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K^t qua theo doi 6 mo binh su dung dat tiong mdc ca d huyen Tuy Due, tinh Dak Nong cho thay: hieu qua kinh te b MHI va MH5 (mdc ca tiong thuan) cho gia tri gia tang (GTGT) tang tii 30,44 trieu dong/ha len 53,49 trieu ddng/ha. MH4 va MH6 (mdc ca U-dng xen rimg) co GTGT tir 28,92 den 29,67 tiieu ddng/ha. O do ddc 6-7" mo hinh tiong mdc ca xen tieu cung cho hieu qua kinh td cao ban mo hinh mdc ca xen ca phe va xen rimg tiong keo lai. Cac mo hinh trong mdc ca tao ra san pham mm cho dia phuong, giai quydt duoc nguon lao dong nhan rdi, phii hpp vdi tap quan cua ngudi dan. 6 do ddc 6-7" mo hinh mdc ca xen ca phe CMH2) CO hieu qua moi trudng dat cao nhat vdi do che phu dat 72,09%, lupng dat bi xoi mdn 13.3 tan/ha va chat huu CO bi mat 783 kg/ha. Mo hinh mdc ca xen tieu (MH3) co dp che phu la 24,72%, luong dat bi xoi mon 16,25 tan/ha, chat hiiu ca bi mat 901 kg/ha. 6 cap do ddc 12-13" mo hinh mdc ca xen rimg keo (MH6) CO hieu qua moi tnrong dat cao nhat voi do che phu la 82,37%, luong dat xoi mon 19,20 tan/ha va chat huu CO bi mat 1085 kg/ha.
Tit khda: Hieu qua, mdc ca, mo binh, sudung dat, Tuy Dm:.
I.BATVANOE
Tuy Diic Id huydn bidn gidi b phia Tay Nam tinh Ddk Ndng, cd dien tich tu nhien 111.924,93 ha, chiem 17,19% didn tich tir nhidn (DTTN) toan tinh Ddk Ndng, trong do nhdm dat dd chidm tdi 96,20%
DTTN cua huydn (Phan vidn Quy hoach vd Thiet ke ndng nghiep mien Nam, 2015). Dien tich dat ndng nghiep eiia Tuy Diic chu yeu la dat cd dp ddc tren 8", tiiich hpp cho phat tridn nhung eay lau nam nhu ca phd, cao su, hd tieu, dieu, mdc ea. Mdc ea Id eay tiong mdi, duoc Bd Ndng nghidp va Phdt tiidn ndng thdn ddnh gid Id cay da muc dich, dupe trdng thu nghidm tien cde viing ddt ddc cua huydn tii nam 2011, den nay dien tich tidng mdc ea la 880,30 ha.
Ket qua budc dau cho thdy cac md hinh sii dung dat tiong mdc ca tuong ddi thich hpp vdi dieu kien khi hau, dat dai, hiia hen cho hieu qua kinh te, xa hdi vd bao ve mdi trudng. Chu truong cua tinh Ddk Ndng se phat trien md rpng dien tieh cay mdc ea den nam 2020 Id 14600 ha, ti-ong dd ti-en dia ban huyen Tuy Diic la 12.487,90 ha (Sd Ndng nghiep vd PTNT Ddk Ndng, 2014; UBND huyen Tuy Diie, 2016). Loai cay tiong nay phu hpp nhat la ti-dng xen canh trong vudn ca phd, hd tieu, eay an trdi nhdm mang lai ngudn thu kep cho eac hd ndng dan. Mdc ca cdn Id loai cay cd
kha nang chiu han cao, thich nghi vdi bien ddi khi hau. Vide nghien ciiu hidu qua su dung dat ciia cde md hinh trdng mdc ea tren dia bdn huyen Id rdt can tiiiet
2.PHU0niePHAPniGHIBUCUU 2.1. Phuong phdp chpn md hmh
Cae md hinh dupe lua chpn la mdc ca trdng tiiuan, mac ea trdng xen vdi cd phe vdi, mdc ea trdng xen tieu va mdc ca trdng xen eay ning (keo). Mdi md hinh cd quy md tii 0,5 ha trd len d 2 cap dp ddc vd d 2 dp tudi trdng mae ca. Theo dd nghien ciiu ehpn 6 md hinh tai 2 xa GDak Buk So, Quang True) mdi xa 3 md hmh (MHI, MH5: mdc ca ti-dng thuan, MH2: mdc xen cd phd, MH3: mdc ea xen tidu, MH4, MH6: mdc eaxen ning tidng).
Md hinh 1 tai xa Ddk Buk So (MH 1): Mdc ca trdng nam 2014, trdng thudn tren loai dat dd bazan cd dd ddc dudi 6-7°. Khoang edeh ti-ong cSy mac ca 6 X 6 m (278 cay/ha). Dien tieh 1,16 ha. Cde gidng mdc ca chinh gom: 246, 846, OC, 849, QNl. Mdc ca mdi chi cho bdi, nang suat dat 0,98 tan hat/ha.
Md hinh 2 tai xa Ddk Buk So (MH 2): Mae ea trdng nam 2014 xen trong vudn ca phe vdi tidng nam 2007 tren loai ddt dd bazan cd dd doe 6-7".
