DfA BltM G 6 D U 6 I
TRONG PHtrC H<?P DI Xf CH H 6 A DI£M
LAM M t DUNG *
1. ^ u i trinh phit hifn v i nghiSn cdu
Ll. Hiitc Hpp di tfch Hda Diim diu^c ip Hda Difim, xfi Cam Thjnh Ddng, dij xS Cam Ranh, tinh Khinh Hda, tpa d$ I l^SS' 15" vT bic, 109° 06'34 kinh ddng'.
Hoi Di£m l i tfin gpi cda khu phdc hpp di tieh bao gdm nhilu diu tfch cu dd v i di tdn m$ ting phin bd trfin nhOng gd, cdn Idn nhd hi|n dB bi biln dang nhilu do ho^t ddng nudi trdng thdy sin v i lim mudi cda ngudi din dja phuong. Trong phdc hpp niy, vit tich eda nhihig ling eu tid phin bd tr&n cic Gd Dinh, Gd Miiu, Gd Dudi, vit tfch eda khu chdn ngudi ehit t$p ming chd y l u trfin Gd Dinh.
Cho tdi nay nhOng h i khai qujU v i thim sit dupe md chd ylu d G& Dinh. Sau khi dupe phit hi$n v i o nam 1998 dja dilm n^ da trii qua nhilu lin thim sit v i khai qu|it v i o c i e nam 1999,2002, 2007, 2009 v i 2010 (Luong Ninh, Nguyin M?nh Cudng 1999; Nguyin Ding Cudng 2005; Bdi Chl Hoing v i nnk 2008) v i mdi dSy nhit l i khai qu$t cda Bio ting Ljch sd Vi|t Nam nim 2011 ^
Diu tich cda qui trinh cu tid phan bd tr£n mdt di^n tich khi rdng v i dupe n h ^ bilt chd ylu qua dia ting eda c i c hd dio ed noi cdn gtd l^i vd nhuyin thi, cd noi khdng cd nhuyin thi, diu tfch cua nhOng khu chdn cit ngudi chit dupe xem li mudn hon so vdi eu trd. Trong lin khai qu§t nim 2002 cua Vi|n Khio cd hpe da x i c djnh t|lp hpp md ting ed bdn lo^i hlnh bao gdm: chdn lin diu, hda ting, cii ting v i m$ dit (Nguyin Ding Cudng 2004).
Dpt khai qu|t 72m^ t^i Gd Dinh nfim 2007 (Bdi Chl Hoing v i nnk 2008) cho tiiiy mp ting d diy vda cd mdt v i i ndt tuong ddng vdi ting didc, ting tyc v i dd tdy ting eda duyin tiidng md chum v8n hda Sa Hu^nh vda mang nhOng n ^ riSng khie.
Dgt khai qu§t nim 20 U cda B i o ting Ljch sd Vi^t Nam eho kit qui cd hai giai do^n md ting sdm mudn khie nhau.
1.Z Gb Duii
G6 Dudi Ii ten gpi mdt gd dit cit cao khoing 3m - 4m so vdi mat rudng mudi xung quanh, c6 to? dddja IJ 1 l''53'I8,09" vTbic v i I09"06'39,39" kinh ddng v i n i m cich G6 Dinh Hda Difim khoing SOOm v l phfa ddng bie.
Vlt tfch cu dd tai gd niy d§ dupe Doin khai qu§t Vi§t - Nh^t do TS. Biii Chl Hoing phy trich phit hi$n tiling 2 nim 2007 v i doin cung d i md I hd diim sit nhd (hd tiiim sit 3). Tuy v$y kit qua khai qu^t cda hd diim 3 niy cdng nhu kit qui xd IJ hi|n v|t cda ting eu trd Gd Dinh H o i DiSm n&m 2007 chua dupe cdng bd ehi tilt^.
' PGS.TS. D?! hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi vit Nhfln vfln Ha Npi
Khdo ci hpe, id 313012
Nhir vfty. khi nghita cdu ph&c hpp dl dch niy, bto c»nh viec nh«n di|n ting thftc v i ting tyc trong bdi cinh vin hda i«ng hon, mdt vin d l khdng kim phin quan trpng. dd li tim hilu mdi quan he Ijch dfi v i ddng d«i giOa md ting v i cu dd dtmg ph^m vl phlh: hpp .
2. Kit q u i khai quft Gd Dudi nSm 2007 2.hHikhaiqu9t
Hd I (07.HD (0D).H1) dupe md d luftn tfy bie cda gd. hd cd dien tIch IStn* (3m x 5m).
hudng bic lech ddng 20°. cich hd diim sit diing 2 nim 2007 khoing 70cm.
Hd 2 (07.HD (QD).H2) dupe md d sudn ddng nam eda gd, dien tieh 12m* (3m x 4m), hudng bic llch ddng 20°.
2.2. ciu tpo dfa ting
Ldp dit canh tha diy khoing 0.15m - 0.20m, dit cit xim rit mjn. trong ldp niy c6 mdt sd minh gdm thd vvn, gdm tinh mjn miu dd v i minh vd vd nhiq^ln thi nhilu I09I.
r i n g vtUi hoi diy khoing 0.70m • 0,80m, ting vin hoi xuit 10 tix khoing cuii ldp 2 v i kli dide vio diu Idp 7 (mdi ldp d i o diy 0,10m), m^t sd di tfch nhu bip, cym gdm cdntai v i o sinh did khoing 0.10m - 0,20m, dit trong ting cd miu xim den, cdng, nin chJt v i chda nhilu vd nhuyfri till, d i minh vyn. Ting vBn hoi dupe nh^n bilt qua sy hiln dien cda nhOng tich tv vd sd, xuong ddng vft, duui tro v i gdm vd t!^ trung diinh timg dim. Ting vftn hoi phin bd khdng diu, diy hon v i tfp trung hon d phin dinh gd, hien d^ng eho tiiiy, cd nhilu khi nflng ting vin hoi vdn diy hon nhung dS b | phi h i ^ mdt phin phia tr£n.
Diy l i di chl cd m$t ting van hoi, d nhfhig Idp trAn (td Idp mat din ldp 3) cd mOt sd minh gdm tinh mjn, miu dd, ving nh9t, mdt sd cd trang tri vBn in d vudng, ngoii ra edn cd mdt sd minh bin sd men d i u xanh xim, nhthig minh gdm niy ed ni£n dfi mdt vii thi ky sau CAng nguyta, tucmg duong giai dofn Ddng Hin - Lpc Triiu, tuy vfy, hifn v$t eda giai dofn niy trong hd khai qu$t khdng nhilu v i khdng tfo thinh Idp vin hoi ri€ng biet
Sinh thd li eit miu ving sing, hft to tin.
2J.Dltfch
• MO dbg: I mO dit dupe phit hiOn dong Idp 2 v i 3 eda hd I (kJ hiOu 07.HD.GD.HI .MI). MO chdn nim ngda, hai biy dudi thing dpc dieo thin, Xuong edn khi nguyta vfn nhung hai chfln khdng diy dd, phia dta di edt ed khi nhilu td mdi, khOng c6 dd tuj' ting. Nhthig n ^ i t a cdu ban diu eho diiy mdt sd hien tupng benh 1;^ v i tyc nhuOm ling, nhd ring. Xit v l m^t vj trt cQng nhu ciu tfo dja ting, cd nhilu khi ning mO dupe chdn v i o noi cu trd v i chua till xic djnh dupe nita dfi). Kilu mO dit nhu ifal niy cQng dupe phit hien tfi Gd Dinh dong cuOc d i o diim sit nfim 1999 cda V i ^ Khio cd hpc.
- Tfch ty eym sd: Trong c i hai hd cd 9 cym (6 cym trong hd 1 v i 3 cym dong hd 2). NhOng cym sd niy da phin l i tfch ty ric dide fin v i vlt tieh dun niu eda eu dfln, trung dd c6 m O t ^ cym edn tii^khi rd d ^ vlt bip Ida.
