r\PCHI KHO^HQCTRU6Nt. DM HQC HQNG Dl < J^tjjS:-^
MOI QL AN HE GIL A TANG T R U I N G KINH TE \ OI BAO > $ MOI TRL ONG HL 6 > G TOfI PHAT TRIEN BEN \ CN*^;
a M E T NAM HIEN NAY Du Thi Hutrng'
TOM TAT
Ngodi phdn trinh bdy khdi niem tdng irudng kinh te. phdt tiien kinh le. phdt trien ben
\'ung. mdi tnrdng tu nhien. bdi bdo tap trung ldm sdng td mdi quan h? giira tdng Irirdng kinh te vd mdi trudng ty nhien, khdi qudt tinh hinh tdng trudng kinh le. thuc trgng mdi trudng Viet Nam hi^n nay. qua do chi ra su cdn thiet phdi gdn tdng tnrdng kinh te vdi viec tdng cudng cdc bien phdp bdo ve moi irudng nhdm thyc hien thdng Igri myc lieu phdt trien ben VT/ng d I 'lit Sam.
Tir khda: Tdng trudng kinh ti. mdi trudng. phdt Irien ben virng. Viet Nam.
I . D A T \ A N D E
Phdt trien ban viing duge Ddng vd nhd nudc la xde dinh la myc tiau thian nien ky ciia Vipl Nam. De hoan thanh myc tieu ndy, phdi Irien kinh ta, phdt Irian xd hgi va bdo vp mdi trudng Id ba nhipm vy trgng ldm. Cdng cupc doi mdi dat nudc ciia Vipt Nam mgt mgi thiic ddy tdng trudng kinh le, mat khdc dang gay ra nhieu hp lyy xau cho mdi trudng ty nhian Vipt Nam. Sy cgn kipt tdi nguyen, d nhiem nguon nudc, d nhiem ddi dai, d nhilm khdng khi. mdt can bang hp sinh thdi dang xay ra d nhiau nai. Dieu ndy dang de dga den sy sinh tdn vd phdt trien ben virng eiia ddt nudc. Nhdn thuc rd dilu ndy. Dang ta chu trucmg:
"Phdt trien kinh le xa hgi phdi coi ugng bdo vp va cdi thien chat lugng mdi trudng, ehii dgng doi phd vdi bien doi khi hdu... va ndng cao y thirc bao vp mdi trudng, chii trgng phdt inC-n kinh le xanh, than riiipn vdi mdi trudng" [8; U.2]. Vay can phdi lam gi d l Vipt Nam CO tha ihyc hipn thdnh cdng muc tieu phdt Irian bin vtimg, dd la ly do chung ldi chgn nghien ciiu vdn de: ".\tdi quan he giira tdng irudng kinh le vdi bdo ve moi tnrdng hudng tdi phdt su phdt tnen ben vimg a Viet.Xam hien nay".
2 NQI DUNCi
2.1. Khdi nipm tang trudng kinh te, phdt triin ben virng vd moi trudng t u nhi&n Phat men kinh tl. tang trudng kinh te, phdt triin ban virng Id nhiing khdi niem kinh ll hgc chi sy thay ddi theo chilu hudng tien lan ciia nin kinh t l nhung ddng nhat vdi nhau
Neu nhu tang uudng kinh l l Id sy gia tdng ciia long sdn phdm qudc npi hoac tdng thu nhap qudc ddn uong mgt thdi gian nhdt dinh thi phdt triin kinh te Id qud trinh ldn len lane tiln mgi mgi ciia nen kinh te no bao gom sy tang trudng kinh te \ a dong thoi cd su hodn chinh vl mgt ca cdu, the cha kinh te vd chat lugng cugc sdng.
' Khoa /-> lugn Chinh trj • Lugl. Truung Dgi HQC Hong Due 90
TAP CHi KHOA HQC T R U 6 N C DAI HQC H O N G D l C - S 6 48.2020
Nhu vgy, phdt trien kinh te cd ndi ham rgng hon tdng trudng kinb te Tang trudng kinh ll cd rill duge riiyc hipn bdi nhiing phuong riiiic khdc nhau va do dd cd tha dan din nhiing kit qua khde nhau. Nau phuang thirc tang trudng kinh le khdng gan vdi sy ihiic ddy ca cdu kmh to theo hudng lien bp, khdng ldm gia tang, md riidm chi edn ldm xdi mdn ndng lyc ngi sinh ciia nen kinh la, se khdng the tao ra sy phat trian kinh te. Nhiing phuang thiic tang Irudng nhu vgy, rdt eye, ciing chi Id kat qua ngan ban, khong nhirng khdng thuc ddy duge phdi trien, md ban than nd cung khd cd the tdn tgi duge lau ddi. Tdm lai. nlu coi lang trudng kinh la Id bien ddi ve lugng thi phai trien kinh le la sy bian ddi ve chdt eiia nan kinh te.
Phdt trien ben virng Id mgt khdi niem mdi xuat hien trong vai thdp ky trd lai ddy.
