KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
K^T P U A IXIGHIEIXI CLIU AIXIH HUOIXIG T H A I V H PHAIXI G I A T H E V A DIIXIH DUOIXIG B A U DEIXI C H A T LUOIXIG
C A Y GIOIXIG C A C H U A , D U A C H U O T TROIXIG TROIXIG IXIHA L U O I
D o ^ XuSn CanhS Nguyen Thi TrangS Nguyen Dinh ThiduS NguySn Thi Tiianh m\ D o ^ TTii Tiianh Tliiiy^
TOMTAT
Muc tieu cua nghien cuu nh^m nang cao ch^t lupng va ty le xuat vuon cay gidng rau trong san xuat quy mo c6ng nghidp cho cac tinh phia Bac. Nam 2019, Vien Cay luong fliuc va Cay fliuc pham nghien cuu. danh gia anh hudng cua 5 cong thiic gia the va 3 cong thiic dinh dirong khac nhau den chat luong cay gidng ca chua, dua chuot xuat vudn. K^t qua da xac dinh duoc hon hop gia flie duoc phdi tron: 30% dat phii sa + 6096 xo dira + 10% trau hun va su dung loai phan NPK (13:13:13-TE), nong do 0,2% cung cap cho cay a giai doan cay dugc 6-7 ngay sau moc voi dua chuot va 12-14 ngay voi ca chua. Cay giong cho ket qua tdt nhat, do ddng deu dat 98,556, ty 1$ cay xuat vuon > 97,3%. Gia thanh cay gidng khi su dung 6 cong thiic nay bang 36,3% so v6i su dung hon hop gia the TNB 1 va 27,9% gia the BVB co ngudn gdc ctia Israel.
Tiikhda: Cay gidng ca chua, dua chuot, gia the, duihdtiong.
I.OATVANDE
Trong san xuat ndng nghiep ndi chung, san xuat cay rau mau ndi rieng, viec cung dug cay gidng tdt cho san xuat cd vai trd quyet dinh den nang suat, chat luong san pham va hieu qua san xuat.
Ung dung cdng nghe cao trong san xuat cay gidng rau tren thd gidi va Viet Nam hien nay deu duoc ap dung cdng nghe gieo hat bang may, tren khay bau, sd dung gia the chuyen dung, cdng nghe dinh duong bd sung va duoc san xuat trong nha mang, nha ludi cd mai che... Ung dung cdng nghe den, cay con san xuat cd dp ddng deu cao, cay khde, than la xanh dam, ty le cay xuat vudn dat tir 95-98%, chii dong gidng trdng cho cac thdi vu, tranh dinrc thdi tiet bat thuan, tiet kiem hat gidng, han che sau benh hai,... Nhd dd giam gia thanh cay gidng, chat lirong cay gidng tdt, cay sinh trudng phat trien khde, nang suat cao, tang thu nhap cho ngudi san xuat.
Vi vay, nghien cuu, lua chgn cdng nghe gia the bau va dinh duong phu hpp cd vai trd quyet dinh den chat lucmg va ty le xuat vudn cua cay gidng.
2. VAT UEU VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIBU CUU 2.L Vat li$u nghidn cuu
Nguydn heu gia the nghien cuu gdm: bdt xa dira, trau hun, dat phu sa qua xit ly bang each ngam nude 7-10 ngay, phoi khd va duoc phdi trdn theo ty le khac nhau.
Gidng ca chua, dua chuot tham gia nghien cuu bao gdm: gidng ca chua Hoang Anh 1 qua nhd va Monaco dang qua to, gidng dua chuot Mei-Rav va Hazera-55003.
Nghien ciiu trong dieu kien nha mang, hd thdng tudi phun suong, gieo hat bang may tren khay xdp chuyen dung, mat dp 80 bSu/khay.
