D A N H G I A T I N H T R A N G 0 N H I E M H O A H O C TRONG MOT SO LOAI RAU BAN 0 CUA HANG RAU SACH
VA THUC PHAM KHAC TREN DIA BAN HA NOI NAM 2008 DOAN THI HUONG, LE HONG HAO VA CS
Vien Dinh dudng
Tom tat:
Hien nay, van de VSATTP dang trd thanh "diem nong" cilia toan xa hpi, no thpc sp la moi lo ngai v6i cac co quan chCrc nang va moi nguPi dan trong ni/6c. Thpc pham khong an toan, kem ve sinh gay anh hudng nghiem trong tdi sue khoe cpng dong, gay thiet hai ldn ve kinh te mdi qudc gia. Thuc pham khong an toan la rao can ve thuong mai qudc te trong giai doan hpi nhap WTO.
VPi cac ly do tren nen chuong trinh giam sat ve sinh an toan thuc pham hang nam cd y nghTa vo cung quan trong, dua ra cac bang chung cu the de danh gia mUc dp nguy hai cCia thuc pham khong an toan dang co m§t tren pham vi ca nuPc va de cac nha quan ly1 nhin nhan, tim giai phap hull hieu nhat nham giam thieu cac tac dpng xa'u anh hudng den sue khoe cua nhan dan. Nam 2008 chung toi da tien hanh khao sat mpt sd ddi tupng mau tren dia ban Ha Npi ket qua nhUsau:
Nghien cull nay da phan ti'ch 34 mau rau sach (rau an toan) co 5 miu khong dat tieu chuan ve ch! tieu HCBVTV (14.7%). Khong co miu nao vi pham ve chi tieu kim loai nang (0%).
64 miu gdm bun, banh phd, banh gio, banh suse co 10 mau phat hien han the (15,6%) va 1 miu phat hien focmon (1,56%).
62 miu nuPc giai khat, banh suse co 8 miu (12,9%) khong dat ve ham lupng benzoic va sorbic acid , khong co miu nao dung pham mau kiem.
TClkhoa: Ve sinh an toan thuc pham; thuc pham khong an toan; 6 nhiem.
Abstract:
Food safety is hot issue currently, causing the concern of authorized agencies and
people in the nationwide. Unsafe food, sub-quality food impact seriously on people's health and causing the economic lost. Unsafe food is also the barriers of international trade in the process of WTO integration. With these reasons, food safety surveillance programme is very necessary, providing the evidence for assessing the serious level of unsafe food in the market and support the managers to find appropriate policy to reduce the bad impact on people's health.
In 2008, we conducted the survey of some food in Ha Noi, and the results showed that:
Sample analysis and finding in this study:
- In 34 samples of safe vegestable, there were 5 samples failed to meet the standard on pesticide (14,7%), but no sample exceeded the heavy metal limits.
- In 64 samples of rice noodle, pho noodle, "gio" cake, "suse" cake, there were 10 samples positive with borax (15,6%) and one sample was positive with formaldehyde.
- In 62 samples of beverage and "suse" cake have 8 samples fail to meet the standard on benzoic acid, sorbic acid (12,9%) but no sample shows in possitive of colour alkaline usage.
Key: Food hygiene and safety; unsafe food; pollution.
I. DAT VAN DE
Do nhu catu cua thi truong tang cao, nguon rau sach khong dap ung du vd ca chat lupng, s6' lupng, nguoi dan vi chay dua voi lpi nhuan nen trong qua trinh trong va che bien da qua lam dung cac chat kich thich tang truong, hoa chat bao ve thuc vat (HCBVTV) de tao cho rau hoa qua nhanh thu hoach va dep mat, da bien rau sach tro thanh rau mat an toan. Ngoai ra trong qua trinh che' bien de tao ra mui, v i , mau sac hap dan, tao cam giac ngon mieng cung nhu muc dich bao quan thuc pham dupe dai ngay cac nha che' bie'n da lam dung mpt sP' hoa chat, phu gia khong cho phep hoac sir dung qua lieu lupng quy dinh nen cung gay anh huong deh sue khoe con ngudi. Thuc te hang nam d nude ta da xay ra nhidu vu ngp dpc tap thd tai cac bdp an cong nghiep, trudng hpc... nhu vda qua tai trudng hpc Hda Binh - A u Co cua Thanh phd H d Chi Minh cd 102 hpc sinh bi ngp dpc do com bi 6 nhidm.
