Nhu c4u hu-oTig nghiep cho con tir ky trong do tu6i vi thanh nien cua cha me Men nay
Bui Thi Duyen', Bui Thu Huong**
T6m tat: CJ Viet Nam hien nay hoat dgng hudng nghiep cho tre tu ky vi thanh nien chii yeu mang tinh tir phat, tap trung d khu vuc tu nhan va chi danh cho cac gia dinh co didu kien kinh ta ciing vdi do la he thdng chinh sach va dich vu hd trg chinh thiic cho viec hudng nghiep con tu ky con nhieu ban che dat ra khong it thach thirc cho cac gia dinh. Sir dung dii lieu cua De tai "Nhu cau cua cha me ve hudng nghiep cho con tu ky trong do tudi vi thanh nien d Hd Npi hi$n nay" thuc hien nam 2018, bai viet xem xet thuc trang nhu cau hudng nghiep cho con tu ky d do tudi vi thanh nien tii goc dp cua gia dinh. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy nhiing ngudi tham gia nghien ciiu deu cd nhu cau hudng nghiep cho con tu ky vi thanh nien nhung ho dang gap khdng it khd khan, trong do kho khan nhat la chua c6 co sd san xudt, su dung Iao dgng khuydn khich va san long tao dieu kien cho ngudi tu ky, thdng tin ve day nghe, hudng nghiep cho ngudi tu ky con han che; it co sd dao tao, hudng nghiep va kinh phi dao tao tdn kem. Chinh vi vay, cac bac cha me mong mudn cd su tham gia va can thiep cu the tir khu vgc nha nude vao cac ITnh vuc nhu cung cap thdng tin, td chiic dao tao, day nghd cho den ket noi va tao cac ca hgi vi?c lam sau khi tdt nghiep de tre em tu ky vi thanh nien co thd ddc lap va hoa nhap xa hgi thanh cong.
Tii khoa: Quan he cha m?-con cai; Vi thanh nidn; Tre em tu ky; Dinh hudng nghe nghiep; Giao due hudng nghiep.
Ngky nh|n biii: 6/9/2019; ngay chinh sira: 4/2/2020; ngay duyet dang:
29/5/2020.
• Sinh vien cao hgc Xa hoi hpc, Khoa Xa hgi hgc va Phat tridn, Hpc vien Bao chi va Tuyen tmygn.
" TS. Giang vien chinh, Khoa Xa hgi hgc va Phat tnin, Hgc vi?n Bao chi va Tuyen truyan.
102 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gi6i. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 101-111
1. Dat van de
Tu ky la mdt rdi loan ve phat trien, biau hien dac trung bdi su khidm khuydt va chat lugng tuong tac xa hdi, giao tidp va eac bidu hien hanh vi dinh hinh, rap khudn, thu hep bat thudng; kem theo nhieu rdi loan vd thuc thd va tam than khac. Tu ky hay rdi loan phd tu ky khdng phai la mdt "benh", khdng tha dimg thudc de chiia tri dugc ma nd se keo dai sudt cugc ddi tra em vi nd la mdt rdi loan phat tridn (APA, 2013; Dau Hai Nam, Vu Hai Van, 2015). Nam 2017, ty Id ngudi tu ky d Viet Nam dao ddng tu 0,5 ddn 1% va r4t nhidu trong sd dd dang budc vao hoac dang trong do tuoi vi thanh nien va thanh nidn tre (Ld Nga, 2019; Ngan Anh, 2018; Dau Tuk Anh, Vii Hai Van, 2015). Thd he ngudi tu ky nay dang dat ra nhung thach thiic mdi lidn quan ddn viec lam phu hgp cho cac chuong trinh hd trg va can thidp hien cd vdn chi tap trung vao giao due hda nhap va chuydn biet trong vdng 5-10 nam dau ddi (Nguyin Thi Hoang Yen, 2015).
