Giam ngheo duoi tac dong cua mot sd chuong trinh h6 trg cho ngucH ngheo, ngutn c6 thu n h ^ thap o^
H o ^ Tridu Hoa
Tniong Dal hoc Kinh le, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha NOi
Gidm ngheo la vdn dd kinh td - xa hdi ma Chfnh phii cila tdt ca cac qudc gia tren Uid gidi deu phai ddi mat. Tiiy thudc vao tinb hinh ngheo ddi d mdi nude va quein diem cua cbinh phu vd vdn dd nay ma cdc nude cd nhiing su lira chon ridng vd chinh sach de giai quydt hieu qua. My la qudc gia dimg vl tii sd 1 vd kinh td trdn thd gidi nhung cung cd thd ndi la qudc gia ma sd lugng ngudi ngheo ludn d muc cao so vdi nhieu nude cd cung trinh do phat tridn va tiem luc vd kinh td. De giai quyet vdn dd nay, chinh phu My d mdi thdi ky da cd su lua chgn cac chuong trinh hd trg cho nhdm ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thap va nhtrng chuang trinh nay da mang lai bidu qua Uch cue.
1. Thirc trang ngudi ngheo d Mv
O mgt dat nude phat tridn nhu nude My, ngudi nghed la nhtmg ngudi thudc tdng Idp dudi cua xa bdi.
Hang ehuc tridu ngudi d My sd'ng trong ngheo khd va gdn nhu khdng cd kha nang thay ddi cudc sd'ng cua ban than va con cai ciia hg. Nude My cd lich sir iau dai vd su thinh vugng, vd su nang ddng, song cd rat nhidu ngudi bi bd lai phia sau trong cdng cudc phdt trien dd.
Hang trieu ngudi My mac dii iam viec cham chi (lam viec toan thdi gian trong cd nam vdi 40 gid mdt tudn trong 52 tudn), song cdng vide chi dugc tra luong thdp, khdng dil dam bad ngudn tai chinh cho hg va gia dinh.
Thu nhap thap khdng dii dd chi tra cho mdt miic sd'ng khidm tdn, khdng du de ddp iing nbu cdu nudi day con cai va khien cho ngudi lao ddng khdng the ddu tu dd tao ra mdt luang lai tdt dep ban boac dd danh cho nghi huu.
Thuc te da cho thay, ngheo ddi d My khdng phai la do su khan hiem, khdng du ngudn luc dd giam ngheo ma la do vi thd xa hdi, Phu nu d My ludn bj phan bidt dd'i xii tren thi tmdng lao ddng, bi danh gia thdp va bi tra luang thdp. Tinh trang ngheo ddi d My cung kha ro net d cac nhdm chiing tdc khac nhau. Theo sd lieu cua Cue thdng ki My nam 2018, ngudi ngheo d My tap tiung phdn Idn d nhdm ngudi da den, chidm den 20,8%; tidp theo la nhdm ngudi gd'c Tay Ba Nha: 17,6%;
nhdm ngudi da trdng (khdng bao gdm ngudi gde Tay Ba Nha): 8,1% va nhdm ngudi gd'c Chau A Id 10,1%.
Vdi mtrc chudn ngheo nam 2018 cho 1 ngudi la 12.140 USD/nam va cho hd gia dinh gom 4 ngudi la 25.100 USD/nam, ty Id ngheo d MJ- la 11,8% (luang duang vol 38,1 trieu ngudi). Sd ngudi ngheo d My da giam ddn so vdi cac nam tiudc la nhd cd cac chuang trinh hd trg lir phia chinh phii.
2. Tac dong tir mot so' chirong trinh ho trg cho ngirdi ngheo, nguvi co thu nhap thap d Mir
cac chuong trinh hd trg cua chinh phii cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thap da duge trien khai thuc hi^n tCr hang chue nam vd trudc va mang lai hieu qua rd rdt, da gitip cho rdt nhidu ngudi dan My thoat nghed, dac biet la he em, giup cho tie em ngheo d My cd dieu kien hgc td't ban va nang cao kha nang kiem viec iam cd thu nhap cao khi trudng thanh.
cae chuong trinh hd trg ciia chinh phil nhu an sinh xa hdi, bao hidm thdt nghiep, hd trg vd dinh dudng, hd trg thue nha, hd hg tam thdi bdng tien mat cho eac gia dinh cd nhu cau, cac chinh sach tin dung thud, cac chuong trinh bd trg dac biet cho ngudi thu nhap thdp, chuang trinh midn phi va giam gia bOa an tma tai tmdng phd thdng..,. da giup giam hon mdt nua sd' ngudi ngheo d My sau ban 50 nam kd lu nam 1967 theo sd lieu didu tra cila Cue thdng kd My.
