Tap chi KHLN 1/2014 (3163 • 3172) tr Vi#n KHLNVN - VAFS
ISSN: 1859-0373 Dang tai tai www vafs gov v.
CO HOI VA THACH THUG QUA HE T H O N G VITON UaiVI CAP NONG HO a TiNH SON LA VA MI^N NUI PHJA BAG VIET NAM
Vu Van Thuan* , Doan Dire Lan', Nguyen Thi Hoa^, Dumas-Johansen, Marc Kristof ^, Hoang Minh Ha^, Roshetko James M ^
'Trudng Dal hoc Tdy Bdc: ^T6 chiic Nghien cuu Nong Ldm thi giai (ICRAF)
Tu klida: Vu&n uam nong ho. nguon giong, chung nhdn vudn uam
TOM TAT
Vuon irom cap nong hp giiip ngucri dan co kha nang tiep can vai giong cay trong CO chat lugng, tham gia vao tr6ng cay gay rtmg va tang thu nhap. De hieu rd thirc trang he thong vtron uom nong ho va de xuat cac giai phap nham phat trien he thong nay o mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam noi chung va tinh Son La noi rieng, mot nghien cuu da dupe trien khai trong giai doan 2010-2011. Cac phuong phap nghien cuu bao gom: long quan tai lieu, nghien ciiu thuc dia, phong van sau ban cau triic cac cap va bang cau hoi, hpi thao tu van, phan tich so lieu. Ket qua phan tich 9 vucm uom tai 3 huyen Mpc Chau, Mai San va Thuan Chau tinh Son La cho thay vucm uam nong hp (VUNH) CO quy mo bien dpng tii 500 - 2500m' va thu nhap mfii n^m bien dpng tir 10 - 500 trieu dong. Voi quy mo nho chi bang I/IO ciia Vuan uam Quoc doanh (VUQD), VUNH cho hieu qua kinh te gap 3 lan. Co tiem nang thi truang cho VUNH thong qua c^c chucmg trinh, du an trong rirng, nhung lai gap kho khan trong viec cap giay chiing nhan vuan uam. NhQ-ng thach thirc ciia Son La da the hien tinh hinh chung ciia cac linh mien nui phfa Bac. Cac giai phap de xuat de h6 Irg sir phat trien VUNH can bao gom ca chinh sach, ph6 cap, xay dung mang luoi, h6 trg viec cap chirng chi vuttn uam va tiep can thi trudng.
Keywords: Smallholder nurseries, germplasm, nursery certification
Challenges and opportunities for the system of small-scale nurseries in Son La province and Vietnam's Northern mountain region Smallholder nurseries (SHN) are known to increase farmers' accessibility to quality tree seedlings, improve their involvement in forest plantation establishment and improve their income. A study was conducted during 2010-2011 in Son La province lo assess the status of private smallholders' nurseries in the Northern mountainous areas of Vietnamand to define measures to improve those nurseries. The research methods used included a review of literature, field surveys, semi-struclure interviews, a consultation workshop, and analyses data. Analyses of nine smallholder nurseries located in 3 districts namely Moc Chau, Mai Son and Thuan Chau (all in Son La province) showed thai SHN are of small-scale, wiih a maximum size of 500 - 2500m" and annual income of 10-500 milHon VN Dong {USS 500 - 25000). Additionally, SHN lack market access resulting in restricted sales prospects, mainly due to difficulties in obtaining nursery certification remains difficult. Recommendations to support the development of smallholder nurseries including policy, extension, networking development, certification and market access are discussed.
Tap chi KHLN 2014 Vu Van Thuin et al.. 2014(1)
I. DAT VAN DE
Vudn uom la noi gidng cdy duoe san xuat trong mpt dieu kien tdt de ddm bao eung cap cho viec trdng cdy gay rung. Vudn uofm cd the d quy md nhd, gia dinh hoac la ca sd kinh doanh Idn (Roshetko et al., 2010). Tai Viet Nam, edy gidng do cd vudn uom tu nhdn, cdng ddng vd qudc doanh sdn xudt, trong do vudn uom tu nhdn bao gdm ea cdng ty tu nhdn va hd gia dinh (Pham el ai, 2002).
Nghien cim d Camorun eho thdy tdm quan trpng cua vudn uom cdng ddng, trong dd ngudi ndng dan cai thien boat ddng san xuat ciia hp thdng qua cdi tien bd gidng cdy trdng Cling nhu thudn hda cac gidng bdn dia (Degrande, 2006). Morris va Hieu (2006) sau khi nghien cuu vudn uam cdng dong d miSn nui phia Bdc Viet Nam da chi ra rdng vudn uam edng ddng chi cd the phdt trien tdt dupe neu cd ddng gdp cua can bd cd ky nang cao tu vudn uam ca the hode qudc doanh, vi ngudi ddn rat khd van hdnh khi khdng quen vdi boat ddng nay. Vudn uam tu nhdn cd uu the so vdi vudn uam tap the, ve mat quan ly va da dang CLia cdy gidng cung nhu bao qudn ngudn gidng (vi du d Philippines, Garcia, 2002) vd Iinh boat ban trong viec ddp ung nhu cdu thj trudng (vi du d Kenya, Russell & Franzel, 2004), nhung yeu hem vudn uom tap th6 trong viee mua hat gidng va may mde (Garcia, 2002). Hien tai d Viet Nam chua cd nghien cim nao di sdu vdo vudn uom ndng hp. Cdu hdi dat ra, lieu vudn uom ndng hd (VUNH) cd CO hdi phat trien khdng va n§u cd thi ydu td ndo giup de phat tridn.
