M C DONG id VIEN TRO KINH TE CUA MY DEN PHAT TRIEN KINH TE CUA DAI LOAN
TC/NAM 1950 D E N 1965
TRAN THI HANH L0I*
Tom tat: Vien tra kinh te Id mot bg phdn trong chinh sdch cua My doi vdi Ddi Loan.
NguSn vien trg ndy dUgc bdt ddu td sau ndm 1950 vd ca bdn chdm ddt vdo ndm 1965 khi Ddi Loan da 6n dinh dUgc nen kinh te vd biidc ddn vdo giai doan tdng trudng nhanh trudc khi cdt cdnh trd thdnh mot trong bdn con rdng chdu A. Trong giai doan ndy nguon vien trg dwc thio: hien diM nhiiu hinh thdc khdc nhau nhdm dap dng tdi da nhdng yiu cdu phdt triin cdn thiit cda nin kinh te Ddi Loan. Nhd vdy no dd kip thdi giup Ddi Loan gidi quyS't duac tinh trang khung hodng sau ngi chien. Vdi nguSn lUc co di^c vd sU hau thuan cua My, chinh quyen Trung Hoa Ddn Qudc dd xdy dUng Ddi Loan trd thdnh vi tri then chdt trong hi thdng phong thu cda My tai chdu A - Thdi Binh Diicmg
TU khoa: Vien trg kinh ti; My; Ddi Loan; Chinh sdch, Trung Hoa ddn Qudc.
Ddt v a n d e
Chuong trinh vien trg tfl lau da la mot trong cdc muc Idn nhd't trong ngdn sdch hdng ndm cua chinh phu My k l tfl sau Chi^n txanh the' gidi thfl hai. Trong nhflng ndm diln ra Chig'n tranh lanh, chflong trinh vien trg eua My dUge t r i i n khai trgn khap the' gidi, nhat la d chau Au vdi ke hoach phuc hiftig chdu Au hay con ggi Id Ke' hoach Marshall. Trong khi dd tai chau A, My giup Nhat Ban tdi thie't da't nUdc sau chig'n tranh, dong thdi h5 trg chinh quyen Tudng Gidi Thach trong cudc ehie'n chdng Trung Qud'c dai luc vd day manh qud trinh can thiep sdu vdo Ddng Nam A. Qua
dd. My da tdng budc tao anh hudng tai nhieu noi d chau luc ndy.
Trong so' cac dd'i tugng d chdu A nhan vien trg eiia My trong thdi ky Chie'n tranh lanh, Dai Loan Id do'i tfjgng dfloe My het sflc quan tam. Ld ddng minh eua My trong Chig'n t r a n h the' gidi thfl hai, Chinh quyen Tfldng Gidi Thach da sdm nhdn dugc sU ung hd nhilu mdt cua chinh phii My. Sau khi that bai trong eudc Ndi chig'n lan 3 tai Trung Qud'c, chinh quyen Qud'c dan Dang chay ra Ddi Loan. Tai day, trUdc nhflng thay d6i eiia tinh hinh khu vUe, dde biet nha't la tfl khi Chig'n tranh Trieu Tien bung no vdo ndm 1950, ehinh phii My quay
* Ths. Triin Thi Hanh Ldi, NCS. TrUdng Dai hoc Vinh
48 Nghien ci'ai Dons Nam A. so 2/2017 trd lai vien trg eho chinh phii nay. Chflong
trinh vien trg kinh te' dflOc day manh trong suo't thap nien 50 cua the' ky XX va keo ddi dg'n ndm 1965 thi tam ngi^g.
Nguon vien trg cua My da c6 tae dong to Idn den sfl phdt trien ciia nen kinh te Dai Loan trong suo't thdi gian do.
1. Muc t i e u c h i n h s a c h h o trd k i n h te cua My doi vcd Dai L o a n
Dai Loan la hdn dao co vi tri chien lugc cue ki quan trgng do no ndm d vi tri trung tdm cua dUdng thuy Thdi Binh Duong, la mot cdn cfl quan sU gid tri do'i vdi viing bien Dong Bac A cung nhu toan bg viing Dong Nam A va nd cdn dugc danh gia la mot khu vUc then chd't, giao diem ciia hai vung chie'n lugc quan trgng Dong Bac A va Dong Nam A. Theo cdc nha chie'n lugc quan sU, ai nam chdc duge Dai Loan thi cd anh hudng sflc manh d Idiu vUc Vien Ddng, CO the tu do di lai tren vting phia Tay Thai Binh Duong va co the tie'n hanh cac cuge tan cdng eO ddng tren quy md Idn ne'u chie'n sU xay ra trong khu vUc. Tudng Douglas MacArthur dd timg noi: "Ddi Loan Id phong tuyin cua My d T/idi Binh Duang
..CO thi thd thdnh mot /idng khong mau ham khong the ddnh chim"'-^\ Tudng George C. Marshall cung da cho rdng, 'Doi vdi My, Ddi Loan khong co tdm quan trgng chien Iliac buoc My phdi quan tdm. Tuy nhien, neu de Ddi Loan rai vdo tay Cong sdn Trung Qudc t/ii se la dieu dac biet nguy hiem vdi My"^^' v.v.
Nhu vay, Dai Loan la quan cd chie'n luge de ngdn chan Trung Qudc Cong san.