Ndm 1987, trong Bdo cao "Tuong lai chung ciia chimg ta", Uy ban Tha gidi ve Mdi Irudng vd Phat trien (WCED-World Commission on Environment and Development) ciia Lien hgp qudc, phdt tnen ben virng duge dinh nghta "Id su phdt trien dap img duge nhu cau ciia hipn tgi ma khong ldm ton thuang khd nang cho vipc dap iing nhu cau ciia cae the hp tuong lai" [2], Quan nipm ndy chii yau nhdn manh khia canh sii dyng hipu qud ngudn tai nguyen thien nhian vd bdo ddm mdi irudng sdng eho eon ngudi trong qua trinh phat Uien.
Tgi Hgi nghi Thugng dinh Trdi ddt vc Mdi trudng va phdt trian td chiic d Rio De Janeiro (Brazil) ndm 1992 vd Hgi nghi Thugng dinh tha gidi ve Phdt trian ben viing td chirc d Johannesburg (Cgng hod Nam Phi) nam 2002, da xdc dinh rd hon npi hdm ve phat trian ban viing nhu sau: Phdt trien ben virng Id qud trinh phdt trian cd sy kat hgp chat che, hgp ly vd hdi hda giira 3 mat ciia sy phdt uien, gdm: phat trien kinh te (nhdt Id tang trudng kinh ta), phdt trian xa hgi (nhdt la Ihyc hipn tian bg, cdng bang xa hgi; xoa doi giam ngheo va gidi quyet vipc ldm) vd bdo ve moi Irudng (nhdt la xir ly, khdc phuc d nhiem, phyc hdi va cai thipn chat lugng mdi trudng; phong chdng chay va chat pha rimg; khai thac hgp ly va sir dyng liet kipm tai nguyan thian nhian).
Luat bao vc mdi trudng cua Vipt Nam xdc dinh: "Phat trien ban virng la mpi sy phat trien thoa mdn nhiing nhu cau ciia the he hien lai ma khdng lam hai den kha nang dap iing nhimg nhu cdu eiia ihl he tuang Iai tran co sd kit hgp chdl che. hai hoa giiia tdng trudng kinh te. bao ddm lien bp xa hpi vd bao vp mdi trudng" [5; tr.5I].
Trong Chien luac Phdt trien ben vung Viet Nam giai dogn 2011, Ddng la xdc dinh:
"Phdt trian ban viing la yeu cau xuyen suot Uong qua trinh phat trien dat nudc; ket hgp chat che. hgp ly vd hai hoa giua phat triin kinh l l vdi phdt ttien xd hgi \a bdo ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng. bdo ddm qude phdng, an ninh va trat tu an toan xa hgi. Phdt trien ben vimg la sy nghipp eua toan Dang, toan ddn, cdc cap chinh quyen, cac Bg, ngdnh va dia phuong, cdc co quan. doanh nghiep, doan tha xd hdi, cdc cdng ddng dan cu va moi ngudi ddn" [8].
Phat tiiln bin viing cd nhimg tiau chi cu thi. Theo PGS.TS Pham Thi Thanh Binh, phdt trien ben viing bao gdm ba tieu chi co bdn sau:
Thir nhdt. phdt trien ben vimg ve kinh te
Dd Id phat trian nhanh nhung phdi an todn, khong ldm tdn thuang nhieu den moi mrdng sinh Ihdi. Phdt uiln bin viing ve kinh t l ddi hdi cd he thong kinh le eo co hgi de tiep xiic vdi nhiing ngudn tdi nguyan, duge lao dilu kien thudn Igi va duge quyen sii dung nhiing nguon ldi nguyen riiien nhien cho cdc boat dgng kinh ta mgt each binh dang. Yau td
TAP CHl KHOA HQC TRt'^G DAI HQC HQNG Dl C ^^j*!!;:-'—
duge chii ugng d da\ Id lao ra sy ririnh \irgng chung cho tat ca mpi ngudi, khdng chi tgp trung mang Igi lgi nhudn eho mgt sd it, uong mgt gidi hgn cho phep ciia hp sinh thai.
Thir hai. phdt triin ben vimg ve xd hgi
Phai trien bin \amg ve xa hdi duge ddnh gid bang cdc tieu chi. nhu chi sd phat trien con ngudi (HDI), hp sd binh ddng thu nhap. cac ehi tiau vl giao dye, y te. phiic lgi ^a hpi. hucmg thy vdn boa. Ngoai ra, phdi men bin \Ting ve xd hgi con la sy bdo ddm ddi sdng xa hgi hai hda;
CO sy binh dang giira cdc giai idng Uong xa hgi, binh dang gidi; muc dg chenh Ipch gidu ngheo khdng qua cao \ a ed xu hudng gdn lgi; chenh lech ddi song giiia cdc viing mien khong Idn.
Thu ba. phdt trien ben vdng ve mdi Irudng
Phat trian bin viing ve mdi trudng Id qud trinh eon ngudi duge phep khai thac, sii dyng cdc ylu Id ly nhien nhung van la bdo dam sy yong sgch ve khdng khi. nudc, dat, khdng gian dia ly, cdnh quan. Chdt lugng ciia cac ylu id yan eiia mdi tnrdng phdi ludn cdn duge coi ri-gng vd riiudng xuyen duge ddnh gia kiem dinh theo nhimg tiau ehuan qudc gia hoac qudc te.