Trong khi do, viec lam la mgt phan quan trgng trong cugc sdng cua mgt ngudi trudng thanh. Vide Iam vira la mgt trong nhixng thanh tuu cugc ddi, vira la ddn bSy cho su phat trien ciia mdi ca nhan. Vdi ngudi tu ky, cac CO hdi dugc lam vide tao thu nhap dac thii, trudc hdt, giiip hg tham gia vao mdt mang ludi xa hdi, dugc xem nhu la mgt phan cua xa hdi, dugc ddng gdp cho gia dinh va xa hgi, dugc thuc hien quydn lira chgn va ra quydt dinh, khang dinh gia tri cua ban than, va khdng kem phan quan trgng la giam ganh nang cho he thdng trg cap xa hdi va cac chuong trinh trg giiip cua cdng ddng (Wehman va cdng su, 2016). Do vay, giao due hudng nghidp se tao ra cac co hgi bdn vung khac giiip ngudi tu ky, dac biet la trong do tudi vi thanh nidn, cd tha tham gia vao thi trudng Iao ddng va hdi nhap xa hgi mgt each thuc chat la thuc su can thidt.
Dd gdp phan lam ro van dd xa hgi mdi nay sinh nay, bai vidt tap trung tim hidu thuc trang va nhu cau hudng nghidp ciia cha me cho tre vi thanh nidn tu ky hidn nay dua trdn sd lieu eiia Dd tai tim hidu "Nhu cSu ciia cha me vd hudng nghiep cho con tu ky trong do tudi vi thanh nidn d Ha Ngi hidn nay".
Tre tu ky trong do tudi vi thanh nidn trong nghidn cim nay dugc hidu la nhdm nhan khau xa hdi trong do tudi tu 10-19 tudi da dugc chkn doan m5c rdi loan phd tu ky. Cm luu y rang cho tdi rdt g4n day, thuat ngii "rdi loan phd tu ky" mdi dugc chinh thiic dd cap trong Thdng tu sd 01 nam 2019 cua Cue Bao trg, Bd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hgi. Day ciing la van ban dudi luat d4u tidn de cap chinh thiic ddn ngudi tu ky va la budc tidn trong thuc thi LuSt
Biii Thi DuySn & Bui Thu Hinrag 103
Khuygt tat. Trong van ban nay, rdi loan phd tu ky duoc xac dinh la cac dang khuydt tat khac va ciing nhdm cac loai benh hidm.
Bgn canh do, Luat Ngudi khuygt tat ciing da quy dinh cu thg vg vin dg teo cap xa hdi, hd tro kinh phi cham sdc hang thing. Tuy nhien, theo cac quy dinh nay, chi nhiing ngudi tu ky duoc xdp vao nhdm khuygt tat dac biet nang thi ho gia dinh mdi thudc dien duoc hd tro kinh phi cham sdc nudi duang. Cdn ddi vdi trudng hop ngudi tu ky chua duoc xgp loai, hoac da dugc xac dinh mirc do khuygt tat nhe hoac nang thi hd gia dinh khdng dugc hd trg kinh phi cham sdc (Luat Ngudi khuygt tat, 2010). Cho tdi nay, Viet Nam chua cd mdt chuang trinh qudc gia vg ngudi tu ky va do vay thigu di cac hudng tigp can toan dien va nhiing bien phap hieu qua digu tigt su tham gia cua cac bd, ban nganh dd cd thg dua ra giai phap mang tinh tdng thg (Kieu Tuydt, Hai Ha, 2019).
2. Mau va phirong phap nghien cmi
Dg tai tim higu "Nhu ciiu cua cha me ve hudng nghiep cho con tu ky teong do tudi vi thanh nidn d Ha Ndi hien nay" do nhdm tac gia thuc hien nam 2018 teong khudn khd chuang trinh dao tao thac sy ciia Khoa Xa hdi hgc va Phat tiien, Hpc vien Bao chi va Tuygn truyen.
Dg tai khiio sat bang bang hdi vdi hai dinh dang dien tir va bang hdi in.