Ddi Loan trd thdnh mdt xi'ch quan trong trong "con de" chong "lan song" cong san d chau A ciia My. Vi tam quan trgng mang
tinh chie'n luge ciia Dai Loan ma My da tang cUOng chuong trinh vien trO kinh te cho chinh quyen nay ke tfl Chie'n tranh Trieu Tign.
Thang 6 ndm 1950, Chien t r a n h Trieu Tien bung no. Su kien ndy da khie'n Ddi Loan trd thdnh mdi quan tam Idn ciia Chinh phtj My. Tong tho'ng Truman da nhan tha'y sfl can thiet phai vien trg cho Dai Loan de on dinh hon dao nay. Tfl do.
My mdi cd the xay dflng Dai Loan thanh vi tri chien luge trong he thdng phbng thu eua My. Co quan an ninh chung eua My (MSA) cung da k h a n g dinh: "On dinh kinh te, kiem sodt lam phdt Id dieu kien tiin quyet de thuc ddy cdc lln/i vUc khdc vd Id dieu kien can thiet di on dinh nguon ngdn sdch vd thue, /luy dong vdn trong vd ngodi niidc, phdn phoi hdng tieu dung trong niidc ud xudt /i/idu"^'^'. Tfl do giup nang cao nang luc cho Dai Loan, giam bdt hoac cha'm dflt viec vien trg, dua nen kinh te Dai Loan sdm on dinh va phat trien.
Nhu vay, cd the tha'y ro rang, viee My ho trg kinh te eho Dai Loan nham nhflng muc tieu co ban sau: 1) Hd trg eac no lUc quan sU eua Chinh phii Trung Hoa dan Qudc thdng qua Nhdm tU va'n hd trg quan SU (MAAG) Dai Loan vdi eae chuong trinh vien trg tai chinh; 2) Tdng cUdng ndng lUc kinh te cho Dai Loan de hg du sflc manh thong qua cac ehUOng trinh phat trien ndng nghiep va cong nghiep; 3) Duy tri sfl on dinh kinh te {vi du: gifl ti le lam phat trong tam kiem soat)''^'
Vdi mot nen kinh te viJng chac, My hy vong se xay dflng Dai Loan thanh mdt xieh quan trgng trong he thong phbng tuyen cho'ng cong san cua My tai chau A - Thdi Binh Duong.
Trdn Thi Hanh Lai - Tdc ddng id vien irg Idnh te cua My. 49
2. Chu*ofng trinh v i $ n trtf 2.1. Loai hinh vipn trg
Trong vien trg ciia My- danh cho Dai Loan, nguon vien trg tai chinh chie'm mot ty trgng Idn. Hinh thflc Wen trg tai chinh chii ye'u la eho vay nhUng thay doi theo hudng tang dan theo sU tdng trfldng ctia nen kinh te Trong giai doan dau (1951- 1955) khi Dai Loan dang khiing hoang kinh te'thdi hau chie'n, nguon tai chinh My ddnh cho Dai Loan la trg cap hoan toan (khong hoan lai). Sau khi tinh hinh Idnh te' Dai Loan phdt trien dn dinh, nguon tai chinh My vien trg chuyen sang thanh cac khoan vay Uu dai co the hoan tra bdng noi te (NT Do!a - Dai te mdi). Tie'p do la cac khoan vay UU dai hoan tra bdng dong USD. Cuo'i cdng la cac khoan vay tra lai sua't theo quy dinh vdi lai sudt S.o'^t/nam'^'.
Ben canh vien trg tai chinh, vien trg de phat trien kinh te' cho Dai Loan cua My cbn bao gom ca hoat dong hop tac ki thuat va viee ho trg cho Dai Loan cac san pham nong nghiep doi du ciia My theo Luat cong 480'^' (1954]. Nhflng ho tro tich cue va kip thdi nay da cd anh hUdng Idn den nen kinh te Dai Loan.
2.2. Cdc ca quan cfiinh phu trdch hoat dong vien tra
- Hoi ddng vicn tra kinh tc iCL'SAi PQiong chi CO d Dai Loan, boat dong vicn tro Ciia My dien ra d nhieu noi tren the gioi, ndi bat la Ke hoach phuc hung chau Au duoc tie'n hanh sau Chien tranh the gioi thfl hai Tai Trung Quoc, nam 1948, nhdm tang cUdng ho trg cho Quoc dan Dang trong Noi chien lan 3, My da thanh lap Cl'SA tren ca .sd Dao luat vien tro Trung Quoc (Quoc Dan Dang) Nhiem vu cua Hoi dong nay la thUc hien cac hoat
dong vien trg eho Trung Quoc (chinh quyen Qudc dan Dang) ciia M5'. trong dd chu yeu la: Lua chgn va giam sat cde du an vien trg: mua sdm va phan bo hang hoa vien trg; kiem sodt vd sU dung nguon tien thu dugc tfl doanh sd hang hoa trong chflong trinh tien te ngi dia De'n ndm 1963, trong tinh hinh moi, CUSA duge tci chfle lai t h a n h Hoi dong hgp tde va phdt trien kinh te quo'e te' (CIECD) va den nam 1973 la Hoi dong idnh to ke hoach tEPC).