Tai hpi nghi tdng ke't lien nganh ve ve sinh an toan thuc pham thang 3 nam 2006, Cue Bao ve thuc vat da bao cao ket qua khao sat danh gia du lupng thudc B V T V trong mpt sd loai rau ti6u thu tren thi trudng TP. H d Chi Minh va Ha Ndi nam 2005 cho thay:
Tai Ha Ndi: So m l u cd du lupng thudc B V T V chidm 50/72 mau (69,4%), trong dd so mlu cd du lupng vupt mdc cho phep la 18/72 m l u (25%). Tai TP. H d Chi Minh: So mdu cd du lupng thudc B V T V chidm 55/72 mail (76,4%), Uong dd so m i u cd du lupng vupt mdc cho phep la 17/72 mau (23,6%) [2,12]
Theo ket qua dieu Ua nam 2001 cua khoa Hoa v6 sinh an toan thuc pham Vi6n Dinh dudng cho tha'y ty 16 sd dung phdm mau kiem trong mdt sd thuc phdm nhu cha, thit quay khoang 90%, ty le sd dung han the trong gid, cha chiem tren 90%. Day la nhung con so dang bao dpng [2].
Gdn day nhdt "con bao melamine trong sua" xudt phat td Trung Qudc da lam dieu ddng cho nhidu nha san xudt kinh doanh Uong nude cung nhu tren the' gidi. Nd khdng chi gay anh hudng nghidm Uong den sdc khoe cua cdng ddng ma con gay thiet hai dang kd deh ndn kinh te cua cac qudc gia. V d i hanh vi vd dao ddc, su khdng hieu biet cua mdt so ngudi dan chi vi chay theo lpi nhuan n6n da de lai hau qua dang tide lam cho cac co quan chdc Uach phai dau ddu tim kiem cac giai phap trong khau quan ly "lam the' nao de chat lupng ve sinh an toan dupe tdt hon", dd la ddi hdi mdi chung ta phai suy nghi va cd nhung hanh dpng cu the, tich cue hon Uong cong tac bao ve sdc khde cpng ddng.
De tai nay thuc hien nhdm ddng gdp mdt phan trong quan ly ve sinh an toan thuc pham cua nude ta ndi chung va cua khu vuc Ha Npi ndi ri6ng.
Voi muc tieu nghien cihi nhu sau:
1. Danh gia ton du H C B V T V nhdm gibberellic, nhdm lan huu co va clo huu co trong 8 loai rau sach: rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, cai bdp, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot.
2. Phan tich d nhidm k i m loai nang Pb, Cd, As va nhdm nitrat, nitrit Uong 8 loai rau sach: rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, cai bap, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot.
3. Xac dinh han the, focmon trong bun, banh phd, banh gid, banh suse.
4. Xac dinh pham mau va hda chat bao quan benzoic acid, sorbic acid trong nude giai khat va banh suse.
II. DOI TUONG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU 2.1. Ddi tuong va d*|a diem nghien cuu
- Day la mot nghien cdu c i t ngang, duoc tridn khai tai Ha N d i t d t h i n g 4 deh thang 12 nam 2008 de dieu tra tinh hinh VSATTP n i m trong Chuong trinh muc tieu.
- Ddi tuong mau la mdt sd loai rau b i n tai cua hang rau sach nhu rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, c i i b i p , cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot va cac thuc p h i m khac cd nguy co d nhidm hda hoc cao nhu bun, banh phd, banh gid, suse, nude giai khit, nem chua, nem chao.
- Dia diem mua m i u la mdt sd chp ldn ddng Uen 9 quan cua dia ban thanh phd Ha Npi.
- M i u l i y n g i u nhien tai mdi cua hang, 1 m l u phan tich la 3 don vi m i u trpn lai.
- Mpt don vi m i u dupe quy dinh la mpt don vi bao gdi sin pham nhu banh hoac vdi rau cu q u i thudng la mpt md hay 1 qua, hoac mpt c i i . . . vdi phd, bun thi dupe mua theo can.
2.2. Phuong phap nghien cdu
* Ddi tupng m i u rau sach (rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, c i i bip, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot).
+ Xac dinh du lupng chat tang trudng acid giberellic, hoa chat b i o vd thuc vat nhdm clo, nhdm lan huu co va nhdm pyrethroid b i n g phuong phap GC theo A O A C 968.24 va 998.01.
+ Xac dinh ham lupng nitrat, nitrit b i n g phuong phap so mau U V - V I S TCVN 5247-90.