Trdng cay gdy rung la hoat dpng quan trpng cua Viet Nam nham ddi mat vdi nhiing lo ngai gay anh hirdng xdu d^n mdi trudng nhu xdi mdn, sat Id dat, thoai hda ddt do pha rimg (GoV, 2005). Rung tu nhien cua Viet Nam dang mat ddn vdi tdc dp cao, iy do la nhdm dap ung nhu cdu khai thdc rung cua
25.000.000 ngudi song trong hodc gan nmg va phu thupe vao ngudn tai nguyen rung (GoV, 2005); nhu cau ve gd va lam san ngoai go tang do do thi hoa va cdng nghiep hda; nhu cau dat eanh tac tang do toe dp tang dan s6, du kiin Viet Nam se dat 100 trieu ngudi vao nam 2020 (De Jong et al., 2006). Cac chuong trinh phdt trien ldm nghiep hang nam cd nhu cdu tieu thy sd lupng idn ngudn cdy giong tir cdc vudn uom Nha nudc cflng nhu tu nhan.
Tuy vdy hieu qua san xuat ciia cac vudn uom hien dugc bao cao la thap, chua dap ung dii nhu cau can thiet ve sd luong, chat Iucmg cay gidng. Hon nija, gid cua gidng cdy thap khong dam bdo phat trien vudn uom cd chdt lupng cao (Pham et al., 2002). Bai bdo nay gioi thieu ket qua hap tac nghien ciru, vai muc tieu danh gia thuc trang he thdng VUNH dl d^
xuat cac giai phdp nham phdt trien he thdng vudn uam nay cho mien mii phia Bdc Viet Nam ndi ehung va tinh Son La ndi rieng.
II. PHU'DNG PHAP NGHIEN CUtJ 2.1. Dia ban nghien cwu
Nghien cuu thuc dia dup-c tridn khai tai 3 huyen, dai dien eho ba vimg sinh thai khac nhau cua tinh Son La, bao gdm Mdc Chau (dai dien cho viing cao, cd dp cao > 1.000m), Thuan Chdu (dai dien cho vimg trung binh, cd dp cao tir 800 - 1.000m) vd Mai Son (dai dien cho viing thap, cd dp eao tir 600 - 800m). Thuoc khu vuc Tay Bdc Viet Nam va ndm trong 20°39' - 22%T dp vTBdc va lOS'l 1' - 105''02' kinh dp Ddng, San La dac trung vdi khi hau nhiet ddi gid miia, nhiet dp trung binh 2rC, lupmg mua hang nam 1200 - 1600mm va co suang mudi d viing cao. Khoang 90% luong mua hdng nam tap trung chii yeu tir thang 4 den thang 9. Loai ddt chii ydu la Feralit, dp ddy han 50cm, dl bi rira trdi, cd tinh a-xit nhung cd cdu true tdt do ham Iucmg set cao (Hoang & Degrande, 2011). Tong dien tich cLia San La la 1.417.400ha, trong do ddt ldm 3164
Vii Van Thugn ef al., 2014(1) Tgp chi KHLN 2014 nghiep la 572.900ha, chilm ban 1/3 dien tich
tir nhien ciia tinh. Mac dii rimg ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec bao ve eanh quan va xda ddi giam ngheo cua tinh nhung vdn bj tdn
phd de canh tac nuong ray va ddc canh ngd.
Tdng dan sd cua tinh Id 1.083 trieu ngudi, trong dd edc nhdm dan tdc chu yeu la Thai, Kinh, H'mdng, Mudng va Dao.
Hinh 1. Bdn dd tinh San La vdi cac dia diem khao sat (danh dau bang vdng trdn) 2.2. Phuong p h a p nghien ciiu
2.2.1. Tdng quan tdi lieu
Ke thira cac tai Heu cd lien quan den van de nghien cuu trong nudc eung nhu qudc te, ddc biet la tac dpng cua cde chuong trinh, du an ldm nghiep den phat trien he thdng VUNH.
2.2.2. Phong vdn sau bdn cau tnic vd sir dung bdng cdu hoi
Sir dung phdng vdn ban cdu true va bang cdu hdi de tim ra ly do: thdi gian bat dau xdy dung vudn uom; chi tieu san xudt, chdt lupiig gidng, kha ndng ky thuat, thudn Icri, khd khdn, kha ndng kinh doanh... Cac ddi tupng phdng vdn d edc cdp cu the nhu sau:
- Cdp linh: 12 can bd ldm cdng tac qudn ly, ky thudt dai dien cho Chi cue Lam nghiep, Trung tdm Khuyen ndng tinh, Trung tdm Gidng cay trong tinh, Trung tam Khoa hpc Lam nghiep viing Tay Bdc. Ban qudn ly rimg dac dung
Thuan Quynh, Lam trudng Mdc Chdu tai tinh Scm La da dupe phdng vdn sir dung cdng cu bdn cdu true.