Vdi sU thay doi ten ggi, hoat dong ciia CIECD ngay cang md rong nhU nghien cflu kl thuat; cae chuong trinh nhap khau hang hoa; cac ke hoach kinh te' ddi han; hop tac dau tfl; hgp tac ki thuat; lap ke hoach nguon nhan lUc, v.v.
- Uy ban tdi thie't nong thon iJCRR):
Cung tren co sd Dao luat vien tro Trung Qudc (Qudc Dan Dang), nam 1948, JCRR dugc thanh lap tai dai luc nhdm thiic day sU phat trien nong thon, quan ]y va phat trien nong nghiep Sau khi Ngi chien ket thiic, JCRR chuyen qua Dai Loan cung chinh quyen Quoc dan Dang Uy ban nay dugc dieu phoi bdi 5 liy vicn, ban dau la 3 ngudi Dai Loan va 2 ngUdi My, do Tong thdng moi ben bo nhiem, ve sau con lai 2 ngudi, gom 1 ngUdi Dai Loan va 1 ngudi My''' Xgoai bg may dieu hanh, cbn co mot Uy ban hon hop vdi doi ngu nhan vien cd tay nghe cao ciia ca Dai Loan va Mv Uv ban nay dong vai tro quan trgng trong sU phat tricn cua nong nghiep Dai Loan.
- HOI dong binh on kin/i tc (ESBi:
I Iai nam dau sau XtM chien, tinh hinh Dai Loan rat hon loan, nhat la nen kmh te. Cac bicn phat cap bach dUoc dUa ra nhSm kip thdi on dmh lai tinh hinh Dai Loan. Trong bui canh lam phat Ico thang.
50 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, so 2/2017 Dai Loan dang d6i mdt vdi tinh trang
thdm hut ngdn sdch vd tham hut ngoai ho'i, chinh quyen Qud'c dan Dang da bugc phai tdng cUdng phdi hop vdi My trong no luc de binh 6n kinh tg'. Nam 1951, ESB dfldc thdnh Idp vd di vdo hoat ddng tfl thdng 3 vdi muc dich chinh Id can do'i ngdn sach ehinh phii, hoat ddng thanh todn qud'c tg' va xfl ly cdc van d l v l tai chinh, tien tg khac.Jihkm binh on gia ca va cdc hoat dong kinh td' khdc. ESB dflOe duy tri vdi sfl cd mdt cua ede quan ehfle ca'p cao trong chinh phu. Tuy khdng cd thdnh vien Id ngfldi My, song dai dien ngUdi My vdn tham gia trong ede eudc hgp vd ddng vai trd tich cue trong cdeh ehinh sdeh eua ESB. Nam 1953, trfldc yeu edu phat trien kinh tg', ESB dflOc to ehfle lai vdi quy md Idn hon. Cd 5 Uy ban chuygn trdch dflgc thdnh lap, trong dd ddng chu y Id Uy ban phdt trien cong nghigp. De'n ndm 1958, nen kinh tg' Dai Loan da 6n dinh va bflde vao thdi ky phdt trien, do vay, ESB cung tuyen bd' giai t h i sau khi hodn t h a n h nhiem vu cQa minh.
2.3. Qud trinh vi^n tr^
2.3.1. Vien trg de phdt trien Cd the ndi rdng, nguon vien trg cua My ddnh cho Ddi Loan chinh Id dong Iflc quan trgng dau tien giup Dai Loan kip thdi khdc phuc nen kinh te' dang trong giai
doan khung hoang nghiem t r o n g Nguin vign trg kinh te vdo thdi d i l m ndm 1951 trd v l sau cd t h i chia t h d n h eac loai nhU:
nheip k h I u nguyen Ugu cong nghiep de dung cho cdng nghigp ehg' big'n trong nflde;
nguIn vd'n hdng hda; nguon von n h d n Iflc (gom cung cSip kie'n thflc, ky ndng vd c6ng ngh? qua vi?c ddo tao eiia cde chuyen gia My); va nguIn h a n g tieu dung. Ty lg phdn chia cho cdc h a n g muc dfldc tinh nhU sau:
Xem bang 1.
Vdi trgng t a m p h a t t r i i n kinh tg' Ddi Loan vflng m a n h d l du sfle tao nguIn Iflc lau dai eho hdn dao ndy nSn nguon vi$n trd kinh td' cua My tdp trung vdo linh vflc edng nghigp vdi ty le Idn tdi 60,2%, NguSn vd'n nay da gdp phdn quan trgng trong viec xay dflng mgt n i n cong nghiep phdt trien, khdng nhiftig giup Ddi Loan vflOt qua khd khdn, ma quan trgng hon la da giup Chinh phu Dai Loan tfl minh duftig vflng md khong c i n phai dUa vdo vign trd nude ngoai. Chinh vi vay, trong nhflng ndm dau, muc tieu eua ehfldng trinh vi?n trd nham giup Ddi Loan on dinh tinh hinh d l hd trg cho Jioat ddng quan sU. Trdn cd sd dd nang cao ndng lue t u bao v? cua Ddi Loan. Tfl nam 1955, kinh te Dai Loan phdt trien m a n h Idn, thoat khoi khung hoang vd trdn da tdng tudng nhanh tfl nguon vign trg eua My.