Phdt iriln bin virng \ l mdi tnrdng theo PGS.TS. Nguyln Thanh Binh bao gdm nhung ngi dung co bdn: '\\l6i Id, su dyng cd hipu qua tai nguyan, dae biet la tai nguyan khong lai tao. Hai la, phdt trian khdng vugt qua ngudng chiu lai cua hp sinh Ihdi. Ba Id, bao vp da dgng sinh hpc, bdo vp tang ozdn. Bon la, V\em soat va gidm thieu phdt thdi khi nhd kinh. Ndm Id, bao vp chat che cdc he sinh thai nhay cam. Sdu Id, gidm thieu xd thdi, khdc phyc tinh trgng 6 nhiam nudc, khi, dat, lucmg Ihyc thyc phdm" [1],
Tdm lgi, phdt trien ben vimg Id mgt sy phat Irian ldnh mgnh, irong dd sy phdi trien ciia ea nhan khdng ldm thipt hgi den lgi ich ciia ca nhdn khde, sy phdt Irien ciia ca nhan khong lam thiet hai dan Igi ich ciia cgng dong, sy phdt Uian ciia cpng ddng ngudi ndy khdng lam Ihici hai dan lgi ich ciia cgng ddng ngudi khdc, sy phdt trien ciia Ihl hp hdm nay khdng xdm phgm den lgi ich eiia cdc the he mai sau vd sy phat triin ciia lodi ngudi khong de dga sy sdng cdn cua ede lodi khdc tren hdnh tinh.
Miu Irudng "'hao gdm cdc yeu ro tu nhien vd yiu td vgl chdl nhdn tgo quan he mat thiet vdi nhau. bao quanh con ngirdi. cd dnh hudng ldi ddi sdng. sdn xuat. sy ton tgi. phdt trien cua con nguai vd thien nhiin" [4].
Mdi trudng duge chia thdnh nhiau logi, mdi trudng md phgm vi bai nghian ciiu nay liap egn Id mdi tmdng ty nhian, nd bao gdm cac nhan td thien nhien nhu vdt ly hod hoc sinh hgc, ton lgi ngodi y muon cua con ngudi, nhung cung it nhieu chiu tde dgng ciia con ngudi. Dd la anh ^ang mat Ucri. mii sdng, bian ca, khdng khi, ddng, thyc vdt, dat nude
\ldi trudng ty nhian eho ta khdng khi de thd, dat de xdy dyng nhd cira, trdng cay chan nudi, cung cdp eho con ngudi cdc logi tdi nguyen khodng sdn can cho san xudt, tieu thu vd Id nai chira dyng. ddng hod cdc chai riidi, cung cap cho ta cdnh dpp d l giai tri, lam cho cugc sdng con ngudi tham phong phii.
Miu tnrdng tu nhien cd cdc chue ndng co bdn sau:
La khdng gian sdng eiia eon ngudi \a cac lodi smh vgl. Trong qud trinh tdn tai "
phdi trien con ngudi cdn cd cdc nhu cau ldi thieu ve khdng khi. dg dm, nudc. dnh san^
cung nhu cac hogt dgng vui chai gidi m khdc. Tat ea cdc nhu cdu nay deu do mdi iruon
T j J c m KHOA HQC T R L 6 N G D.JLI HQC H 6 N G D L C - S 6 48.2020
cung cdp. Tuy nhian khd ndng cung cap cac nhu cdu dd cho eon ngudi Id cd gidi hgn vd phy thugc vdo mnh dg phat trian ciia timg qudc gia va d tiing thdi ki.
La nai cung cdp ldi nguyen can thiet eho cugc sdng va boat dgng sdn xudt ciia eon ngucri. Ld ncri chiia dyng cac chat thdi, pha thdi do con ngudi tao ra trong cugc sdng vd hogt dpng san xudt cua minh. Tuy nhien chiic nang Id nai chua dyng chdt thdi eua mdi trudng Id co gidi hgn. Nau con ngudi vugt qud gidi ban nay thi se gdy ra mdi can bdng sinh riidi vd d nhiem mdi trudng.
Ld noi luu trii vd cung cdp thdng tin cho con ngudi.
Nhu vgy, Uong cupc sdng ciia minh, con ngudi khdng iha tdch rdi mdi riordng ty nhien, moi trudng ty nhien chinh la dieu kipn ddu tien, thudng xuyan cho sy tdn tai vd phdt trian ciia con ngudi vd xd hgi.
2.2. Moi quan hp giira tang trvomg kinh te vdi moi t r u d n g d Mel Nam hipn nay - Thirc trang vd nhirng thdch thuc dat ra
Tdng irudng kinh ta vd mdi trudng ty nhian ludn cd mdi quan he chgl che vdi nhau.
Vdi bdt eii nen kinh te ndo, mdi Irudng ty nhien ludn Id ncri cung cap nguyan lipu thd vd nang lugng ddu vdo cho qud Mnh sdn xudt. Tuy nhien, cdc hogt dgng sdn xudt va tieu dimg ciia con ngudi hang ngay ciing tgo ra mgt lugng pha thai, chat thai nhat dinh. Lugng phi thdi vd chdt thai ndy sau dd se quay trd lai mdi trudng ty nhian dudi dang nay bay dang khdc. Do vgy, mdi trudng ly nhian bao gdm dieu kipn khi hgu, dia chdt, cae ngudn tdi nguyen Ihian nhian nhuthe ndo: ddi dao, phong phii, da dgng, thudn lgi hay khan hiam, khac nghipt,...dnh hudng rat Idn den sy tdng tiirdng kinh te cua mdi qudc gia vd nguge Iai, quan diam ve phdt trian kinh te, tang trudng kinh tl, each Ihiic con ngudi khai thac, ddi xu vdi ly nhian, xir ly chat thdi. phe thai trong sdn xudt, trong sinh hogt nhu the ndo chinh la nguyen nhdn tgo nan cac bian ddi ciia mdi trudng ty nhian, chi phdi sy phai trien lau ddi cua qudc gia dd.