Tdng sd la 90 bang hdi. Ngudi tham gia khao sat lua chon thdng qua mdt sd mang ludi cha me cd con tu ky theo cac tieu chi nhu sau: 1) la cac phu huynh cd con tu ky trong dp tudi vi thanh nign (tir 10 dgn 19 tudi), 2) dang sinh sdng tai Ha Ndi va 3) la thanh vidn cac nhdm nhu Cau lac bd nhdm cha me cd con tu ky va Nha chuydn mdn vd tu ky (trdn mang xa hdi Facebook); nhdm cha me dang cd con dang theo hpc tai cac co sd/ trung tam hudng nghiep; va nhdm cha me cd con ty ky khdng theo hpc tai cac co sd/trung tam hudng nghiep. Dua trdn cac tigu chi nay, nhdm nghien ciru da lua chgn, chu ddng lidn he va mdi dugc tdng cpng 90 phu huynh phii hgp va tu nguygn tham gia vao nghign ciru nay.
Trong miu nghign ciiu nay ngudi tham gia chii ygu la nil (chiem 67,8%), hiu hgt ddu la nhiing ngudi cd trinh dp hpc van cao, trong dd trinh do dai hgc chigm 68,9%, sau dai hpc 17,8% va so cip, trung cip, cao dang la 6,7%. Gan Vl (48,9%) ngudi tham gia hien dang lam viec teong khu vuc nha nude (la cdng chiic nha nude, lire lugng vu trang), tigp theo la nhdm lam trong cac ITnh vuc ngoai nha nude (doanh nghiep, kinh doanh, budn ban va tu do) (chidm 38,5%).
Vg gidi tinh cua con ty ky, da sd (78,9%) ngudi cd con tu ky trong do tadi 10-
104 Nghien cu'u Gia dinh va Gio'i. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 101-111
19 tudi la tre em nam. Cac con tu ky thudc nhdm tudi tu 10-14 tudi chidm ty Id cao nhat (46,7%), tiep theo la thudc cac nhdm tudi 15-17 tudi (chiem 30%) va nhdm 18-19 tudi (chidm 23,3%).
3. Nhu cSu hiroTig nghiep cua cha me cho con t u ky tuoi vi thanh nien 3.1. Nhu cdu, muc dich vd thoi gian hir&ng nghidp cho tretwky Kdt qua phan tich cho thiy t4t ca 100% cac bac cha me dugc hdi ddu cho biat hg quan tam va cd nhu cau giao due hudng nghiep va tao vide lam cd thu nhap cho con tu ky, nhung cd 55,6% cac bac cha me tham gia nghidn ciiu hidn khdng cho con di hgc d trung tam/ co sd dao tao nao ca. Ly do quan trgng nhSt la cha me cd nhu cau nhung quan ngai vd nang lire ciia con chua dap ling dugc vide hgc nghd (48,0%). Trong khi ty le cha me cd nhu can nhung lai khdng bidt tim kiam thdng tin d dau chidm 38,0%), va tidp theo la ty Id cha me cd nhu cdu nhung he thdng dich vu hoac co cha chinh sach chua phii hgp vdi ty le la 32%.
Kdt qua nghian ciiu cho th4y hon 1/2 (52%) sd cha me dugc hdi cho rang hoat ddng hudng nghidp cho con tu ky nen tidn hanh trong do tudi "tir 10-14 tudi". Tidp theo dd la do tudi tir "15-17 tudi", chiem 36,7%), cao gap hon 11 lan so vdi do tudi mudn hon la tu "18-19 tudi" (chi chiem 3,3%).
Khi dugc hdi ve muc dich hudng nghidp cho con tu ky tudi vi thanh nidn, da sd cha me (84,4%) chia se rang muc dich co ban la de "giiip con cd co hgi viec lam, ddc lap hon trong cugc sdng". Cac ly do dang chii y tidp theo la
"mong mudn con cd co hdi cho con boa nhap xa hdi" (48,9%), va "giam ganh nang va ndi lo ddi vdi bd me va giup xa hgi cd cai nhin tich cue vdi ngudi mac hgi chiing tu ky" (32,2%).