B a n g 1 T d n g
Nguyen lieu conR nghiep Ngu6n von hang hoa Nguon v6'n nhan life Hang ti§u diing T6'ng
So t i e n (USD) 882.575.000 367.223.000 67.466.000 148.109.000 1.466.373.000
Ty le % 60,2 25,1 4,6 10,1 100 Nguon: Neil H. Jacoby(1966}, U.S. aid to Taiwan Astudy of Foreign Aid, Self- Help, and Devolopment, Publisher: Frederick A. Praeger, trang 46.
Trdn Thi Hanh Lai - Tdc dqng lif vi?n tra kinh te cua My... 51
Bang 2 N&m tM chinh
1951 1952 1953 1954 1965 1966 1967 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965"
Tong
Thi tru vi$n trof (Dtfn vi: Tri$u USD)
83,4 82,9 100.6 108.3 132 101,6 106,9 81,7 124.6 108,1 97.3 67.3 84,6 143,5 61,5"
$ 1,465.4
Vi?n trtf thi^c te' (Dtfn vi: Tri^u USD)
37,1 91,2 86,1 75,6 94.5 105,4 100,3 101,4 95,6 88,5 128,3 112,6 89,5 67,0 83,2
$ 1,356,3
" Thdng ke sO bg.
Nguon: Trich td Bdng TV.2 • Neil H. Jacoby(1966), U.S. aid to Taiwan Astudy of Foreign Aid, Self- Help, and Devolopment, Publisher: Frederick A. Praeger, trang 44)
Tfl ndm 1959-1960, chflong trinh vien trg cija My cd sfl thay doi. Do nen kinh te' Ddi Loan thdi ky nay da ed bflde tdng trudng vUgt bdc nen trong chuong trinh vien trg cua My da ehuyin tfl phdt trien kinh te' ndi chung sang chu trgng phdt trien cac doanh nghiep tfl nhdn, md rdng xudt khau. Theo quan diem eua Chinh phu My, trong vien trg nUde ngodi, phdt trien kinh tg' ludn la liU tign hdng dau. Do do, de lam duge dieu nay ra't edn de'n sU md rong thdnh phdn kinh tg' tfl nhan. Viec thdnh lap mdt trung tdm dau tfl phdt trien cdng nghiep vdo ndm 1959 vd md rong edc cdng ty eua ngudi Dai Loan dd phan anh dflgc phan nao muc dich mdi nay. TrUdc dd, vdo ndm 1958, mot vdn phdng eiia doanh nghiep tU nhan trong pham vi chuong
trinh vien trg cung dd dugc thdnh lap, dong thdi quy cho vay de phdt trien cung di vdo hoat ddng. Day rd rdng Id nhflng ddng thdi tich cue de cu the hda mue tieu nguon vien trg ciia My tai Ddi Loan.
Thdng ke cu the nguon vien trg theo dU tru vd thUc te dat dUOc cua My eho Ddi Loan tfl 1951 de'n 1965 nhfl sau: Xem bang 2.
Theo bang so' lieu tren, cd the thdy rd rdng, gifla nguon vien trg du tru vd thUc te vien trg md My ddnh cho Ddi Loan tfl nam 1951 de'n ndm 1965 thay doi lign tue va ed sfl chenh lech Idn. Dde biet nhat Id vao edc ndm 1951, 1955, 1959, 1964 nguon vien trg thflc te' tha'p hon rd't nhieu, thdm chi chua dat 50% so vdi du trii ban dau (nam 1964, thflc te' vien trg chi dat 67 trieu USD, trong khi du tru ban dau Id 143,5 trieu USD).
52 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A. so 2/2017 Nguge lai, trong nhieu nam sd t i l n My vien
trg thflc te' cho Ddi Loan lai cao hdn so vdi dfl kie'n, dien hinh Id cae ndm 1958, 1961, 1962, trong dd ty le chdnh Igch eung Ign tdi eon so' 45,3 trieu USD vdo ndm 1962.
Nguygn nhdn cija sfl chenh l?ch trong vien trd eua My chinh id xuat phat tfl nhu cau thflc tg' cua tinh hinh Dai Loan cung nhfl phu thu6c vdo cac chie'n Iflgc md ehinh quyIn cdc Tong thdng My d l ra qua tflng thdi ky. Do vdy, cd nhflhg thdi diem, do yeu cau tfl phia Dai Loan tdng cao md nguon vien trg tfl phia My nhilu hon so vdi dfl trii ban ddu. Td't nhign vide ehinh quyen My ddp flng dflgc ygu cdu ndy Id dua tren ed sd phuc vu eho muc tigu cua nfldc My. Dieu ndy m6t ph^n cdn phan dnh sfl chi phd'i va nhung dp Iflc tfl phia Qud'e hdi My dd'i vdi ede nguon vign trg md chinh phu My ddnh cho cac dong minh.
Vdi nguon vien trg ngu tren, Chinh phii Ddi Loan hy vgng se sdm on dinh dugc tinh hinh lam phat, phdt trien kinh te' Dai Loan vflng manh, cCing vdi vide tang cUdng quoc phdng, giup Ddi Loan sdm thUc hien dugc mue tieu trd v l dai luc. Tuy nhien, tfl gifla thap nidn 60 cua the' ky XX, nguon vien trg giam dan khi Dai Loan dd dat dugc nhflng thanh tidj vugt bac.