- Bip: Trong sd nhOng cym sd ndi trin, mOt sd eym cd nhilu khi nfing l i bip. B i p diudng ed dfng hlnh gin b i n , nhilu dian tro, khi nhilu vd sd bj ddt chfy, dong bip diudng c6 phi diii tiidc fin nhu xuong, ifing c i , cing tdm, cua, xuong dOng v^t v i mOt sd cdng ey xuong, cdng ey d i v i minh gdm vd. Diln hlnh l i bip Dong cym sd 2 hd 2, dong bip niy cd dian do, vd sd chiy, xuong dOng v^t, mOt sd dd xuong v i cdng cy di.
- Hd cOt (?): Trong hd 1 d Idp sit sinh did (diy Idp 6 diu Idp 7). cd mdt sd hd ddn hay gin vudng nhd, dit dong hd miu diim hon so vdi dit xung quanh v i ddi khi cd lin minh gdm.
Lim My Dung - B|« dilm G6 Oufil..
- Cym gdm: Trong eic cym sd cd khi nhilu minh gdm vi d mOt sd noi gdm minh Idn tip dung tiiinh timg cym. Trong Idp 6 vi 7 tfi 0 cl cia hd I cd I cym gdm li nhdng minh vd cda I ndi gdm ldn, gdm khi mdng vi edng, cym gdm niy nfim ngiQ' trta sinh did.
2.4. Dl vfit
- Dd sit: Chl ed vii minh vd cda lao vi dao sit dupe tim diiy trong eie Idp d*n (td LI din L2) cda hd khai qu§t, tir Idp 3 xudng khOng phit hiln diiy hita v^t sit.
- Dd ddng: cd 1 hat deo bing ddng (cd dil li mOt lofi cdc io) vi I minh khuy«n mdc deo cda hft deo gidng nhu dil dupe tim diiy d d b3, ldp 3 eda hd 2, lof i niy cflng dupe thn diiy * di chi VTnh Yta (Khinh Hda).
- Dd xuong: Dd xuong cd cdng cy vi trang sdc. Trong nhdm cdng ey ed mfli nhpn, lao, nhdm trang sdc cd h«t chudi dupe lim td ddt sdng ci, mOt sd ddt sdng ci dang dupe ehl tic diinh hft chuSi nhung chua xuyin l5, cd IE dang lim dd.
- Dd tiiuj tinh; Chi cd 1 hft cudm miu ving dye (dang hft Indo-Pacific) di bj vd dupe tim diiy trong ldp 4. d a3 hd 2.
- Dd di: IChdng tiiiy riu hay bdn di, chl cd chiy di, di cd vlt sd dyng, hdn ghi vi mOt vii minh bin mii.
- Dd gdm: Ngoai trii mOt sd It minh gdm tinh mjn vi bin sd phit hien d cie Idp trSn, cdn l^i gdm d di chl niy Ii lofi gdm did, pha khi nhilu cit vi san nhd. Gdm c6 hai miu chd dao li gdm xuong xim dd, io xim dd vi gdm xuong den, io xim dd, ngoii ra edn ed mOt It gdm xuong dd, io dd, trfin bl m{it diudng dinh Idp miu tring xim vi gdm xuong den, io den nhung khdng milt ting nhu lofii gdm xuong den, io den trong khu mO ting d Gd Dinh.
Lofi hbih: Dd dyng vi dd dun niu, rit ft gdm cd chin dl, khdng diiy lofi bit chin cao, mSm bdng hay nip gdm (Bdn vS 1).
Hoa van: Lofi vfin ky thu$t chd ylu li vfin chii, gin nhu khdng thiy vfin didng, vfin trang trf cd cie lofi nhu in Idm, in m ^ vd sd, in chim que nhilu rang, khic v^eh, vin in, td miu...
Ky diu$t: Nhilu lofi ky thu^t dupe sd dyng trong chl tic dd gdm d dja dilm niy. Phd biln li ky diuit nan tay kit hpp vdi ky thu$t bin xoay chtai- ^ diy cdn cd hita tupng gia cd mieng gdm bing kydiultvi.
2.5. Tdn tich thirc dn
Ting vSn hoi d diy dupe ciu tao td dit mdn, cit, tin tich thue in vi cdng cy lao ddng, dd gdm... vd nhuyin till phin bd khdng diu trong ting van hoi, diudng t ^ trung diinh tdng cym quanh hay trong khu vyc bip, Ichi nhilu minh bfin trong ed than tro hay bj ehiy, lln trong nhOng eym sd niy cd khi nhilu minh gdm Idn, than tro, xuong ei, chim vi xuong dOng v$t Idiic. Trong sd nhuyin thi cd thi nh§n bilt dupe mOt sd loii gpi theo t6n dja phuong nhu dc nhiy, de huong, de ngya, hiu, sd Idng, s6 hi^lt.... nhOng loii niy hien vin cdn dupe cu din dja phuong khai thic, tuy v^y, hiu nhu khdng thiy cdng cy lim bfing vd nhuyin thi nhu mOt si di tfch khic cdng thdi d Khinh Hda, trong hd I chl cd I minh n ^ eda de m^t trfing loai nhd (lofi nguyta lifu hay dupe sd dyng lim cdng ey giai do^n h$u ky Di mdi vi so ky Kim khf d khu vye).
Dya vio sd lupng vd nhuyin till cd thi thiy khai thic thuy, hii sin lim thue fin cd vai trd ding
ke. Tuy viy, lupng dam chfnh trong bOa in cda cu din Gd Dudi dupe khai thie td ngudn thjt ddng vit
mi hp bit dupe. Trong di tfch, ed khi nhilu xuong eda loii thd nhd, ehim vi mdt sd loii thd I6.i, xuong
cda mpt sd loii thd Idn cdn dupe ddng de chl tic cdng cy.
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3.1. Tinh chit cia Gb Duii
G6 Du6i 1ft dja di^m cu tru, mO Hing chi xuAt hi^n nhu hi§n hrgmg don 14 vft chua du^c xdc djnh chac Chan vJ ni«n d?i, hijn vjt vft c4u tao dja ting cho thSy, tinh chit van h6a cu trt 0 6 Du6i gi6ng vcH liSp cu mi 0 6 Dinh, ting cu trt ft eft hai g6 (vft eft ft 0 6 Mi^u) diu eiu tao tCt tich ty vft s6 vft thiic in, cum than tro, ih g6m, d6 dft, d6 xuong vft d4 bang nhuySn thi.
Lim My Dung - Dja dilm Gd Dutfi...
3.2. NISn dpi khu cit trA Gd Duii
Dya trta phin tich vi nghita edu so sinh hiOn v$t gdm, kim lofi vi ciu tfo dja ting, cd thi cho ring khu cu trd Gd Dudi cd niin dfi diuOe so ky didi dfi dd Sit, trong khoing mOt vii till ky trudc Cdng nguy£n din diu Cdng ngi^ta. Trong dd gdm khdng cd sy diay ddi ding kl nio td sdm din muOn. Hi^n v8t gdm. di, nhio-ln till vi xuong cho diiy cd nhilu ylu td kl dida ttr van hoi Xdm Cdn vi vin hda tiln Sa Huynh. Giai dofn sdm. cdng ey bfing xuong vi bfing di chilm vai dd chd dfo, td khoing cta kl Cdng nguyta xuit hiOn dd ddng vi dd sit Nhflng minh gdm kilu Hta vi minh bta sd Hta - Lye Triiu cho diiy td Cdng nguyta trd di ed sy tich hpp cda nhflng ylu td vta hda mdi. Nhu vjly tf i di tfch diln ra qui trinh din chuyin b i ^ vta hoi nhung lita tyc td so sd sang giai dofn ljch sd.
3.3. T6ih chit cia phic hpp dl tich Hod Diim qua nhttng lin thai qu^t 3.3.1. Tinh chit di chi: Nhdn diin ldp cw tru qua nhOng tin khai qudt
Trong dpt tiiim sit nim 1999, d hai hd diim sit 4 vi 5, phit hiln khu cu trd trSn cdn sd, ting vta hoi diy 6Scm, ciu tf o td vd de, sd. Hien vftt cd I dd sit d HI ngay noi cd mO^, theo bio eio, sit ehi tim d i ^ d khu nghTa dja. Hien vft xuang, vdng bfing vd nhuyin thi vi dd gdm tim thiy d ci hai khu nghta dja vi cu trd. Dtag chd y li 6 dpi se chl bfing ddt sdng ci, tit ci diu tim diiy tf i hd 5 Idp 4 trong cic d b2, b4, chdng cd dudng kinh 2,6cm, diy 0,9em, dudng kfnh l5 O^cm^. Nhu v^y diu tich cu tni d diy cd nA tuong ddng vdi khu cu trd d Gd Dudi. Theo nhihig ngudi khai qu^t, ni€n dfi khoing trta dudi 2000 BP (Luong Ninh, Nguyin Mfnh Cudng 1999).