5.2. Mong muon ve nghe nghidp vd chiphihir&ng nghiep
Vdi nhftng cha me da cd cho con tham gia vao cac hoat ddng hudng nghidp, sd lieu nghien ciiu cho thay cd 42,2% cha me da cho con hgc lam banh, 38,9% cdng vide nau an, 8,9% khdng lam gi, 7,8% pha ca phe, am nhac, nghe thuat, hdi hga va lam dd handmade (lam bang tay), chi cd 6,7% nhan vien thu ngan, ban hang, cham sdc, huan luydn cac ban ciing hoan canh va dac biet khdng cd cha me nao cho con theo nghe cham sde ngudi Idn tudi, ngudi dm.
(xem Bang I).
Trong nghidn ciiu nay, ty le cha me mong mudn con dugc phat tridn nganh nghd lam banh la nhiau nhat (chiem 23,3%). Lam banh ciing la mdt trong nhung nganh ngha chu yau dugc cac tnmg tam day cho cac ban tu ky
Bui Thi Duyen & Bui Thu Hinmg 105 hi$n nay. Ba nhdm nghd dugc lua chpn tidp theo va chigm ty le cao lin lugt la niu an (17,8%), am nhac/ nghe thuat/ hdi hpa (12,2%) va thu ngan, ban hang, cham sdc/huin luyen cac ban ciing hoan canh (7,8%>). Cac nhdm nghd chigm ty 1$ it hon va kha taong duang nhau dd la cdng nghe thdng tin (IT), nhan vign bimg be, van phdng, cham sdc ngudi Idn tadi/ngudi dm vdi ty le taong irng la 6,7%, 5,6%, 4,4%, 4,4%. Chi cd 2,2% cha me lua chpn nganh nghe lam dd handmade, pha ca phe. Va dang luu y la khdng cd cha me nao mudn hudng con hg ted thanh van dpng vien the thao.
B§ng 1. C^c cdng vi^c cha me da chon hudng nghiep cho con (%) Cong vi^c da hirdng nghiep Ty 1^
Lam banh 42,2 Niu an 38,9 Pha cafe 7,8 Am nhac, nghg thuat, hdi hpa 7,8
Lam dd handmade 7,8 Nhan vien thu ngan, ban hang 6,7 Ch5m sdc, huan luyen cac ban ciing hoan canh 5,6
Nhan vien bung be 5,6 Van dpng vien mdn the thao nao do 5,6
Van phdng 3,3 Lam IT 3,3
Vg kinh phi danh cho dao tao hudng nghiep, p h i n Idn cac gia dinh tham gia nghien cuoi (64,9%i) cho bidt hg da danh khoang 5-10 trieu, tigp theo la cac gia dinh danh khoang tit 1-3 trieu/thang cho hoat ddng nay - chigm 14,9%!. Trong khi dd, ty le cac gia dinh cho bigt da danh khoang 10-15 teieu hay dudi ban 1 teieu/thang cho boat ddng nay khidm tdn ban, lan lugt la 4 , 1 % va 5,4%.. Tim higu sau hgn, chiing tdi dugc bigt, hau hdt cac gia dinh da cd quan tam va d i u tu cho boat ddng nay ddu cho r i n g chi phi hg dang danh dao tao nghd hien nay nhu vay la kha cao va phan Idn (73,3%) mong mudn miic chi phi nay dao dpng trong khoang 3-5 teieu. Cdn lai, chi cd 14,7% gia dinh mudn miic chi phi nay trgn 5 trieu va 12% mudn miic chi phi nay dudi 3 trieu/ thang.
106 Nghien cuu Gia dinh va Gioi. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 101-111
3.3. Nhu cdu tiep can vdi nguon thong tin lien quan den hir&ng nghiep Theo kat qua didu tra, da phan ngudi tham gia nghien ciru (64,4%)) cho rang hidn nay ngudn thdng tin rir cac phu huynh ciing hoan canh cd anh hudng Idn nhat tdi van dd hudng nghidp eiia cac cha me, tidp theo la ngudn tin tir giao vidn cua con (36,7%), cac trang mang xa hgi ciia hgi cha me cd con tu ky (34,4%) va cudi ciing la cac co sd dao tao nghd cho ngudi khuydt tat ciia nha nude (6,7%).