+ Xac dinh ham lupng k i m loai nang As, Pb, Cd b i n g phuong phap A A S phuong phap nPi bp da qua t h l m dinh H/QT/19.53; H/QT/19.50 va H/QT/19.56.
* Ddi tupng m i u bun, phd, binh gid, b i n h suse, nude g i i i k h i t , nem chua, nem chao + Dinh tinh han the, focmon trong mpt sd m i u bun, phd, banh suse, b i n h gid theo test nhanh.
+ Xac dinh p h i m mau, benzoic va sorbic acid trong suse, b i n h gid, nude giai khit bing phuong phap HPLC phuong phap npi bp da qua tham dinh ma sd H/QT/19.25.
* M i u phan tich dupe thu thap dua tren ngudn kinh phi dupe cap, cd 3 don vi m i u ddng nhit trdn thanh 1 m l u phan tich.
Cac ket qua nghien cdu dupe tien hanh tren he thdng thiet bi hien cd nhu hd thdng sic ky long hidu nang cao (HPLC), he thdng sic ky k h i (GC, GC/MS), he thdng (LC/MS), m i y quang phd ( U V - I E L VIS), he thdng ha'p thu nguyen tu (AAS). La phong thi nghidm dat tieu chuin ISO 17025, cic thiet bi trdn da dupe hieu chuin, labo hda cd du kha nang dd dap dng vdi cac chi tidu phan tich trdn vdi dp chinh xac cao.
Bdng 1. Sd luong mdu phdn deh ung vdi cdc chi deu vd dd'i tuong mdu
Chi tieu phan tich Ddi tupng mau Sd m i u phan tich
Sd m i u thu thap tren
thj trudng Acid Giberellic
Cypermethrin Permethrin Fenvalerate
Deltamethrin 8 loai:
Endrin rau mudng, mong toi, cai
xanh, dua chupt, cai bap, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot
34 102
Heptachlor
rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, cai bap, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot Dieldrin
rau mudng, mong toi, cai xanh, dua chupt, cai bap, cai xoong, sup lo, rau ngot Aldrin
Nitrat, nitrit Pb, As, Cd Han the
Bun, phd, banh gid, suse 62 186
Focmol Bun, phd, banh gid, suse 62 186
Ben zoic acid
Socbic acid Nude giai khat, banh suse 62 186
Phim mail
Tong cpng 158 474
Cac chi tieu phan tich i p dung theo cac phuong phip tieu chuan hoac phuong phip npi bp da dupe tham dinh sau day [4, 7, 8, 9,10,11].
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA BAN LUAN
Sau khi tien hanh phan tren m i u , chung tPi da thu dupe ket qua theo bang duoi day.
Bdng 2. Tdng ket cdc mdu khdng dat vd mdu dat tieu chudn
Chi tieu phan tich
Sd m i u phan
tich
Sd m i u phat hien
Sd miu khdng
dat
Sd m i u dat tieu
chuan
Khdng dat tieu
chuan (%)
Tieu chuan
Acid Giberellic 34 0 0 34 0% Nhat, Dai Loan, mdt
sd nude cho phep
<5mg/kg
Cypermethrin 34 6 4 28 11,8% Cho phep 0,05-
lmcg/kg dua chudt
Permethrin 34 3 1 31 2,9% < 0,5mg/kg; dau dd,
cai xanh <1 mg/kg;
bip cai <5mg/kg
Fenvalerate 34 0 0 34 0% 0,2-0,5mg/kg
Deltamethrin 34 0 0 34 0 % <1 mg/kg
Endrin 34 0 0 34 0% <1 mg/kg
Heptachlor 34 0 0 34 0 % Kh6ng cho phep
Dieldrin 34 0 0 34 0% 0,05-lmg/kg
Aldrin 34 0 0 34 0% 0,05-1 mg/kg
Nitrat 34 33 0 34 0% 300-900mg/kg
Nitrit 34 30 0 34 0 % 300-900mg/kg
Pb 34 24 0 34 0% 0,1-0,3 mg/kg
As 34 8 0 34 0% 1 mg/kg
Cd 34 34 0 34 0% 0,l-0,2mg/kg
Han the 62 10 10 52 16,1% Khong cho phep
Focmol Ben zoic acid
62 1 1 61 1,6% Kh6ng cho phep
Focmol
Ben zoic acid 62 39 3 59 4,8% 600mg/kg
Socbic acid 62 35 5 57 8,1% 600mg/kg
Phdm 62 62 0 62 0% Khdng dupe co
phim kiem I V . K E T L U A N V A K I E N N G H I
4.1. Ket luan
1. Trong 34 mau rau duoc goi la rau sach (rau an toan) co 5 miu khong dat tieu chuan
vd chi tieu HCBVTV (14.7%). Khong co m i u nao vi pham ve chi tieu kim loai nang (0%).