- Cdp huyen vd cdp vican uom: 15 can bd qudn ly ky thuat phu trach 9 vudn uom, gdm 3 vudn uom qudc doanh (VUQD) vd 6 VUNH, phdn bd tai 3 huyen nghien ciiu da dupe phdng van sir dung cd phuang phdp bdn cau triic va dimg bang cdu hdi.
- Cdp quoc gia: Mdt cudc phdng van ban cau true vdi chuyen gia ciia Cue lam nghiep ve cae van de sau: (i) Cdc he thdng vudn uom d Viet Nam; (ii) Chinh sach cdp qudc gia ve vudn uom; (iii) Chuong trinh trdng rirng qudc gia va tac ddng eua chiing den nhu cdu ve edy gidng; (iv) Cdc yeu td chinh tdc ddng den su tham gia ciia hd gia dinh vao he thdng vudn uom; (v) Sir can thiet Iham gia ciia ndng hd vao cac chuong trinh trdng rimg, (\ i) Cdc giai phdp chinh sach tiem ndng.
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Tap chi KHLN 2014 Vu Van Thugn ef al., 2014(1)
2.2.3. Tham vdn chuyen gia
Hai hpi thao da duoc td chiic, bao gdm: (i) hdi thao thidt kk nghien cuu, duac td chuc vao thang 2 nam 2010 tai Ha Npi vdi sir tham gia cua nhdm nghien cuu; (ii) hdi thdo qudc gia, dupe td chuc tai tinh Dien Bien vdo thdng 2 nam 2011, nham bao cao ket qud nghien ciru vd thdo ludn lay y kien ddng gdp eho ket qua tim dupe. Cd 30 dai bieu cd kinh nghiem trong linh vuc nghien cmi nay d khu vuc mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam ndi chung va Son La ndi rieng da thdo ludn theo nhdm vdi cdc chu de: (i) hd trp chinh sach, (ii) tiep can thi trudng cay gidng, (iii) tiep can ngudn gidng chat lugng, (iv) hd trg ky thudt. Timg nhdm da phdn tich diem yeu, diem manh, co hdi vd thach thuc ctia VUNH de ldm ca sd eho thao luan giai phap.
2.2.4. Phuong phdp xuly sd lieu
Sd lieu dinh tinh thu dupe qua phdng vdn sdu duoc sir dung de dua ra cac gia dinh, cung nhu de giai thich cdc vdn de tim dupe tir phdn tich sd lieu dinh luong. Sd lieu djnh lupng dupe xu ly tren chuong trinh excel nham trd ldi cae cdu hdi nghien euu. Ket qua thu dugc trong hdi thdo tham vdn cdp qudc gia dupe so sanh vdi ket qud phdn tich cua 9 vudn uom nghien cim d Son La de dua ra cac ket ludn vd de xudt.
HI. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.L Thuc trang cua he thong vu-on tfom nong ho cua tinh Son La
3.1.1. Quy md dien tich, qudn ly vd sd hiru dat Ket qud dieu tra cho thdy, dien tieh ciia cdc VUNH chi nhd bdng 1/10 dien tich VUQD,
Cac dai bieu den lir sa Nong nghiep va Phat tri^n nong thon (NN &PTNT) cua ba tinh San La, Yen Bai, va Dien Bien, Bo NN & PTNT, Truong Dai hoc Tay B^c va Dai hoc Thai Nguyen, Vien Nghien ciru Nong Lam nghiep m i k nui phia BSc (NOMAFSI) va Trung tam Nong - Lam qu6c t^ (iCRAF).
(dien tich VUNH bien dpng tir 500 - 2500m^, so vdi dien tieh VUQD tir 5.000m^ dk l,5ha). Thdi gian xay dung ciia VUNH dupe khodng 3 - 7 ndm, ngan hon thdi gian eiia vudn qudc doanh. 100% chu quan ly cac VUNH la nam gidi, vdi dp tudi 30 - 40 chi6m 67%, dudi 30 tudi chilm 16,5% vd tren 40 tudi ehilm 16,5%. Cae chu vudn uom qua dao tao thudng cd trinh dp tir trung cdp Xra len chiem 50%. Sd lao ddng ed trinh dp cap 2, 3 chi^m ty le 72,37%; trong khi sd lao dpng dupe ddo tao nghe chiem ty Ie rat nhd tren tdng sd lao ddng (1,31%, bang 1). Trong khi dd, VUQD ed 66,7% can bd quan ly vudn uom la nam gidi, 33,3% la nG gidi vd deu da dupe dao tao qua dai hpc, ed dp tudi tren 40.
Hon 83% chii VUNH cd gidy chung nhan quyen su dung dat tren dien tich lam vudn uam, vd gdn 17% chii vudn chua cd gidy chiing nhdn quyen sii dung dat. Cac vudn uom ehii yeu nam d cac trung tam va gdn dudng chinh de thudn tien cho qua trinh san xudt va van chuyen cay gidng.