Trudc het la chuang trinh hd trg dinh dudng bd sung cila cbinh phii. Day la chuang trinh hd trg dinh dudng Idn nhdt ciia chfnh phu, mang lai phiic ldi cho cac ca nhan va gia dinh cd thu nhap thdp, ngudi gia va ngudi tan tat. Tien than cua chuang trinh nay la chuong trinh tem thuc phdm, dugc chi'nh phu trien khai tir nam 1964. Hien nay, dieu kien dd dugc tham gia chuang trinh la cac ca nhan va hd gia dinh phai cd miic Ihu nhap dudi 130% chuan ngheo ciia chinh phu.
Nhimg gia dinh cd ngudi gia va ngudi khuydt tat duae tham gia chuong trinh ma khdng cdn phai cd didu kien vd thu nhap. Nhiing ca nhan va gia dinh cd dii didu kien tham gia chuong trinh nay se dugc mua thuc phdm bang thd ghi na tai cac ciia hang ban le thuc phdm dugc chinh phil ily quydn. Chuang trinh nay da giup cho hang trieu ngudi My thoat khdi Unh trang ngheo tiong nhidu nam qua.
NGHIEN CUU
R E S E A R C H
HiBU 1: S6 ngurM thoat nghfeo a My thong qaa chirong trinh hp trof^inh dgangbo sung ciia Ctioh phg (trt jn ngirfri)
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2015 2016 " 3.1•Tfingrf a S d W e i 3017 I {<18 tli6i) NguSn: U.S Cencus Bureau
Thii bai, la ehuong hinh tin dting thue thu nhdp kidm dugc. Day la chuong blnh hoan lai tiiud ciia chinh phii cho cdc cd nhan, hd gia dinh cd tiiu nhap ihdp den tiung binh, dac bidt la cac gia dinh cd he nhd. Chuong trinh nay dugc chinh phu thuc hien hr nam 1975 va cho den nay da giiip eho hang tiidu gia dinh d My thoat ngheo mdi nam. Cting vdi chuang trinh nay, ti'n dung thud danh cho he em la chuang trinh hoan thud cho mdi he em phu thudc dudi 17 tudi vao cudi nam ti'nh thud. Day cung la nhiing chuong trinh hd hg hidu qua cho ngudi ngheo, nguoi cd thu nhap thdp d My. Ket qua didu ha dan sd ciia Cue thd'ng kd My vao dau nam 2019 cho thdy, cac chuong trinh nay da giup cho khoang 10,6 tiidu ngudi, bao gdm 5,5 tridu he em vugt qua ngudng ngheo nam 2018 va giam tinh hang ngheo ddi cho 17,5 tiieu ngudi thudc cac ddi tugng khac, bao gom 6,4 tiieu tre em. Cae chuong trinh tin dung thud thu nhap kidm dugc va ti'n dung thud danh cho he em dugc danh gia la cd tac dung rd rdt va hieu qua hong viec giam ngheo d My.
Hinli 2: So ogiroi thoat ngheo a My thong qaa chuong trinh Tin dung thne thu nhap va tin dung thue cho tre em (trieu nguoi)
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Ngudn U.S Cencus Bureau Thti ba, chinh sach an sinh xa hdi la chinh sach hd trg ngudi nghdd dugc hdu hdt cac qud'c gia trdn thd gidi ap dung, O My, dao ludt an sinh xa hdi ra ddi tCr nam 1935 va cho ddn nay da dugc bd sung them mgt sd chuang trinh nhu phiic lgi xa hgi va bdo hiem xa hdi. Chinh sach nay cd tac dung rd ret khi da giiip cho hang trieu ngudi vugt qua dugc nguong ngheo. Ket
qud didu ha dan s6 hang nam cila Cue thd'ng ke My cho thay, sd luong ngudi vugt qua ngudng nghdo nhd dugc hd hg tir chuong trinh an sinh xa hdi cila ehinh phii la hen 20 tiieu ngudi mdi nam, trang do cd khoang 15 tridu ngudi cao tudi (hen 65 tudi) va khoang hon 1 tridu tre em.
Thu tu, chuang tiinh hd hg thue nha la chuong trinh cua chinh phii danh cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thap de cd the Uiue nha d thi trudng nha tu nhan, va nhQng ngudi dugc tham gia chuang trinh nay phai la ngudi My hoae ngudi cd dii didu kidn nhdp cu.