Tuy nhidn, vdi cau hdi lidn quan tdi cac ngudn thdng tin vd hudng nghiep mong mudn, g§n 1/3 ngudi tra ldi (32,2%)) mong mudn nhan dugc thdng tin tii cac CO sd dao tao nghd cho ngudi khuydt tat ciia nha nude. Trong khi dd, ngudi tra ldi mudn nhan thdng tin hi cac td chiic phi chinh phu dao tao, hudng nghidp cho ngudi khuydt tat chi chidm 15,6%, tiic la chua b&ng Vi ty le cha me lira chgn phuong an cac eo sd dao tao ngha cho ngudi khuyat tat cita nha nude.
Ngudn thdng tin hudng nghidp dugc lua chgn nhidu thir ba la cac doanh nghiep xa hgi cho ngudi khuydt tat (chidm 10%). Cdn lai, cac ngudn tin nhu cac trang mang xa hgi cua hdi cha me ed con tu ky va giao vien cua con ddu chiem ty Id la 8,9%. Ty Id lua chgn thdp nhdt la ngudn thdng tin tir mang xa hdi ndi chung va ngudi than trong gia dinh (chidm 3,3%).
3.4. Cdc fihd khan vd mong muon cua cha me ve mo hinh day nghe vd cdc chinh sack ho tra
Hian nay cd khdng it khd khan trong hudng nghiep danh cho con tu ky vi thanh nian. Khi dugc hdi va nhung khd khan hien nay trong van da hudng nghiep danh cho con tu ky vi thanh nien, cd 72,2% cha me cho ring hg gap khd khan khi mong mudn hudng nghiep cho con nhung lai chua cd co sd san xuat, sir dung Iao ddng khuydn khich va san Idng tao didu kien cho ngudi tu ky; 54,4% cha me gap khd khan do khdng cd nhidu thdng tin vd day nghd, hudng nghidp cho ngudi tu ky; 46,7% cha me gap khd khan vi cd it co sd dao tao, hudng nghidp nen gia dinh khdng cd nhieu lua chgn; 31,1% cha me gap khd khan tdn kem nhidu kinh phi dd hudng nghidp cho con; va 3,3% cha me gap khd khan vi cac phu huynh cd cimg canh ngd ban nhu khdng cd mdi lidn he hoac hd trg nhau.
Tir nhitng khd khan trong van dd hudng nghidp cho con tu ky ndn khi tim hidu vd mgt md hinh day nghe mong mudn nhat cua cha me cd con tu ky cho thdy su lira chgn cua ngudi tra ldi kha da dang. Dang ka nhat, cac md hinh day nghd thudc khu vuc nha nude dugc mgi ngudi quan tam nhidu nhdt (chidm 42,2%). Trong dd, md hinh chuyen bidt danh cho ngudi tu ky chidm 27,8% va
Biii Thi Duyea& Biii Thu Htrong 107 md hinh trudng day nghd hoa nhap (cac trudng day nghd cd tinh ddn ngudi tu ky) chidm 14,4%). Tidp theo dd la cac md hinh do khu vuc tu nhan cung cdp (chidm 36,3%). Cu thd, cac co sd day nghd do phu huynh cd con tu ky tu td chiic chiam 22,2%, co sd tu nhan chuyan bidt vd hudng nghidp, day nghd cho ngudi tu ky chiem 10%, va true tidp thud cac giao vidn day ky nang (ve, miia, nau an...) day con tai nha chiem 4,4%. So vdi md hinh giii con d nha va cha me tu day (chidm 1,1%), md hinh vira hgc vira lam, hay ho trg boa nhap xa hdi thuc su cho ngudi hr ky, ciing dugc cha me mong mudn phat trien. Cd tdi 1/5 (20%) cha me lira chgn md hinh vira hgc vira lam tai cira hang, sieu thi, co sd san xuat than thien vdi ngudi tu ky (xem them Bang 2).
Bang 2. Nhu cau cua cha me doi vdi noi hgc nghe cho con {%) Cac nhu cau Ty le Tmdng hgc, co sd nha nude chuyen biet ve hudng nghiep, 27,8 day nghe cho ngudi tu ky.
Trudng hoc, co sd do phu huynh cd con tu ky tu to chiic 22,2 hudng nghiep, day nghe cho ngudi tu ky (co su hd trg cua
nha nude, doanh nghiep).