2.2. Phuong phdp nghidn ctki
Hdn hpp gia the hdu nghien ciiu, bao gdm: GTl la gia thd TNB 1 cua Vien Thd nhuong Ndng hda san xuat lam ddi chung. GT 2: hdn hgp 30% dat phu sa + 60% xa dlia -i-10% trau hun. GTS: hon hc^ 10% dat phu sa -H 90% xa dira. GT4: 100% bdt xa dira va C5T5: gia the BVB cd ngudn gdc cua Israel.
Dinh duong bd sung b-ong nghien ciru, bao gdm:
fl: la su dung dung dich phan bdn NPK13:13:1S-TE 0,5%, f2: sir dung dung dich phan dam ure 0,5% va f3:
khdng bd sung dmh duong lam ddi chiing.
Phuong phap hd tri thi nghiem; Nghien ciiu xac dinh hdn hgp gia the bau va dinh duong dugc ap dung thi nghiem hai nhan td (d chinh, d phu) theo ' Vien Cay luong thuc va Cay thuc pham
KHOA HOC CONG N 6 H |
kieu Split-plot. 3 lan nhSc lai. dinh duong (fl la o chinh va gia the (GT) la 6 phu. quy mo 3 khay/1 6.
Ky thuat cham soc: tuoi nuoc du am cho cho cay con bSng he thong tuoi phun suong, 2 lan/1 ngay (8 gio sang va 2 gia chieu) thoi gian 5-10 phiit/lan, do am bau 75-80%. dinh duong bd sung 01 lan cho cay vao buoi chiiu ngay thii 6 sau khi cay moc doi voi cay dua chuot va 15 ngay doi voi cay ca chua. Cac chi tidu theo doi; ty le nay mam, chieu cao cay giong xuat vuon (cm), sd la that fla). do ddng deu cay
Phuong phap phan tich sd lieu; sd lidu thu thap duoc xii ly thdng ke tren may vi tinh bang phan mdm Excel valERISTART 5.0.
Dia diem nghien cuu; tai khu ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao cua Vien Cay luong fhuc va Cay thuc pham.
Thdi gian nghien ciiu; nam 2019.
3. KET qUA NGini CUU VA I H M LUM
3.1. KA qua nghita ciiu hon hflp gid fhi v4 dinh duang trong san xuat gidng cay dua chupt gidng (%) va ty 16 xuat vuon (%).
Bang 1. Anh huong ciia c ^ cdng thuc gia th^ bau va Hinh duOng bd simg ddn tdc dd tflng tnrong c h i ^ cao cdy gidng dua chuot, nam 2019
CT.
dinh duong
fl
12
fO CT.
gia the GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GT5 GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS CY(X) LSD.05(GV
LSD.05(f) LSD.05(GTxO
3 Mei- Rav 2.14 2.34 2.5 2.22 2.9 1.88 2.54 2.02 2.02 2.58 1,82 2,4 2,28 2,18 2,52
Chieu ngay
Hazera- 55003 2,22 2,21 1.9 2.03 2.89 1.93 2.18 2.47 2.0S 3.21 2.34 1.98 2.39 3.16 3.27
cao cay gidng sau moc (cm) 6
Mei- Rav 6.68 6.88 6.2 5.87 8.32 6.39 6.98 6.32 5.97 8.65 6,57 6,79 6,52 6,01 8,77
ngay Hazera-
55003 6,57 7,02 6,13 6,09 8,63 5,98 6,47 6,98 7.92 8.97 6.72 7.21 4.72 6.19 8.23
10 Mei- Rav 11.4 14.5 11,8 10,5 16,2 10,4 12,1 9,8 8.2 14.1 10.1 8,7 8,7 7,3 13,3
ngay Hazera-
55003 8,24 10,34 8,12 9,97 12,86
6,56 12,35 9,12 11,23 14.72 9.2 11,24
5,46 9,1 11,17
Chidu cao cay xuat vudn (cm)
(12 ngay) Mei-
Rav 12,3 15.6 12.4 11.0 16.9 11.9 13.6 10.2 9.8 15.9 11,7 9,2 8,9 8.1 1 14.2 4.6 0.22 0.28 0.48
Hazera- 55003 9,2 14 9.6 10,6 14.1 7,2 14,5 9,8 13,2
16 10 12,2
6,1 10 12,4
6,7 0,57 0,73 1.27 Kdt qua nghien ciiu ddng thai tang truong chidu
cao cay va chieu cao cay cudi ciing cua gidng Mei- Rav va Hazera-55003 b bang 1 cho fliSy; Hai gidng dua Mei-Rav va Hazera-55003 cd tdc do tang tiwng chieu cao va chieu cao cay cudi cung hrong duong nhau trong cimg dieu kidn nghien ciiu.