Khoang each trong cay ea phe 3 x 3 m (1110 cay/ha). Cay che bdng la eay mde ca bdng gidng ghep duoc trdng vdi khoang each 9 x 6 m (185 eay/ha), (3 hang ca phe xen 1 hdng mde ca) dien ' So Khoa hoc va Cdng nghe tinh Dak Lak
Email: [email protected]
" Sd Nong nghiep va Phat tri^n nong thdn tinh Dak Ndng
NONG NGHIEP VA PHATTRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019 137
KHOA HOC CONG N tich 1,7 ha. Cac giong mdc ca chinh gdm: 246, 816, OC, 846, 849. Nang suat cay ca phd trung binh nam 2014 - 2016 dat 4,2 - 4,6 tdn/ha, cay mdc ca cho thu bdi, nang suat 0,65 tan hat/ha.
Md hinh 3 tai xa Ddk Buk So (MH 3): Mac ca ti-ong nam 2014 xen tieu ti-dng nam 2008 tren loai dat dd bazan cd dp ddc 6-7"^. Khoang each trdng cay tieu 3x3 m (1100 tru/ha). Cay mdc ca trdng xen khoang each 9 X 9 m (124 eay/ha). Didn tich 1,2 ha. Cay mdc ca gidng ghep 246, 846, 849, OC, QNl vd 695 va mot sd eay thue smb. Gidng do du an cap. Nang suat trung bmh cua cay tieu 4,11 - 4,5 tdn/ha, cay mdc ea cho thu bdi nam thii nhat 0,39 tan hat/ha. 6 md hinh nay gid hat tieu lien tuc bidn ddng, khdng dn dinh.
Md hmh 4 tai xa Quang True (MH4): Mdc ca trdng nam 2014 xen rimg trdng keo nam 2009 tren loai dat dd bazan cd dp ddc 6-7". Khoang each trdng cay keo 3 x 2 m (1600 eay/ha). Cay mdc ca trdng xen keo vdi khoang each 9 x 9 m (3 hang keo xen hang mdc ca) (124 eay/ha). Dien tich 2,1 ha. Nang suat mde ca cho thu bdi nam ddu 0,44 tan hat/ha. Cay mdc ca gidng ghep ehu dao 246,816, 849, OC, QNl.
Md hinh 5 tai xa Quang True (MH 5): Mdc ca nam 2011 trdng thudn tren loai ddt do bazan ed dp ddc 12-13°. Khoang each ti-dng 6 x 6 m (278 cay/ha). Dien tich 1,5 ha. Cac gidng mdc ea chinh gom: 246, 846, OC, QNl, 800, 900. Nang suat tinmg binh thu bdi cac nam dao ddng 1,26 -1,74 tan hat/ha.
Gid ban dn dinh 80.000 dong/kg.
Md hinh 6 tai xa Quang True (MH 6): Mdc ea trdng nam 2011 xen rimg trdng keo nam 2009 trdn loai ddt dd bazan cd dp ddc 12- 13°. Khoang each trdng eay keo 3 x 2 m (1600 cay/ha). Cay mdc ea Bang 1. Phan cap chi tidu danh gia hidu qua kinh td cac
trong xen keo vdi khoang each 9 x 9 m (3 hang keo xen hang mdc ca) (124 eay/ha). Dieo tich 1,2 ha. Cac gidng mdc ca chinh gdnr 246, Q \ 1, 846, OC, 849.
Nang sudt keo tinmg bmh 270 m^/ha, gia bdn 7000 ddng/kg. Nang sudt cay mdc ca cho thu bdi dat 0,44 - 0,68 tan hat/ha.
- Thdi gian theo ddi md binh trong 3 nam: 2014, 2015,2016.
22. Phuoog phdp ddnh gm hi$u qua kinh tg. xa hdi, moi tmdng ddi vdi cac loai sir dung 6Bt trdng m i c c a
Danh gia hieu qua sir dung dat trdng mdc ca dua tren 3 nhdm chi tieu: kinh te, xa hdi, mdi trudng. Cac chi tieu dupe phan thanh 3 cdp: cao, trung binh, thdp.
Vide phan c ^ dua vdo kdt qud dieu tra tinh toan tir thuc te va tham van edc nhd quan ly, cac chuydn gia trong linh vuc nghien ciiu.
2.2.1. Hieu qua kinh te
Sii dung phirong phdp danh gia hieu qua kinh te cay trdng trong cam nang six dung dat tap 2 ciia Bd Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien ndng thdn (2009):
- Gia tri san xuat GTSX = San lupng san pham x Gid ban; gid tii gia tang: GTGT = GTSX - CPTG (Chi phi vat chat, dich vu phi va lai vay ngan hang); hieu qua ddng vdn = GTGT/CPTG.
Chi phi san xuat Gid tri san lupng tinh theo thdi gia binh quan trong nam cua mdi loai.
Can cii vao ket qua tinh toan cac chi tieu kinh te tai dia ban nghien cuu, tien hanh phan cap hieu qua 1dm 3 cap dp: Cao (H), trung bmh (M) va thap (L).
loai hinh sii dung ddt trong mlc ca tai huydn Tuy Diic Chi tieu
1. Gia tri san xuat 2. Gia tri gia tang 3. Hieuquad6ngv6n
Don vi tinh Trieu dong/ha/nam Trieu d6ng/ha/nam Lan
Miic do phan cap ' Cao(H)
>200
>130
>1,3
Tnmg binh (M) 150-200 90-130 1,2 -1,3
Thap a )
<150
<90
<1,2 2.Z2. Hieu quaxa hoi
De danh gia hieu qua xa hoi cho cac loai su dung dat trong mSc ca tai dia ban nghien ctru, da xac dinh 3 chi ti*u:
- Kha nang thu hiit lao dong thong qua so cong lao dong can thiet dupe hoan thanh san xuat cho mpt loai su dung dat Sd c6ng/ha/nam.