CuOe khai qu§t nfim 2002 xuit 10 ting cu trd diy khoing 70cm - 80cm, cd ciu tfo chu ylu td cic ddi ty vd nhuyin did, xuong dOng v$t, tiian tro, c ^ g cy di, edng ey xuong... Nhflng tfch ty niy phta bd tiiinh tihig nhdm, cym. HiOn v|t chd ylu li cdng ey di nhu riu, hdn mii, cuOi mii, nghiin, chay ngjiiln, di nguySn lieu, cdng cy bfing vd nhuyin Ihl vi cflng ey bang xuong nhu mui nhpn xuong.
Trong ting cu trd khdng phit hien dupe nhilu hien v|t kim lofi, dieo btag didng ke hifn v§t sit trong bio cio khai quit nfim 2002, cd tit ci 49 hien v^t sit, trong dd 46 hien v§t tim tiily trong cic cym md, chi cd I dao vi 2 manh sfit tim diiy trong Idp 1 eua ting cu trd (Nguyin Ding Cudng 2005). Do gdm trong tii^ cu dd cd mdt sd nit tuong ddng vdi gdm md, nhung lofi hhih vi trang trf don gita hon nhilu. Gdm eu trd phin Idn tiiuOe lof i hbih nil vi bit Ting cu tiii di bj mOt sd mO muOn chfln vio phi vd, ddng tiieri cflng cd mOt sd mO chdn cdng diiri.
CuOc khai quit nfim 2007 (Bdi Chf Hotag vi nnk 2007) vdi hd dio rdng 48m^ da phit hifin ting vta hoi diy td 40em - 60cm, ehia diinh hai ldp: Ldp hfin li ldp mO ttag diy td 20cm - 40cm, ldp dudi li Idp cu bTJ diy tir 20cm - 30cm chda nhilu vd sd, minh gdm vd vi xuong dOng v$t. Mfl chum chdn vio ei Idp vta hoi dudi (tdc Idp cu tiii), theo kit qui niy till Idp cu dd d Hoi DiSm cd trudc vi mO ttag cd sau. Tuy nhifin trong bio eio khdng diiy nhttng ngudi khai qu§t dl e(lp din ndi dung, tinh chit vi nita dai eda Idp cu trd vi mdi quan hi gitta eu trd vdi mO ttag.
CuOe khai quit nfim 2010, vdi hd I (I2m^) vi hd 4 (2Im^) ehi phit hien ting vta hda cua Idp eu trd mi khdng cd mO ttag. Ting vta hda diy 20cm - 30em vi phd tota bO dien tIch cic hd. Ting vta hda chd ylu chda cie cym vd eda eic loii nhuyin till (khotag 20 loii), nhilu loii c6 kfch diudc ldn.
Trang tri do gdm khu cu trd cd mpt sd ndt hiong ddng vdi trang trf gdm d khu mO ttag, dd Ii phuong p h ^ in btag dii vd s6 (Bdi Chl Hotag vi cOng sy 2008).
Td nghita cdu so stah ting cu trd Gd Dudi vdi ting eu tiii Gd Dinh - Hda Difim, cd tiie nit ra mOt sd nhta xiX sau:
- Ttag eu trd dupe tfo diinh bdi tfch ty v6 nhuyin till, xuong, rtag dOng vit, ei, cdng cu da vi
dd gdm vd, diy tu 30em - 80em.
Khdo ci hpc, td 3/2012
- 6 Od Dudi, hien vit kim lofi ehl xuit hiln tr gial dofn muOn. 6 Idp 1-3 (khoing 30cm trd Ita).
6 Gd Dinh, tiieo cic md t i v i tiidng k i hlOn vft cda cuOc d i o diim sit 1999 v i khai quft nim 2002 rang Idp cu trd hien vft kim lofl rit hilm g^p. Trong dpt diim sit nim 1999, dd sit chl tim diiy dong lu mO ting. E)pt khai qu|t nfim 2002, chf cd I dao v i 2 mtah sit dupe tim dong Idp 1 eda ting eu trd vNguyin Ding Cudng 200S). V l lof I hlnh, nhflng dd sit dvng c i c ldp trta eda Od Dudi gldng vdi dd sit bt)ng mO Gd Dinh, nita dfi cda dd sfit d c i Od Dudi v i 0 6 Dinh diu v i o khotag cfn k l v i sau Cdng nguyta v i xuit 10 cdng tiidi vdi dd ddng, gdm tinh mjn. Sv xuit hien cda sit, ddng v i gdm tinh mjn cho diiy qui dinh diln b i ^ vta hda d phdc hpp di tieh Hda Dilm tir sdm din muOn khi ddng diu d e i Gd Dudi iSn Gd Dinh.
- Dd gdm thd cua ting cu trd c i d Od Dudi v i Od Dinh chi gdm mOt sd lofi hlnh cda dd dun iiau vi dd dyng nhu: Bit milng khum, diy hlnh chdm ciu, thta khdng hoa vta hay ed vfin chii. Ndi milng loe vdi nhilu kilu biln tiiita. tiiinh milng trang tri vta in i n lOm hay in d i i m , ndi mitag khum, dd gdm cd chta d l cao vira loe ehofii...
Dd gdm dang tri vta chii chilm ti le tdn (hiu nhu khdng cd vta thimg), nhOng 1^ tiiufi tfo hoa vta trang di khie nhu vta chii kit hpp khie vfch v i in in, in i n mdng tay. in m ^ sd, in que nhilu rtag, tfl miu... diu diiy trtn dd gdm cu trd. Dd gdm tinh mjn vdi milng hQ h ^ bbih cd mieng udn coa%
ra ngoii, cd cd trang df dupe tim thiy c i trong khu eu trd lln khu mO ttag.
Tfi Idp trta (1-3) eda Gd Dudi ed gdm kilu Hta vta in d vudng v i gdm men Hta - Lye Triiu.
6 Gd Dinh, trong c i ting cu dd v i khu mO ttag diu khdng diiy tiidng b i o v l lofi gdm niy.
Nhu v^y, diu tich eu dd cda cu dta ed Hda Difim phta bd hiu khi^ d c i c Gd Dbih. Od Miiu, Gd Dudi. Sy nhta diln ting cu trd d Hoi Ditai chd ylu qua nhflng diu tfch b ^ , eym gdm. dch ty didc ta nhuyin dil, xuong c i , xuong dOng vit nhd nhu chim, gia cim v i xuorng ddng vft cd vd viia v i ldn.
edng ey di, cdng cy xuong, trang sdc bfing vd nhuyin till. Hita vfit kim lofi hilm v i chl dily d giai dofn mudn cda cu trd. Ting eu trd niy cd dO diy td 80an - 30cm v i dfi bj phi huy d mdt sd noi do n>0 ting ctag thdi hay muOn hon chdn vio.
