Tgp chi Ddn idc hgc sd'3 - 2020
MANG Ll/Ofl XA HOI VA SINH KE CUA NGlTOfl CO-TU 6 KHU TAI DINH CU THUY DIEN A VU^ONG VA NGU'CXI CA DONG 6 KHU TAI
DINH CU" THUY DIEN SONG TRANH 2, TINH QUANG NAM^
T h S . P h a m Thj Thu Ha Vien Dan tQC hgc
Tom tat: Dua tren kit qud nghien cihi tgi xd Md Cooih (huyin Ddng Giang) vd xa Trd Bui (huyen Bdc Trd My), bdi viit tap trung ldm rd nhihig tdc dong cua mgng lu&i xa hgi tcri sinh ki ciia ngudi Ca-tu vd Ca dong nai ddy. Qud trinh tdi dinh cu thuy dien A Vuang vd Song Tranh 2 khien ngudi ddn bi mdt tu lieu sdn xudl vd nghi nghiip truyen thdng. song v&i su ndng dgng, linh hogt ho da nhanh chong thich nghi vd van dung tot ngudn vdn xa hgi cua minh nhu quan he gia dinh, ddng hg, cgng ddng di ddm bdo sinh ki, vu0 qua nhung kho khdn ban ddu khi di chuyen ve nai d mdi cung nhu thai gian ve sau. Nhung tdc dgng sau tdi dinh cu thuy dien tgo nen nhiiu thay ddi ve ca cdu td chuc xd hgi a hai tgc ngu&i vd ddt ra nhieu vdn de cdn gidi quyil nhu: gidm tinh cd kit, mdu thudn cgng ddng... a mdt bd phdn ddn cu ngdy cdng tdng.
Tif khda: Mgng lu&i xd hgi. sinh ki, thuy diin. tdi dinh cu. ngudi Ca-tu, ngu&i Ca dong.
Qudng Nam.
Ngdynhdn bdi: 25/2/2020; ngdy gui phdn biin: 28/4/2020; ngdy duyit ddng: 30/5/2020
Mddau
Trong qua trinh phit trien, kinh le v i xa hpi ludn cd mdi quan he hiru co va tac dpng qua lai vdi nhau. Tuy nhien, ldi cac thap ky gin day, van de phat trien kinh te dua tren nen tang ciia vin hda - x i hgi mdi bat d i u dat ra va dugc khing djnh la mgt quy luat lit yeu khich quan. Tren binh dien xa hgi hpc, khii niem "mang ludi xa hdi" l i mdt tip hgp lien ket gitra cic c i nlian hay gitra cac nhdm din cu nhat djnh. Thdng qua su tiem an trong nhtrng mdi quan he, ciing nhu quyen lgi va frich nhiem chi phdi cic mdi lien he dd, mang ludi xa hgi dupc sii dung nhim dat dugc muc dich nhat dinh (Dang Nguyen Anh, 1998). Mpt nghien ciiu khic lai cho ring, mang ludi xa hgi la mgt tip hgp cic mdi quan he giiia nhti-ng thuc the
\a hpi. Nhiing thye the n i y khdng nhat thiet chi l i cic c i nhan m i cdn la cac nhdm xa hdi, td chirc, thiel ehe..., dya tren su tuong frg, trao ddi thdng tin (Le Minh Tien, 2006). C6 the ndi.
Bai viet la ket qua cua de tai khoa hoc cap Bo "Sinh ke ciia ngirdi Ca-tu viing tdi dinh cu tliuy dien A Vucnig vd ngirdi Ca dang (Xa-ddng) d vung tdi dinh cu Ihtiy dien Song Tranh 2. linh Oudng Nam" do TS. Bui Thi Bich Lan v a T S . Nguyin Thj Tam lam D l n g c h i i nhiem, Vien Dan toe hoc la c a q u a n chu tri (2019-2020)
Ph^w, nul^'—
mang ludi \a hpi dupc coi la mpl ngudn "vdn xa hdi"" cd y nghTa quan Irgng "ong '^'' dpng sin \uai \a ddi sing, diln hinh la cac boat dpng cd tinh mang frp gitip da lan n ^^
trong cdng ddng. khdng chi \e mil kinh te mi cdn \e linh cam. Chinh hoal ddng tuong rg nay la ciu noi gdp phin thtic diy kinh le phal trien d cic tdc ngudi. Trong nhihig nghien cuu
\ c di cu. tai dinh cu (TDC) thai gian gin day. cac nha nghien ctiu ngay cing quan tam nhieu ban dcn tac ddng ciia nhimg ylu td van hda - xi hpi ddi \di phit trien sinb kc d cic tgc ngirdi; trong do mang ludi xa hpi dupc xem la mot trong nhiimg nhin id quan frpng inh hudng din sy phuc hdi sinh kl cua ngudi din sau TDC ca tich cyc vi tieu cyc.
Tinh Quang \ani hien nay cd 25 du an thiiy dien dang fricn khai xay dyng, lrong dd co 4 dy an da lap phuang an quy hoach di dan theo quy dinh, dd la dy in thiiy dien A Vuang, Sdng Tranh 2. Sdng Bung 4 \a Dik Mi 4. D I xay dyng cong trinh thiiy dien A Vuang vi Song Tranh 2. da co han 300 hg ngudi Ca-tu d xi Ma Cooih, huyen Dong Giang va 323 hp ngudi Ca dong d xa Tra Bui. huyen Bic Tra My, tinh Quing Nam ddi ling den khu TDC mdi (UBND xa Tra Bui. 2018).
Ma Cooih la mgl xa viing cao cua huyen Dong Giang, each trung lam huyen gan 20kin
\e phia lay nam. cd tong dien ticb tu nhien 18.139ha vi din sd 546 hp/2.177 khau, chii yeu li ngudi Ca-tu, Kinh va mot so it dan tdc khic (UBND xa Ma Cooih, 2019). Nam 2018, toan xi cd 7 thdn. lrong dd 5 thon thupc 2 khu TDC thiiy dien A Vuong (PachePalanh vi Cutchrun).