2. Trong sd 64 m i u gom bun, banh phd, banh gio, b i n h suse co 10 m i u phat hien han the (15,6%) va 1 m l u phat hien focmol (1,56%) nhtr vay viec sir dung han the v i n con phd bien trong san xuat che bien, dieu nay noi len viec tuan thu vd VSATTP cua ngudi dan chua cao, chung ta c i n phai tuydn truyen rdng rai va cd chd tai x d phat hon dd'i vdi cac co sd chd bie'n khi phat hien vi pham.
3. Hda chat bio quin benzoic va sorbic Uong 62 miu nude giai khat, banh susd tuy cd
sd dung tuong ddi nhung muc vi pham khdng nhidu. Sd m i u khdng dat la 8 m i u (12,9%).
4. Trong 62 m i u nude giai khat, banh suse khdng cd m i u nao dung pham m i u kiem la loai phim ddc khdng cho phep, h l u nhu cac loai p h i m m i u sd dung ddu la p h i m tu nhien va p h i m m i u thuc pham cho phep.
4.2. Kie'n nghi
1. Qua ke't qua giam sit tren chung ta tha'y ring viec lam dung chat phu gia da bi
cam nhu han the v i n d mdc cao, dieu nay cung phan anh thuc trang vd sinh an toan thuc phim v i n d muc bao ddng. Tuy nhidn, ty Id ton du H C B V T V cung nhu k i m loai nang da giam di dang ke so vdi nhirng nam trudc day. Tuy nhidn, day m d i chi la nhirng sd lieu khao sit tai Ha Ndi vao mua he va cung chua the phin anh thuc su chinh xac vd tinh hinh vd sinh ATTP Udn ca nude.
2. Cac co quan quan ly cin truyen thdng manh hon va kd't hop vdi thanh kiem tra
thudng xuyen dd'i vdi cac co so san xua't, che bie'n dac bidt luu y dd'n dieu kidn vd sinh trong che bie'n. Tang cudng giao due cac nha che bie'n thuc hien chuong trinh GMP, GHP, GAP... tdt hon de Uanh cac nguy co d nhidm hda hoc trong thuc p h i m .
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O
1. Bp Y te, Quy dinh danh muc cdc chat phu gia ditpc phep dung trong thitc phdm.
Quyet dinh so 3742120011QD- BYT.
2. Bp Y te, Tdi lieu Hdi nghi tong ket lien nganh ve ve sinh an toan thitc phdm nam 2005, Hd Ndi 91312006.
3. Bp Y te, Danh muc tieu chudn ve sinh ddi vdi luong thuc thuc phdm - QD 86711998 QD - BYT.
4. Pham Van Pho, Bid Thi Nhu Thuan (1978), Kiem nghiem chat luong thuc phdm, NXB Khoa hpc vd KT thudt Hd Ndi, tr. 86-87.
5. Bid Nhu Thuan, Nguyin Phiing Tie'n, Bid Minh Due (1991), Kiem nghiem chat luong vd thanh tra VSATTP - NXBYH tr 232.
6. A.F Nametnhicop, Hod hoc trong cdng nghiep thitc phdm 1997- NXBKHKT Hd Npi tr. 102 - 122.
7. Wolfdietrich Eichler, Dpc chat trong thuc phdm 2001, NXBKHKT Hd Ndi tri41.
8. AOAC, Official methods analysis lternalional 1977, chapter 47, pp 49-51.
9. AOAC, Official methods analysis of lternalional 1977, chapter 47, pp 44-47.
10. Bp Y te, Thudng quy ky thudt dinh tinh vd bdn dinh lupng Natri Borat vd Axit Boric trong thuc phdm, 3390120001QD -BYT.
11. Bp Y te, Thudng quy ky thudt xac dinh phdm mdu diing trong thuc phdm, 883/QD BYT12001.
12. Bp Y te, Cue VSATTP, Tdi lieu Hdi nghi tdng ke't Chuong trinh muc tieu Qudc gia nam 2007 vd trien khai ke hoach chuong trinh muc tieu Qudc gia nam 2008 ve VSATTP, Hd Ndi 9/4/2008, trang 13-14.