Vira hgc vira lam tai ciia hang, sieu thi, co sd san xuat than 20,0 thien vdi ngudi tu ky...
Trudng hpc hda nhap (cac tmdng day nghd co tinh den ngudi 14,4 tuky).
Trudng hgc, co sd tu nhan chuyen biet vg hudng nghiep, day 10,0 nghe cho ngudi tu ky.
Hpc chuyen v% hgi hpa, am nhac tu thue giao vien, huan 4,4 luyen vien day.
0 nha, khong ddn tniimg hay ca sd dao tao nao, Ur dao tao. L2
Dang chu y, theo y kidn cua nhiing ngudi tham gia nghian ciiu thi cac md hinh dao tao nay, dii d khu vuc cdng hay tu nhan, d k phai cd su lien kat vdi mdt/nhidu cac co sd/eo quan/doanh nghiep hien cd dd cd thd tao co hgi thuc hanh cho cac con trong qua trinh dao tao va bao dam co hdi vide lam sau khi tdt nghiep. Dd cd thd la viec "lian kat vdi mdt sd chudi ciia hang/co sd lam banh" (37,8%)); "lian ket vdi doanh nghidp/ cdng ty trong nude" (27,8%o); "lidn kat vdi cac trung tam" (24,4%) va "lidn kdt vdi co sd chd bien thuc pham"
(6,7%).
108 Nghien c u u Gia dinh va Gidi. Q u y I n 30, so 2, tr. 101-111
Trong khi cac bac cha me cd quan tam va da thuc su cd nhiing dau tu ban dau cho cac boat ddng dao tao, hudng nghidp cho con tu ky nhung hg lai khdng dat ra bat cir ky vgng nao vd miic thu nhap cho cac con sau khi dugc day nghd. Hon 1/3 (35,6%) ngudi tra Idi lua chgn "0 ddng". Nhdm thu nhap cd nhidu ngudi lua chgn thii hai la miic luong "khoang 3 trieu ddng", vdi ty le 17,8% cha me lua chgn. Tidp sau dd la cac miic thu nhap "khoang 5 trieu" va "khoang 2 trieu" chidm cac ty Id tuong ling la 14,4% va 13,3%.;
Cdn lai cac mirc thu nhap tir vide lam "khoang 1 trieu" ddng vdi ty Id lira chgn 12,2% hay miic thu nhap tir viec Iam "khoang 4 trieu ddng" chidm ty Id thap hon la 6,7%).
Cac bac cha me trong nghidn ciiu nay ciang mong mudn cd cac chinh sach hd trg hudng nghiep danh cho ngudi tu ky tap trung vao su hd trg tham gia luc lugng Iao ddng, ho trg dau ra cho cac san pham, hd tra day nghd, tao didu kien dugc nhan vao lam vide va nang cao co sd vat chat, nang luc day nghd cho ngudi tu ky. Cu thd la cd 65,6% cha me mong mudn cd chinh sach hd trg ngudi tu ky chinh thiic dugc tham gia vao luc lugng Iao ddng; 50,0% cha me mong mudn cd cac doanh nghiep/ td chiic giiip do dau ra ciia san pham do ngudi tu ky lam;
41,1%) cha me mong mudn cd cac trudng hgc, trung tSm ciia nha nude hd trg day nghd cho ngudi tu ky; 35,6% cha me mong mudn can cd mo hinh day nghd, dao tao vide lam cho ngudi tu ky; 33,3%) cha me mong mudn cd cac doanh nghidp/
cdng ty nhan ngudi tu ky vao Iam vide; 27,8% cha me mong mudn chinh sach cd chinh sach hd trg thiet thuc ddi vdi gia dinh ngudi tu ky; va 10,0% mong mudn chinh sach tang cudng co sd vat chat, nang cao nang luc chuydn mdn cua ddi ngu giao vien giao due ngudi tu ky.