Thing 4 2019, sau khi thyc hien viec sap nhap thi toin xa cdn lai 3 thdn li Aroong, A xd vi Culchmn. trong dd Aroong \ a Cutchmn li 2 khu TDC thiiy dien A Vucmg.
Tra Bui thupc xi mien niii phia lay huyen Bic Tra My, cich trung tam huyen 49km, CO dicn tich tu nhien 17.904,74ha va din sd la 1.376 hp/6.360 khiu. Hien nay, xa cd 9 thdn vdi dan tdc chinh li Xa-dang (chii yeu nhom Ca dong, 1.128 hp), Mndng (195 hp) vi mgt sd diin tpc khac nhu Kinh. Thai (UBND xa Tra Bui, 2018); trong dd c6 3 thdn bj anh hudng bdi TDC la thon 4. thon 5 va thon 6. Viec xay dyng cac cdng trinh thiiy dien vl co bin da tao ra nhirng dieu kien thuin lpi. gop phan nang cao ddi sdng cho ngudi Ca-tu va Ca dong nai day. Song, ben canh nhirng ket qui dat dupc, qua trinh di dan TDC cung bgc Ig mgt sd bat cap can dugc giai quyet. Dac biet la vin de thieu dat san xuit va viec lam cho ngudi dan sau TDC con gap nhilu kho khan.
1. Sinh ke cua nguoi Cff-tu va Ca dong trud'c va sau tai dinh cu
Nguai Ca-tu va Ca dong sinh song hi lau ddi tren day Trudng Scm hiing vT vdi loai hinh sinh ke iruyen thong la trdng trpt tren riy, trong dd liia ray la cay luang thuc chinh Ngoin ra. cdn trdng nhieu loai cay khac nhu ngd, sin, khoai, mia, diu xanh, dau tuang lac
\ a o dtiu nhirng nam 1970. ngudi CG-XU bit diu bill canh lic liia nudc dudi su hudng din ciia Hgp tac xa va hpc hdi lir nhung can bp ngudi Kinh d cic vung ddng bang len tine
- N'oii \.i hiil la Ciic nguon lire \ a h<ii ma con ngucri s-u dyng dc theo duoi cac myc tieu sinh ki, (.uj minh h- giim quan h?. mgng lum. thanh \ icu nhom. nicm tin va irao doi cung cap cac mang an ninh phi thinh i h ' ' ' °
quan trpng nham giiip da lan nhau. ^
Tgp chi Dan tdc hoc sd'3 - 2020 3]^
cudng. dac bi?t la tir hai huyen Dai Lgc, Dien Ban (tinh Quing Nam). So vdi ngudi Ca-m, vi?c canh tic lua nudc d vung ngudi Ca dong cd phan mudn han, bit diu tir nim 1985 khi chinh quyen dia phuang thyc hien manh cdng tic tuyen tmyen, phd bien eac ehinh saeh cua Ding va Nha nude ve phit trien kinh te. Trudc TDC, ngudi Ca-tu va Ca dong nudi gia stic, gia cam nhu frau, bd, Icm, gi, vit..., chii yeu theo hinh thiic chin thi ty nhien. Trong dd. triu dugc ngudi dan nudi nhleu hom de phuc vu cho dim cudi. cac nghi le lim linh cua gia dinh vi cpng ddng^. Trong ca ciu kinh te truyen thdng, khai thic cic ngudn Igi ty nhien tuy li ho?l dpng phu frp nhung ddng vai trd khdng kem phan quan trpng ddi vdi ddi sdng hang ngay eua ngudi dan, nhat li giai quyet sy thieu hut ve luang thyc \io nhung Iiic giap hat.
Ngoii vi?c len rimg liy cui vi nguyen lieu dyng nhi; dong bao cdn thu hii nhimg sin vat de dap ling nhu ciu thiel yeu hing ngiy nhu rau rimg. chudi ning, ming. mil ong; mpl so it ngudi con thu hii cay dugc lieu nhu mat nhin, sa nhin. hi thii d, mi de, chd de... de chiia b?nh. Ben eanh dd, sin bit ciing ddng vai trd quan trgng, gdp phin bio ve miia ming va dem l^i ngudn thyc pham can thiet cho ngudi din. Ddng bio cd nhieu nghe thu eong tmyen thdng nhu dan lal, del thd cim, lim gdm, ren..., frong do dan lit va ren la hai nghe liu ddi nhat, phat trien den tin ngiy nay. Trong truyen thdng, viec trao ddi mua bin di dien ra d hai tpc ngudi nay nhung chii yeu la vat ddi vat.
Sau TDC, mpl lrong nhiing thay ddi ldn nhit ddi vdi ddi sdng kinh te cua ngudi din chinh la suy giam ve dicn tieh vi chal lugng dat canh lic. Khao sat tai dja bin nghien ciiu cho thay, trong tdng sd 206 hp ngudi Ca-m d thdn Aroong, xi Ma Cooih thi c6 khoang 100 hd khong cd dit sin xual, dac biet la cic hg chuyen den sau. Neu nhu d ban cu, ca thon c6 han 90ha liia riy thi hien nay da glim xudng gin lOha; dien tich mgng nudc cua thdn ciJng giim tir 25ha xudng cdn 2113"*. Tai khu TDC ciia ngudi Ca dong d thdn 6, xi Tri Bui, thieu dat sin xuat Cling la vin de ndi com cua ddng bio hien nay. Neu d ban cu. mdi hp cd tir 5 - lOha ray thi hien nay giim xudng con I ha/hp, va chi co 10/120 hg ngudi Ca dong d thon 6 duy tri canh tic mgng nudc. Su bat cap ntra ddi vdi dat sin xuit tai hai dja bin nay la chit Iupng dat tai noi TDC diu xiu, nhilu sdi da lai cd dp ddc cao nen gay ra nhieu khd khin cho frdng frpt. Trudc boi cinh iy, ngudi dan da ting phd bang cich quay frd Iai nai d cu de canh tic qua viec tan dung nhinig khoanh dit trdng chua bj ngap bdi long ho thiiy dien. Sy thieu hut ve dien tich va chat lugng dit cung nhung tic dpng bat lgi ciia mdi frudng, khi hiu nai d mdi da lim cho nang suit, sin lugng Iiia riy lien fric giim tir 5 - 1 Ota/ha xudng 3ta/ha va tir 2 - 3ta/sio xudng I ta/sao mpng nudc. Tir cho dip iing du nhu ciu ty cung, ty cip \ e Iuong thyc trudc day thi hien nay. ngudi din ihudng xuyen phii mua them gao de in mdi dam bao dugc ddi song.