3.1.2. Sd lodi, phuang phdp nhdn gidng Gidng edy do VUNH san xuat khdng phong phu bang VUQD. Kdt qua didu tra 6 vudn uom ndng hd cho thdy, cd 9 loai cay dupe san xudt, trong dd cd 5 loai bdn dja (Lat hoa. Son tra, Nhdi, Tram, Sdu) va 4 lodi nhdp ndi (Keo lai, bach dan. Thong, Tre bat dp). Trong khi do, khao sat san xudt tdng sd 14 loai edy d 3 VUQD thi ben canh cde lodi edy bdn dja va nhdp ndi gidng nhu vudn uom ndng hd, con cd 4 loai cay an qua ban dja (Nhan, Vai, Xoai, Dao). Dieu nay id do sdn xuat cay gidng dn qua ddi hdi ky thuat cao (nhu ghep) nhung vudn uom ndng bd chua cd nang lire thuc hien. Ca vudn uom ndng hd vd qudc doanh deu mdi dap ling dupe khodng 25 - 30% so ioai cay ban dja va 66,67% sd loai cdy nhap
VG van Thugn et al., 2014(1) Tgp chi KHLN 2014 npi SO vdi quy hoach ciia tinh^. Sd loai cay
san xuat cua edc VUNH rdt khde nhau, dao ddng tir 1 den 9 Ioai trong moi vudn. Dieu nay la do hop ddng cua cae du an san xudt edy gidng voi ede VUNH rat khac nhau. Son tra, Lat hoa, Thdng ma vT, bach ddn, keo la cdc loai cay phd bien dugc san xuat trong 2 - 5 vudn uom ndng hd, trong khi dd Nhdi, Tram,
Sau, Tre mdng bat dp chi dupe san xudt tai 1 vudn uom ndng hd. Van de nay la do cac loai cdy phd bien nam trong co cdu cay trdng chinh ciia tinh duoc nhieu chuong trinh, du an, de tdi sii dung de trdng vi the nhu cau thj trudng cao hon. Trong khi do nhdm cdy it phd bien dupe sdn xuat vdi sd lugng rdt it vd chi ban cho khaeh hang ca nhan.
Bang 1. Nang luc ky thuat ciia cdc vudn irom nong hd.
Vipo-n y o m
1 2 3 4 5 6 T6ng so
Lao dpng SLF dung (ngi^cxi) Tong s6
3 3 1 37 24 8 76
Dai han 1 1 1 4 4 2 13
Tho-i vu 2 2 0 33 20 6 63
Trinh do van hda va dao tao Chu vu'd'n
Tmng hoc co so Tieu hoc Tnjng hoc CO so Dai hoc Trung cap Tnjng c^p
Cong nhan du'p'c dao tao
0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Cong nhan hpc d p 2,3
2 2 1 23 21 6 56
Phuong phap nhdn gidng ciia VUQD da dang hon so vdi VUNH: 100% cde loai cay trong VUNH deu nhan gidng tir hat, VUQD ngoai 73% sd loai cay nhan gidng tit hat, cd 27% sd loai cdy nhan giong theo cac phuang phdp khac nhu gidm horn, ghep hay nudi cdy md.
Dieu nay Id bdi ndng lire ky thuat va co sd ha tdng cd ban ciia VUNH khdng dii de thuc hien cac bien phdp nhdn gidng khdc nhu VUQD.
Ve ngudn gdc hat, ddi vdi edy ban dia thi cdc VUNH cd thd tu di Idy hat hoac thue ngudi dan thu hai hat, ddi vdi edy nhdp ndi thi ngudn hat gidng duoc mua tir cdc co sd cung cap hat gidng. Dieu nay khdng cd sir khdc biet ldn giQ-a he thdng VUNH va VUQD.
- Theo Quyk dmh so 2188/OD-UBND ngay 8/9/2008 cua UBND tinh San La v^ vi?c phe duyet Quy hoach BSo v? v& Phdt Iri^n rimg tinh Son La den nSm 2015 va djnh hiring den nam 2020 xAc d|nh 20 loai cay ban dia v4 6 loili cay nh^p npi se dupe quy hoach de tr6ng a Son La.
3.1.3. Hieu qud sdn xudt
Ket qud khdo sdt chi ra rdng VUNH cd ty le loi nhuan/chi phi cao hon so vdi VUQD: 1,8- 2,89 cho VUNH, so vdi 0,6 - 1 cho VUQD.
Dieu nay do VUNH ed khd nang quan ly, dieu hanh, tu chu tdt hon vudn uom qudc doanh.
Loi nhudn thu dugc cd bien ddng ldn giua cdc VUNH, tir 400 - 500 trieu ddng/ndm (vudn uom 4 vd 5), xudng chi 10 -40 trieu ddng/nam (vudn uom 1, 2, 3). Ly do cd Ipi nhudn cao cua \'udn uam 4 va 5 la do quy md san xudt ldn hon cung nhu trinh dp cua can bd cao hon (bdng 1). Ben canh do, ngoai nhiing chucmg trinh du an trdng rCrng, cac vudn uom nay cd the ban cay gidng cho khdch hang tu nhan (bdng 2).