Kha nang dam bao doi sdng nguoi dan thdng qua chi tieu gia tri ngay cdng lao dpng. Gia tri ngay cdng: GTNC = GTGT/CLD (CID: cdng lao ddng gia dinh).
- Su chap nhan cua nguoi dan ddi ven cac loai hinh su dung dat The hien qua su hai long cua ngudi dan mong mudn tiep tuc phat trien loai hinh nay.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON-KYI -THANG 1/2019
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Bdng 2. Phan c^p chi tiftu dinh Kii hifiu qua xS hdi Chi tieu
1, Sd cong lao ddng 2. Gia h-i ngay cdng
3, Su chap nhan ciia ngudi dan (ty Id sd ngirdi duoc hdi mong mudn phat tnen LUT nay)
Don vi tinh Cdng/ha/nam
1000 d/cdng
%
Muc dd phan cap Cao(H)
>500
>200
>70
Trung binh (M) 300-500 100-200 50-70
Thap (L)
<300
<100
<50 2.2.3. Hidu qua mdi trudng
Ddnh gid hidu qua mdi trudng ddi vdi cde loai su dung dat trdng mdc ea theo sd lidu dieu tra tinh hinh san xuat cua ndng hd, da dimg 2 ehi tidu la dp che phii dat va viec sir dung phan bdn, thude BVTV ciia cde hd dan.
Ddnh gia hidu qua mdi trudng ddi vdi cac md hinh dupe theo ddi thi nghidm tren dia bdn huyen Tuy Diic lua ehpn 3 ehi tieu:
(1) Dp che phu ddt dupe xac dinh dua theo phuong phap tinh ty Id % ehe phu/ha ciia Vu Tien Hinh vacs., (1992).
Khi tinh didn tieh hinh chieu tdn eay tren mat phdng ngang, hay eoi nd cd dang hinh trdn, nghia Id St(m^=7*Dt2-0,785*Dt^
Dt (m) - dudng kinh binh quan eua tdn eay b vi tri rpng nhat; St (m^ - tdng didn tieh hinh chieu ndm ngang eua cac tdn cay.
Xac dinh dudng kinh tdn
(2) Lupng dat bi xdi mdn- dua tren kdt qua theo ddi thi nghidm xac dinh ddng ehdy mat vd xdi mdn dat.
(3) Lupng ehdt hiiu co hi mdt do xdi mdn va dong chay mat - dua tren kdt qua theo ddi thi nghidm xdc dinh dinh duong mat do xdi mdn va ddng chay mat.
Bang 3. PhSn c^p chi tidu d^nh Chi tieu
1. Dd che phu (%/ha) 2. Luong dat bi xdi mdn (tan/ha)
3. Luong chat huu co bi mat do xdi mdn va ddng chay mat ta/ha)
gii hi^u qua Cao(H)
70-100
<15
<800
mdi trudng Trung binh (M)
50-70 15-25 800-1000
Thap(L)
<50
>25
>1000 2.3. Phuong phdp xu ly sd U§u va phan tich
thdng tin
Sd lidu dupe xii ly bdng phdn mdm Excel 7.0 vd SPSS. Cde sd Ueu thu thap, thdng ke md ta vd so sanh hieu qud giiia cac md hinh.
3. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Hidu qua kinh td cua cde md hinh trdng mdc ca
Ket qua theo doi 6 md hinh trong do ed 4 md hinh (MHI, MH2, MH3, MH4) b cap dp ddc 6 -7"
vd 2 md hinh (MH5, MH6) b cap dp ddc 12 - 13"
cac md hinh mdc ca trdng thudn vd mdc ca trdng xen ed phd vdi, xen tieu va xen rimg trdng (eay keo lai) d dia ban 2 xa Ddk Buk So va Quang True.
Thdi gian theo ddi vd tinh toan ket qua tir nam 2014 den nam 2016. Ddi vdi cae md hinh hi MHI
den MH4 mde ea mdi eho bdi nam ddu nen hieu qua chua cao ehu yeu la san pham cua cay trdng chinh, cae md hinh (MH5, MH6) mdc ca di vao thu hoach nam thii 3 ndn nang suat va san lupng cay mdc ca cho cao hon cac md hinh MHI den MH4.
Md hinh tidng mdc ca thudn va mdc ca trdng xen b cap dp ddc 6 -1° neu so sanh hieu qua eiia rieng cay mdc ca thi hieu qua kinh td ciia cay mdc ca trong md hinh trdng thudn van cao hon eay mdc ca trong md hinh trdng xen ea phe, xen keo lai va xen tieu mac du mdc ca mdi cho bdi nam ddu. O edc md hinh trdng xen hieu qua kinh te cao chu yeu Id do cac cay trdng chinh nhu ed phd, tidu va keo lai mang lai. Khi cay mdc ca di vao kinh doanh thi md hinh mde ca xen tieu, xen ca phe se cho hidu qua kmh td cao hon mo hinh mdc ea trdng xen keo lai (Bang 4).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019 139
KHOA HOC C 6 N 6 NC
Bang 4. Hidu qua kinh t^ c i a cicmfl hinh trdn?