Nhu vay, khau hieu '7OHI cho cugc song nai d m&i phdi bdng hodc tdt han nai & cu" ciia du in thuy dien A Vuong vi Sdng Tranh 2 dudng nhu chua thyc hien dugc.
' Trung binh moi nha nuoi tir 5-10 con, nha nao nhieu nhal len toi 40 con.
So ii?u do ong A Lang Bang, Tnicmg ihon Azal cu cung cap.
-'J Vhgm uH2::z—
Hoal ddng chin nudi sau TDC ciing bi suy giim v l sd lupng vgt nudi. ngudn tliirc a"J^*
mdi frudng sdng do bin ling phai di chuyen len vi fri cao hom. xa sdng sudi, ning va kliong gian sdng chit hep nen khong cdn nhimg bai chin tha fruyin thing. Trudc day. cd ho gia "^'^ ^ Ca-m nudi nhilu len ldi 40 con bd nhung hicn nay ea thdn chi cd fren 30 con. Gidng Icm den dja phuang do cd khi nang thich nghi vdi dilu kicn ty nhien, khdng ken diirc in. de ban ra th|
trudng nen hien tai van dugc ngudi dan nudi phd bien; mpt sd hd da i p dung nudi gidng lgn lai nhung da phin chua cd kinh nghiem. chi phi diu tu cao, gia thinh thip nen sd lugng con han chl Thiiu dit sin xuit va suy giim luong thyc da din din sy khan hilm v l ngudn thiie i n cho cac loai gia sue, ngudi dan chu ylu chan nudi bing cim gao frr xay, rau lang. bdng rugu,...
Thirc in cho gia cim chii ylu l i than chudi diii nhd, khdng cd cim v i lua nen sire de khing ciia \ at nudi rat yeu, de bj 6m \ a chet.
Do boat dpng san xuit ndng nghiep ciia ngudi Ca-tu v i Ca dong bi suy giim nen tinh trang thiiu viee lim. nhit la ddi vdi thanh nien trong dp ludi lao ddng ngiy cing gia tang. D I Ihich nghi vdi mdi trudng mdi ban c h l \ I quy d i l sin xuit, cac tdc ngudi d i img phd bing each tang cudng di lam thue dc kilm them Ihu nhip cho gia dinh nhu thu hoach keo, lim cdng nhan. thp xay, phu hd..., vdi mirc thu nliip tir 180.000 ddng - 200.000 ddng/ngiy cdng; mpt sd it ngudi dan cdn di lam ray v i thu hoach liia thue cho nhirng gia dinh co nhilu dit dai vdi miic 120.000 ddng/ngay. Ngoii lam thue tai dia phucmg, cd khoing 20 thanh nien Co-tu d thdn Aroong di lam cdng nhin tai huyen Nam Giang, thinh phd Da N i n g v i Tam Ky vdi cac cdng viec chinh nhu phun son, bao ve, ddng giiy, may mac, d i o vang..., miic lucmg trung binh 4 - Strieu dong/thang. Ben eanh dd, mpl bp phin thanh nien ngudi Ca dong d tlldn 6, xa Tra Bui cdn di lim an xa lai tinh Binh Duang va TP. Hd Chi Minh. Viec di lim thue d cac tpc ngudi da giai quyet dugc tinh frang du thiia lao dgng, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap va cai thien cudc sdng hing ngiy cho ngudi dan. Tuy nhien, thu nhap tir lao dgng lam thue thudng khdng dn dinh. phii ddi mat \'di nhieu riii ro ve sue khde v i an toin bin thin. Sau TDC. dudng giao tbdng kha thuan lien nen nhieu hg dan da cd gang tan dung lgi the nay de md cac cira bing tap hda. xay xat, may mac, xudng mgc,... Mac dii hoat dpng buon ban, djch vu ciia hai tpc ngudi niy da budc dau phit trien nhung vin chi dimg lai d pham vi nhd le, chua tao nen dugc quy md Idn so vdi ngudi Kinh trong vimg.