Khi khong su dung dinh duong (10) tren 5 cong thiic gia the tir GTl-den GT5 cho thay; 6 cong thii gia die GTS cho cay gidng sinh tiudng voi tdc do tang tiirong dn dinh. nhanh. cay gidng co chieu cao cay khi xuat vudn gidng Mei-Rav dat 14 9 „ „ .
^•».i cm va Hazera-55003 dat 12.4 cm. chat luong cay gi^ng t ' t Trong khi dd cay gidng d cac cong thuc: GT2 GT4 160 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 7/2020
KHOA HOC C O N G N G H E va GTS cd tdc do tang trudng chieu cao c^y th&p va
cao cay cudi cung, dat 6,1-8,9 cm. Nghien cuu tac ddng giiia phan bdn va hdn hop gia the bSu den sinh trudng phat trien chieu cao cay Khi ap dung dmh duong cho cay gidng vdi cdng ^^ *^^^* luong cay gidng cho thay: khi su dung dinh duong (fl) tdc dp tang trudng chieu cao cay va chidu cao cay cudi cung d gia the GT2 va GTS cho thuc dinh duong (fl va f2), bieu hidn chidu cao cay
gidng Mei-Rav d cdng thuc fl (GTS) dat 16,9 cm va
fl (GT2) dat lS,6cm, gidng Hazera-5S003 d cdng thiic ^^^ ^"^ ^°^ "^^t ^ ^ " ^^ 2 gidng (Mei-Rav va Hazera- fl (GTS) dat 14,1 cm va fl (GT2) dat 14 cm, dat cao ^5003).
nhat.
Bdng 2. Anh huong cua hdn hpp gid thi bau vd dinh dudng bd sung d^n chat lupng cdy gidng dua chuOt xujft
CT.
dinh duong
fl
(2
fO CT.
gia the GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS
Ty le nay mSm
»)
Mei- Rav 98.5 98.7 95,5 95.9 97.5 95,7 98,5 95,6 95.1 97.1 96.2 98.5 95,9 96,3 97,6
Hazera- 55003 96,2 95,8 97,4 96,2 94.1 89.7 84.1 88.7 90.7 90.1 91.1 93,2 95,8 92,1 93.7
Sd la that 04) Mei- Rav 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1,9 2,0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 2.0
Hazera- 55003 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1,9 2.0 2.0 1.8 2,0 2.0 1.9 2.0
Do ddng deu cay gidng (%) Mei- Rav 95.9 98.5 96.1 95.7 98.5 93.9 98.4 98,4 95.2 98.5 95.2 96.3 90.8 88.7 99.4
Hazera- 55003 96.4 97.5 93,8 94,6 96,4 94,7 98.3 93.6 94.7 95,7 92,5 96,3 90.8 90.6 96.2
Ty le xuat viron {%)
Mei-Rav 92.7 97.3 90.2 89.8 98.6 88.5 95.2 90.3 89.7 95.6 82,5 73.2 64.3 60.9 98.2
Hazera- 55003 90,9 94.2 91.5 87.4 96,2 88,4 90,2 90,8 88,3 92,4 89,3 90,2 89,6 87,3 92,4 Nghien ciiu ve sd la that/cay va ty le (%) cay
xuSt vudn duoc ti-inh bay d bang 2. cho thay: khi ap dung hdn hop gia the a cdng thiic GT2 va GT5 va dinh duong bd sung d cong thiic fl cho san xuit cay gidng dua chuOt (Mei-Rav va Hazera-55003) cd tdc dp ra la nhanh nhat. chat luong cay gidng tdt nhat:
sau moc 12 ngay cay dat 1.8 - 2.0 la. dd dong deu cay gidng dat 97.5-98.5% va ty le xuit vudn dat 98.3- 99.496.