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Tap chi KHLN 2014 Vu Van Thuan etal., 2014(1)
Bang 2. Hieu qua kinh te va thj trudng cua cae vudn uom ndng hd nam 2010
Vu'O'n iFom 1 2 3 4 5 6
Hieu qua kinh t l (Trieu dong/nam) Chi phi
19.7 8.75 5.6 234 85 272 050 46 780
Thu nhap 54 34 17 665 6 787.240 131 200
Lp'i nhuan 34 3 25.25 11.4 430.75 615.190 84 420
Doi tu'png mua cay gi6ng(% cay gidng ban cho doi tu'crng/ tong so cay ban) Khaeh hang ca nhan
0 0 0 30 1 0
Dif an, chu'cng trinh 100 100 100 70 99 100
Phan Ian chi phi cua VUNH la cho cong lao dpng (47%), tiSp theo la mua vat tir (28%), mua gi6ng (13%), thue ddt (4%) va chi phi khac (8%). D6i voi VUQD, cac chi phi khac gom: chi phi tiep thi, quang cao, tiep thu cong nghe hay ho tra tap huan va chi phi dien nuac phuc vu san xuat chi^m 40%, con lai cong lao dong 14%, vat tu (20%), gidng (21%) va ik (5%). Su khac nhau nay chu yeu th^ hien lugng dSu tu lan va uu tien cho khai thae thi truang cung nhu chuyen giao cong nghe cua VUQD so voi VUNH. B6n tren sau VUNH co lao dong tii 1 den 8 ngudi, va chi hai vuon trom CO t6ng s6 lao dong tit 24 - 37 nguoi.
Lao dong hgp dong lam theo thdi vu tu' 2 - 3 thang/nam chiem chu yiu (83%)) so vdi sd nhd lao dgng cd dinh (17%, bang 1).
3.1.4. Tiep can thi tnrd'ng sdn pltiim Thi trudng cay gidng chii ySu ctia cac VUNH la cac du an, chuong trinh hay dd tai nghien ciai (bang 2). Ngoai ra vudn uam sd 4 cdn cd 1 hrgng khaeh hang tu nhan khoang 30%. Kit qua phdng van chuyen sau cho thiy vudn trom nay niim bit dugc tinh hinh thj truang, nhu cau cay gidng ctia ngudi dan tir dd quydt dinh dau tu de cung cjp cho thj tnrdng, Vudn uom sd 1, 2 va 3 cd khd khan trong viec ban cay gidng \'a ngudn vdn diu tu vi cac chu virdn uam nay la chu rimg, san xuit cay gidng cho hoat ddng trdng rimg thudc cac du an cua gia dinh va trong khu vuc. Vi vay, sau khi kit
thiic du an, cac chit vudn uam nay khd tim dugc thi trugng thay the. Ben canh do, han che vdn dau tu cho san xuat cua 3 vudn uom nay dan den ban che tiep can vol cac chuong trinh, du an trdng rimg Idn do khdng dap ung tieu chuan cung flrng cay gidng. Nhihig khd khan nay cac chii vudn uam dii nhan ra, tuy nhien van cdn han che trong viec khic phuc do thidu kinh nghiem, it mdi quan he, vudn uom xa trung tam va ngudn kinh phi han hep.
3.1.5. Anil huv'ng ciia cdc citinli sdcli cap qnoc gia vd dia pliuvng
Chien luge phat trien lam nghiep qudc gia giai doan 2006 - 2020 dugc phe duyet cd chii y den hoat ddng hd trg phat tridn he thdng rimg gidng va vudn gidng qudc gia. Viec thuc hien cac chuong trinh trdng rimg cita Nha nudc (661 giai doan 1998-2010 va 147 giai doan 2007 - 2015) da lam gia tang nhu ciu cay gidng phuc vu cho hoat ddng trdng rimg.
Chuong trinh 147 da thdng qua cac bien phap cu the de hd trg viec md rdng va phat triSn mang ludi vudn uom nhu: hd trg kinh phi diu tu' trdng va quan ly rimg gidng, vudn gidng, xay dung cac trung tam san xuit gidng cay rimg chiit lugng cao va vudn uom gidng. Ben canh dd cCing cd mdt sd quyet dinh cu thd quy djnh ve tieu chuan ky thuat ciia he thdng vudn uom do Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat tridn ndng thon ban hanh (Quydt djnh sd 35/2003/QD-BNN va Tieu chuin nganh 04 TCN 147 - 2006 vd tieu chuan cdng nhan giong cay lam nghiep; QuySt
vo van Thugn et al.. 2014(1) Tgp chi KHLN 2014 djnh sd 89/2005/QD-BNN vd quy ch6 qudn ly
gidng cay trdng lam nghiep; Tieu chuan nganh 04-TCN-52-2002 vd tieu chudn vudn uom cay gidng lam nghiep; Tieu chuan nganh 04TCN-64-2003 ve tieu chuan chpn gidng cay lam nghiep). Viec ap dung ede quyet dinh, tieu ehudn nay giup tang cudng chdt lugng cdy gidng thdng qua boat ddng cdp chiing chi ngudn gidng va gidy chung nhan vudn uom dii dieu kien san xudt kinh doanh. Day chinh la rao cdn ddi vdi VUNH vi nang luc qudn ly va CO sd ha tdng eua vudn uom rat khd de xin cdp gidy chung nhdn. Ket qud nghien cuu chi ra rdng ca 6 VUNH khdo sdt cua tinh Son La deu chua dupe cdp gidy chung nhan ve ngudn gidng hay nang luc san xudt, kinh doanh.