CiJng vdi vide cung ca'p ngudn tdi chinh, nam 1959, Chinh phii My eung dd dl xud't mgt ke' hoach phat trien kinh te' gom 19 diem vdi muc dich se giup n i n kinh te' Ddi Loan phat trien dde lap, giam bdt sU phu thugc vao vien trg My. Ke' hoach nay dd keu ggi cai thien nguon vd'n eho cdc cdng ty lien doanh, tang nguon tie't kiem cho dan, cai each CO cau thue' vd hien dai hda he thdng ngan hdng. Thang 171960, Chinh phu Qud'c dan Dang da cha'p thuan kg' hoach ndy.
Sau khi John. F. Kennedy n h § n chfle TSng thd'ng My, chinh quyIn mdi vdn tiep tue theo duoi ehinh sach bao ve vi tri cua Dai Loan trong Lien Hgp Qud'c vd tig'p tuc vien trg ca ve kinh te' va quan sfl cho chinh quyIn ndy. Tuy nhign, de'n gifla thap nien 60 cua t h e ky XX, vdi sU phdt trien n h a n h chdng eua kinh tg' Dai Loan vd dp Iflc trong nflde, trfldc nhflng chi phi qud Idn eho cae cuoc chig'n tranh, cdc Tong thd'ng My sau do ve co ban khdng cbn tig'n hanh vi^n trg kinh tg' va ehuyen hudng dan sang ban vu khi cho Dai Loan. Cdc hoat ddng hd trg Dai Loan cua Chinh phii My chi con tap trung vdo viee bao ve vi tri ciaa Chinh phii Trung Hoa ddn Qud'e tai Lign Hop Qud'c.
2.3.2. Chuong trinh hd trg mua lidng nong ng/nep dU tlida
Ngodi vien trg ve tdi chinh vd hgp tdc khoa hgc k5 thuat de giup Dai Loan phat trien kinh te', Chinh phu My cbn thuc hign mdt chuong trinh hd trg nham thu mua cdc mat hang ndng nghigp dU thfla theo Luat cdng 480. Theo dd, d l trdnh thiet hai eho ngudi ndng ddn Ddi Loan, Chinh phu My dd thu mua edc m a t hang nong san vdi ehinh sdeh trg gid. Cae mdt hang ndy sau dd cd the dugc xfl ly d nUde ngoai, cho hodc bdn re, bang dong USD t h a m chi b i n g tiln n6i te ciia nude mua. Luat edng 480 cGng cho phep bdn re hdng dfl thfla cho cac nfldc ngheo bdng ngi te cua nfldc dd. So' tiln thu dflgc mgt phan se trg giup cho Ddi Loan, phan cbn lai ngfldi My sfl dung. Trong thdi gian Dai Loan duge nhan vien trg cua My cd tdi 349 trieu USD tfl nguon thu dUOc trong viec ban eae san pham ndng nghiep du thfla, chie'm tdi 24% tong hd trg. Tuy nhien, du Id tfl nguon hd trg thu mua hay nguon vien trg phdt trien di chang nfla, no
Trdn Thj Hanh Lai - Tdc ddng td vi?n tra kinh te cua My... 53
ciing da cd tdc ddng khdng nho tdi sU phdt t r i i n cua nen kinh te Ddi Loan.
Do sfl phdt tri^n nhanh chdng cua kinh tg' Dai Loan, ciing vdi viec My Uu tign eho chig'n trUdng Nam ^^et Nam vd do nhflng thay doi ciaa tinh Mnh mdi, md tfl ndm 1965, vign trg kinh te' eua My ddnh eho Dai Loan co ban cham dflt. Trong giai doan sau, nguon vien trg chii yeu chi Id vien trg quan sfl.
3. T a c d p n g cua v i ^ n trcf My d o i vdri n e n k i n h t ^ D a i L o a n
Chinh quyen Qud'e ddn Dang xay diftig Dai Loan trong bd'i eanh hdn dao ndy dang roi vdo sfl suy thoai nghiem trgng sau Ngi chie'n lan thfl ba. Trong thdi gian dau, do hau qua ciaa chien tranh, cung nhfl do Chinh quyen Ddi Loan dang hfldng tdi muc tieu phan cong dai luc, nen Ddi Loan ehu trgng nhilu hon dg'n eung ed' va xay dUhg qudc phdng. TiS nam 1951, vdi sU ho trg tich cUe eua My, kinh te' Dai Loan cd nhijftig budc chuyen bie'n rd ret.
Thd nhdt, kiem chi dugc nan lam phdt, dn dinh tdi chinh:
Khi Qud'c ddn Dang chuyen de'n Ddi Bdc, chinh phu nay dd phai dd'i mat vdi nan lam phdt len tdi mflc phi md. De kim ham tinh trang ndy, mdt mat Chinh phu Dai Loan tien hdnh cai each tien tg, phdt hanh tien mdi thay the' tien eu da bi mat gid do lam phdt; mat khdc, dUa vao nguon tdi chinh do My vien trg, hodc nguon tai chinh thu duge nhd bdn edc mdt hang md My vien trg, nen tai ehinh Dai Loan dan di vdo 6n dinh. Nan lam phdt giam dan.
