, chac chan se gdp phan gidm thieu cdc tdc hal den mdi trudng trong cdng tdc khai thdc vd ehl bien da VLXDTT tgi tmh Phu Yen.n
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Hd ST Giao, Nguyin ST Hpi, Tran Mgnh Xuan, 1997. Khai thac mo vgt lieu xay dyng.
2. Nguyen Xuan Tang, Cac bien phdp xu ly 6 nhilm bui do khai thac, che bien da xay dyng. Tap chi Cdng nghiep Mo. Sd 1. 2005.
3. Ket qua tham dd dja chat cua mpt so md dd vgt lieu xay dung thon Phu Thgnh, xa An Chan, huygn Tuy An cua Cdng ty Co phan Nam Cudng.
Ngudi bjgn tap: M l ST Giao
TCl' khoa: hien trang khai thdc, mdi truing, md dd, vat lieu xiy dimg, glai phap khde phuc
Ngay nhdn bai: 19 thdng 11 ndm 2015
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