Md hinh theo doi 1. Mac trdng thuin (MHI) 2. Mac ca xen ca phe (MH2)
Caphe Mac ca 3. Mac ca xen tieu (MH3)
Tieu Mac ca
4. Mac ca xen rimg trdng (MH4) Keo lai
Macca
iiaccaiSrd6ddc6-7°
GTSX 1 CPTG 1 GTGT Tridu ddng/ ha 101,19
228,54 176,00 52,54 468,41 436,67 31,74 83,40 38,27 45,14
70,75 114,18 83,46 30,72 139,55 111,55 28,00 47,73 21,73 26,00
30,44 114,36 92,54 21,82 328,86 325,11 3,74 35,67 16,54 19,14
HQDV 04n) 0,43 1,00 1,11 0,71 2,36 2,91 0,13 0,75 0,76 0,74
Phan Ccip L M
H
L
So sanh trong 3 md hinh mac ca trdng xen thi ^^^ '« '=='0 "•>&, tiep den la MH2 mac ca xen ca phd md hinh trdng mac ca xen tieu (MH3) cho hieu qua ™ ™ * ^ ^ g ^ 1^H4- mac ca trdng xen rimg keo lai.
Bang 5. Hi^u q u i kinh t^ cua cAcind hinh trdng xen mfc ca vi tidng thuAii mac ca a dd ddc 12-13°
Md liinh theo doi 1. Mac ca thuan (MH5) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh 3 nam
2. Mac ca xen trdng rimg {MH6) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh 3 nam
GTSX CPTG GTGT
Tridu dong/ ha
101,19 122,32 139,00 120,84
72,52 92,36 92,36 85,75
65,54 66,92 69,57 67,35
56,73 56,60 57,16 56,83
35,65 55,40 69,43 53,49
15,79 35,76 35,20 28,92
HQDV OJn)
0,54 0,83 1,00 0,79
0,28 0,63 0,62 0,51
Phan cap
L L L L
L L L L Ket qua theo ddi ti-ong 3 nam (2014 - 2016) ddi
vdi md hinh mac ea tidng thuan (MH5) va mdc ca xen rimg trdng (MH6) d cdp dp ddc 12-13", cay mdc ca dupe tidng tir nam 2011 cho thay: MH5 cd tdng gid tri san xuat trung hinh 3 nam la 120,84 trieu ddng/ha, chi phi san xuat trung gian (CPTG) 67,35 tridu ddng/ha, gia tri gia tang 53,49 tndu dong/ha/l nam. Md hinh trdng xen rimg trdng (MH6), tdng gid tri san xuat trung hinh 85,75 trieu ddng/ha, chi phi san xuat 56,83 tneu ddng/ha, gid tri gia tang trung hinh 28,92 tridu ddng/ha/1 nam, hieu qua ddng vdn dao ddng 0,28 - 0,63 lan (Bdng 5).
Nhu vay, ed the thay eac md hinh mac ca trdng xen, hieu qua kinh te chu yeu Id do san pham eua cac eay trdng chinh nhu ca phd, tidu va keo lai, cay mae ca ti-udc mdt ddng vai tid lam cay che bdng, ehdn gid, bao ve mdi trudng d ca 2 cap dd ddc. Tuy nhien khi
eay mac ca bat dau di vdo thdi ky kinh doanh (> 5 tudi) thi mac du mdi ehi trong giai doan dau cua thdi ky kinh doanh nhung hidu qua da tang len rd rdt So sdnh hai md hinh trong mdc ca thudn: MHI va MH5 cho tiiay GTGT tang tir 30,44 tiieu ddng/ha len 53,49 tridu ddng /ha. Didu nay ehiing td cay mdc ea Id cay trong tiiich hpp vdi didu kidn tii nhidn eiia huydn Tuy Diic. Vi vay khi di vao kinh doanh dn dinh cay mdc ca se cho hieu qua kmh td kha quan. Ngoai ra cd tiie thay lpi ich cua viec ti-ong xen la rat Idn: trdng xen cay mac ca trong vuon ea phd, vudn tieu vira cd tac dung lam eay che bdng gdp phdn lam tang nang suat ca phe, tieu vira eho thu nhap kinh te tii san phdm mdc ea, ddng thai lam tang kha nang che phu dat. Ddi vdi md hinh trdng xen mde ea trong rung trdng viia tang thdm thu nhap vua dam bao dp che phii eua rimg dap ling ydu cdu phu xanh dat
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 • THANG 1/2019
KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H E
tidng rimg tang ty Id che phii, han chd xdi mdn dat.
3.2. Hifeu qud xa hdi cua cde md hinh Irdng mdcca
Ket qua theo ddi cac md hinh trdng mde ea tren vung dat ddc tai huydn Tuy Diie eho thdy, ngodi gia tri ve mat kinh td thi hidu qua xa hdi ciing rat cd y nghla, phu hpp vdi dieu kien ciia ngudi dan vimg ddi niii, cde ehi tidu trinh bay bang 6.