3.2. KA qua nghidn ciiu hdn h(ip g i i t h i vi dinh duOng trong s i n xuSt ciy gidng c i chua
Ket qua nghien cim (Bang 3) dong thai tang trudng chidu cao cay va chidu cao cay cudi cimg cda gidng Monaco vi Hoang Anh 1 tien ciing didu kien gii the vi loai dinh duong bd sung cho thay: su dung dinh duong cong tinic (fO). cho cay gidng a 5 cong tiiuc gia die khac nhau. GTl-ddn GTS. cay gidng d cong thuc GTl. GTS sinh tiirong vol tdc do t ^ g tiirdng nhanh vi chieu cao ciy cudi cimg dat 12 cm (Monaco) va 8.0 cm (Hoang Anh 1). Cay gidng d c i c cong tinic GT2, GTS va GT4 phat tiien tdc dd cham vi chieu cao cay chi dat 4.4 - 5.5 cm.
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NOHE
Bang 3. Anh huong c i a cic cdng thiic g i i t h i b k v i dinh duong bd sung ddn tdc do tang trudng chifc cao cay (ri/(npr ^a r-tina nSm?019
CT.
dinh duong
fl
£2
ffl CT.
gii did GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS C I W LSD.05(GV
LSD.05(0 LSD.05 (GTxD
Chieu cao cay gidng sau mpc (cm) 5 ngiy
Monaco 3,1 3,2 2,7 2,86 3,43 3,41 2,9 2,87 2,58 3,21 2,89 2,56 2,35 2,46 2,98
Hoing A n h l 3,12 2,92 2,56 2,43 2,78 3.13 2,93 3,01 2,98 3,12 2,76 2,45 2,32 2,56 2,78
10 ngiy Monaco
7,6 7,5 6,7 6,1 8,3 8,7 6,9 6,8 4.9 8.3 7,7 4,7 4,2 5,06 7,1
Hoang A n h l
8,7 6.6 4,9 5,0 7,5 10,1 5,8 7,4 5,9 9,7 7,2 4,1 3,8 3,9 5,5
15 ngiy Monaco
12,3 11,2 10,8 10,3 8,5 12,4
7.1 11.7 7,9 12,6 10,6 6,8 6,7 5,3 7,8
Hoang A n h l
9,8 8,4 6,2 6.1 8.6 10.4 6.2 9.8 7.7 11.8 7.5 4.3 5.1 4,1 5,7
Chidu cao cay xuat vudn (cm) (20 ngay) Monaco
14,0 12,6 12,9 11,5 13,8 14,5 13,5 12,2 9,5 14.4 10.5 7.5 8 5.5 10.5 3.7 0.3 0.38 0.66
Hoing A n h l 11.2 10,9 7,5 7,1 10,5 10,9 12,3 11,7 8,9 12,5
9,7 4,5 5,5 4,4 9,8 4,1 0,25 0.33 0,57 Tuy nhien, ty Id cay gidng xuat vudn, dd dong d&u cua cay gidng tdt nhat d cdng thiifc flGT2 va flGTS dat 98,5-99,2% va tieu chuan xuat vudn dat tir 95,2-97,8%.
Khi bo sung dmh duong cho cay con vdi phan bdn (fl va f2) kdt qua nghien cuu tong hgp d bang 3 cho thay: gidng Monaco d cdng thuc fl (GT2) dat 12,6 cm va fl (GTS) dat 13,8 cm; gidng Hoang Anh 1 d cdng thiic fl (GT2) dat 10,9 cm va fl (GTS) dat 10,5 cm dat cao nhat.