Thyc tien phdt triin d Viet Nam yong nhirng nam gdn day cho thdy rd dieu nay.
Vipl Nam vdi xudt phdt diem la mdt nudc kem phdt trien, tdng trudng kinh le hang ndm thdp. Be thiic day lang trudng kinh le, cdi thipn chat lugng cugc sdng cho nhdn ddn, ndng cao the vd lyc ciia dat nudc, Ddng va nhd nudc ta chii trucmg huy ddng mgi ngudn lyc cho sy phai trien kinh te, trong dd ed viee chimg la khai thde, tan dung nhimg ngudn Igi tu ti; nhien, nhd vay kinh t l Vipl Nam da cd nhiing budc tang tiirdng vugl bde. Theo danh gia ciia Ngdn hang riil gidi tgi Vipt Nam, "tir 2002 den 2018, han 45 trieu ngudi Vipt Nam da ihoal ngheo,.. GDP ddu ngudi lang 2,5 lan, dat yen 2.500 USD nam 2018". Khdng ehi GDP Idng deu, md co cdu kinh te dang cd sy chuyen dich chuyen Iheo ehieu hudng ty trgng cong nghiep va dich vy tang, ty trgng ndng nghiep gidm nhung an ninh luong thyc quoc gia vdn duge bdo dam, ddi sdng ciia dai bd phgn nhan ddn duge ndng cao rd rpt, dua Vipl Nam vuan len nhdm qudc gia cd thu nhap binh quan ddu ngudi d mire tmng binh cua rile gidi. Diau an lugng hem niia la Vipl Nam ngdy cdng cd nhieu ngudi gia nhap hang ngii nhiing ngudi gidu cd tdi san hang USD nhu ly phii Pham Nhdt Vugng - chu tich tap dodn Vingroup; ty phu Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao - sang lap vd chii tich Sovico Holding ddng riidi Id cd ddng ldn ciia Vietjet va HDBank,...
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T.fP CHI KHOA HQC T R l ' ^ G DAI HQC H 6 N G Dl < J ^ O j g j ^ "
D^ cd duge sy lang mrdng kinh le cao \a dn dinh, ngoai chu truong. duiTiig loi. ^hinh sach phdt men kinh le diing dan cua Ddng cdn phai ke dan Vipt Nam Id mgt qudc gia dupe ty nhian uu ai. trao tdng cho nhieu ngudn tai nguyen quy "rimg vdng. biln bgc. ddt phi nhieu , khi hdu tuong ddi dn hda....E>d la rien deidt deed xe kinh le Vipl Nam ehuyen dgng vdidngioc.
Tuy vgy. qua mnh cdng nghiep hda. hien dgi hda; chinh sdch uu tian cho tang truang kinh ta nhung ehua quan tam dimg miic den bdo vp mdi Irudng d rihieu dia phuong trong han 30 nam qua ciing dang tde dpng xdu dan mdi trudng ty nhien. Trong Ihdi gian gdn ddy, du ludn xd hgi, bdo chi, cdc nghian ciiu khoa hgc ve mdi Irudng lien lyc cdnh bdo, Ihdng bao ve rinh trgng d nhiem mdi trudng nghiem trpng d Vipl Nam. Vipc nhiau dia phuong, nhiau cdng ty, nhieu dy dn cdng nghipp ehgy Iheo Igi ich kinh ta, khdng xu ly tdt ngudn chdt thai, khi thdi dd vd dang gay ra nhiau tham bga mdi Irudng eho Viet Nam, riau bieu nhu cdng ty Formosa Hd TTnh, cdng ty Vedan Viet Nam. nhd mdy nhipl dipn VTnh Tan 2,... Cd the ndi chdt thdi, khi riiai tir cdc nha mdy, cdc tap doan cdng nghipp, cac phuang tipn giao thong vd ciia con ngudi hdng ngdy dang ldm cho ddt, nudc, khdng khi,... ciia Viet Nam d nhiam nang nl. Hipn lugng cdc ddng sdng ngap d i n uong rac, quanh nam bde miii hdi thdi; khdng khi riii dae qudnh khi bdn va byi ban,... dang dien ra nghiem trgng d nhiau Ihdnh phd ldn. Rdi hipn mgng thdi liet nang ndng bat thudng dang trd thdnh nguyen nhan bien nhieu viing dat, nhieu dong sdng thdnh ^ n g ddt chet, ddng sdng chet, quanh nam khd khdi. Ben canh dd vipc khi hdu trdi ddt lang - he qud ciia tinh trgng bien ddi khi hau lai dang nhan chim nhieu hdn ddo, Idng mgc, nhieu vimg ddt canh tac ndng nghiep eiia Vipl Nam Uong nudc bian. That budn khi quoc gia giau tai nguyen thian nhian "rimg vdng, bian bac, ddt phi nhieu", lgi dang phdi ddi mgi \cn tinh ugng cgn kipt tdi nguyan thien nhien. Tran lanh thd Viet Nam, nhiiu cdnh rimg bi khai thde, chat pha tia trgc. ddi chdy nham nhd; nhieu gidng cay, gidng Ihii quy hiem bi sdn bdt tinh vi diing trudc nguy ca bj tuyel chiing; ddt dai bgc mdu, cdn cdi, sa mac hda, nhiem kim loai nang.... Sy khai riiac bat chdp quy lugt, khai thac khdng di ddi vdi bao tdn va tai lao dang ldm cho he cdn bang sinh riidi d Vipt Nam bi phd vd.