Bdng 6. Higu qud xa hpi cde md hinh ti'dsg mdc ca
Md hinh theo ddi Cdng lao ddng (cdng/ha) GTNC (1000 d) Phan cap Cap dd ddc 6-7°
1. Mac trdng thudn (MHI) 2. Mac ca xen ca phd (MH2) 3. Mac ca xen tieu (MH3) 4. Mac ca xen rimg trdng (MH4)
300 390 575 170
101,47 293,23 571,92 214,25
M H H M Cap do ddc 12-13°
5. Mac ca thuan (MH5) 6. Mac ca xen trdng rimg (MH6)
285 175
187,04 164,24
M M Kdt qud theo ddi md hinh trong mac ca thuan b 2
cap dd ddc khde nhau md hinh mac ea thuan cd sd ngdy cdng dao ddng 285 - 300 cdng/ha, gid tri ngay cong d md hinh MH5 dat 187,04 ddng/cdng. Cde md hinh tidng mdc ca xen ca phe d md hinh MH2 cd sd ngdy cdng 390 cdng/ha, gid tri ngdy cdng dat 293,23 nghin ddng/cdng, MH3 sd edng 575 cdng/ha vi md hinh tidng xen tidu tiidi gian thu hoach tidu kdo dai hon cd phe, gid tri ngay cdng dat 571,92 nghin ddng/cdng, md hinh trdng xen rtmg ti-dng MH4, MH6 cd sd ngay cdng 170 -175 cdng/ha, gid tri ngdy cdng dat 164,64 - 214,25 nghin ddng/cdng b miic thdp nhat so vdi cde md hinh tidng xen. Qua dd eho thay mac du mde ea mdi cho thu hoach chua di vdo kinh doanh, nhung d cde md hinh trdng xen deu cd gid tri ngay cdng cao hem. so vdi edc md hinh trdng thuan d ea 2 cap dp doe. Vide trdng mac ca b cde md hinh da tao ra kha nang thu hiit lao ddng true tiep tidn mdt don vi didn tich, nhung tai cde md hinh tidng mde ea thudn va trdng xen b cac cdp dd ddc khac nhau thi van dd thu hiit lao ddng cung khac nhau. Ddi vdi cac md hinh trdng mde ea thudn vdi mat dp 278 cay/ha, edn phdi ddu tu giai doan kien thiet CO ban 285 - 300 cdng/ha. Md hinh cung cho san lupng 2300 kg hat/ha/nam. Md hinh tidng xen mdc ca vao vudn ea phe vdi mat dp 185 cay, giai doan kien thiet co ban can 390 edng/ha, tir nam thii 4 ddi vdi vimg dat ddc huydn Tuy Due mdi nam dau tu 120 -150 cdng/ha, md hinh trdng xen tidu mdi nam dau til 150 cdng/ha, md hinh trong xen rimg 90 cdng/ha.
Tdm lai, ket qua danh gia tidn cho thay hidu qua xa hdi eua mdc ca rdt Idn, tao ra san pham mdi cho dia phuong, gidi quydt dupe ngudn lao dpng nhdn rdi, nhat la ddng bdo dan tdc thieu sd, phii hpp vdi tap quan eiia ngudi dan, ddu tu it hon cde eay trdng khde nhung cho thu nhap cao khi cay mdc ca di vao kinh doanh dn dinh. Them vao dd thdi vu thu hoach giua mdc ca va ca phe, tidu khde nhau nen khdng ed su tranh chap lao ddng ve mua vu: eay mdc ca cho thu hoach tap trung vao tiiang 8 -10, cay cd phe cho thu hoach vdo thang 11 den thdng 12 ciia nam, tieu thu hoach thdng 4-5. Ddu ra eay mde ca dupe tidu thu ngay tai dia phuong do cd cac co sd kmh doanh dupe thanh lap de thu mua chd bien dn dinh, nen ngudi dan khdng sp dau ra bap bdnh.
3.3. Hidu qud mdi trudng cua edc md hinh trdng mdcca
3.3.1. Anh hudng ciia cac md hinh den do che phu dat
Thbi gian nghidn ciiu theo ddi eac md hinh tiong 3 nam (2014-2016), eay mde ea tidng thudn dudi 3 tiidi chua phdt huy duoc tac dung ve mat hao ve mdi trudng nhung ddi vdi md hinh trdng xen thi da cd tac dung tdt. Dp che phu dupe tinh bao gom ca eay trdng chinh nhu ed phe, tidu, keo va cay trdng xen. Tinh dp ehe phii cua cac md hinh trdng thudn vd tidng xen b 2 cap dd ddc khae nhau dupe the hien dbang 7.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019
KHOA HOC CdNG NG
Bang?. DO che TT
1 2 3 4
5 6
Mdhinh Cay trdng Dudng kinh tan
(m)
Dien tich hinh chidu
tan(m'0 Sd luong cay/ha
Dien tich che phii/ha
Do che phu/ha
(*)
Phan cap Cap do ddc 6-7°
MHI MH2 MH3 MH4
Macca Mac ca Caphe Macca Hdtieu Macca Rimg
1,78 1,64 2,81 1,64 1,60 1,56 2,34
2,50 2,10 6,20 2,10 2,00 1,90 4,30
278 185 1.100 124 1.100
124 1.600
695,00 388,85 6.820,00
260,40 2.211,70
235,60 6.880,00
6,95 3,89 68,20
2,60 22,12 2,36 68,80
L H L H Cap dd ddc 12-13°
MH5 MH6
Macca Macca Rimg
3,11 3,00 2,42
7,60 7,10 4,60
278 124 1.600
2112,8 876,50 7.360,00
21,13 8,77 73,60
L H Ket qua theo ddi md hinh eho thay ddi vdi md