1. T i e dong ciia mang luoi xa hpi toi sinh ke /. /. Tdc dgng ticb cue
2.1.1. Su CO kil ciia gio dinh. ddng hg trong sdn xudt ndng nghiip vd khai ihdc ly nhiin Tu xua den nay. do cupc sdng lao dpng gian khd nen cac tpc ngudi da sdin tao dung nen truyen thdng doan ket. hgp tie de ciing x-ugt qua khd khan, thach thiic. Dieu dd the hien qua su tuang trp giiia cic lhinh vnen frong gia dinh. ddng hp va cdng ddng ddi vdi hoat dony san xuit ndng nghiep ciing nhu frong dcri sdng thudng ngay. Trdng trpt la mpt trong nhunti hoat ddng ddi hdi tinh thai vu cao, cudng do lao ddng thudng xuyen va cd su phin cdng ihco gi(>i J-Q net d mgt sd cdng doan tir phit ray. chgc. tria, cham sdc, thu hoach liia,.. Nhiimg dac dilm
Tgp chi Ddn ldc hgc sd'3 - 2020
ay ddi hdi frong qui trinh canh tic, can cd sy tuong frg nhau giiia cie thanh vien frong gia dinh va dong hg. Vi vay, hp di thanh lip eac nhdm ddi cdng gdra lao dpng cua nhilu hp. Ddi cdng dupc hieu dan giin la nhdm nhirng ngudi ndng dan hgp lai dl giup dd lin nhau trong nhirng ngay miia. Theo dd, ei nhdm lira viee fren riy eiia moi hp gia dinh frong sd ngay nhil djiUi vao ky thu hoach, vi eii nhu viy hp hoan ddi cdng cho nhau lan lugt giira cac nhi. Hinh thirc ddi cdng niy khi hieu qui ddi vdi ngudi dan khi ma lyc lugng lao dpng d cac hd gia dinh bj han che. Hon niia, viec doi cdng ciing tap trung dupe siic ngudi tai mgl dja diem canh tic vi dugc thye hien dya fren tinh thin frr nguyen, frich nhiem, qua dd gdp phin ting cudng tinh co ket cgng ddng frong hoat ddng frdng frpt.
Hinh thlic tuong trp lao dpng theo kieu ddi cdng cua ngudi Ca-tu vi Ca dong khdng don thuan phin inh tinh thin tuang than, tucmg ii giiia cac thanh vien frong cpng ddng vdi nhau mi cdn dip ung nhiing nhu cau khic cua hoat ddng ndng nghiep. Thii nhit, khic phyc tinh frang khdng cin ddi giiia lao dpng nam vi ntr d nhieu hd gia dinh nham dam bao phan cong lao dgng theo gidi trong sin xuit. Thir hai, nhim dim bao thu hoach kjp thdi vu (Pham Thj Thu Ha, 2015). Ben canh ddi cdng, cae gia dinh cdn chia se cho nhau luang thyc, hd frg va gitip dd nhau frong nhiing Itic hoan nan, ddi kem. Nhi nao frdng dupc nhieu rau lhi san sing chia s^ cho ngudi thin vi hing xdm. Trong chin nudi, sy tuong trg cpng dong d ngudi Ca-tu vi Ca dong the hien qua viec giiip nhau frong nom gia siic, thiic an chan nudi, frao ddi con giong neu nhu nhi nio cd con gidng tdt. Ben canh dd, cac thinh vien trong gia dinh, ddng hp con gitip dd nhau ve vdn diu tu cho chin nudi gia siic, gia cam. Trong lam nghiep, khi len ning thu hii dugc sin vat hay sin bat dugc thii rimg, cac tpc ngudi deu chia se cho anh em, hp hang, lang xdm. Ben canh dd, hp cdn cd truyen thdng tucmg trg lan nhau khi di rirng bang each di theo timg nhdm de hd frg kjp thdi Iiic gap nguy hiem.
Dong hg ludn cd vai frd quan frgng ddi vdi xi hdi ndng thdn truyen thdng (Tran Dinh Hugo, 1996). Khi nghien ciiu ve quan he hp hang vi ddi sdng kinh te ling xa, mot sd nha nghien cim da chi ra ring, nen ting kinh te li mdt ly do de ciing cd quan he hg hang (Nguyen Tuin Anh, 2012). Ddi vdi ngudi Ca-m vi Ca dong, quan he ddng hg ludn dupc thil chit, chi phdi den mpi mat ddi sdng cua timg gia dinh. Khi mpt gia dinh frong hg gap chuyen khdng may. cd vice tang ma, dm dau hay benh nang..., Iuc do cic lhinh vien trong hp deu cd y thiic tham gia gitip dd rat tu nguyen vi cimg nhau ddng gdp cdng siic hoic tien ciia. Ve truyen Ihdng, quan he ddng hp thudng the hien sy gin ket vio nhiing djp sinh hoat Ie tet, cudi xin, ma ehay, gitip da nhau trong sin xuit ndng nghiep, cdn gid day quan he ddng hp dugc md rpng ra trong viec hd frg nhau d cic hoat ddng kinh le mdi.
2.1.2. Gia tdng ca hgi viec ldm trong hogt ddng ldm thue, ldm dn xa
Cd the khing dinh tai nai d mdi sau TDC, tuy mdi trudng sinh ke di ihay doi nhung ngudi Co-tu vi Ca dong vin duy tri, phit huy nhirng ca sd ciia nen kinh te "frpng tinh" mi frong qui khii hp da cd, nhu truyin thdng tuong tro, giiip dd nhau. ciing se chia trong nhiimg
34 Phgw^ i' -Jj'^i' "'- luc hoan nan, ddi kem. trp giiip nhau ve \ at chat va dnh than nhu cho vay lien, guii' cting lim nhi, dgng vien diim hdi nhau hang ngay cung nhu khi gap khd khan. Nhirng dicu nay^ a giiip hp ciing nhau chu dpng doi pho cd hieu qui vdi cic biln co xay ra. Dong ihdi. cung luon chil dgng dl cd nhirng tinh toan hap ly nhim dal dupc cic lgi ich kinh tl trong bdi canh mdi. Bing nhieu hinh thirc khic nhau, hg da dm cich de thich img vdi nhtmg nghe mdi nhu lim thue, budn bin. djch vu... qua \ iec cung nhau chia se thdng tin, kinh nghiem de at cung cd viec lim va ludn ho trg nhau trong cac cdng viec mdi. Do dnh chit cdng \ iec dom giin, chii ylu dya vio sue khoe nen ca sd cua sy giiip dd niy ciing dan thuin dua vao sy tin tudng. mdi quan he gin gui, gin bd giiia nhiing ngudi than, hp hing. ban be. hing xdm.