Theo TS. Ddng Dire Anh, Trucmg Ban Phdn tich dy bdo thude Trung tdm Thdng tin vd Dy bdo kinh ll - xa hdi Qudc gia cho bill, Vipt Nam Id qudc gia chiu dnh hudng nang ne ciia bien ddi khi hdu. Trong khoang 50 ndm qua, nhiet do ttimg binh nam d Vipt Nam dd tdng khoang 0,7 do C. muc nudc bien dd dang cao khoang 20 cm. Hien lugng El-Nino, La-Nino ngdy cdng biau hipn nghiem ugng d Viet Nam. Biln ddi khi hdu thyc sy da lam eho Iii lyt, hgn ban. ttiau cucmg ngay cdng ndng ne han, anh hudng tryc rilp din su an toan ciia con ngudi \d cd nen kinh te. Vdi bd bian ddi, Viet Nam duge eoi la qude gia de bi tdn thuang uudc bien ddi khi hdu. Nam 2007, WB dd liet ka Viet Nam, cimg vdi bdn nudc khdc Id Ai Cap, Suriname, Bahamas vd Bdngladel Id nam qudc gia bi anh hudng nane n l nhdt ciia nudc bian ddng do bian ddi khi hdu. Theo mpt nghien ciiu mdi ddy ciia WB v l hgu qud ciia nudc bien ddng ddi vdi 84 qudc gia ven bien dang phdt Irien, nlu nudc biln dang tham 1 met thi !yt Idi cd riie nhdn chim 5% dipn lich Vipt Nam vd dnh hudng tdi 1 W ddn sd ca nudc. lam GDP gidm di 10% [4; tr.l2]. Tir kai qud nhiing nghien cim tren T h ' mrdng Bd Kc hoach va Ddu m - dng Ngu>en The Phuang cho rang Vict Nam la 1 trong in nudc chm dnh hucmg iryc liap va nghiem ugng ciia bien ddi khi hdu todn cdu.
TAP CHI K H O \ HQC TRUC^NG DAI HQC H Q N G PL C - SO 48.2020
6 nhiem d Vipt Nam ciing dang dien tien phiic tgp ngay lgi cac vung ndng thdn vdn binh yan va trong Idnh. Lang Binh Yan. xd Nam Thanh, huyen Nam Tryc, linh Nam Dinh - mgt dia phuang co ngha ldm nhdm. Xa cd 600 bd ddn, vdi 600 lao dgng lgi chd vd hon 500 lao dgng tii cdc Idng khdc den ldm ngha. Dieu ddng ndi Id todn bg viec ldi chi, gia cdng nhdm Igi duge thyc hipn ngay tgi nhd ddn dang khien cho mdi riirdng lgi ddy d nhilm ngng na. Cdc chdt thai tir khoi byi, dan chat thai ran (chii yau Id chdt thai kim logi nang nhu xi riian, can nhdm vd Crdm), nudc thai deu xd thang ra mdi dirdng md khdng qua bat ky mgt khdu xii ly ndo, gdy d nhiam mdi trudng nghiem trgng. Bdng mdt thudng cung co thi nhgn thdy, con sdng Nggc tha mgng nay u d thdnh con sdng "chet". Doan sdng ddi khodng mgt cay sd chdy qua Idng Binh Yen bi chdt thai kim logi ndng Idp day. Gdn 10 ha ddt hai vy liia vdn la "bd xdi, rupng mat" riing nudi sdng bao thi he ngudi ddn tt-ong lang nay cung bj bd hoang vi d nhiem mdi trudng qud ndng. Theo sd lieu ciia Sd Tdi nguyan va Mdi irudng Nam Dinh, tgi lang nghe Binh Yen, ham lugng phdt pho, vugt lieu ehuan Vipt Nam (TCVN) tir 1,09 - 7,6 lan; kem vugt TCVN 7,7 - 33,8 ldn.
Theo ddnh gid ciia Ngdn hdng Tha gidi, d nhiem mdi trudng tgi Vipl Nam da gdy riiipl hgi den 5% GDP hdng nam. Trong khi dd, ket qua tinh todn cua Tmng tdm Thdng lin vd Dy bdo kinh te - xa hgi Qudc gia, uong giai dogn 2016-2020, tang trudng tiau dung binh qudn mdi nam gidm 0,1%; lang irudng Idng ddu lu loan xa hgi vd viee ldm se bi gidm imng binh moi nam tuang iing khodng 1,2 vd 0,08%.