Nien dpi cua ting cw tni: Dya v i o nita dfi C'^ cda hd khai quft Gd Dinh nfim 2007 cho kit qui: (I). Mlu dian 2445 ± 25 BP v i (2). Miu vd sd 2970 ± 20 BP. Do vd sd khdng phii l i chit liOu ly mdng cho phta tieh nita dfi C " v i diudng cd sai s i Idn, n6n chdng tdi eho ring niCn dfi cda miu dun ed do tin c i y eao hon v i sit hon vdi ni«n dfi cda hien vjt khio ed hpc. CuOe khai quft nim 2002 ctag cd hai kit qui nita dfi c'* cda mlu dian v i mSu vd sd liy tti ting vta hda (eu dd). Miu dian cho nita dfi 2040 ± 100 BP v i mlu sd cho nita dfi 2310 ± 85 BP. E>dng didi c t a eli v i o lOfi hinh di v^t v i di tfch xuit 10. nhttng ylu td k l dida dong dd di, dd gdm v i dd xuong td vta hda Xdm Cdn v i nhttng dja dilm tin Sa Huynh khic nhu BSi 6 n g (Qutag Nam); Long Thfnh ((Jutag Ngfii) v i Trudng Xe (Binh Djnh), cd thi ude dota diu tich cu trd cd nita dfi khdi diu td dil ky III-IV BC v i k i o dii din nhflng dil ky diu Cdng nguyin. Nhttng mtah gdm tinh mjn (lofi gdm Chfim kilu Hta) v i dd bta sd Hta - Lye Triiu d Gd Dudi cho diiy cd till cd nhflng tieh ty vta hda kio dii din sau till ky III A D . Nhu v$y, sy xuit hien cua kim lof i d khu vyc niy khi muOn so vdi khdng gian ciia vta hda Sa Huynh Bfic'.
3.3.2. Tinh chat cua khu mp tdng
Khu mO ttag phta bd trta Gd Dinh dupe tiiim sit v i khai qu§t nhilu dpt td nfim 1999-2011, dd Ii euOc khai qu^t thtag 8/2002, diln tfch !00m^ xuit 10 2 mO huylt dit, 24 mO chum; khai qugt tiling 1/2007, dien tieh 72m^ phit hien 16 mO ting gdm 14 mO chum v i 2 mO dit; khai qu$t nfim 2010 (Bdi Chf Hotag v i cOng sy 2010) phit hien 9 mO chum, vd v i 2 mO dit; khai qu§t tiitag 8/2011, vdi 54,5m^
phdt hien 26 mO chum v i mO huylt dit tiiuOc hai giai dofn sdm v i muOn, khdng cd ldp cu trd.
MO ttag Hda Di€m cd nhttng dje tnmg sau:
Lim My Dung - Bja dl^m Gd Dudi...
Ttag thdc: MO chum xen lln mO dit. sd lupi^ mO huyOt dit ft hon so vdi mO chum. MO dit cd hung ting, cii ttag vi chOn tupng tnmg. MO chum cd cii tidig, hoi ttag vi chdn tupng trung, dfc bilt eda mO ting H6a Diem li Idi chdn phdc hpp. MO chum Hoi Ditai vdi nhOng ttag tiidc vi dbig tyc dfi phit hien khdng khic so vdi nhttng phit hiOn d hang Tabon vio diOp ky 1970*. Chum quan tii Hda Diim rit da dfng vl hlnh dfng, kich cd vi trang tri. Ngofl trir tofi chum hlnh ciu ed kich thude ldn gidng vdi chum hlnh ciu cda eic di tich mO chum Sa Huynh Bfic vi Sa Huynh Nam d Vilt Nam dupe sta xuit cd le dinh riing cho mai ttag, nhttng chum quan dti khic vdi nhihig lofl hlnh da dfng vi trang tri d ^ ed nhilu khi ntag dupe tii tfn dyng tCr nhttng dd gdm khdng ehi dtah ritag cho myc dich chdn cit ngudi ehit'". Trong dd gdm tdy tiing Hda Diim. cie nhi i ^ i t a cdu ed till nhta t h ^ nhihig ylu td kl thda td giai dofn tiln Sa Huynh vi Xdm Cdn, vi trong dl gdm mO giai dofn muOn (td Cdng nguyta) ndi trOi nhit li ylu tb gdm Kalanay". Nhu vfty. ting thde Hda Diim gial dofn mnOn td- diu COng nguyta trdr vl sau gldng tdng thdc Tabon, gdm tdy ting vi gdm quan tii Hda Dfim gidng truyin thdng gdm I^lanay.
Cho din nay, eic nhi n^ita cdu da xic lep It nhit bdn td hpp/duyin tiidng gdm tiln so sd d
£}dng Nam A (hii dio), dd Ii Sa Huynh, Niah, Kalam^ vi Tabon. Mdi quan hi gitta nhttng td hpp n ^ khdng gidng hay bfing nhau. Dd cd nhttng liin hi genetic (ngudn gdc vi phit sinh) nhimg dfi phit tri^
dOc lep vdi nhilu tinh dja phuang vi chuyta hoi dong sta xuit". M5i duyin didng, tiijm chf mdi dja d i ^ trong tdng tiiiyln tiling diu cd nhflng lofi hinh gdm riing bilt (Hotag Thdy Quynh 2008X cd dil diln giii hiOn tupng niy bing sy hiln diOn cda sta phim dja phuong hay trao ddi htag hda gdm dfc biet cda mdi vdi^. Ngoii ra, khic biet mang tinh dja phuong cdn ed thi Ii hbih dide cda bilu hiln tOc ngudi, tdc li cich didc mi qua dd nhflng cOng ding cu dta duy tri bta sfic tOc ngudi cda minh (Hutterer
& MaeDonald 1982).
Nhu v|[y cd thi thiy ring td hpp gdm Sa Huynh Bic quan he ch|t chi vdi gdm Tabon, td hpp gdm Hda Diem (Sa Huynh Nam) vdi gdm Kalanay'^.
MO ting Hda Diim cd nita dfi sdm muOn khie nhau qua kit qui khai qu§t Nita ^ bit diu cda tai^ tilde mO dium d Hda Diim chua till xic djnh mOt cich chfie ehfin do chua cd nhttng dtt lieu cy till".
CuOe khai qu§t nim 2007 cho tiiiy ed 3 nhdm mO:
- Nhdm mp 1: Diu tich cda nhttng mO i^ay trta Idp sinh did.
- Nhdm mO 2: Diu tfch cda mO 13 vi mO 14.
- Nhdm mO 3: Gdm cic mO td mO sd 2 din mO sd 12. Theo nhttng ngudi khai qu§t, nhdm mO 3 niy cd do gdm tiiy ttag gidng gdm Kalanay vi cd niin dfi tir till ky I AD trd vl sau (Bdi Chi Hotag vi eOngsy20IO).
CuOc khai qu&t tiitag 8^011 xuit 10 "26 ng^i mO vdi 2 dfng ting tilde li mO chum vi mO huyit d^ vi cd niin dfi td sdm din mupn vi g ^ nhu khdng cd sy kl diCra vl lofi hlnh chum mO cflng nhu chit liOu gitta cic giai dofn mO ttag. Nita dfi cda Hda Diim trong nhttng cuOc khai qu&t lin dude da sd didng nhit khung niin dfi 2500 BC din Cflng nguyin mOt vii dtai nfim. Tuy nhiin, vdi nhflng phit hiOn lin niy cd till si diy Idi mdc niin dfi khdi dilm cho Hda Diem xa hon vdi sy xult hien eic mO chum 6 Idp dudi in sta xudng sinh did" (Nguyin Vta Cudng 2011).
Niin dfi kit tilde cda mO ttag Hda Diim dupe xic djnh dya trta nhflng tu lieu so sinh vdi cic
dja diem eu trd vi mp ting tiiuOe lofi hlnh Sa Huynh Nam cd nita dfi khdi diu Oorde Cdng nguyin vA
kio dai dta nhttng till ky diu Cflng nguyen d ViOt Nam vi mOt sd dja dilm khic d Dong Nam A
(Kalanay). Sy c6 mfit cda hien vit tdy ting cd ngudn gde Tnmg Hoa, An DO, Tiy A nhu tiln Ngu Thd
Tiy vi Ddng Hta, hft chuSi khic axit, hft chudi bing vtag, d$c biet li dd gdm diy ttag tinh mjn mta
Khdo ci hpe, td 312012
(Z Ku^»3
da bd, xim ding, vtag da com vdi nhttng lof I hlnh cdc chta cao dtU:, nip, binh... thudng cd m|t dwig cic dja dilm cd nlln dfi vii till ky diu COng Nguyin d EMng Norn A " .
Nhu vfty, niin dfi kit didc cda mO ding Hda Dllm khotag did ky III-IV AD.