Trudc ddy mdt phan VUNH san xuat cdy gidng lay danh nghTa san xudt cho cdc co sd trdng rung mat khde viec qudn ly gidy chimg nhan ve ngudn gidng hay ndng lire san xudt, kinh doanh chua khat khe.
Co cdu cac loai cay san xuat tai VUNH duac quy dinh bdi cac quyet dinh cua cap tinh, vi du Quyet dinh cdp qudc gia sd 16/2005/QD-BNN ban hanh danh muc cdc loai cay chu yeu cho trdng rimg sdn xudt tai 9 vung sinh thai. Theo dd, khu vuc Tay Bac bao gdm Son La cd 13 loai duoe quy dinh cho trdng rirng sdn xuat;
vd qxxyk djnh edp tinh sd 2188/QD-UBND (2008) cua UBND tinh Son La quy djnh 20 loai cay ban dia vd 6 loai cay nhdp ndi se dugc quy hoach de trdng d Son La. Dieu nay the hien su can thiet ve ca cau loai edy san xudt cua cac VUNH phu hgp co cau loai cdy trdng do cac cap ban hanh.
3.2. Dc xuat giai phap h6 tro- phat trien yytm irom nong ho (VUNH)
Cde diem manh, diim yeu, co hdi vd thach thue ciia VUNH cac tinh phia Bac vd Son La dugc phdn tich (Bang 3) de ldm co sd thao ludn giai phap ho trg. Nam gidi phdp dugc de xuat bao gdm:
Chinh sdch: Xdy dung cac chinh sdch hd trg viec xdy dung cde VUNH, bao gom cdch ti8p can thi trudng, ky thuat, ngudn vdn.
Pho cap: Xay dung chien luge truyen thdng cho vudn u a m cap ndng hp. Sir dung eac cdng cu truyen thdng nhu sd tay, td roi, thdm quan, truyen thanh, truyen hinh, hdi thdo,... de tuyen truyen ve cac VUNH ed hieu qua, cung nhu tap hudn ndng cao ky thudt cho chu vudn uom, cdn bd ky thuat vd chia se cdc thdng tin ve thi trudng cdy gidng. Cac ndi dung tap hudn ve xdy dung, quan ly vd phdt trien vudn uom bao gdm cac mat nhu lira chpn dja diem, lam ddt, cac phuong phdp nhdn gidng, san xudt vd bdo qudn edy gidng, lira chpn sdn xuat cdy gidng phii hgp, each tiep can thi trudng.
Xdy dung mang ludi cac ben lien quan, gdm CO quan Nhd nudc, td chuc ky thuat, nhdm cdng ddng vd ndng hp, nham hd trg viec thuc hien cac chuong trinh qudc gia va tang cudng nhdn thuc, nang luc ky thuat cua cac thanh vien trong mang ludi; mang ludi chia se thdng tin vd lien he glQa cac ben san xudt cdy gidng vd khdch hdng; Cdc vudn uom ndng hp dien hinh (ed tiep can tdt vdi ngudn gidng chdt lupng cao) va thuc ddy tiep can trang web cua CO quan ban nganh ve quan ly, sdn xuat gidng nhu Bd NN&PTNT, Vien Khoa hpc Ldm nghiep Viet Nam (Trung tdm Gidng cdy rimg), cdc Cdng ty Gidng cay trdng... de nam bat thdng tin ve ngudn gidng, cay gidng vd tai Heu ky thudt can thiet; Td chirc cdc nhom quan tdm nham chia se thdng tin ve ngudn gidng tdt tai dia ban va hd trp boat ddng cua nhdm.
Chimg chi: Hd trp VUNH dat duac cac tieu chuan can thiet trong quan ly ngudn gidng de dang ky chimg nhdn ngudn gidng thdng qua edc chien djch truyen thdng dai chiing va hd trg ky thudt true tiep; Tdng cudng tiep can cua ndng hp d§n he thdng thu tuc cap chirng nhan cho vudn uom don gian ban thdng qua phan cap ve chinh quyen cap huyen, hd trp vudn uom ndng hd trong viec nop don xin cap giay chirng nhdn.
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Tiip can thi trudng vd thong tin vi thi trudng: va chia se thdng tin vd chi ddn dia ly cac Dinh hudng boat dpng san xudt cay gidng theo VUNH cd ban do di kem; Ho trg ndng ho nhu cdu eu tbS vh lodi cay dua tren ddc di^m va trong qua trinh dau thau; Cap giay chimg nhan di8u kien tai timg khu vuc; Ngodi thi trudng Id ve chat lugng cay gidng va dan nhan; Xay cac chuong trinh, du an trong khu vuc cdn thiic dung moi trudng cong bang ve thi trudng cay ddy thj trudng khdch hang la tu nhdn va cac gidng trong cac chuong trinh trdng rung dk hd chuong trinh, du dn khu vuc khac; Xay dung trg phat triin he thdng vudn uom ndng hp.
Bang 3. Di6m manh, di6m yeu, co hdi va thach thirc cua he thdng vudn uom ndng hd tai mien nui phia Bdc va tinh San La (kat qua hdi thao tu van qudc gia va dieu tra Son La)
Diem manh
- Cac chu vwan u'O'm 6a c6 nhilu kinh nghiem trong ITnh vyc san xu§t cay gi6ng lam nghidp.