Nhu vay, nhiing thdnh tyu ve kinh te cua Viet Nam Uong nhiing nam qua Id khdng the phu nhgn, nhung cdi gid md mdi trudng ty nhian Viet Nam phdi trd cho sy tang trudng dd Id khdng nhd. Vd khi mdi trudng bi ldn phd thi chiing lai lac ddng u d lai nan kinh te, ldm cho lang trudng kinh te ctia chiing la chdm Iai. Ro rang la chiing ta chua gidi quyat tdt moi quan hp giiia tang trudng kinh le vdi bdo vp mdi Irudng vd mdt khi mdi Irudng lai bi xam hgi thi mye tiau phdt trien ben viing ciia Viet Nam cd nguy co khdng ihye hipn duge.
Diing nhu Tdng thu ky Lien hgp qudc - Gutenes nhan dinh, mdi trudng sinh thdi Vipt Nam dang ud thdnh "mdi de dpa hipn sinh", true riap gdy ra thiet hgi to Idn dan kinh la, siic khde vd chdl lugng cugc sdng ciia ngudi dan. Nhan thirc duge miie dg d nhilm va tde dgng xdu cua ngn d nhiem mdi tiirdng d Viet Nam, Thu tudng Nguydn Xuan Phiic da nhiau Idn ehi dao cdc tinh, bd, nganh: "Kien quyet khdng ddnh doi moi trudng vi lai ich trudc mat,... khdng duac ddu tu bdng mgi gid, phdi chu trgng lieu chi moi irudng. Kien quyet khdng vi tang tnrdng kinh le md ddnh ddi mdi tnrdng ", phdi cd chinh sdch phii hgp nham thich iing, gidm nhe eac tde ddng ciia bian ddi khi hau vd bdo ve mdi trudng cho phdt trian ben viing. Viec xem xet, ddnh gia tde ddng cua yeu td mdi trudng den sy phdt tridn ciia kinh le xa hpi cdn duge thyc hien mdt each nghidm tiic, yen co sd khoa hpc 6e dua ra nhiing dy bdo, canh bdo sdm, phyc vy cdng tac hogeh dinh, xay dyng chinh sdch phat Irian kinh le xa hpi phii hgp.
Tran ca sd nghian ciiu, khao sal Ihyc trgng mdi trudng Viet Nam, ddng thdi ke thira cdc kit qua nghidn ciiu dd cdng bd vl mdi trudng Viet Nam \ a iha gidi, chiing ldi de xudt mgt sd giai phdp nhdm gidi quylt hai hda mdi quan he giua tang trudng kinh te vdi bdo vp mdi trudng hudng ldi mye tieu phdt tridn ben vimg d Viet Nam.
T.»P CHI KHO\ HQC TRC^NG P\l HQC H 6 N ( . m t ^ ' J i l ^ ' 2.3. Mpt SO giai phap gan tang tnrdng kinh te vdi bao vp mdi trirdng nhdm thyc hipn thdng Ipi muc tieu phat trien virng d \'ift Nam hipn nay
.Mdt Id. cdn qudn met quan diem phdt trien ben vung den timg ngirai dim Cd mgi thyc le Id nhieu ngudi ddn Viet Nam chua nhgn thuc dd> dii \ c phat trien ben virng la gi, muc do tram Ugng ciia nan d nhiem mdi trudng va sy edn thilt phai bdo \ C' Tioi trudng d Vipt Nam hien nay. Cung khdng ngoai tru, cd ngudi \ i ehgy Iheo Igi ich kinh tc ma bdi chap nhimg canh bdo \ e mdi trudng van ngang nhien xdm hgi mdi trudng. hiiy dipl mdi trudng ly nhian. Do \ a \ . da dan liic ed he thdng chinh tri. nhdt Id cac don vi chiic nang. cdc co quan tmydn thdng. ngdnh gido dye - ddo lao cdn day mgnh hon niia cdng lac truyen \e phdi trien ban viing. ve nhirng yau cdu vd nhiing liau ehi ciia phat Men ben viing den limg ngudi dan.
Da cdng tde myan truyen ed hipu qud, cac ca quan truyen thdng vd cd hp Ihdng chinh tri can phdi kat hgp chat che vdi nhau. Thir nhdt. cdng tde tuyen truyen phdi lgp trung giiip ngudi dan hieu duge. thdy duge mdi tnrdng cd tdm quan trgng dgc bipt ddi vdi ddi sdng ciia eon ngudi. Neu mdi irudng sdng hi hiiy hogi Ihi lodi ngudi ed nguy ea bi hiiy dipt.
Cude sdng ciia eon ngudi ludn gdn bd mgt thiet vdi mdi tiudng. Thir hai, la da ngudi dan thdy duge mire dg d nhidm ciia mdi trudng, sy egn kipt eua tdi nguydn, sy mdi di ciia rimg, sy bien ddi eiia khi hgu. sy bien mdt hay tuyet chiing ciia nhiau loai vd nhdt Id nhung tac hgi ciia d nhiem mdi trudng den sue khde con ngudi, den tang trudng kinh le d Vipl Nam hipn nay. TTiiJ- ba, edn tuyen tmyen de ngudi ddn thdy duge nhirng nguyan nhan dan den mdi irudng Viet Nam dang hi d nhiem. bi phd hiiy va trdch nhiem eiia hg trong vipc bdo vp mdi trudng. Thu tu, cdng tde tuyen truyen cdn phai chi cho ngudi dan nhirng cdch thuc bdo
\ c mdi irudng mgt each cy the, de ldm. phii hgp vdi timg ddi tugng, tdng Idp xa hgi. Can da dgng hda cdc hinh thue myen truyan. ket hgp nhilu hinh Ihirc tijyen truyin, phat dgng cac phong trao ihi dua. cdc cugc thi tim hiau vl phdi tiiln bin vung. Cdn chdng lai rii tudng chd kinh te phai men cao rdi mdi ddt ra vdn de bdo vp mdi trudng, cdng khdng Ihl hy sinh mdi trudng de chay theo tdng trudng kinh tl don thudn.