3.3.3. Gim trong ting cwtnivdgim mi ting: Trong ddng gdm did ed dil nh$n diiy sy diong ddng gitta hai td hpp niy, dd li: a - ' - r p B B V
0. V i lof i hlnh: \ — - . ^ — / - Ndi milng loo. thinh mieng gfiy gfp tfo gd gSy tfitah milng HMil.l ngoii. Oitta miOng v* thta khflng cd gd gfiy gdc phta bilt. M l p mlOng 1/ H ] | y . ^ ^ M | , ddn. Thtah mieng ngoii phia trin gd gfiy gdc diudng cd dang dl hoa ^ / vta in chim, ho^c i n lOm, khic vfch (Hlnh 1.1). ^^^ ^ j
• Milng loe, thtah mieng giy gip tfo gd d tiiinh milng ngoii. n j 1 cd gd gfiy gdc phta biOt gitta mieng v i tiita. Trta tiitah miOng ngoii ^ | y diudng cd trang tri hoa vfin khSc vfch kit hpp vta in h o ^ in mlp sd. . . . Gdm cd kilu milng niy tiiudng trang df vfin chii trta thta, td cd trd
xxxhng (Hlnh 1.2).
- Mieng loe xiin, mip mieng trdn khum v i o tiong. Oitta m i ^ v i tiita cd gd gfiy gdc (Hlnh 1.3).
- Dd gdm cd chta d l eao vda, hoi ehofii ^//JrtA/.4f/ "'^'^
- Ndi gdm milng khum kilu khum khdng cd gd, mip milng ll fr/jfil^tM^
trdn thtah mieng khum vta trong (Hinh 1.5). '"
b.Vlhoavta "^'-^
C i d hai noi diu cd nhflng tuong ddng trong c i c dd ta hoa vta trta lofi mieng loe ^ v l kw Idng mtag, in chim, in i n Idm, khic vfch xiin, khic vfch trta nin vta chii. "Hiy nhita ritag gd Dudi cd hoa vfin dfng khudng nhfe; hoa vta nda vdng trdn mdc nhau cdn Gd Dtaih cd in cudng rf, tid l8, hlnh li v i trang tri dfng dudng xoiy trdn trin gdm den bdng.
Nhu v|y, sy gidng v i khic nhau trong c i c suu ttp gdm gitta c u trd v i mO ting xuit phit ti^ ba nguyin nhta:
-•- Ting cu trd v i khu mO ttag dd ed niin dfi kh6i diu sdm muOn khic nhau nhung dfi tdng cd mOt giai doan edng tdn tfi.
+ Sy da dfng dong ehit liiu v i lofi hlnh gdm d khu mO ttag so vdri khu c u dd do tfnh chit vta hda cda tdng noi quy djnh''.
+ Sy phong phd cda gdm (vl c i chit liiu v i lof i hinh) cda khu mO ting so vdi gdm eda ting cu trd cdn do mdi quan hi vta hoi vdi bin ngoii d thdi dilm c^n k l Cdng nguyin trd v l sau.
4. MOt sd v i n d l v l Hda Diim v i td Hda Diim
4.1. Tinh chit cw tr6 Hda Diim trong bii cdnh vdn hda Xdm Cin vd vdn hda tiin Sa Hu^nh Ting cu trd d phdc hpp di tfch Hda Diim cd nhttng nit hnmg ddng vdi eu dd eda cu dta vta hda Xdm Cdn v i eu dta Tiln Sa Huynh ttong khu vyc. Trong diln trinh vta hda tiln, s o sd Phd Yin, Khinh Hda v i Binh Thu^n cd dil nh^n bilt It nhit hai giai dofn sdm muOn (Bdng I), trong dd cd phdc hpp di chl cu trd Hda Diim tiiuOe v i o giai dofn muOn eda diln trinh niy.
Bdng /. Mpt so dja diim khdo cd hpc Tiin, Sasw Phd ySn. Khdnh Hda vd Binh Thudn
Ltm M? Dum • B!« dKm Gt Du<l...
filing /. Mdt litfa diim khio ci hpe Jlin, Soli Phi Ytn. Khinh Hia vi Binh Thudn
TT
1
2
3
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5
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8
9
10
^ d i f a n
Khe dng Ufa (PhaYCn)
G « 6 c (PhA YCn)
Giing B i a (Pha Yfar) CtaDlah (PhaYtn)
Rtag L M g Thiy (Pha YCn)
Sail M i y (Phu Yen)
X d n C i a (KMnh HAa)
V a n T i (Khinh H6a)
(KhMilfi^
VtahVCd (Khinh
H6a) Tinh chit
CiruO, diu Uch bip
C u t r i
GiAng G A O C GiAng caOc
MO ting
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Cutiii Diu tfch bip
GiOng van TCr
Cutrii mO ling
D|G diim cur ti4 CutKibtogb dllcildndlni nuAcTlng vtnhdadly BOan.dttinfi mkidntan dtyg&mnMi Cutrii trtn cin d l t i t dim nude
Cutrtt
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Diu vit cu trii trtn hai qui dii thip, diu vit mf trtn mOt Qui dil khic Cutrii trtn cin cit gin mipnute vung hay vinh bioi liin k i hmg
Cutrii ven b6. Ting van hAa diy trung tdnh 1.20cm, ken diyv6 nhuyin thi
Ting cu tri diy khoing lOOcm.
Diu tich cum ric bip, cum g i m v i d i t4p tiung
Mm n i U I n i
MiOng thiymf ting
KhOng cOfflO ting
KhOng cAmO tins
MO chum
hlnh ciu, v i n
chii
MO n i l chta ngiiCO bOgii, m f c h t a nim thing
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EM gOm: OOm giOng gdm 0 6 Oc O i dt: HOn ke, bin mit. phic vft rlu
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db , van chii chiim tl !( tuy^
dii, vin in m ^ s6 dOc lip hay kit hop vdi nhOng k? (hull tao hoa vfln khic
DOgim COm vin ddi G6 ti le
^ nhu luyet dii. hoa vin In diim vdi nhOng di in dOc Up. 16 miuvivEmiu EM di V| tri dOc tOn cda riu kb6ng vai, d9c bitl i i lo!U rlu hlnh thang die thu nh6, il d i tnng sac E)6kuti1o9i Khen!
EM gim . Phin Ita d i gim trang Iri vin diii, vin khic v^h It, vin in chim IL EMng luu y l i vin chii bCn trong, van in in bin ngoii (giing Quynh Van) D i d l Rlu hlnh Oiang die Oiu nhO chiim H If Ita, ll di liiing sac D i kim loll' KhOns
E}i g i m , D i di, D i kim loai:
DO gAm' Loai Mnh gOm don diOiL vto diii chiim tl le 98U ling sO minh oO hoe vm. it minh Owe M vin in m ^ sA vdi cic d i in giing
^HAeEWmcutia EM di, Rlu bOn chuOi nhpn, rlu hai vai cin, riu 11^ giic, due di. .E)i trang sac d i l l
^ kim lost: EM dinR v i d i sit Niin d f i ^ a i
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mlu than Idp 3 2300*
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Nien<kl udcdMbi 4000 din 3000 nim MnOn
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4140±g0 BP Sdm
Nien dai irtadoin 3500- 3000 nam cich ngiy nay Sdm
Sdrm
360BC- SOADvi 370BC-
30AD
Ghi chd
G i m minh vin (himg 39,97%
vin chii 6 ^ H
KhOng thiy d i xuraig, ibng.
Dua vio d|c diim di v|t c6 le thuOc giai dogn MuOn
t minh vdng vO ic
V i ling I h i gim R ^ Loiv llar^ mang nhiiu na giing gim Hoi [Mm (cv iriivimO ting sdm) Gim (inh myi d bi n4t mang djc diem cda gim giai da«n Ijdi sii sdm
Di dch bj phi hdy trudc khi kip nghtfn c ^ d i tay ling cO rlu ding ktiu DOcChaa
COng cu v i d i Irang sic bing v6 nhuyin Ihi Nien dai cdlhi khoing irOn 3O0O nam cidi ngiy
COng cu xuong nhiiu, ctag cu nhuyin thi It
V6 quan til hlnh ciu giing Rtmg Long Thuy v i Suii MSy Diu vit dUc ding rt na Ldp trtn cd gim linh mm thdi kJ lich sii sdm.