4. Thao luan va ket luan
Kdt qua tir nghien ciru cho thay nhung ngudi tham gia nghien ciiu ddu nhan thiic dugc tam quan trgng cua vide hudng nghiep cho con tu ky, hg ciing ed nhu cau vdi mong mudn dugc nha nude va xa hdi hd trg con tu ky cd thd dugc dao tao hudng nghidp vdi muc dich tre tu ky dugc tham gia vao luc lugng Iao ddng va hoa nhap xa bdi thanh cdng. Hg ciing nhan thiic duoc nhirng khd khan ddi vdi viec hudng nghiep cho tre tu ky, nhdt la trong bdi canh su thidu hieu biet vd phd tu ky ciing vdi quan nidm truydn thdng d Viet Nam da khidn cho tu ky ddn nay van cdn bi hidu nhu la mdt can benh va ngudi tu ky khdng the lam dugc viec gi. Dinh kien ciia xa hdi, tham chi cua chinh gia dinh ngudi tu ky, da khidn ngudi tu ky va gia dinh cua tre tu ky phai chiu nhidu phan biet ddi xu khac nhau (Dau Tuan Nam, Vii Hai Van 2015). Bdn canh dd, cac nd luc can thiep hien cd dau chu ydu tap trung vao
Bii Thi Duyen & Bill Thu Hurnig 109 cac muc tieu nang cao kha nang nhan thiic cua nhdm dan sd nay dudi hinh thiic giao due chuydn biet hoac hoa nhap (Nguygn Thi Hoang Ygn, 2015).
Trong khi co hdi vide lam cd thu nhap chinh la quygn va ddn biy tot nhit dg gilip ngudi tu ky tudi vi thanh nidn - nhiing ngudi tu ky budc vao giai doan trudng thanh, hdi nhap thuc su vdi cpng ddng va xa hdi, tu lap va giam su phu thudc vao cac chuang trinh hd trp hien cd tai cdng ddng, vi vin dd hudng nghiep cho ngudi tu ky tudi vi thanh nien la vin dg mdi va chua dugc hieu mdt each day dd d Viet Nam.
Trong khudn khd nhan thiic nhu vay, cac bac cha me tham gia nghign cim nay dgu thay dupe su can thigt, cd nhu ciu va thuc su da cd cac hoat ddng hudng nghiep cho con tii ky vi nhiing ly do tuong hr. Trong do, da sd cac bac phu huynh mong con minh nhd dd cd the doc lap hon trong cudc sdng. Vi muc dich nay, da sd ngudi tham gia cho biet da chi khoang 5-10 trieu ddng/thang cho boat ddng hudng nghiep bgn canh nhirng chi phi khac lign quan dgn con.
Trgn thuc te, khoan chi nhu vay dugc cho lii kha cao va phan Idn cac gia dinh.
Cd the thay, trong khi nhan thiic rd dugc su can thigt va, trgn thuc te, da cd nhirng dau tu nhat dinh vao hoat dpng hudng nghiep va day nghe cho con, nhung nhirng cdng viec ma cac phu huynh teong nghien cim nay hudng tdi van chd ygu han chg d nhiing cdng viec don gian, lap di lap lai, an toan hon, it ddi hdi giao tiep, khdng ydu ciu tinh ky luat cao nhu lam banh, nau an, am nhac/
nghe thuat/ hdi hga vii thu ngan, ban hang, cham sdc/huan luyen cac ban cung hoan canh. Cac nhdm nghd khac chigm ty le it ban nhu lam trong ITnh vuc IT, nhan vien bung be, van phdng, cham sdc ngudi Idn mdi/ ngudi dm. Cac nghg lam dd thii cdng, pha ca phe chi cd ty le lua chpn rat thap vii lam van ddng vign thg thao khdng dugc phu huynh nao lua chpn.