Hai Id. mdi chinh sdch kinh te deu phdi hucmg tdi myc lieu phdt triin ben vimg.
0 \'iet Nam hipn nay ed linh trgng mgt sd dja phuang, mgt sd ngdnh, Idy ly do uu lien, ddn sue cho tdng trudng kinh tc nen da phe duypl nhiing dy an, dl dn kinh t l khdng riidn riiipn vdi mdi mrdng. Khi tham dmh vd pha duyet cac d l an kinh ll thudng khdng chii trgng din vipc xu 1\ chdt riidi, rdc riidi \a bdo vp mdi Irudng. Do vay, d l hodn thanh myc tieu phdt trien bin vimg. mdi chinh sach kinh le cua timg dia phucmg vd tren binh dipn qudc gia, edn qudn tript mye tieu phdi men bin vimg, chi phe duyet cdc dy dn kinh tl khdng ldm tdn hgi din mdi Uudng, tiep dd cdn ddy mgnh qud trinh tdi cdu mie va chuyin dich CO cdu kinh te. riiyc hien md hinh idng Uudng xanh, tang mrdng theo chilu sau td trudng dua tten m riiiic. giam tiiieu md hinh tang trudng kinh l l dya tren vipc khai th cgn kipt riiien nhien. sir dung cdng nghp Igc hdu, xa nhilu chdt thdi, khi dgc ra mdi iru' Mudn lam duge dieu nay. Nhd nudc \ a tiing dia phuang phdi cd chiln lutjc ddu tu h me cho nghian ciiu khoa hgc. chu\en giao vd img dyng cdng nghp hipn dgi. cdng nghe th*
thipn \oi mdi irudng. Cdn khuyen khich sii dyng cdc logi ndng lugng sgch, nguven 1"^"
vdt lieu thdn thipn vdi mdi trudng \ a ngudn nang lugng cd thi tdi tao. Cd nhu \dy mdi "^"' duge lugng chdt riiai \ d rdc thdi gdy nguy hai cho mdi trucmg vd sire khde ciia con ngucri "^
TAP CHI KHOA HQC TRUONG DAI HQC H 6 N G DL^C - S 6 48.2020
Ba la. ddi mdi ca che qudn ly tdi nguyen vd bdo ve mdi trudng. chu ddng bag ve vd eai thien chdt lu^g mdi trudng
Hipn nay, Chinh phii vd cdc dia phuong edn kiem sodt chgl che cac ngudn Igi ty nhian, chu dpng img phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, phdng chdng thian iai, chdng thoai hod, sir dyng hipu qua vd ban vung tai nguyan dat; bdo ve mdi ttudng nudc vd sir dyng bin vung tdi nguyen nudc; khai thac hgp ly vd sir dung tiat kiem, ben vimg ldi nguyan khoang sdn;
bdo vp mdi tmdng bian, ven bien, hai ddo va phai trien tdi nguyan bian; bao vp va phai trien rimg; gidm d nhilm khdng khi vd riang dn d cdc dd thi Idn vd khu cdng nghipp... ndng eao y thiic bdo vp moi trudng song song vdi phat trian kinh te - xa hgi.
Cdn phdi hodn thipn htm niia hp thdng lugt ve bdo ve mdi irudng nhat la he thdng cha tdi xir ly cae hanh vi xdm hai mdi trudng vd bao ddm viec thyc thi phdp lugt mgi cdch nghiem tiic vd hipu qud tran thyc te Tranh tinh trang luat cii ban hdnh nhung khdng duge ton trgng vd thyc thi nghiem tiic.
Bdn Id. dua ngi dung bdg ve mdi trudng vdo chien lupc. quy hogeh, ke hoach phdt trien ngdnh, ITnh vuc, viing vd cdc ehucmg trinh, du dn.
Da bdo vp mdi trudng, phdt trien ben viing ddt nude, cdc dy dn kinb tl, dy dn dau riJ xdy dyng phdi kiam duypl chgt che hgng muc xu ly chat thai, rdc thdi, ldi tgo cdnh quan, moi mrdng. Cdc co sd kinh te, cac doanh nghipp phdi thyc hien nghiam ngai Ig trinh xu ly chat thai, rdc thai, cdn nhanh ehdng trian khai ehucmg trinh trdng rung, ngdn chgn cd hipu qua ngn pha rimg, chdy rimg, tang dien tich eac khu bdo ton thian nhien. Dae bipt phdi quan ly, khai thde vd sii dung cd bieu qua lai nguyen dat, nudc, khodng san vd cdc ngudn tai nguyan thien nhien khdc. Hgn che vd lien tdi khdng xudt khdu ldi nguyan chua qua che bien. \S\\ X\en cdc dy an kinh le xanh, thdn thipn vdi mdi trudng. Thyc hipn sdn xudt vd lieu diing ban virng, timg budc phdt trian nang lugng sach, san xuat sach, lieu diing sgch. Day mgnh phdt Irian cac dich vy mdi trudng, xir ly chdt thdi. Day mgnh cdng tde nghidn ciiu, dy bdo khi tugng Ihiiy van, bien ddi khi hdu va ddnh gia lac dgng de chu ddng trien khai cd hipu qud cdc giai phdp phdng, chdng thian tai. Tang cudng hgp lac qudc ta de phdi hgp hdnh dgng vd tranh ihii sy giiip do ciia cpng ddng qudc ta.