- Da so cac hg co gi&y chicng nhan quyen sa hu-u cho dien tich dat lam vircm lyam nen giam du-gc chi phi san xuit.
va CO the dau Iw phat trien on dmh, lau dai,
- Dia phipcng co ngu6n lao dpng kha d6i dao nen cac chu sff hO'u vuffn u'O'm co the iinh hogt trong b6 tri lye lu'dng lao dong tam thoi cho san xuat cay giong
- Da s6 cac chu vwiyn worn co dp tu6i tir 30 - 40 tuoi nen linh hoat trong n i m b i t ca hpi thi tru'O'ng cay gi6ng.
Diem yeu
• Trinh do ky thuat cua lao dpng con nhigu han ch6 nen chya trien khai du'p'c cac phiFffng phap nhan gi6ng doi hoi ky thuat cao nhu' chigt, ghep, giam hpm
- Thiet bi v$t \w san xuSt cay gi6ng han ch§ nen chit licang ngu6n gi6ng va cay gi6ng cpn thap.
C c h p i
- Chien lu'pc phat tnen lam nghiep qu6c gia giai doan 2006 - 2020 da du-t^c phe duyet, va co xem xet den hogt dpng phal trien h? th6ng vwc/n yarn h6 110" cac chuong trinh tr6ng rirng
- Co nhieu chyo-ng trinh, du'an ve trong rirng qu6c gia (nhLF661, 147) va cac dy an trong rirng cua cac to chirc phi chinh phu {CARE, DANIDA, GIZ) Ihi/c hi^n tai tinh giiip tang nhu c l u v l cay giong.
- Da CO cac quy dinh chinh sach v§ san xuit cay gi6ng 6 citp dp qu6c gia va d p linh.
- MQ\ SO chu-ang trinh, du' an v l nhan giong cay ban dia da du'pc tnln khai tgi So'n La^ tgo ca so cho VUNH hpc hoi ky thuat nhan gi6ng cay ban dia.
- Co nhieu ky Ihuat tien i i l n Irong san xuit mot so loai cay giang da du'p'c trien khai, c6 ca hpi cho VUNH hpc hoi (nhy ky thuat nhan gilng keo lai bing phyang phap nuoi cSy mo do Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep trien khai).
Thach thirc
- Thi trirong tieu thp cay gilng cua vu^on u-am nong hp cdn t^ang d6i bo hep a mpt sp doi typng khaeh hang va chii yeu dira tren mil quan he ca nhan cua chu vu-an iram
- Cac VUNH phai canh tranh vd'i VUQD'' v l ca thi truo-ng va chat lu'gng cay gilng. Trong khi do VUQD co tiem nang san xuit cay giong chat lu'p'ng cao ho'n va co kit n6i tot han vai cac chuang trinh trdng ri>ng cua Nha myac.
- Dieu kien thai tiet, khi hau diln biln bit thyang tang riii ro cho hoat dpng san xuat cay gi6ng,
- Khi ban cay giong cho cac chu'ang trinh trdng rirng doi hoi phai co chirng chi viyan u'om, h i sa nguon giong gSy kho khan cho cac vyan u'am nong ho. Dilu nay do VUNH con han c h i trong viec dap irng cac tieu chuan ky thugt can thiet xin c§p gily chifng nhan vu^an uum va ngudn giong.
- Quy trinh xin cap giay chirng nhan (chung nhan nguon gilng. chimg nhan du dieu kien san xuat kmh doanh cSy giong, chirng nhan 16 cay cpn) con chya ro rang va t6n tai nhilu bit cap.
- Cac chu'ang trinh trong riyng cua Nha nyac doi hdi s6 lyang cay giong nhilu, chit luc^ng tot, da dang cac logi cay, dieu nay vu'ot xa nang lye cung irng cua phIn Idn VUNH.
' Ung dung cong nghe sinh hpc dk nhan gi6ng cay Son tra tai So-n La do Trung lam Khpa hoc San xuSt Lam nghifp vung Tay Bac tliirc hien nam 2005 - 2006. De tai da khao sat ngu6n gifing San tra, thir nghiem cac phirong phSp nhan giong va Irong thii nghiem.
Udc linh lai dia ban 3 huyen khao sat tai tinh San La co 3 VUQD.
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Ben canh cac diem manh ciia VUNH d cdc tinh phia Bdc va Son La bao gdm sd huu ddt rd rang, cd kinh nghiem sdn xudt cay gidng vd cd ngudn lao ddng ddi dao, thi kk qua nghien cuu cung chi ra nhGng khd khan eiia he thdng vudn uom nay trong viec ti8p can ngudn vdn ddu tu, ho trg ky thuat cdn thi^t, thdng tin va tiSp can thi trudng cdy gidng.
Ben canh do, VUNH sir dung phuong phdp sdn xudt cdy gidng don gidn va tbi^u gidy chung nhdn vudn uom dat tieu chudn. Di6u nay ban ehe su tiep can cua vudn uom den todn bd thj trudng cdy gidng, va phu thudc nhieu vao eac chuong trinh trdng rirng ciia Nhd nudc vi ddy la khdch hang chinh cd nhu cdu ldn nhat ve gidng cac loai cay Idy go mpc nhanh ngoai nhdp nhu keo, bach dan la cac loai ma he thdng vudn uom nay thudng cung cap.