Ng'u nhu ndm 1949 lam phdt Ign tdi 3400%, de'n ndm 1950 lam phdt cd giam xud'ng nhung vdn d mflc cao: 306%, thi
ndm 1951 xud'ng cdn 66% va de'n ndm 1952 giam xud'ng chi edn 23%'^'. Ben eanh dd, viec quan ly ngoai te cdng he't sflc quan trgng trong bdi canh lam phdt da ddn den tinh trang thie'u ngoai te tram trgng. TViy nhign, nhfl cd khoang 1,5 ty USD My vien trd trong thdi I ^ 1951-1965 md Ddi Loan khong nhijftig giai quye't duge van de ngoai tg, ma cdn binh on dUgc vat gid, thdng bdng dfldc ngan sach, on dinh dfldc kinh te.. Cae chuyen gia kinh te My cdn tfl vaii vd hd trg cho viec phuc hoi Ngan hdng trung Udng Dai Loan. Ngdy 1/7/1961, ngdn hang ndy hoat ddng trd lai. De'n thdng 12/1964, nguon tdi chinh tich luy dflgc tfl viec ban cac mat h a n g vien trg cua My dd chimin tdi 72,1% t i n g tien mat ciia ngdn hang*^\ Cd the thay rd rang, vdi sfl vien trg lap thdi cua My, Ddi Loan dd nhanh chdng giai quye't dflge mdt trong nhflng khd khan Idn ciia nen kinh tg' trong nhilng ngay dau xay dflng lai chinh quyen tren dat Ddi Loan.
Thd hai, gidi quyet nhilng kho khdn ca bdn trong sdn xudt ndng nghiep:
Khi Dai Loan bat tay vdo khdi phuc vd phat trien kinh te', nen nong nghiep Ddi Loan con hg't sfle khd khdn bdi ky thuat lae hau, cung vdi dd Id hau qua cua chien tranh lam cho tinh trang thie'u Iflong thflc trd ngn ph6 bien. De khac phuc tinh trang nay, Dai Loan da sfl dung mdt phan ddng ke nguon vien trg cua M\' de dau tu cho ndng nghigp, trong dd flu tien hang dau la viee nhdp khau phdn hda hoc vd cac trang thie't bi ky thuat phuc vu san xudt. Nhieu loai mdy mde nhfl mdy cdy, mdy bfla, mdy 1dm ed, mdy gat dap., dflgc nhdp ve tfl My, Nhat Ban da gdp phan eo gidi hda nen ndng nghiep, giup nang cao ndng sudt vd giai phdng sflc lao dong. Khdng chi eo vdy,
54 Nghien cull Ddng Nam A, so 2/2017 du trong dilu kien kinh te' cbn h^t sfle khd
khan, ngan sdch eo hep, song vdi vi^n trg cua My, Ddi Loan da danh mdt khodn ngdn sdch thieh hdp ddu tU cho vige ddo tao cdn bd vd nghign cflu khoa hgc. Tfl ndm 1951-1959, Dai Loan da cfl 790 chuygn vien, cdn bg ky thuat thugc cac nganh t r i n g trot, chdn nudi, ngfl nghigp, thuy ldi, mdi trUdng... ra nfldc ngodi hpc t$p, tie'p thu khoa hpc ky thuat. Nhd vay, Dai Loan da tig'n hdnh thfl nghiem thdnh cong nhilu giong lua cho nang suat cao, chd't IflOng td't'^^'. Khong nhflng the', san xua't ndng nghigp hdng ndm da tdng binh quan 4,3%
vd Dai Loan khong nhflng giai quye't dfldc nan ddi, ma cbn tao r a san pham du thfla de xuait kh^u*^^'. Bgn canh dd, chinh sach hd trg thu mua hang ndng san dfl thfla cua Chinh phu My cung da ed tde ddng tich cflc trong viec giai quyg't vafn d l dau r a cho san pham ndng nghigp, giup Ddi Loan thu dflgc nguon Igi ngoai te dang k l vd thue d^y su phdt trien cac mdt hdng ndng san xuat khau nhU mia dudng, ehb hup, v.v.
• Thd ba, gop phdn thuc ddy cong nghiep phdt trien:
Song song vdi vide on dinh tdi chinh va phdt triin ndng nghiep, vige xay dflng mgt n i n edng nghigp hien dai eung duge Chinh phu Ddi Loan coi trgng. Do dd, sU hd trg tfl phia My se Id ye'u td quan trgng de cong nghiep Ddi Loan vUOn Ign. Nganh eong nghiep che' bie'n hang ndng nghigp dugc dau tu nhu san xua't mia dUdng, giay, che..
Tiep dd, Ddi Loan phdt trien linh vUc edng nghiep san xud't hdng tieu dung nhif: det, may mde, 1dm gidy dep,,, Chinh phu My cung khuyen khich Ddi Loan dau tU mua tdu thuyen phuc vu cho ngdnh ddnh bdt hai san, nhdt la danh bat xa bO. Vdi nguon vd'n va ky thuat do My tdi trg, trong thap
nign 60 cua the ky XX, n i n cdng nghiep Ddi Loan da dat mflc tdng trudng vUdt bac.
Dg'n ndm 1968, tdc do tdng trfldng edng nghigp binh quan dat 7,7%, ndng ty trgng eong nghiep trong G N P tfl 30,4% ndm 1965 len 34,4%. De'n ndm 1972, san xu^t cdng nghigp binh qudn tdng 21,2% chiem 42%
GNP...<12). Mdc du tfl nam 1965, My ngflhg vi§n trg, song nen cong nghiep Ddi Loan tig'p tuc tang trfldng vdi td'e do cao va dat dfldc nhiJng t h a n h tflu to Idn.