hinh trdng thudn, miic dp ehe phii dao ddng tir 6,96% den 21,13%. Md hmh mdc ca xen hd tieu (MH3) ed dp che phu tiiap (24,72%, ti-ong dd dp che phu ciia mde ea Id 2,6%, hd tieu la 22,12%) so vdi MH2, MH4 va MH6. Ridng ddi vdi md hmh MH2 mdc ca xen cd phe ed dp ehe phu dat 72,09% (mdc ea ed dp ehe phu la 3,89%, cd phd ed dp ehe phu Id 68,20%). Nguyen nhan chinh do eac md hinh trdng cd phe va rimg da budc vao thdi ky kinh doanh. Dp ehe phii nay se ed tdc ddng tich cue den vide bao ve dat va nude trong dat, giam ddng chay mat va xdi mdn ddt, phdt huy tudn hodn dinh dudng, tang hieu qua str dung dinh dudng ciia cay trdng va ed the gia tang dp phi dat Ddi vdi cac md hinh mdc ea trdng xen b 2 cap dp ddc khac nhau ddu cd ty le che phu cao hon so vdi cac md hinh trdng mde ca thudn, nguyen nhan do cde eay ed phe, tieu, rimg trong da budc vdo thdi ky kinh doanh nen ed dd che phii cao hon cac md hinh mdc ca trdng thudn. Khi vudn cay mde ca di vao kinh doanh thi ty Id che phii dat cao
Bang 8. Lupng dat xdi mdn vd lirpng hiiu ca hi mdt do xdi mdn d cac md hinh
hon cde md hinh trong thdi ky kien thiet co ban. Du tinh vao nam thii 8 trd di khi eay mde ca di vdo kinh doanh dn dinh thi dp che phu ciia edc md hinh trdng xen ed the dat trdn 80%. Dp ehe phu ciia cdy trdng trong md hinh se cd tac dung tieh cue trong vide bao ve tai nguyen dat va nude, cu the lam gidm ddng chay be mat vd xdi mdn dat duy tri dp miin, cai thien ly tinh eua dat va phat huy ehu trinh tuan hoan dinh duong, tang hieu qua sii dung dinh dudng cua cay trong, nhd vay, lam gia tang dp phi cua dat
3.3.2. Anh hirong ctia cac md hinh den lirong dat bi xdi mdn
Kdt qua quan trdc lirong ddt xdi mdn trdn he mat ti-ong thdi gian 3 nam 2014-2016 (Bang 8) tiiay rdng lirong dat xdi mdn cd ty le thuan vdi lupng nude trdi tren be mat, cae md hinh thi nghiem trdng mde ea cd lupng nude tidi tren bd mat cao thi lupng ddt xdi mdn Idn, nguoc lai cde md hinh ed lupng nude trdi tren be mat thap thi lupng dat xdi mdn it
Md hinh theo doi 1. Mac trdng thuSn (MHI) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh
2. Mac ca xen ca phe (MH2) 2014
Lupng dat xdi mdn (tan/ha/nam)
26,40 17,20 14,20 19,24 16,3
Phan cap L M H M M
Chat hiru ca (kg/ha)
1.495 983 898 1.125
964
Phan cap
L M M L M NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON-KYI -THANG 1/2019
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE 2015
2016 Trung binh
3. Mac ca xen hdu (MH3) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh
4. Mac ca xen rimg trdng (MH4) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh 5. Mac ca thuan (MH5) 2014
2015 2016 Trung binh
6. Mac ca xen trdng rimg (MH6) 2014
2015 2016 Trung bmh
12,8 10,80 13,30 20,50 16,00 12,20 16,25 19,50 15,60 13,10 16,06 33,70 27,80 22,20 27,86 25,30 16,80 15,60 19,20
H H H M M H M M M H M L L M L L M M M
718 669 783 1.179
786 740 901 1.054 806 733 864 1.947 1.398 1.226 1.523 1.480 890 886 1.085
H H H L H H M L M M M L L L L L M M L Dp ddc la mdt yeu td dia hinh ddng vai tid quan
tipng tiong vide lam dnh hudng den xoi mdn dat, lupng ddt xdi mdn b cae md hinh thi nghidm trdn dp ddc 6-7° tir 10,8-26,4 tan/ha, ti-en do doc 12-13" tir 15,6-33,7 tan/ha, phu tiiupc vdo loai hmh su dung dat O Cling mdt dp ddc hinh thiie su dung dat khde nhau lupng ddt xdi mdn eung khac nhau. Thi nghidm cho thay nam 2014 ti-en dp ddc 12-13" ddi vdi md hinh tidng thuan (MH5) lupng ddt xdi mdn la 33,7 tan/ha/nam, tiong khi dd ti-dng xen trong cdy rimg (MH 6) lupng dat mat ehi edn 25,3 tan/ha (bang 8).
Nghien cuu thi nghiem cung cho thay d cd 2 cap dp ddc khae nhau thi md hinh mdc ea xen ea phe va xen tidu cd luong dat xdi mdn hang nam thdp hon cde md hinh tidng mdc ca thudn vd trdng xen cay rimg.
Lupng dat xdi mdn eung gidm deu d cac nam do eay tidng xen ed tdc dung ehe phu cao hon.