Cd thd ndi, gidi han trong nhan thiic ciia cha me ndi rigng va cdng ddng ndi chung vd kha nang lam viec tao thu nhap cua ngudi tu ky phin nao ciing chiu anh hudng tu chinh cac danh muc nghd va chuang trinh dao tao nghg do cac Trung tam hd trg ngudi tu ky hien cd gidi thieu va td chiic. Ciing cin nhin manh ring, cac boat ddng day nghd cho ngudi tu ky, ndu cd, chii ydu mdi chi la nhiing sang kidn manh mim xuit phat tit phia cac bac phu huynh va khu vuc hi nhan. Chinh cac trung tam hudng nghiep, cac cau lac bd do gia dinh hoac tu nhan khdi xudng nay cung gap rit nhidu khd khan trong viec kdu gpi diu tu, dinh hudng diu ra va phat teign vin de nay mdt each bdn virng teong tugng lai. Cd thd thiy xu hudng tu nhan boa va thuong mai hoa cac dich vu giao due dac biet va hd trg viec lam cho ngudi ty ky trudng thanh nhu thg nay, ddn lugt nd lai dang gay them ap luc cho cac gia dinh cd con tu
110 Nghien cum Gia dinh vaGi6>J. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 101-111
ky ddn tudi trudng thanh. Nhu da phan tich sd lieu d trdn cho thay cac gia dinh dang phai chi phi nhieu hon khoang 2-3 idn mong mudn (mudn chi 3-5 trieu/thang) ma khdng nhan dugc bat cir su trg giup thudng xuydn nao nan vdn loay hoay khdng biat nhiing dau tu nhu vay da diing va tning chua. Trong bdi canh dd, van dd khdng phai la cac bac cha me cd mong mudn huong nghiep cd con tu ky khdng ma la ai mdi cd kha nang bidn nd thanh hidn thuc.
Do vay, dudng nhu that xa xi khi dua ra can hdi vd hudng nghiep va vide lam cho ngudi tu ky tudi vi thanh nidn ddi vdi cac gia dinh trong cudc, dac bidt la nhiing gia dinh cd thu nhap thap va dang vd vgng ddi dien vdi ndi lo vd tuong lai ciia con khi khdng cdn cd minh bdn canh.
Tuy nhidn, cd mdt giai phap ma cac phu huynh tham gia nghien cim nay ddu da nhdc tdi. Trong khi iing hg theo dudi nhung nd luc tu tim Idi thoat van cdn ddy gian nan dd, cac phu huynh ddu mong mudn cd su tham gia va can thiep cu thd va bdn virng hon ciia khu virc Nha nude vao nhiau ITnh vuc boat dgng nhu tir cung cdp thdng tin, td chiic dao tao, day ngha cho ddn vide kdt noi va tao cac ca hdi viec lam sau khi tdt nghiep cho ngudi tu ky tudi vi thanh nien thdng qua cac trudng hgc/co sd day nghd chuydn biet cho hg. Ngoai ra, da thuc su cd tha ddi dien vdi nhiing thach thiic lien quan dan viec lam cho ngudi tu ky tudi vi thanh nidn, ben canh nhiing nd luc va su tham gia ciia gia dinh va khu vuc tu nhan, rdt cdn cd su quan tam, cam kdt va hd trg ciia Dang va Nha nude ca vd chinh sach, ve ngan sach hd trg thanh lap va nhan rdng md hinh cac co sd dao tao va dich vu hudng nghiep dac thii danh riang cho ngudi tu ky. Va khdng kem phan quan trgng la can cd nhiing dinh hudng va sang kidn truydn thdng khdng thidn lech, khdng ky thi vi su phat trien toan didn tinh ddn Igi ich va co hgi cua tat ca mgi ngudi, bao gdm ca ngudi tu ky.
Tai lieu trich dan
American Psychiatric Association (APA). 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing.
Dau Tuan Nam, Vu Hai Van. 2015. "Chinh sach ddi vdi ngudi tu ky d Viet Nam hien nay". Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 11(96), tr. 60-68.
Kieu Tuyat, Hai Ha. 2019. Bd sung quy dinh dd ngudi tu ky khdng bd lai phia sau.
VOV Giao thdng, http://vovgiaothong.vn/bo-sung-quy-dinh-de-nguoi-tu-ky- khong-bo-lai-phia-sau.
Ld Nga. 2019. Khoang 1% ngudi Viet mdc chung tu ky. Vnexpress, bttps://vnexpress.net/suc-khoe/khoang-1 -nguoi-viet-mac-chung-tu-ky- 3903559.bttnl.
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