Bang 4. Anh huong ciia hdn hpp gia thi biu vd dinh dudng bd sung ddn c h ^ lugng cdy gidng cd chua xu^t vudn, nam 2019
CT.
dinh duong
fl CT.gii
tiie
GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl
Ty le nay mam (%) Monaco
98.2 97.8 95,4 97,2 93,1 93,7
Hoang A n h l 93,7 95.1 97.9 94.1 96.1 94.3
Sd l i that fli) Monaco
3 3 3 2 3 3
Hoang A n h l 3 3 3 2 3 3
Do ddng deu cay gidng (%) Monaco
97.4 99.2 94,1 95,6 96.5 95.4
Hoing A n h l 95.1 98.5 96.8 97.6 97.2 95.7
Ty 14 xuat vudn (%) Monaco
92.5 97.8 91.8 92.4 98.5 89.7
Hoing A n h l 90.9 95.2 93.8 92.4 94,2
~9W~
162 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 7/2020
KHOA HOC CdNG NGH|
£2
fO GT2 GTS GT4 GTS GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS
94.1 97.7 93.7 97.1 94.1 96.2 97.8 93.1 95.7
97.4 93,5 93,3 96,3 92.1 95.1 93.7 96.5 97.5
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
96,3 98,1 94.8 96.9 94.2 94.7 95,2 90,4 98,4
95,3 97,6 93,7 94,7 95,5 94,3 94,8 93,6 98,2
95,4 93,5 92,3 94.2 90.7 87,2 89,3 88,9 92,5
96,9 92,8 89,3 92,4 92.3 89,2 88,6 85,3 94,4 3.3. Gia thdnh sdn xuat vd hi§u qud kinh t^ san
xu^t cdy gidng CNC
hao khay bau, cdng lao ddng...Tuy nhidn, trong nghien cuu nay, chi tinh chi phi cho san xuat cho cac _ , , . , , , , , cdng thuc hdn hgp gia the bau. Cac chi phi khdc Gia thanh cay giong duoc tinh boi cac chi phi ^ ^ , , ' . . ^i_. . .,
., , . , . . . ' , ' , . . . . , . tuong tu nhau cho cac cong thuc nghidn cuu.
bao gom: chi phi gia the, chi phi hat giong va khau
Bdng 5. Tdng chi phi sdn xu^t 01 hdu gid thd sdn xu^t cdy gidng cd chua, dua chuQt uog dung cdng ngh^ cao Loai gia the
GTl GT2 GTS GT4 GTS
Don VI tinh (Kg)
1,0 1,0 1.0 1,0 1,0
Don gii (ddng/kg)
4.850 3.300 3.350 3.500 9.800
Sd bau/1 kg hdn hop gia thd
75.6 141.8 158.2 161.3 117.7
Thanh tien (ddng/bau)
64.2 23.3 21.2 21.7 83.3 Cdc hdn hgp gia thd khac nhau, chi phi khac
nhau: d cdng thiic GTl (TNI) la hdn hgp gia the chuyen dung, gia 1 kg hdn hpp la 4.8S0 ddng/kg, chi phi 1 bau cdy gieo hat la 64,2 ddng. O gia the GTS (BVB- Israel), gia nhap 9.800 ddng/kg va 1,0 kg dugc 117,7 bau cay, nhu vay gia 1 bau la 83,3 ddng. Hdn hop GT2 (30% dat phu sa + 60% xo dira + 10% trau hun), gia thanh la 23,3 ddng/bau, bdng 36,3% so vdi hdn hop gia the GTl va 27,9% vdi gia the GTS.