3.3.3. Anh huong ctia cacmd hinh den kha nang matchathuu cadoxdlmdn va ddngchaymat
Kdt qua tinh todn lupng hiiu co hi mat do xdi mon tien dat thi nghiem trdng mde ea tiong 3 nam (2014-2016, bang 8) la kha Idn. Trdn nen ddt ed dd ddc cao lupng hiru co hi mat do xdi mdn nhidu hon tien dat cd dp doe thap (dp ddc 12-13" lupng huu eo
bi mat d MH5 tii 1.226-1.947 kg/ha; trdn dp dde 6-7"
lupng huu ea hi mdt d MHI ttr 898-1.495 kg/ha.
Tren eung dp ddc thi hinh thiie sii dung ddt khae nhau lupng chat huu co trong dat hi mat do xdi mdn Cling khde nhau. Ddi vdi md hinh trong thudn trdn dp ddc 12-13" (MH5) nam 2014 mat 1947 kg/ha, trong khi dd MH6 chi mat 1480 kg/ha, do ty Ip che phu dat tdi 82,37% (mac dii do che phu ciia MH5 cao hon MHI).
Lupng dinh dudng mat qua xdi mdn va ddng chay mat phu thupe vao rat nhieu yeu td, ham lupng cac chat cd trong dat, dae tinh vat ly dat va dp che phii thuc vat. Xdi mdn va luong nude riia trdi tidn be mat da mang theo mdt lupng Idn chat dinh dudng mat di, kdt qua tinh todn lupng dinh dudng (N) mdt di theo nude riia trdi trong edc nam 2014, 2015, 2016.
O md hinh trdng thuan luong dinh dudng mat tang theo dp ddc (MHI dam tdng sd mat 100,23 kg/ha, MH5 la 131,36 kg/ha).
N, P2O5, K^O tdng sd mat nhidu hon b dang dd tieu, vi du MHI nam 2014 dam mat 100,23 kg/ha, tiong dd d dang dd tieu ehi mat 25,08 kg/ha. 6 cimg dp ddc 12-13"^ b md hinh tidng thuan luong dam tdng sd mat tdi 77,93 kg/ha, d md hinh trong mdc ea xen NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019 143
KHOA HOC CONG N(
cay rimg luong dam chi mat 58,4 kg/ha.
Xdi mdn dat quan he mat thidt vdi su dung dat, trong dd quan trpng nhdt la miic dp ehe phu va ky thuat trdng trpt ddi vdi dat trdng mdc ea xen ca phe 6 dp dde 6-7^ hoac dat trong mde ea xen cdy rimg tren dp dde 12-13" cd lupng dat xdi mdn va ddng chay mat thap nhat Nam 2014 lupng dat xoi mdn d mdc ca trdng thudn Id 33,7 tan/ha nhieu hon mdc ea trdng xen cay rimg la 8,4 tan/ha.
Kdt qua nghien ciiu xdi mdn tren ddt trdng mdc ca tai dia ban huyen Tuy Due ciing tuong tu vdi nghien ciiu cua Mai. V. T (2007) nghien eihi d tinh Vinh Phuc lupng dat xdi mdn tren rimg trdng bach dan chi bdng mdt mia so vdi dat trong sdn. Ngodi ra, lupng dat xdi mdn va ddng chay mat giam trong dat bo hda va dat rimg va cd quan he mat thidt vdi lop phii thuc vat tren mat ddt Tlieo Heuning etal. (1998) da chi ra tang dp gd ghe va lop phu mat dat se giam lupng xdi mdn va tang qua trinh tham. Vi du d MH4 mdc ca 3 tudi xen cay rimg nam 2014 xdi mdn Id 19,5 tan/ha ddn nam 2016 do dp che phii tang Idn, luong dat xdi mdn ehi edn 13,1 tdn/ha.
4.KETLIIMIVJIKBVNGHI 4.1.KAlu4ln
Ket qua theo ddi 6 md hinh trdng mdc ea d huyen Tuy Diic, tinh Ddk Ndng gdm 4 md hinh (MHI, MH2, MH3, MH4) d dp doe 6 -7" va 2 md hmh (MH5, MH6) d dp dde 12- 13". Hieu qud kmh te:
MHI vd MH5 cho GTGT tang ttr 30,44 tiieu ddng/ha Idn 53,49 trieu ddng/ha. MH4 vd MH6 cho thdy GTGT tij 28,92 den 29,67 tiieu ddng/ha. Cf dp ddc 6- 7" md hinh trdng mdc ea xen tidu eung cho hieu qua kinh te cao hon md hinh mdc ca xen ed phe vd xen rimg trdng keo lai.
Hieu qua xa hdi: eay mdc ca tao ra san pham mdi eho dia phuong, gidi quydt dupe ngudn lao dpng nhan rdi, phii hpp vdi tap quan cua ngudi dan, ddu tu it hon edc cay trdng khae nhung cho thu nhap cao khi cay mde ea di vdo kinh doanh dn dinh.
Hidu qua mdi trudng: Kdt qud eho thdy d dp ddc 6- 7" md hmh trdng thuan mac ca (MHI) nam thii 3 cd dp ehe phii la 6,95%. Md hmh trdng xen cd phe (MH2) cd dp che phu dat 72,09%, trong dd mdc ca dudi 3 tudi dp che phu 3,89%, ca phe ehe phu 68,2%.