D i xuong v i nhuyin Uii It
Khdo el hpc, ll312912
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F U Tratai
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Cit trA n>»
ting
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TMOcm,o6 oiutfodia yiutacictid) lUvOnhuytn lhi.xiinig dOngv|t.ihan trc^cOngcv dl,GOngcu nama..
Trtn cin cit MOvOnil chOnvio ting vtfl hda COhiOn tuong luOl fflO
MOlini 06 hit do«n
•dmvi muOn
COI vit llch bip
to hop gim mO v l | n n cu tra oO mOt l i 1o«l hlnh ehung. MO glaj dovi mtiOn e i yiu t i gim Kilanaydlmnit Didl:Cuiia:didlK.dia)iu htagh^hdnkivibinlnti D i Urn tafi. D i kkn kli cM M ^ « iMbig Idp trtn cta cvnA EliAritakimloilcidAnKrfA EMgOm: Loii hbih chumqian tii hhih trdi« hbih tiv Ufci A i hlnh ci^. Oim ODni ting via Ma nhiiu bNi tai, vb. btalw nil. tiaiv Iri khic vidi kit hop Inchlfii, inmlpWafllpiiOi...
D i d i Rlu, dvc. bin mil, khuOn dac, d i trang idc, cuOl cd vit ((^ dung.
D i kim toll 10 liOu bin ding v i 02 lit (trong ting cu trlk, khtag phii trong mO
MnOn
3kilqui CI4 ItSOtdOBP 2IOat70BP 2iab7SBP khoing i i i k^nLn BCdh COng npijfa MnO>
khOiv Ihiy vin Mng, tta owig tried cic tali nhu in lOm, to m ^ vd A todn) que iMiu ling, thic i v ^
«in bl, tt mtaL. D i t i n thi cdi ting c u b t c t d ^ [ X i l v i # E U i d l g b mOlii loii fab* cda didM n i u t 4 d i d l m
1 hat chufti thdy tioh
D^c di^m chung cOa ph(te h^p di chl cu trO giai do^n mu^n nhu sau:
- S\T c6 m^t khi d^t ngOt ciia nhthig h ifn vft Icim lo^i d&ng vi sSt 6 nhOng I6p vta b6a tr£n ct^
di chl, nhOng h i ^ vft niy tuy It vi sA lupng nhung phin bi d ^ vi ding nh& vi hlnh 1091, diiu niy cfao th&y sv chuyin biin t£T giai do^n di di sang giai dofn kim khi is diy khOng phil li sy chuyin tiip d b din, kfo dii mi rit nhanh, vdi cufmg dO m^nh. T^i nhthig ldp vin h6a trAn citog cda c ^ di dii c6 sp hifn d i ^ cOa nhOng minh gdm tinh, mjn lofi chit lifu cite gim giai do^n ljch sft thudng tbn fitiy d cic dja diim giai doan sdm cda Champa vi 6c Eo.
- S\f thiiu ving cdng cy di mii vdi nh(hig b^i hlnh riu hlnh thang c6 die thu nhd, k>9i hbih di di phi b i ^ trong giai do^n sdm vi thay vio d6 khi nhiiu h6n k£ • ghi, h6n nghiin, bin miL.. Sy duty dii n ^ c6 thi lidn quan din phuong thtte khai thic tsf nhiCn nteg-biin cda cic ididm cu dte.
- Di gim: Ty 1$ di gim vin chii vi vin thfmg dao ding giOa cic dja diim, trang mOt si dja diim vin chii khdng c6n chiim r^ If tuyft dii nhu b giai doyn sdm.
4.2. Tinh ehit mfi tdng Hda Diim trong bii cinh m^ chum Sa Hu^nh vd mf chum Bdng Nam A
v i nien dfi m$ ting H6a Diim cd nhiiu giai dofn khic nhau, giai dofn %i(sm cb nhOng ntx diung vdi mO chum vd * Phii Y&i (nhu Rtmg Long Thiiy, Suii Miy), * Dflng Nam B$ (Suii Chin, Giing Ci Vi)... Ngay trtn dja bin Khinh H6a, trong mOt si di tich nhu Vlhh Y«n cOng cd minh chum kiiu H6a DiSm, chum hhih ciu... MQ chum H6a Diflm giai dofm sdm niy nim trcmg xu ttii chung cda ki^i hhih Sa H u j ^ Nam (truyin thing II) vi thi hifn xu thi da d«ng h6a cda ting thdc mi chum d giai dofn muOn tir cfn ki din sau C6ng nguyin. Dd li cic dja diim mO chum,'v6 6 "Nam Tnmg bi v4 Nam bi Vift Nam nhu Xdm ttc - Suii Chhih (dio LJ Scm, Quing Ngii), Riing Long thdy - GA B ^ Diu vi Suii Miy (Phd Yto), mO v6 VTnh Yin (Khinh Hda), H6a Vinh I, II" vi Phd Tru6ng (Btah Thiijn), Giing Ldn" (Bi Rja-VQng Tiu), Giing Ci Vi (Tp. Hi Chi Minh)... trong khi tniySi thing I - mO chum da chim ddt sy tin tfi cda minh''
Giai dofn mu^n, td Cdng nguyfin trd di, truyin thing m$ chum II niy di tiip nhfn nhttng yiu
ti mdi din din nhfJng thay dii trong ting thdc, ting tyc vi di tdy ling... NhOng m^ chum H6a Difim
giai dofn muOn ttr nhttng thi k;;* diu Cdng nguyfin trd di vi ting tfidc rit giing phdic hpp m$ ting
Tabon, trong khi lof i htah chum quan tii vi di tdy ting gim cd nh(hig tuoi^ ding ding ki vdi phdc
hpp gim Kalanay.
L i m My Dung • B|a d l l m Gd Dutfl..
Nhu v<iy, tit Cdng nguyin tr& di diin biin dia md chum d Neon Thing Bdcdxu hudng da dpng hod vd gin ^i han vdi Ddng Nam A hdi ddo
Nhttng tuong ding trong cich didc mai ting v i d i tdy ting (dfc bift li d i g i m tdy t i n ^ gitta Hda Diim vdi nhttng noi khic (die bift li vdi miin Ttung v i miin Nam Philipin) m ^ mft phin inh nhttng quan hf tiip xdc v i budn bin tiSn dio, IMn lye dja d Ddng Nam A Idc biy gid, mft khic cho d i ^ sy hlnh tiiinh v i [diit triin eda nhOng tnmg tim sin xuit g i m hing hda v i nhu ciu budn bin ntj^ viing, li&i vdng dip dng nhttng nhu d b d(ic bift khdng chi v i mft vft ehit m i quan trpng hon li v i tinh thin cda nhttng c ^ d ^ g cd chung nhttng quan nifm v i tin nguOng, ll nghi, ting tyc. Nhttng dpt di din v i o diu dii&i nito 1^ I COng nguyto trtn khfip lye dja A Au, dfc bift l i trtn biin Thii Binh Duong cOng ddng vai trd ding k i trong vifc trao dii nhttng gii trj vin hda vft thi v i phi vft thi, ed thi li sin phim nhfp nguyto chiic, cd thi l i sin - phim md phdng V^ thuft v i hlnh ding cQng nhu cdng vdi sy trao dii tn thdc nghf thuft cOng nhu tu tudng. Flaver cho ring nhfhig mSu hpa tiit ngofi lai thudng dupe cic c<^ng ding chpn lpc d i t i ^ nhfn v i kit qui ti sy phi biin kio dii hing n^bi nim cda nhttng md tip trang tri giing nhau trtn mOt khdng gian r^ng (Flavel 1997). Cdn Bacus giii thich nhttng tuong ding v i phong cich "cd thi l i kit qui khdng chl cda trao dii m i cdn l i kit qui cda sy chia s i nhttng biiu tnmg chung cda gidi qt^ t^c v i sy tham gia v i o cdng m$t hf thing lito minh" (Bacus 2003).