Da cd hd trp chinh sdch cho sir tham gia ciia vudn uom ndng hd vao chien luge phdt triSn lam nghiep, bao gdm quy djnh ky thudt cu th^
ve san xudt edy gidng, ke hoach ddi ban ve san xudt cdy gidng den nam 2020 va Idng ghep vudn uom ndng hd vdo he thdng vudn
uom qudc gia. Tuy vay, d^ giiip he thdng vudn uom ndng hd phat tridn tdt hon cdn ed cac chinh sach va bien phdp tdng cudng ti^p can vdi ngudn vdn de md rdng san xudt \ l sd lugng vd chat lugng, tiep can ngudn gidng chdt lugng cao; phd cap vd truySn thdng cung nhu xdy dimg mang ludi nhdm tang cudng nhdn thirc, ky thudt, ehia se kinh nghiem, va tiep can thdng tin thi trudng. Hd trp vudn uom ndng hp trong boat ddng xin cdp gidy chung nhdn ngudn gidng dat chudn dugc col la yeu td quan trpng de tang cudng khd nang eanh tranh thi trudng cung img cay gidng cho vudn uom edp ndng hd.
Ldi cdm an • Nghien cieu ndy duac tdi Ira tic chieang trinh loan cdu ciia ICRAF vd die dn ACIAR-ICRAF 'Nong Ldm kh htrp cho sinh ke nong ho khu vuc Tdy Bdc Viel Nam/AFLF (FST/20I0/034). Cdc tdc gid rdt cdm an li4n sT Ramni Jamnada.ss (ICRAF). nhom nghien cim ciia Tncang dai hoc Nong Ldm Hui, Trudng Dai hoc Thdi Nguyen, vd Trudng Dai hoc Tdy Bdc dd phoi hap trong nghien cieu:
lien SI Hoeing Thi Lua (ICRAF Viel Nam) vl nhieng y kien dong gop cho bdi viel: Cdn ho cdc cdp ciing nhic chit vicdn uam dd iham gia vdo nghien cieu.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Chambers, R, 1994. Danh gia nong thon co sir tham gia (PRA): Thach thuc, tiem nang va qua trinh phat trien.
Tap chi Phat triln tha gioi, s6: 22:10; 1437-1454.
Chinh phil IGov], 2005. Bao cao quoc gia cho Ky hpp thir 5 ciia Dien dan Lien hop quoc v Nam. Co tai http://\vww.un.org/esa/ forests/pdf/national_report5/unff5/vietnam.pdf.
rirng. Ma Noi, Viet
3 Degrande, A , Schreckenberg, K., Mbosso. C , Anegbeh, P., Okafor, V., Kanmegne, J, 2006. Chien lupc phit tri^n cay in qua ciia nong hp khu virc riing nhiet ddi ciia Ka-mo-run va Ni-re-ri-a. Tap chi He ihong nong nghiep (67): 159-175.
4. De Jong, W.; Do, D.S. & Trieu, V.H, 2006. Tai thi^t lap rirng tai Viet Nam: Qua khir, hi?n tai va tuong lai. Bao do nghien ciru ciia T6 chirc Nghien ciru Lam nghiep Qudc te (CIFOR). Bogo, Indonexia.
5. Garcia, M.B, 2002 Trong cay nong lam k^t hop: Kinh nghiem cua nong ho vdi cac vudn uom tu nhan va cpng ddng tgi Claveria, Philippin Chuong irinh nghien cuu Khu vuc Dong Nam A, Td chirc Nghien ciru Nong Lam lU gidi (ICRAF). Claveria, Philippin.
3 1 7 1
Tgp chi KHLN 2014 Vu Van Thugn et al.. 2014(1) 6. Hoang, M.H. & Degrande, A, 2011. Nong Lam k^t hpp cho sinh ka nong hp khu vuc Tay B^c Viet Nam/AFLL
Van kien dir an. T6 chirc Nghien cihi Nong Lam ThS gidi (ICRAF) tai Viet Nam. Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
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8. Pham, D.T. va cpng sir, 2002, Dieu tra danh gia thuc trang he thong vuon uam va nang cao nSng lire cung cip cay con hien nay lam ca sd cho viec quan ly, quy hoach mang ludi vudn uom. Bao cao tong k^t du an. Vien Khoa hpc Lam nghiep Viet Nam. Ha Npi, Viet Nam.
9. Roshetko JM, Tolentino Jr EL, Carandang WM, Bertomeu M, Tabbada AU, Manurung 0 , Yao CE, 2010. Virdn uoTTi cay: Lira chpn h5 trp cho phat trien bSn vOng. Chuong trinh nghien cuu vimg Dong Nam A, T6 chirc Nghien ciru Nong Lam Th€ gidi (ICRAF). Bogo, Indonexia va T6 chuc Winrock qudc tfi. Jakatta, Indonexia.
10. Russell, D. & Franzel, S, 2004. Cay cho su thinh vupng: Nong Lam kgt hpp, thj trudng va nong hd nhd. Tap chi He thdng nong nghiep 61: 345-355.
Ngu-M tham djnh: TS. Hoang Lien Son