- Gop phdn too nin su cdn bdng cdn can thuang mai:
Dfla vdo ede gdi vien trg cua My, trong thdp nign 50 cua thg' ky XX, Ddi Loan chu yg'u thflc hien chie'n IflOc kinh te hfldng ngi, tap trung on dinh n i n kinh te', giai quyet nhflng khd khdn do hau qua chig'n tranh.
Nguon hd t r o tfl My chii ye'u la cac nguyen vat lieu de phuc vu phdt trien ndng nghiep vd cong nghiep. Nguon vd'n vd hang tieu dCing chi chie'm mot ty le nha't dinh. Trong tong vign trg ciia My cho Dai Loan giai doan 1951-1965, hdng tieu dung chig'm 6,2%; nguon vo'n ehig'm 20,7% trong khi nguyen lieu phuc vu eho phat trien ndng- cdng nghiep chig'm tdi 70,1%'^^'. Vdi sU h6 trg nay, ehinh quyen Ddi Loan da nd lUc phdt t r i i n kinh te' vdi cac ke' hoach 4 ndm.
Nhfl vay, eung vdi no lUc cua chinh quyen vd nhdn dan Dai Loan, vdi nguIn vien trg kip thdi tfl ehinh phii My, nin kinh te' Ddi Loan dd tao nen bflde chuyin minh ro ret. Nd khdng ehi giup Dai Loan dflng vflng trfldc nhflng bie'n ddng cua nin kinh te' thg' gidi, md con gdp phdn 1dm eho hdn dao nay trd nen manh hon trong he thd'ng phbng tuye'n eua My tai chdu A. Day Id nen tang quan trgng de Dai Loan eo bflde ehuyen minh manh me trong thdp i
Trdn Thi Hanh Lai - Tdc dgng td vien tra kinh te cua My... 55
nien 70 trd ve sau va trof thdnh mdt trong bon con rong chau A sau ndy.
K e t l u ^ n
Chinh sach cua My do'i vdi Dai Loan IA mdt bo phdn trong chinh sdch dfi^i ngoai chung cua My sau Chi^n t r a n h the gidi thfl hai. Trong nhflhg ndm tfl 1949 den 1972, chinh sach nay dd trai qua nhieu bien ddng vd tao nen nhflng a n h hfldng nhat dinh den chien lugc todn cau ciia My. Dde biet, chinh sdch ho t r d kinh te ma Chinh phu My ddnh cho Dai Ijoan da cd tdc dung to Idn doi vdi vung lanh tho ndy trong giai doan tfl 1950 den 1965. Niun lai chinh sdeh vien tro kinh te cua My doi vdi Dai Loan tfl ndm 1950 d^n ndm 1965, ed the rut ra mot so ket luan nhfl sau.
Thd nhdt, vi^n trg kinh te la mot bo phan trong chinh sach cua My ddi vdi Ddi Loan. Nguon vien trg ndy dflgc bdt d^u tfl sau nam 1950 vd co ban chain dflt vao nam 1965, khi Dai Loan da on dinh dfldc n i n kinh tg' vd Inidc dan vdo giai doan tang trodng nhanh trfldc khi cat canh trd thanh mgt trong bdn con rong chau A.
Thd hcd, nguon vi6n trg duge thflc hien dfldi nhieu lunh thflc khac nhau nham dap flng toi da nhflng ygu cau phat trien can thiet cua n i n kinh t ^ Ddi Loan. De thflc hien co hiSu qua nguon vien trg nay, Chinh phu My cbn thie't lap cae cd quan hd trg, dieu hanh nhfl: Hdi ddng vidn trg kinh te; Uy ban tai thiet nong thdn; Hoi dong binh on kinh te, v.v. Nhflng co quan nay dd ddng vai trd rat quan trgng trong viec phdt huy hieu qua nguon vign trg eua M\' ddi vdi su phdt trien cua kinh t e Ddi Loan.
Thd ba, cung vdi vien trg qudn sfl, nguon vien trg kinh te kip thdi da giup Ddi Loan giai quyet dUBc tinh trang khung
hoang sau Ngi chien. Vdi nguon Iflc cd dfldc va sfl hau Ihudn cua My, chinh quyen Tning Hoa Ddn Quoc da xay dflng Dai Loan trd thdnh vi tri then chdt trong he thong phbng thu ciia My tai chmi A - Thai Binh Dfldng. Nhd vay, Dai Loan da trai qua cac cuoc khung hoang eo bien nhflng van duy tri dfldc ehinh quyen cua minh vd phat trien ngay cang vflng ch^c. Sau khi (paan he My - Trung dudc khai thdng. My thay doi chinh sach do'i vdi Dai Loan thi hdn dao nay vdn k h a n g dinh dfldc sflc manh kinh t e cua minh tai khu vflc Ddng B^c A vdi nhfll^ t h a n h tflu to I d n /
CHU THICH
1. Digp Vinh Ugt (2001), Nhdng nhdn vat Itch sd Trung Qudc hien dai. Tap 2, Nxb. Vdn hod Thong tui, trang 410, 411.
2. William M. Bueler (1980), U.S. China poU- cy and the problem of Taiwan, Greenwood, publishers, trang 15.
3. Neil H. Jaeoby (1966), U.S. aid to Taiwan:
A study of Foreign Aid, Self • Help, and Development, Publisher: Frederick A Praeger, trang 31.