Hda Diim Id khu di tich cutruvdmd tdng quan trpng vdi diin phdn bi rdng vd cd niin dpi kio ddi tu rddhtg thi ky trudc vd tit cdng nguyen trd di, cd mii quan hi tfch dpi vd ki thira vdi nhihig di tich sdm han nhtt Xdm Cin vd nhOng di llch Tiin Sa Httpnh khdc. Ding thdi cd mii quan hi ding dpi nhieu chiiu vd mpnh mS vdi cdc di tldi Thmg bd. Ddng Nam bd, Ddng Nam A liic dja vd hdi ddo. Nhw v(Jv cd nhiiu nguin, nhiiu ca ting vdn hda ndi sinh vd ngopi sinh gdp phin tpo dyng diin mpo d^c ddo ciia khu di tich nay md trong do nhihig mii liin hi Tabon - Sa Hufrnh/Hda Diem - Kalanay cd vj tri quan trpng dde bi4t nhit Id tit ddu Cdng nguyin trd di'''.
Chi thick:
' Do nbOng cude thim sit vi khai qu$t diu tiin d phurc b^ip di tich niy d^u md 6 G6 Dinh noi cd ngAi <finb cOa ip Hda Diem nto di tich dii^c d^t tin li di tich Hda Diim, nhu viy cho din nay cd ft nh& ba gd thu$c phOc hvp di tich n ^ li (j6 Dinh, C6 Duii vi Gd Miiu.
' Cude Idiai qu$t lin niy od d i ^ tich 54,5m^ phil hi(n 26 ngdi m$ vdi 2 dfng ting thiJre li md chum vi md huy^ dil vi cd ni&i d^i tit sdm 6ka mudn, khdng cd vit tich cu trtL Theo nhOng ngirdi khai qu^t tu l i ^ lin khai qu^t niy sS gdp phin lim thay dii mdt si nhjn tiiuc vh Hda Di6m, dfc bi^ vi cic mii quan hf ding d?i, ljch d|i cia Hda Diim iFong t>& dbih tiin, so sd Ddng Nam A.
* Khio ti vi hi thim sit 3 cua dqt khai qu$t nim 2007: "Klii viia dio xuing chimg JOcm g(ip vd si minh vd sd, cd nhOng con cdn chua tich ra. Nhiiu minh gim Ihfi (cd chit ii^u ping vdi Ddng Nam Bd) nilm xen iSn vio ding vd sd, cd hoa vfln rit dcp vi 1 minh bin mii Iflm bflng sa th|ch, Idp vd sd diy khoang SOcm, xuing dd siu 65cm thi bit diu
^ Idp cit ving vi diy cflng li sinh thd. Qua nhttng minh gim thu du^rc trong hi thim sit niy khi nSng khu di tich cu tni niy vio giai doon sdm hon so vdi tudi ciia khu viic md chum" (Bdi Chf Hoing vi nnk 2008:16).
* Mdt trong nh(hig khd khfln hifn nay ciia cic nhi khio ci khi khai qu|t lo?i di tich cu tru - md ting kiiu nhu di Udi Hda Ditai, Giing Ci Vi, Xdm 6Q hay Binh Chiu ... chinh li v i ^ phin djnh r?ch rdi timg td hgp di vjt vi tim hieu moi quan h$ Ijt^ d^i hay ding d^i giCta cu tri vdi md ting.
* Phfe hgp di tich Hda DiSm gim nhiiu gd khic nhmi, trong dd cd 06 Dhlh (dinh Hda Diim); Gd Duii; Gd Miiu...
' Vi bio cio cia nhfhig ngudi khai quit khdng phin bift h i ^ v8t cua hai khu nftn r ^ khd phin djnh vi so sinh.
^ So sinh vdi tu 11^ d cic dja diim khic, dfly cd 16 khdng phii li dpi se chi mi li hat chuSi gjing nhfhig hat chuSi bang dil sing ci tim Ihly d nhtmg d^t khai qu8t sau nhung cd kfch thudc nhd hon.
* Dva vio phin tich vi nghiin c&u so sinh lo^i hhih quan tii gim, di gim tuy ting, di tiiy ting khic vi niin d^i C " kit hop v « ^ kiin cua nhOng nhi nghifin cijru khic. chiing tdi da phic hga hai lo(ii hlnh cua vftn hda Sa Hu^h, Sa Hujnh Bic tii Hui din Binh Djnh vi Sa Hu^h Nam tCr Khinh Hda din Ddng Nam bd (L&n Thj MJ Dung 2008).
Khdo ci hpe, td 312012 ' '*Md chum d htng Tabon cd nhiiu lofl: Hung ting <primBry). lotn bd thiy dupe dgi trong (Aum; Cii Ung (secondary), mdt bd phfn xuong oil d|l Uxmg chum; Kit hop (multiple), Ihiy hay xuong ngudi cOa nhiiu ci thi hofc kit hgi) giOa hung ting vi cii ting" (Fox R.I970:67).
"* So iflnh lofi hlnh chum quan tii gitta cic nhdm Sa Hujnh Die (dja bin td Hui din Binh D{nh) vi nhdm Sa H u ^ Nam (dja bin td Khinh Hda din Ddng Nun bd), ching Idi nhfn thiy rO ring d ci hai M hlnh, chum qum tii Gd hai lo«i, lofi thd nhit • diuydn d^ng cd hlnh dyig vi Uch thudc quy chuin, d Sa Hujnh Bic li chum hlnh by vi Mnh trdng Ota d Sa H i ^ Nam li lovi chum hlnh cii, lovl thd hai • khdng chuyfin dyng tdc nhOng di gim ldn. nhd dimg cho nhiin myc dich bong dd cd myc £ch chdn cit, lofl thd hai niy dupe id dyng nhiiu hon d ki«l hlnh Sa H u ^ Nam (Hoing Thiy Q u ^ 2008)
" Ngay Id khi dja diim niy dupe phit hi(n, nhiiu ngirdi nghiin cdu dB M linh di gim quin lii v* gim Uty ling d diy vdi vOng Ddng Nam A hii dio, Ddng Nun bd Vi(t Nam.
" Tim hiiu mit quan hC gilta cic li hpp niy Fox (Fox Robert. Tabon Cava 1970) nhfn d|nh d tiang 9S: "Mii quH bf trudc hit cia Tabon li vdi Niah d Borneo vi Sa H u ^ d Ddng Duong, ll hon vdi Malay. ThiJ Lm vi Nam Trung Hoa, rit vda phil vdi miin Tnmg vi miin Bic Philipin (It nhil I* niu so iinh Taboo - Kalanay). Mii quan hf (gin gOI) gilta Tabon vdi nhOng phdc h( gim khic nhu Sa H u ^ vi Niah li ly phi biin cda vin thdi« vi carved padiOe decoration (cit (kho^t) thinh hlnh mii chto)7 Irong nhOng li hpp niy. Trong khi dd. d phdc hgp Kalanay, miin Tnaig Philipin ho« tiit carved paddle khdng ihiy ly hi^ difn rO ring vi khdng phit hlfn Ihiy vtn thCmg. Ngay td xua, ngudi U di Ihiy sy hiim hoi cia nhihig cich xd \j bi mf t kiiu paddle marked (diu hlnh mli chto) vi mat marked (dfu ldnh nan), vfln didng d miin Trung vi miin Btic Philipin". Vi hlnh d«ng gim Tabon cOng cho Ihiy mil quan hf chu cbC vdi gin Borneo, Ddng Duong vi Malay hon li vdi Kalanay vfl nhffng gim kim khi khic d Luzon vi miin Trung PhilipiiL Vi pf da dfng trong mSi truyin ih^ggim niy cd thi xem diim $ kiin cda Bacus (Andrea 2003:6I-62).
'^ Mii quan hf Hda Didm • Kalanay li mii quan h( ding d(i, md ting Hda Ditei giai do«n kit tilde od ntCn dpi tuong duong vdi Kalanay, ci hai dja diim diu c6 ni&n dfi khdi diu cfn ki Cdng nguyto vi kto dii vii ba ibi ky diu Cdng n g u ^ md ting Tabon vi Sa Hu^h Bflc cd nidn dfi khdi diu sdm hon vi kit thdc adm hon, diu thi kj I AD.
Mii quan h$ Sa Hu^h Bflc vi Hda DiCm chii y ^ li quan hf Ijch dfi sdm • mudn (trong dd bao him phin nio qum b(
nguin gic).