Chinh phil se can cii vao miic thu nhdp tmng binh hang nam cua hg gia dinh de xdt chgn ra nhimg gia dinh cd du dieu kidn de nhan chtrng nhan la ddi tugng dugc chuong trinh hd trg. Hien nay, nhiing gia dinh cd mtrc Uiu nhdp khdng vugt qua 40.000 USD/nam, cd it nhdt mdt con phy thudc va ed tai san dudi 100.000 USD se dircrc chinh phii xem xet bd trg. Chuang trinh nay mac dil tidp can dugc tuong ddi it hd gia dinh trong dien dugc hd hg do kinh phi han chd nhung lai cd tac dung chd'ng ddi nghdo manh md cho nhimg ngudi tidp can dugc chinh sach nay, da giam dugc tinh hang vd gia cu, tinh trang khdng cd nha 6n dinh va giai quyet chd d cho cac gia dinh ddng ngudi.
Thii nam, la chuang trinh hd trg ve y te. CS My, eac chuang trinh h6 tra y te la nhiing chuang trinh dugc thiet kd cho timg dd'i tugng ridng biet. Trudc het la Medicare, day la chuong trinh bao hidm y td danh ngudi cao tudi (trdn 65 tudi), ngudi khuyet tat va nhimg benh nhan mdc bdnh than giai doan cudi.
Medicaid la chuang trinh trg cap y te dugc hinh thanh tir nam 1965 ciing vdi Medicare, bd trg cho ngudi cd thu nhap thap, tre em, ngudi gia, ngudi tan tat cd dix dieu kien tham gia chudng trinh chi ha Udn thudc. Va CHIP la chuang trinh bao hiem y td danh rieng cho hd em. Chuang trinh nay nham muc dieh bao phu y td vdi gia thdp cho trd.
Cac chuang trinh trg cdp y td cua chinh phil da iam cho cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi dan an loan hon va hg cdp y td dugc xep d tam quan trgng ngang vdi cdc chuong trinh y td Idn khac cua chinh phu. Cac chuang trinh nay cung ho trg cho nhtrng ngudi trong dien can ngheo va ngudi cd thu nhap tmng binh mua bao hiem tu nhan thdng qua cac thi trudng bao hidm. Nhd cd chuang trinh nay ma sd lugng ngudi dan My khdng cd bad hidm y td da giam xudng mtrc thap trong lich sir vao nam 2016, xudng edn 8,6% (khoang 27,3 tridu ngudi). Vide ap dung chuong trinh bao hiem y te cQng bj dinh he trong vai nam qua do nhiing thay doi hong chinh sach cua chinh phu. Ngan sach danh cho cac chuang trinh trg cap y td bi edt giam dan. Chinh vi vay, md sd lugng ngudi dan khdng cd bdo hiem y te cd ddu hidu tang trd lai td nam 2017.
Rieng ddi vdi tre em, eac chuang tiinh hd trg vd y id cung da giiip giam hon mdt niia ty le trd em khdng ed bao hiem y te ke tir nam 1997. Trong ban hai thap
8
ky qua, vide md rdng trg cdp y td va chuang tiinh bao hidm y te cho tre em da iam giam ddng ke ty Id tie em khdng dugc bdo hidm, tir 13,9% vao nam 1997 xudng cdn 5,2% vao nam 2018. Tro cap y td va chuong trinh bao hiem y td cho trd em da cai thidn dang ke kha nang Udp can vdi eae dich vu cham sdc va nang cao sire khde ciia tre, bao gdm tang kha nang dugc tham kham va giam Unh hang phai nhap vidn. Trd em dugc hg giup vd y te cd quyen tham gia vao cac chuang trinh cham sdc siic khde nhu nhiing tre cd bad hiem tu nhan va kha nang Udp can den eac dich vu cham sdc siie khde ldn hon dang ke so vdi nhting trd khdng cd bdo hidm.
Ben canh viec cai thidn vd siic khde, chudng trinh ho trg vd y te cila chinh phii cung da giiip cho tre em nang cao trinh dg giao due va kha nang tai cbinh sau nay khi hd Irudng thanh. Trd em dii didu kien nhan trg cdp y td Irong Ihdi gian dai ban se il cd kha nang bd hoc d cap phd thdng va cd kha nang dugc di hgc d bac cao ban. Hon the nua, tre em cd trg cdp y Id cd kha nang tim dugc vide iam cd thu nhap cao hon hong tuang lai.