3. KET LUAN
Phat trien ben virng dang trd thdnh muc tieu thian nien ky, Id lya chgn ciia tat ca cac quoc gia tren the gidi hien nay. Phdt trien ben vung, gdn tang trudng kinh la vdi bdo vp mdi Irudng, khdng danh ddi mdi tnrdng lay tang trudng kinh t l dang frd thdnh phuang chdm hanh dgng ciia ehinli phu Viet Nam. Mac dii vgy, d nhilu dia phuong, nhiau ngdnh nghe, rinh Uang xam hgi mdi ttudng dang xdy ra nghiem trgng d nhieu noi. Va cung chinh con ngudi dang nhgn Iai nhiing hgu qud tham khdc rii viec xdm hai mdi riudng. Do vgy, bdo ve mdi tiirdng, bdo \e ngudn sdng, bdo ve ngdi nhd chung eua dan tgc dang ud thdnh yau cdu cap bach hipn nay. Tuy nhian, day la mgi nhiem vu khdng dl dang, nd ddi hdi sy ddng Idng nhdt tn cua cd cgng ddng, sy vdo cugc quyet liet cua ca he thdng chinh iri. H\ vgng rang, vdi quyai ldm eao eiia chinh phu, vdi y thirc ngdy cdng tdt ciia ngudi dan, Viet Nam chiing ta se thyc hipn tdt myc tiau phdt trien bin viing, nhanh chdng xdy dyng thdnh cdng ehii nghia xa hdi.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC TRL'"6NG BAI H Q C ' I I O N I ; IU ( ^ ^ | j j B ^
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Ngu> en Thi Thanh Binh. Phdt trien ben virng & I 'icl Nam: Tieu chi diinh gia i a I'l" ' huang phdi trien. Bai dang tren website cua Khoa Cac Ichoa hpc chuyen nganh, O^l hpc Quoc gia Ha Noi ngay 6 thang 4 nam 2018, ngay truy cgp 29 thang ? nam 020.
[2] Nguyen Thi Ha (2019). Phdt triin ben virng- quan diem chi dgo .xuyen suot thai ky ddi mat cua Ddng cong sdn Viet \'ant. Dan theo http://poi.htu edu.vn/nghien- cuu/phat-tnen-ben-vung-quan-diem-chi-dao-xuyen-suot-thoi-ky-doi-nioi-cua-dang- cong-san-\iet-nam.html.Naa\ tni\ cap: 26 thing 9 nam 2019.
[3] Vu Van Hien (2014). Phdt triin ben vimg a Viel Nam. Tgp chi Cpng s<in (Communist Review), so thang 1.
[4] Qu6c hpi (2005), Lugt bdo ve moi truang, Nxb. Tu phap, Ha Npi.
[5] Nguyen Manh, Thu nhgp binh qudn moi ngirai Vict Idng them 170 L.S.4, Tgp chi Kinh tS va dSu tu. Ban di$n tir. Ban dipn tir, https://news.zing.vn/thu-nhap-binh- quan-moi-nguoi-viet-tang-them-170-usd-post807247.html. Dang ngay 27/12/2017).
Ngay titjy cap: 19 thang9 nam 2019.
[6] Trjn Ngpc Ngogn (2007), Mat so van de ly thuyet vd kinh nghiem quoc te trong phdi Iriin ben vimg nong Ihdn, Tap chi Nghien ciru Phat hien ben viing, Tr.3 - 15.
[7] Nguyln Quang Thai, Ngo Thjng Lpi (2007), Phdt trien ben virng a Viet Nam:
Thdnh tuu. ca hdi. thdch Ihirc vd Irien vpng, Nxb. Lao dpng - Xa hpi. Ha Npi.
[8] Thii tuong Chinh phu (2012). Chiin lupc phdi trien ben vimg Viet Nam giai dogn 2011'20211. ban hanh ngay 12 thang 4 nam 2012.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENMRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE SUSTAINABLE
DE\ ELOPMENT IN VIETNAM TODAY Du Thi Huong
ABSTRACT
In addition lo presenting the concepts of economic growth, economic development.
.•<u,^tainable development, natural environment, the paper focuses on clarifying the relationship benveen economic growth and the natural environment The current situation of economic growth and the current state of the environment in Vietnam indicate the need lo associate economic growth with the enhancement of environmental protection measures to successfullv achieve the goal of sustainable development in Vietnam.
Ke>'^>ords: Economic development, environment, sustainable development. Vietnam
* Sgdy ngp bdi: 6/9/21119: .\gd\ giri phdn bien: 2/10/2019: Ngdy duyet ddng: 4/3/2020