Khao sit tai thdn Aroong. xa Ma Cooih cho thiy, niu mdt thinh vien frong thdn da timg di thu hoach keo \a bill nha nao can myln ngudi lim thue thi hp sin sing gidi thiSu cho ngudi cd nhu ciu. Tai Khu du ljch sinh thii Cong trdi, cd khi nhilu ngudi Co-tu lam cdng nhin d day. hp thudng id chiic theo nhdm dl hd trp nhau trong cdng viec, nhiimg ngudi nhieu kinh nghiem ludn sin long hudng dan, giiip da nliiing ngudi it kinh nghiem han. Neu nhu trudc diy, quan he xi hpi ciia hp chi gdi gpn d pham vi ling va lien ling, nhung sau TDC, khi dil ndng nghiep bj han chl, hp nhan ra ring dl tim kiem rapt cdng viec phi ndng nghiep cho ban thin vi gia dinh thi cin phii md rpng quan he de giiip eho edng vi?c cua minh dugc thuan Igi ban. Von khdng cd trinh dp bang cip, chuyen mdn nen nhieu ngudi da dua vio Ciic mdi quan he quen biet de tim dupe mpt cdng viee tu do phii hop vdi khi ning, nhu ciiu ciia minh d cic huyen Dai Lpc. Dien Ban, thanh phd Tam Ky, thanh phd Da Nang.
Co the ndi. de di lam Ihue hay lam an xa, ngudi dan thudng ty td chtic thinh nhdm de tuang frg nhau vi dieu nay cang the hien rd khi hp den sinh sdng d nhiing thanh phd ldn hay khu cdng nghiep. Tai day. ngdn ngu lgc ngudi van dugc sir dung, cic phong tuc tip quin co ban cdn luu glii trong dieu kien cbo phep, cd the nhan thay ring su trg giiip trong nhdm li rat cin thiet vdi mdi ca nhan. Ddi vdi ngudi Ca dong d thdn 6, xa Tri Bui, khi di thu hoach keo thue. hp thudng td ehire thinh mot nhdm khoang 14 ngudi gdm ca nam vi nir de hd Irg van chuyen keo, ddng thdi bao \e. gitip do nhau khi cd van de khdng may xay ra frong an toan lao dpng. Qua phdng vin sau dupc biet, ngudi nao cd mdi quan he, quen bill vdi ngudi dan sd lai thi se gitip hp cd nhilu thuin Igi hem frong phat triln kinh kl d noi TDC. Diln hinh li bd phan ngudi Ca dong d ban cii do cd mdi quan he ban be, hg hang vdi ngudi Ca dong d bin mdi nen da tranh Ihii \a tan diing mua dugc nhieu dat sdm khi bit dau nam dugc thdng tin ve TDC, eon lai da sd ngudi dan thudng din sau vi roi vao linh trang thieu dat hoac khdng cd dal canh tic.
Ngoili hd frg trong sin xuit ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, lim thue thi sy ddng gdp v | cdng sire trong chim lo viec nha cung li ylu to rii quan trpng, gop phan dim bad smh kc cho nhihig hp cd ngudi di lim in xa. Dac biet, phii kl din vai tro cua ngudi gia trong viec quin
\u\cn cic cdng vice chung cua gia dinh. nhat li trdng nom nha cira, cham sdc day dd con chiu de bd me yen tim di lim.
Tgp chi Ddn tdi hgc sd3-2020 35^
2.1.3 Xdv dung long tin trong trao ddi, mua bdn
Trong trao ddi budn ban. ei ngudi mua vi ngudi ban khdng ehi quan tam den lgi nhuan kinh te ma cdn tip trung vio xay dyng mang ludi xa hdi. Bing cic mdi quan he thin thill lau nam, ngudi Ca-m va Ca dong vin cd dugc nhiing nhu yeu phim phuc vu ddi sdng hing ngay cho du chua cd lien mil frong lay. Hp ciing cd the vay mupn eac "ban hang" la nhimg chu quin hay ngudi ban rang mpt sd lugng den khi gia dinh cd viec cin. nhu dm dau hay thyc hanh nghi le quan frpng. Ddi lai, khi cd mpt lugng ndng sin hay mgl sin vat nao do can ban, ngudi din se dem den cho cac ban hing quen biet ctia minh vdi gii ea thap ban so vdi bin d chg de eung cd them mdi quan he. Rd ring, frong hoin canh kinh te thieu vang ngudn tien mat on dinh va d mpt dieu kien san xuat chua cd mdt sd lugng du thira ldn de trao ddi thudng xuyen, hinh thirc trao ddi budn bin "nang ve linh cam" niy cho phep ngudi din cd dupc cai an hang ngiy de dim bao cudc sdng (Hoing Cira va cgng sy, 2017).
2.1.4. Tdng cu&ng su tra gidp cua cdc td chirc xd hgi
Hien nay. ddi sdng kinh te cua ngudi Ca-tu va Ca dong da cd nhtrng thay ddi lieh eye hem so vdi Ihdi gian dau di chuyen ve nai a mdi. Su phit trien kinh te eua hp mot phan nhd vao vai trd ciia he thdng chinh frj co sd, nhit la trudng thdn va ngudi co uy tin ludn tich cyc van dpng, tuyen tmyen ngudi din tham gia vio cdng cupc xoa ddi, giam ngheo. nhic nhd ngudi dan chii dpng, ty giac lam in, han che chd dgi sy gitip dd ciia Nha nudc. Nim 2019, UBND xa Mi Cooih da phdi hgp vdi Phdng Dan ldc huyen Ddng Giang hd frp 3 ngudi cd hoan cinh die biet khd khan tai thdn Aroong vdi tdng sd lien la 3.000.000 ddng (UBND xi Ma Cooih, 2019). Ngoai ra, cac chucmg trinh phat trien kinh te - xi hdi tai dja phuang cung gdp phin cai thien ddi sdng ciia ddng bao, nhat la chinh sich den bii, hd trg sau TDC, cac chuang trinh 135, 30A thdng qua viec hd trp trdng trpt, chin nudi cho cic hd ngheo. can ngheo,... Trong do, hg ngheo dugc hd trp 20 trieu ddng, hp can ngheo 17 trieu va hd ding ky thoit ngheo la 14 trieu, til ca deu dugc quy ddi ra cay trdng, vit nuoi. Ddi vdi cic gia dinh thupc dien TDC cdn dugc hudng chinh sach hd trg ddi sdng vi sin xuat, cu the: mdi ngudi dupc hd frg 1 nam luong thyc (30kg gao/thang), 6 thing hd trg ve Ihyc phim (100.000 ddng/diang/ngudi), 2 nim hd frp gidng ciy lrong (0,5 trieu ddng/hg), 2 nim hd trg phan bdn (2 trieu ddng/ha), mot lin ho trg cho chin nudi (2 trieu ddng/hd) (Doin Tranh, 2011).