4. FRUS, 1952 - 1954, Chirui and Japan - in two part, vol XIV, part 1, trang 1057.
5. Ned H. Jaeoby (1966), U.S. aid to Taiwan:
A study of Foreign Aid, Self - Help, and Development, Publisher: Frederick A.
Praeger, trang 46.
6. Luat cdng 480: dao luat ho trg phdt trien nong nghiep vd dau tu dugc Tong thong Dwight D. Eisenhower 1^ ndm 1954 thudng dugc ggi Id Luat cdng 480 hodc Luong thuc cho hoa tonh. Luat nay cho phep Tong th.6ng My dUOc quyen cap phdp cho cac Id hdng uong n ^ e p ddi dU den vdi
56 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, so 2/2017 cdc qudc gia than can, hoac c6 nhflng khoan
UU ddi hodc vien trg... Ban ehd't ciia Ludt eong 480 Id lam co sd de My phdn phd'i ngu6n vign trg luong thuc cho nude ngodi, 7. Neil H. Jaeoby (1966), U.S. aid to Taiwan:
A study of Foreign Aid, Self - Help, and Devolopment, Publisher: Frederick A.
Praeger, trang 62.
8. Rene Dumont, Chariotte Paquet (1991), j9ai Loan - cdi gid cua thdnh cdng, Nxb.
KHXH, Hd N6i, trang 31.
9. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/aaw h/HOSGBW/2014/v2n 1/HOSGB W_2014_v 2nl_47.pdf" Us aid and Taiwan" trang 64.
10. Phdng Thi Hug (2000), Qud trinh phdt trien kinh te - xa lidi Bdi Loan (1949-1996), Ludn dn Tie'n si, Trudng Dai hoc KHXH&NV. DHQG Hd Noi, trang 52.
11. Giang Binh Khdn (1995), Kinh tc Bdi Loan, vdn de vd ddi sddi, Nxb. KHXH, Ha Noi, trang 10.
12. Giang Binh Khon (1995), Kinh ti Bdi Loan, vdn di vd ddi sddi, Nxb KHXH, Ha Ngi, trang 12, 13,
13. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/downfile/volume/aa w h / H O S G B W / 2 0 1 4 / v 2 n l / H O S - GBW_2014_v2nl_47.pdf " Us aid and Taiwan" trang 61.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Phiang Thi Hu^ (2000), Qud trinh p/idt triin kinh ti - xd ligi Ddi Loan (1949-1996), Luan an Tie'n si, Trudng Dai hgc KHXH&NV - DHQG Hd Ngi.
2. Giang Binh Kh6n (1995), Kinh ti Bdi Loan, vdn de vd ddi sdch, Nxb. KHXH. Ha Ngi.
3. Diep Vinh Li^t (2001), NhUng n/tdn v&t lich sd Trung Qudc hien dai. Tap 1, Nxb. Vdn hod Thong tin
4. Diep Vinh Li^t (2001), NhUng nhdn vat lich sd Trung Quoc hien dai. Tap 2, Nxb Vdn hod Thong tin.
5. Rene Dumont, Chariotte Paquet (1991), Ddi Loan cdi gid cua thdnh cdng, Nxb.
KHXH, Ha N6i.
6. John C. Kuan (1992), A Review of U.S.- R.O.C. Relations 1949 1978, Publisher Democracy Foundation, Taibei, Taiwan.
7. Neil H. Jaeoby (1966). U.S. aid to Taiwan Astudy of Foreign Aid, Self - Help, and Devolopment, Publisher: Frederick A.
Praeger 31.
8. William M. Bueler (1980), U.S. China poli- cy and tlic problem of Taiwan, Greenwood, Publishers.
9. Oystein Tunsjo (2008), US Taiwan policy:
Constructing tlie triangle, Routledge 10. United States. Dept. of State, editor in
chief John P. Glennon (1985), Foreign rela- tions of t/ie United States 1952 • 1954.
Volume XIV: Cliina and Japan, part 1, U.S. Government Printing Office.
11. United States. Dept. of State, editor in chief John P. Glennon (1985), Foreign rela- tions of tlie United States 1955 - 1957, Cliina, Volume II, U.S. Government Printing OfFice,
12. United States. Dept. of State, editor in chief John P. Glennon (1985), Foreign rela- tions of the ^United States 1958 - I960, China, Volume XIX, U.S. Government Printing Office.
13. United States. Dept. of State, editor in chief John P. Glennon (1985). Foreign rela- tions of the United States 1961 1963.
Volume XXII, Northeast Asia, U.S.
(joveriunent Printing Office.
14. United States. Dept. of State, editor in chief John P. Glennon (1985), Foreign rela- tions of the United States 1964 - 1968.
Volume XXX, China, U.S. Government Printing Office,
15. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/dGwnfiIe/volume/aa w h / H O S G B W / 2 0 1 4 / v 2 n l / H O S - GBW_2014_v2nU47.pdf "Us aid and Taiwan".