Nhin chung, cac chuong trinh hd trg cua chinh phu ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec giam ngheo, dae bi0t la dd'i vdi cac gia dinh cd tie em, da dua hau hdt ngudi dan d moi lira tudi thoat khdi canh ngheo ddi trdm trgng. Theo sd lidu ciia Cue thd'ng ke My nam 2016, cii 10 ngudi dugc nhan bd trg til chuang trinh ciia chinh phu cho ngudi cd thu nhap thap thi cd ddn ban 9 ngudi thudc cac dd'i tugng la tre em (32%), ngudi gia (9%), ngirdi tan tat hong cac gia dinh khdng cd viec iam (5%) hay trong cac gia dinh lao ddng nghdo (47%). Chinh vi vay, ty Id ngheo d My da giam rd ret la do cac chinh sach hd trg ciia chinh phil ngay cang hidu qua. Dac biet, d dd'i tuong la hd em, ty le nghdo cung da giam xudng mire thdp ky luc vdi 16,2%
vao nam 2017, giam gdn mdt niia so vdi 50 nam vd trudc. va ddn nam 2018, nhd cd su hd trg tir cac ehi'nh sach cua chinh phii ma ty Id nghdo d My da giam xudng cdn 11,8%, va rieng vdi ddi tugng la he em, ty Id ngheo cting giam xudng cdn la 13,7%.
3. Mpt SO han che cua cac chnong Irinh hd tro Mac dil, cdc chuong trinh hd trg eua ehinh phii My da cung cdp mdt mang ludi an toan cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thdp song neu so sanh vdi cdc nude cd cung trinh do phat tridn, cung tidm nang kinh te nbu mdt sd nude d khu vue Bac Au thi cdc chuong trinh nay vdn cdn nhidu ban chd d dd bao phu cila chirong trinh cung nhukha nang tidp can.
Nhidu ngudi nghdo d My khdng nhdn dugc su trg giup tii cac chuang trinh ho trg dinh dudng bd sung hay hd hg thud nha ciia chinh phii. Kdt qua dieu ha cua Vien nghien cuu Dd Uii d My cho thdy, nam 2018 cd ddn 13 trieu ngudi My sd'ng dudi miic ngheo khd (cd thu nhap ciia hd gia dinh dudi 25.100 USD/nam)
nhung khdng nhan duge nhtrng su trg giiip nay.
Ddi vol eac gia dinh khdng cd ngudi di iam va khdng du didu kien dd dugc nhan trg cap lidn quan ddn ngudi khuydt tdt cua chinh phii thi thudng khdng the cd dugc bat ky ngudn thu nhap bdng tidn mat nao dd sinh sdng. Trong nam 2017, hong 100 gia dinh cd tie em ngheo thi chi cd 23 gia dinh nhan dugc trg giiip bdng tidn mat tir chuang trinh h6 hg tam thdi ehd cac gia dinh ngheo va phdn Idn eac gia dinh cd thu nhap thdp khdng nhcin dudc hg gitip tii chuang trinh nay mac dil cd dii dieu kien de nhdn hg giiip tir chuong trinh.
Mac dil cdn mdt s6 ban che nhung cd thd khdng dinh rdng, nhung ket qua dat dugc tii eac chuong trinh hd trg eua chinh phii da mang lal su thay ddi cudc sdng cho hang tridu ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhdp thdp d My trong nhidu thdp ky qua. Cac chuang trinh hd trg vd dinh dudng, hd trg vd y td, vd nha d hay giam thud cho ngudi ngheo dugc chinh phii tridn khai hong nhidu nam qua da giiip giam rd ret tinh trang ngheo d My, gitip cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thap cd dugc su hd trd vd kinh td, vd sire khde, tang kha nang kid'm viec Iam va dac biet iam giam ty Id ngheo d tre em. La mdt qud'c gia phat tridn va ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thdp khdng phai la ddi tugng trgng tam ma cac cbinh sach ciia chinh phu hudng tdi trong qua trinh phat trien kinh te song cac chinh sach h6 hg ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd thu nhap thap ma chinh phu My ap dung trong thdi gian qua la nhtrng gal y cd gia tri cho chinh phu cae nude trong vide xay dung cac chinh sach hd ho ngudi ngheo, hang dd cd Viet Nam./.
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Aviva Aron — Dine, Matt Broaddus, Zoe Neuberger Arloc Sherman (2019): Adminishation's Poverty Line Proposal Would Cut Health, Food Assistance for Millions Over Time
DaniloTrisi MattSaenze (2019): Economic Security Programs Cut Poverty Neariy in Half Over Last 50 Years Kathleen Romig (2020): Social Security Lifts More Americans Above Poverty Than Any Other Program
U.S Congresslional budget office (2017), A Premium Support System for Medicare: Updated Analysis of Illushative Options
U.S Cencus Bureau (2010 — 2018)
U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development: Worst case housing needs, 2017 report lo congress