Cic td chirc doan thi trong thdn nhu Hdi Phu nir, Hgi Ndng din, Doan Thanh nien cung CO nhilu bien phip lich cyc nhira giup cho hdi vien phil trien kinh te, nen tinh than tuang trp, gilip dd nhau gitra cac thanh vien frong hpi ludn dugc de cao. Neu nha nio cd hoin cinh khd khan nhu neo dan, dm dau, tin tat... thi hgi se cir ngudi den giiip dd thdng qua cic viec nhu hai cili. kiem rau, lim cd vudn, lim riy, thu hoach lua, giup do trong cudi xin, tang ma; neu gia dinh nao thieu in luc giap hat thi cic thanh vien frong hdi se hd trg luong thyc; trudng hgp nha nao lrong thon xe go ehuan bj lim nhi thi Doan Thanh nien se van ddng cu ngudi den giiip mdt sd ngiy cdng van chuyen gd, eat. Dae biet. cic doin vien chi doin rat lich cyc tham gia nhtmg phong trao thi diu the due thi thao giao Iuu vdi cac thdn nhira dal giii de gay quy phil trien kinh
le, hd trg nhimg gia dinh khd khan, \hung gia dinh gap hoan nan, nhi ciia cha> iuing.
phai di benh vien dii Hpi Chii diap dd ciia thdn cting diing ra giiip dd bing each gin ting mp phin quy dupc ddng gdp hi cic tim Idng hio lim. Ngoai ra, Hgi Phy nir cdn m\eii tmyen, v ^ ddng ngudi din nip can \ay vdn hi Ngan hing chinh sich xa hdi vdi lai suit diip (0.-"'>'''<')- ^"^
dd tao dilu ki?n cho nhilu gia dinh frong didn phat friin kinh te, vuan len dn djnh cudc song^ gop phin vio cdng cupc xda ddi giam ngheo cua dia phuang. Tai didn Aroong, da cd ban 100 hp vay vdn d ngin hing dl diu nr eho frdng frpi. chin nudi nhu mua gidng keo, lgn. bd. Ddng then, ck Id ehiic doan ihl cting diudng \uyen kilm tra viec sir dung vdn vay cd dung muc dich khdng, neu hp nio bi phit hien vay khdng diing muc dich se phii tri lai Uen.
1.2. Nhihig vdn de dgt ra
Ben canh nhtmg lac ddng tich cyc ciia mang ludi xi hgi, bdi cinh hien nay cung xuat hi?n mpt sd ylu to giy klid khan cho phat friin kinh ll cua ngudi Ca-tu vi Ca dong noi TDC.
Khao sal tai dia bin cho thiy, my sy ed kit cgng dong d ngudi Co-m vi Ca dong vin dupc duy fri va phal huy sau TDC nhung mtic dp cd kit d mpt bd phan din cu c6 phan md nhat, long leo han trudc diy. Dd la sy thay ddi hinh thiic hop tac frong sin xuit. Trudc day, khi din ling canh lic nucmg ray la chinh, mdi quan he gin bd giiia cac thinh vien cpng ddng dudng nhu bin chat ban thdng qua doi cdng, chia se vai nhau nhung kinh nghiem sin xuat vi ddi sdng. Sau TDC, do thiiu dil sin xuat nen dien tich canh tic liia ray d cie hd giim di, lim mpng thi thiiu nude, nen sy giao luu, hgp tic vdi nhau frong vu miia ngiy cing thua ving. Dilu do eho thiy, sy thay ddi mdi trudng sau TDC da khien vai trd kinh te ndng nghiep bi giam sut. cic mdi lien ket xa hdi d radt bd phan dan cu frd nen long leo. Neu trudc day. thinh qua hii lirgm, san bat dugc nhieu deu cd sy chia se trong ling, thi hien nay phan Idn hp mang di ban lay tien chi tieu hang ngay, Su doan ket, dn djnh va yeu thuang nhau von la dac tnmg ca ban trong xa hpi truyen thdng ciia cac tpc ngudi, nhung sau TDC da xuat hien nhiing raau thuan, tranh chap trong cdng ddng, chu yeu lien quan den lin ehiem dil riy.
Tai thdn Aroong, di cd gan 30 hp ngudi Co-tu xiy ra mau thuin lien quan den viec chat cay rimg cua nhau nen trudng thdn phii lien tuc di hda giii. Neu nhu sau TDC, ngudi Ca-tu dupc bo tri nai d tap trung thi ngudi Ca dong lai phii sdng xen ke vdi ngudi dan sd tai, din den nhieu franh chap ve dat dai giii:a ngudi Ca dong bin mdi vi bin cii. Tai thdn 6, xa Tri Bui da c6 5 trudng hop mau thuan cang thing phai dua len chinh quyen giai quyli,
Ddi vdi cac tpc ngudi, te hdi la djp de cac tbanh vien frong cdng ddng giao lu-u, gap ga, vui choi. Thdng qua nhiing boat ddng nay, moi quan he giiia cae thinh vien dugc cung co chat che ban. Trudc day. vao djp thu hoach liia. ngucri Ca-tu thudng td chtic dim trau dl an mimg cam mdi. Tuy nhien. khi ve khu TDC. do Ihilu dit sin xual, vu mtia bap benh nen ll com mdi hang nam klidng cdn dupc ngudi dan duy tri thudng xuyen, neu cd ciing chi td chirc rieng theo timg gia dinh ma khdng td chiic Idn tbeo quy md cpng ddng, vi viy su cd ket gitra cac lhinh
\ ten trong thdn cdng ngiy cing md nhal ban.
Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc sd3 - 2020
Trong mgt nghien ciiu cua Trin Thj Mai An (2012) ve xi hdi truyen thdng eua ngudi Co-tu da cho ring, td chiic xa hgi truyen thdng la mot trong nhiing thinh to quan frpng ciia
\ an hda lpc ngudi, dugc bio luu vi trao tniyen ni the he niy qua the he khae. Trong xu the hda nhap, giao luu hien nay, td chiie xa hdi cung nhu nhiing thinh td khic cua vin hda tpc ngudi dang dien ra sy bien ddi vdi rapt mirc dp, cudng do ngay mpt nhanh. Nhin vao thue lien tai nai nghien ctiu eho thiy, lang bin trayen thdng ciia ngudi Co-m va Ca dong Ii nhimg don VI tu quin khep kin, dugc lap d nai cao nhung bang phing, gin ngudn nudc, noi sin xual vdi hang chue ngdi nha sin quay quan theo hinh biu due, da giac hay hinh trdn, rait huong ve nha cpng ddng. Lang truyen thdng cua ngudi Ca-m trudc khi ve TDC dugc thiet lip nim tieh bi?l nhau theo timg khu vyc, radi ling cd radt sd ddng hp chinh. \i viy viec tim dal, dja diera dyng ling thudng do ngudi ehii ling va nhtrng ngudi ldn tudi dim nhiem (Trin Dure Sang, 2015). Vi vay, vai trd cua gii ling dugc coi la "tdi cao", la trung tam ciia mpi hoat dgng tir sin xual den Id chiic ddi sdng, dn ngudng (Biii Quang Thanh. 2013). Hien nay, tai thdn Aroong, xa Ma Cooih, khdng gian va vj tri ling tmyen tbdng thay ddi nhieu. khdng cdn dpc lap frong mpt thung liing giiia lung chimg nui eao. Sy quan tu lhinh ling hien tai cua ngudi Ca-m khong phu thudc vao tinh chit ben trong ciia cpng ddng ma chiu sy tic ddng cua viec thay ddi mdi trudng sinh thai mdi. Die biel, nhi Gual - bieu mgng ciia ling truyen thdng van dugc xiy dyng nhung kich thudc, vai lieu, bieu tugng frang tri, tinh chit sinb boat da c6 sy each tan.
Hon ntra, nha Gual hien nay lai klidng dugc dit d vj tri di vio ling, khdng nim d trung tam giiia cac nhi dan den sy quin ly, dieu tiet xa hpi thdng qua boat dpng ty quin ciia ling bi suy giim; mpt sd cbiic danh ciia cpng ddng trudc day bi md nhat, dac biet li vai frd eiia bdi ddng gia ling vi thii ITnh quan su (ngudi diing diu td chirc cac eude sin ban vi chien franh).
Mgl dilm han che rit ldn d khu TDC hien nay li nhi d bd tri theo kieu bac thang, khdng c6 he thdng thoat nudc nen vio mtia mua, nudc sinh boat va nude thai ciia mdt sd hg chan nudi hi fren cao fran xudng cic nhi phia thap gay d nhiera radi trudng nghiem frgng, lara nay sinh nhieu mau thuan giiia cic hd gia dinh. Ddi vdi ngudi Ca dong d thdn 6 xa Tra Bui trudc day, bin ling cua hp cting dugc chia thinh nhieu chdm, nhdm de cd dat dai rpng va thuan tien canh tac. Sau TDC, cau trie lang ciing nliu bd miy td chiic cua ling da thay ddi hoan tain, dac biet la sy gidi ban khdng gian ve quy md dien tich va dia the. Mac du khi chuyen sang noi d mdi. ngudi din chpn nha bing hinh thirc bdc thim tbeo timg ddng hg nham tao dieu kien cho anh em, hp hang cu tni quay quin canh nhau, nhung frong thuc te do dia hinh cic khu TDC Ihudng ddc. chal hep nen sd lupng nhi phan bd theo timg cum khdng dip iing nhu ciu ciia cac hg gia dinh frong ddng hg. Lang cua ngudi Ca dong hien nay khdng cdn chia thinh 3 xdm nhu frudc ma d rii rac cich xa nhau dan den su cd ket, chia se nhimg radi quan he hang ngay cung nhu kinh nghiem lim in ngiy cang it di. Them vio do, nhi cgng ddng cua ngudi Ca dong hien tai dugc xay bing nguyen vat lieu hien dai nen di Iim ban sac vin truyen thdng tdc ngudi trd nen md nhal, viee quy tu va thu hut ngudi dan den sinh boat eung khdng cdn nhu xua. Ddi vdi tinh hinh quin ly din cu hien nay lai xi Tri Bui, viee sap nhip 3 thdn thinh I thdn da giy inh
?>> Phgm fr.i ••••_: _ - -
hudng khdng nhd den tam lu \ a vai trd ciia truang thon. Do dja hinh rgng. cdng \"^'- ^^
nhieu. phu cip lai it nen trudng thdn ciing khong cd dicu kien nim bit. quan tam s.ii ^-'t'- ^^^ ^ vien din hing hp din v l each thirc lim in. phil men kinh te nhu trudc day.