4 . KET LUAN VADE NGHI 4.1. K^t ludn
Xac dinh duoc cdng thiic phdi trdn hdn hgp gid th^ phu hgp; 30% dat phu sa + 60% xo dira + 10% frau hun va bo sung loai dinh duong NPK (13:13:13-TE), ndng dd 0,2% vao giai doan khi cdy dupc 6-7 ngay sau moc vdi dua chuot vd 12-14 ngdy ddi vdi cd chua. Cay gidng cho ket qua tdt nhat: do ddng deu dat 98,5%. ty le cay dat tieu chuan xuat vudn > 97.3%.
Cdy gidng san xuat tren cdng nghe hdn hgp gid the: 30% ddt phu sa + 60% xo dira + 10% hdu hun vd
dinh duong NPK (13:13:13-TE) gia thanh bdng 36.3%
so vdi hdn hpp gia the TNB 1 vd 27,9% so vdi gia th^
BVB cd ngudn gdc cua Israel.
4.2. Dd nghi
Ung dung cdng nghe gia the bau 30% dat phii sa + 60% xo dira + 10% trau hun va loai dinh duong NPK (13:13:13-TE), ndng dg 0,2% vdo san xuat cay gidng ca chua, dua chudt ung dung cdng nghe cao d quy md cdng nghiep tai cac tinh phia Bdc.
TAI UEU THAM KHAO
1. Hd Hiiu An vd cs (200S). Nghien cuu cdng nghe va thiet bi phu hop de san xuat rau an toan khdng dimg dat kieu cdng nghiep dat nMg suat, chdt luang, hieu qua cao. Bao cdo tdng ket de tai cap nhd nude (ma sd KC.07.20), Bg Khoa hpc vd Cdng nghe - Trudng Dai hgc Ndng nghiep Hd Ndi.
2. Cao Ky Son (2008). Nghien cuu quan ly dmh dudng cho cay ca chua, dua chuot tiong nha ludi theo hudng san xuat ndng nghiep CNC phii hop vdi didu kien Viet Nam. Bdo cdo tdng kdt de tai cap Bg.
N 6 N G NGHIEP V A PHAT TRIEN N O N G T H O N - KY 2 - THANG 7/2020 163
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H E
3. Austialian Hydroponic Association Inc (1993) 4. Carbonell A, Burlo F. Matidx J (1994). Effect Commercial Hydroponics in Aushalasia, A Guide for of arsenate on the concentration of micro - nuhients Growers Pro-Set Pty Ltd, Hobart in tomato plants grow m hydroponics culbire.
Joumal- of plant- nuWent USA, p.l987 -1903 THE RESULTS OF RESEARCH ABOUT AFFECTING OF SUBSTRATE AND N U n O n O N FOMULARS TO
QUALTIY OF TOMATO AND CUCUMBER SEEDLINGS IN HI-TECH PRODUCTION Doan Xuan Canh. Nguyen Thi Trang, Nguyen Dinh Thieu, Nguyen Thi Thanh Ha, Doan Thi Thanh Thuy
Summary
In order to improve the quality and the rate of vegetable seedling in industrial production for the Northern provinces, in 2019. the Field Crops Research Institute has sUidied and evaluated 5 substrate fonnulas and 3 different nutritional formulas affecting to the quality of tomato and cucumber seedlings. The results have identified Uie suitable substi-ate: 30% alluvial soil * 60« coir + 10% husk and nuWtion: NPK (13: 13: 13-TE).
0.2% concentraUon provided to cucumber plants at 6-7 days after growing and 12-14 days after growing for tomato plants. Seedlings have the best quality, the uniformity reached 98.5%. the rate of outplanting > 97.3%
and die cost decreased, only 36.3% of Uie TNBl substi-ate and 27.9% of die BVB subsfrate (imported from Israel)
Keywords: Tomato seedling, cucumber seedling production, nutndon and substrate.
NguW phan bi^n: GS.TS. Tran Khdc Thi Ngiy nhan bai: 16/3/2020 Ngay th6ng qua phan hita: 16/4/2020 Ngay duyftt dSng: 23/4/2020
164 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 7/2020