" K^t qui ciia cude khai qufi tiling 8 nim 2011 hi(n dang trong qui dinh xd 1^.
" Mdt si nhi nghita cdu so sinh gim linh mjn miu dd hing. ving hay trtng 6 Hoi Ditoi vdi cic di Ifcb Champa sdm nhu Tri Kifu, D^g Ni... nhung theo nghita dhi so sinh cda chdng Idi. d Hoi Difan khdng hay d a a thiy nhfhig dfng gim Chim tinh mjn di^ hbih giing nhu nhOng lofi dfl Dm Ihiy d cic dnh til Qutaig Nam d b Phd Yta. C6 Ihi td sau Cdng nguyta, khu vyc Khinh Hoi phit triin theo mdt qu^ dfo vfln boi gin hon vdi miin Nao Vifl Nam vi gim tinh mjn d dfly mang dflc tnmg gim linh mjn tiin 6c Eo vi 6 c Eo (Lim Thj My Dung 2008)
" Di gim tdy ting tiin so sd nhin mdt cich ling thi da dfng vi linh ti hon vi lof j hlnh cdng nhu boa li&
Irang tri so vdi di gim tim tiiiy Irong bii cinh cu tid. cd tiii diiu niy phin inh gii bi cda ling thdc vi nghi ll (Andrea 2003:41)
" NhChig biic inh chyp md Hda Vinh cho thiy da phin chum diu cd hlnh ciu vi bj ^ d mitos SiioS d a n Hda Diem, chum Sudi Miy vi chum Rdng Long Thiy (Fontaine vi Davidson 1980. hlnh Vili. 1-2).
" Giing Ldn cho tiiiy sy giao thoa gifts nhiiu yiu li vtn hda S« H u ^ vfln hda Ding Nai, nhdm di tich so k^ sflt ven biin Ddng Nam bd (Giing Ci Vi). tfi dfly cd hai mlu tiian phin tfch nita dfi C'^ d Vito Khio c i It^c Vi(l Nam cho kit qui: Miu 03.GL HII.Ml: 2280 ± 70 BP vi miu 03.GUH1I.M2: 2760 ± 53 BP. luy nhita dya vio sy cd mfli cua liin Nga Thd Tfly Hin,nhQnghito vflt ving (m(t nf, khuyta tai...). mdt si d i g i m . . . nhOng ngudi khai quft xic djnh Giing Ldn cd nita dfi 6c Eo sdm (Vfl Quic Hiin vi cdng sy 2007:19-43).
" Theo Chu Vfln Tin vi sau dd li Vfl Quic Hiin trong di&i biin vta hoi tir tiin Sa Hujnh din Sa Hujnh cd thi nhfn thiy It nhil hai truyin thing Long Thfnh - Sa H u ^ vi B)nh Chflu • Biu Trim • Sa H u ^ . Dudi inh sing cda khdi tu li(u hito nay. chdng tdi cho ring cd tiii xic djnh hai truyin thing niy mdt cich cy Ihi nhu sau:
Truyin thing Long Thfnh - Sa H u ^ (chum hlnh trdng, trv. ciu ldn, sfit nhiiu, ddng hiim...) Ididi diu vio cudi thita nien ky I BC vi kit thiic co bin vio cuii tiii k;; I BC (Iruyin thing 1). Tn^in thing niy bfit nguin Iryc ti^ld cic nhdm di tich liin Sa Hujuh.
Tmyin tii^g Biu Trim/Blnh Chflu/ Hoi Vinh 11/ Gd Mi Vdi — Hoi Didm/Suii Chinh... mf chum chi yiu hinh ciu bi^ thi, md dit, nhiiu hifn vfl diog hon, tin Ifi Iflu hon din tiii ky 11 - III AD (Iruyin thing II). 'noiigtnqi^ | thing niy bta cfnh nhOng yiu ti Tiin SaHujnh cdn cdsy tham gia fit mfnh me oia cic yiu titd vta hoi X ^ Cin. ' ^
L i m My D u n g - P | a difm G 6 Dudl...
Vdng Bflc Sa Hujnh (td Hui d ^ Binh Djnh). dfly li dja bta phta bi chinh ciia tmyin tiidng I, nhung vJn cd truyin thing II theo tiii cii rtag l u ^ .
Vdng Nam Sa H u ^ (td Phi Vta din Ding Nai), chuSl diin tiin td Xdm CAn --> Xdm Cin giai dOfn mufn;
Bich Dim, Binh Da, Binh Hung, Hoi Vinh 1--> din Hoi DiCm/Hoi Vinh IL.! Tfi dja bta niy cd ci truyin thing 1 nhu Difln Khinh. My Ca, nhung chd yiu Ifi li truyin thing II, noi mi chum hlnh ciu ip dio vi mf dil khi nhii^ di sit it hon so vdi nhOng dja diim cda Uuyin thing I. Nhfhig dja diim tlCu biiu Ifl Hoi Difim/Hoi Vinh II, Rdng Long Thiy - Gd Bdng Diu, Cin Dinh. Phd Hda (Phi Yta)... Trang tri gim ki thiia mft phin cia vta hoi Xdm Cin, dfc bift li giai dofn mudn cda vta hoi niy (hoa vta in chim vdi cio d i ta dde Ifp, thdng, td/vC miu...), cdng cy bing vd nhuyin thi tdn tfi dai dflng. Md chum kfo dii tdi nhthig tiii ky sau Cdng nguyfin, nhiiu lofi hlnh gim mdi, tnmg tri lii In chim ip dio. trang tri tri l5 khi phd biin,.. Ting thiic vi di tuj ltag cho thiy mii quan hf chft ch« vi sflu sBc vdi mfl si dja diim d Ddng Nam A hii dio.
^ TVong chudi litn kit ci theo thdi gian vi khdng gian niy ta cd Ihi tim thiy ci nhihig lifln hf cdi ngudn/phit sinh giOa cic ciu Irdc vi ci nhflng Uta bf ngoii eiu trdc ciia sy phta bi ki tiip (une distribution successive) (Jean DuvignBud201l: 12).
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BACUS, ELISABETH A., Styles of Alliance? Decorated Earthenwares in Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Philippines Polities. Trong John N Miksic (cb.) Earthenware in Southeast Asia - Proceeding of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares, 39-51, Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2003
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Gd DU6l SITE IN H6A DifiM ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMPLEX
LAM M? DUNG Gd Dutfi is the one of three main sand mounds u4iich belong to H6a Dl£m ardueob^cal complex, including Dinh mound, M\6J mound and Dutfl mound, all of wHch are located at H6a Didm hamlet. Cam Thjnh Ddng irillage. From 1999 (first discovery and suTvei^ up to present (2011), ai E)inh mound and Du6\ mouiKi several excavations have been conducted by Vietnamese and Japanese archaeologists.
The excavated results have revealed the nature of H6a D16m complex. The site served botii as settlement and cemetery during long period from the tfilrd and fourth centuries BC to the tfilrd and fourth centuries AD. Remains of burials have been concentrated on Dinh mourvl (where the communal house of Hoa Diem \4llage is located), the vestiges of habitation cuhural layers have been also yiekled on Dinh mound.
The vestiges of the habitation layer whldi have close simllaries to the habitation layer at E>lnh mound also were yiekled in 2 0 0 7 fiekiwork season at Dtaih mouixl.
Due to some reasons, most of the papers on Hoa Diem archaeok>gk:al complex known so far have been focused on the burials at Dinh mound, especially on the relationships between H6a Digm and Kalanay pottery tradition, but H6a Difim pro\^ed us more complicated Information related to the genetic relations with the X6m C i n and other Pre Sa H u ^ sites, to the muMple relations uith the contemporary archaeological cultures and traditions In Viebiamese arxl Souttieast Asian contexts and so on.
The article include three main topics:
i. Excavated results yiekled from two excavated pits in 2 0 0 7 at Dutfi mound ti. The characteristics of habitation layers at Du6i arxl Dtnh mounds
111. The role and position of Dutfi mound In H6a Difim archaeological complex and In broader context of Pre - and Proto - history of Central \^§t Nam.