Kel luan
Nam lrong vimg TDC thiiy dien A Vuang va Sdng Tranh 2. cupc .sdny ciia nguoi Ca-Ui v i Ca dong hien nay dang trai qua nhieu thich thtic, nhit la diilu dat sin xuat, klian hilm v l ngudn nudc. biln ddi klii hiu.... lira inh hudng d i n sire khde. ddi sdng \ a thu nhip cua moi gia dinh. Khi chuyin din nai d mdi. cac tdc ngudi TDC khdng khdi cd nhiing bo ngd ^\Q lim quen vdi mdi trudng sdng khac biet trudc day, song bp khdng thu ddng trdng chd vao cac hinh thuc trp giup cua Nha nudc m i d i biit phat huy tinh cd ket va md rdng mang ludi x i hpi cua minh dc thich ung va vuon len. Kit qua nghien cuu cho thiy, mang ludi lien kit trong gia dinh, ddng hp va cdng ddng khdng nhung dupc tiep tuc cimg cd ve lmh cam ma cdn ling cudng frg giiip nhau v l kinh t l nhu gia tang tinh cd kel trong hoat dpng ndng - lam nghiep, thiic d i y lira kilra viec lain mdi, xay dyng Idng tin trong trao ddi mua ban,... Ben canh do, cic Id chire doin thi trong xa hpi cung cd vai trd nhit djnh ddi vdi viee hd trg, dgng vien ngudi dan vugt qua nhiing giai doan klid klian.
Qua nghien ctiu each thtic m i ngudi din iing xir vdi nhtmg ddi thay do qua trinh TDC cho thay, ngudi Ca-m va Ca dong da rat nang dpng, llnh boat trong viec van dung ngudn von x i hpi cua minh de dam bio boat ddng sinb ke. Tuy nhien, bdi cinh sau TDC da dan den nhiing thay ddi frong co cau Id chtic xa hdi truyen thdng d cic toe ngudi, do do linh lien ket va quan he xa hdi d mdt bd phin ngudi dan cd xu hudng md nhal di, thira chi cdn xay ra nhiimg mau thuan, franh chap lien quan den dit dai. Dieu n i y da inh hudng khdng nho den su doin ket lrong cdng ddng eung nhu chia se, tuang trp nhau trong sinh ke. Vi vay, viec nghien ctiu va tim hieu ve mang ludi x i hpi vdi X\s each Ii mdt ngudn luc quan trgng ludn la indl vin de dupe dal ra trong phat trien ben viing kinli le ndng thdn hien nay, d i e biet l i tai nhtimg nai TDC.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1 Trin Thi Mai An (2012). "Bien ddi ca ciu td chiic x i hdi tmyen thdng ciia ngirdi Ca-tu d huyen Nain Ddng, tinh Thira Thien Hue". Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 4, tr. 27-32.
2. Ding Ngu\cn Anh (1998). 'A'ai trd ciia mang ludi xa hpi trong qua trinh di cu", Tgp chi Xd hgi hgc. Sd 2. ti. 16-24.
3. \ g u \ c n Tuin Anh (2012). "Quan he hg hang - mpl ngudn vdn x i hpi trong phit frien kinh te hd gia dinh ndng thdn". Tgp chi Nghiin cihi Con ngu&i, Sd 1, tr. 48-60
4 Hoing c i m va cpng sy (2017). Chuyin doi sinh ke vd vdn de lin dung r/„j/„ ^/^ (^^
ngudi ihieu sd lgi Tdy Nguyen vd miin nin phia Bac. Bao cio kel qua nghien ciru ciia Vien Ngluen cuu Xa bpi. Kinh tc va Mdi trudng (ISEE).
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd3 - 2020 39^
5. Pham Thj Thu H i (2015), "Trdng frpt ciia ngudi Tay d thdn Pd Cai, x i Gia Cit, huy?n Cao Lpc, tinh Lang Son", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, Sd 4&5. fr. 37-46.
6. Trin Dinh Hugu (1996), Den hiin tgi tir truyen thdng, Nxb. Van bda. H i Ndi.
7. Trin Dtic Sing (2015), "Nhimg bien ddi frong ddi sdng vit chat cua dan ldc Katu d viing di din lii djnh cu Ihiiy dien A Vuang", Ky yeu Hgi nghi Thdng bdo Ddn tgc hgc, Vien Dan tpc hpc.
8. Biii Quang Thanh (2013), " V i n de chuyen ddi vai frd quin ly v i n hda xa hdi lrong cpng ddng cic din tdc thieu sd d Q u i n g Nam", Tgp chi Nghien ciru Ddng Nam A, fr 70-77.
9. Doin Tranh (2011), "Sinh ke ben virng cho cdng ddng tii djnh cu cdng frinh thiiy di?n d luu vyc sdng Vu Gia - Thu Bdn tinh Quing Nam: Thyc trang va giii phap", frong:
Tran Vin H i (Chii bien), Nghiin ciru tdi dinh cu ihiiy diin d Viet Nam ihdi ki' Doi mat, Nxb.
Tir dien Bach khoa. Ha Ngi.
10. Le Minh Tiln (2006), "Tdng quan phuang phap phan tich mang ludi x i hdi trong nghien ctiu x i hgi", Tgp chi Khoa hgc xd hgi. Sd 9, tr. 1-12.
11. Uy ban nhin dan xa Tra Bui (2018), Bdo cdo ve tinh hinh d&i sdng ciia ngu&i ddn tQi cdc khu tdi dinh cu cita du dn thiiy diin Sdng Tranh 2.
12. Uy ban nhan dan xa T r i Bui (2018), De dn thdnh lap ihon 6 iren ca sa hgp nhdl lodn bg diin tich, ddn so cua thdn 1. thdn 2 vd sdp nhdp mgt phdn dien tich, ddn .so thon 3 thudc xd Trd Bui. huyen Bdc Trd My.
13. Uy ban nhan d i n xa Ma Cooih (2019), Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hien chien lugc cdng ldc ddn tgc ndm 2018 vd cdc chucmg trinh. chinh sdch 6 thdng ddu ndm 2019.
14. Uy ban nhin dan xa M i Cooih (2019), Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hien chinh sdch ddi v&i ngirdi cd uy lin 6 thdng ddu ndm 2019.