Md hmh xen tieu (MH3) la 24,72% vd md hmh mde ca xen rimg trdng (MH4) la 71,16%. O cap dp ddc 12- 13" md hinh trdng thudn (MH5) mdc ca nam thii 6 dd
che phu dat 21,13%, md hinh ti-dng xen rung keo (MH6) dp che phu dat 82.37%. Lupng ddt xdi mdn 6 cae md hinh thi nghiem mdc ca tren dp ddc &-?" tir 10,8-26,4 tan/ha, ti-en dp doc 12-13" tir 15,6-33,7 tan/ha, phu thudc vdo loai su dung dat Trdn nea dat ed dp ddc cao lupng hiiu co hi mat do xdi mdn nhieu hon trdn dat ed dp ddc thap (do ddc 12-13" lupng huu cabi mat b MH5 tii 1.226-1.947 kg/ha; tren dp doc 6- 7" lupng hiiu co hi mat d MHI tir 898-1.495 kg/ha).
Tren ciing dp ddc thi hinh thiie su dung dat khac nhau luong chat hiiu co bi mdt cung khde nhau. Ddi vdi md hinh trong thuan tren dp ddc 12-13" (MH5) mat 1.523 kg/ha, ti-ong khi dd MH6 chi mat 1.085 kg/ha.
4.2. E d n nghi
Khuyen cao nhan rdng cde md hinh trdng mdc ca xen trong vudn cd phe, tidu, cay an qua vd trdng xen rimg trdng, gdp phan tang thu nhap tren 1 don vi dien tich trdng xen.
TAI l i U HUM KHAO
1. Bp Ndng nghiep vd Phdt trien ndng thdn (2009). Su dung vd quan ly su dung tdi nguyen dat cap huyen. Cam nang su dung dat ndng nghiep (tap 6). NXB Khoa hpc va Ky tiiuat. Ha Ndi.
2. Phan vien Quy hoach vd Thiet ke ndng nghidp mien Nam (2015). Ban dd dat huyen Tuy Diic ty Id 1/50000, ban do.
3. Sd Ndng nghiep va PINT Ddk Ndng (2014).
Quy hoach phdt trien eay mdc ca huyen Tuy Diic, tinh Ddk Nong nam 2014 - 2020.
4. UBND huyen Tuy Dire (2016). Didu chinh, bd sung quy hoach tdng the phat trien KT-XH huydn Tuy Diic den nam 2020 vd dmh hudng den nam 2025, Ddk Ndng.
5. Vu Tien Hmh, Vu Van Nhan, Pham Ngpc Giao, Le Sy Viet, Ngd Sy Bich va Chu Thi Binh (1992). Didu tra - quy hoach dieu che rimg. Phan II:
Dieu ti-a rimg. Tmdng Dai hpc Lam nghidp.
6. Heimmg K., M. J. M. Rommkens and S. N.
Presad (1998). Surfaceroughness related depletion:
an effect and a cause of soil erosion. In: Pennmg de Vries, F.W.T, Agus, F., Kerr, J. (Edds). Soil Erosion at multiple Scale. CAB International, WaUungford, UK, pp. 207-221.
7. Mai V. T. (2007). Soil erosion and niti-ogen leaching in Northern Vietnam: Experimentation and modeUing. Ph.D. Tliesis. Department Plant System, Wageningen University, Wageningen, pp. 182.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019
.-M^m^sm KHOA HOC CONG NOHE
THE EFFICIENCY OF LAND USE MODELS MACADAMIA PLANTATION IN TUY DUC DISTRICT, DAK NONG PROVINCE
Pham The Trinh, Le Trong Yen Summary
The results of monitoring 6 models of macadamia plantation in Tuy Due district. Dak Nong province showed that the Economic efficiency: the comparison between 2 models of macadamia monoculture m 2 sloping levels and different plant ages; MHI and MH5 showed that the added value increased ti"om 30,44 million VND/ha to 53,49 million VND/ha. The comparison between 2 models of macadamia mtercropping with Acacia hybrid forest in 2 sloping levels and different plant ages: MH4 and MH6 showed that the added value increased from 28,92 million VND/ha to 29,67 million VND/ha. On the slope of 6-7", the model of macadamia intercropping with pepper obtained more effect than model of macadamia intercropping with coffee and Acacia hybrid forest. Environmental efficiency: on the slope of 6-7", model of macadamia intercropping with coffee (MH2) obtained the highest environmental efficiency with the coverage ratio of 72.09%, the eroded soil of 13.3 tons/ha and organic matter loss of 901 kg/ha. The model of macadamia intercropping with pepper (MH3) obtained the coverage ratio of 24.72%, eroded soil of 16.25 tons/ha, and organic matter loss of 783 kg/ha. On the slope of 12-13°, the model of macadamia intercropping with Acacia hybrid forest (MH6) obtained the highest environmental efficiency with the coverage ratio of 82.37%, the eroded soil of 19.20 tons/ha and organic matter loss of 1085 kg/ha.
Keywords: E^ciency, macadamia, models, land use, Tuy Due.
Ngudi phan bidn: TS. Dd Trung Bmh Ngdy nhdn bdi: 27/7/2018 Ngdy thdng qua phdn bidn: 28/8/2018 Ngdy duydt dSng: 5/9/2018
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 1/2019
