DANG LANH DAO CONG CUOC DOI MOI
QUA TRiNH DOI MQI TIF DUY LY LUAN CUA OANG
VE XAY DU-NG NEN QUOC PHONG TOAN DAN BAD VE TO QUOC
• '
TRONG THOI KY MOI (1986-2006)
PGS, TS DOAN NGOC HAI*
D
ai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thir VI ciia Dang (12-1986), md dau qua trinh ddi mdi toan dien dat nudc. Cimg vdi nhung chii truong ddi mdi cd tinh dot pha ve kinh te - xa hdi, nhieu ehii truong ddi mdi trong lmh vuc qudc phdng bao ve Td qudc ciing dugc hmh thanh, dap ung kip thdi vdi nhirng thay ddi ciia tinh hinh dat nudc va the gidi trong giai doan each mang mdi.Dinh hudng eho su phat trien ciia dat nudc khi chuyen sang ddi
mdi toan dien theo dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia. Dang ta xae dinh: "Toan Dang, toan dan va toan quan ta doan ket mdt Idng, quyet tam dem het tinh than va lire lugng tiep tuc thuc hien thang lgi hai nhiem vu chien luge, xay dung thanh cdng chii nghia xa hdi va bao ve virng chac Td qudc Viet Nam xa hdi chii nghia, ddng thdi tich cue gdp phan vao eugc dau tranh ehung ciia nhan dan the gidi vi hoa bmh, ddc lap dan tdc, dan chii va chii nghia xa hdi"'.
* Hpc vien Chinh tri (Bd Qudc phdng)
Sdn sdng chien ddu bdo ve to quoc
Chimg ta phai thau sudt quan diem "Toan dan xay dung dit nudc va bao ve Td qudc, Toan quan bao ve Td qudc va xay dung dit nudc"'. Phat huy sire manh tdng hgp ciia dat nudc, ciia he thdng chuyen chinh vd san trong viec day manh xay dung hau phuong toan dien dugc coi la nhiem vu cd y nghia chien luge trong thdi ky mdi.
Dai hdi VI chi rd nhirng nhiem vu cu the trong cdng cuge xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan: Xay dung quan ddi chinh quy, hien dai, cd chat lugng tdng hgp ngay cang cao, cd td chirc hgp ly, cd ky luat chat che, cd trinh do
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san sang chien dau va siie chien dau cao...
ludn gan lien vdi viec phat trien dan quan, tu ve vdi sd lugng va chat lugng dap ung yeu cau ciia nhiem vu mdi. Thuc hien tdt chinh saeh hau phuong quan ddi. Day manh cdng tac nghien ciiu, phat trien nen khoa hgc va nghe thuat quan sir nude nha la muc tieu phan dau trong nhirng nam trudc mat. Timg bude phat trien cdng nghiep qude phdng di ddi vdi tang cudng tiem lire kinh te cua dat nudc...
Ciing vdi viec cimg cd nen qudc phdng.
Dang ta edn nhan manh tdd thuc hien nghia vu qude te, tang cudng tinh doan ket chien dau, nang cao chat lugng hgp tac toan dien vdi Lien Xd va cac nudc xa hdi chii nghia, cimg ed va phat trien lien minh dae biet giira hai nude Lao va Campuchia, coi dd la "nghia vu qude te thieng lieng, la nhiem vu cd tam quan trgng chien luge gan lien vdi lgi ich sdng cdn ciia ddc lap, tu do va chu nghia xa hdi d nudc ta va tren toan ban dao Ddng Duong"^.
Thuc hien Nghi quyet ciia Dai hgi VI (12- 1986) va Nghi quylt cua Bd Chinh tri (2- 1987) ve nhiem vu qude phdng trong tinh hinh mdi, edng tac quan sir va qudc phdng trong nhirng nam tir 1986 den 1990 da cd nhirng ddi mdi quan trgng. Thuc hien chii truong xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan, xay dung the tran chien tranh nhan dan, chimg ta da bd tri lai lire lugng ehien luge tren pham vi toan qudc, tao ra the tran phdng thu hgp ly, tang cudng kha nang phdng thu d nhiing khu vue trgng diem, timg bude xay dung cac khu vuc phdng thu tinh (thanh phd) viing manh.
Cac lire lugng vii trang da bien ehl, td ehiic
lai theo hudng tinh ggn, chat lugng ngay cang cao, nhat la quan thudng true. Cdng tae xay dung lire lugng du bi ddng vien va dan quan, tu ve ngay cang rdng khap, hieu qua. Thirc hien tdt chinh sach hau phuong quan dgi. Cac xi nghiep qudc phdng va cac td churc lam kinh te cua quan ddi budc dau chuyen sang thuc hien ca che quan ly mdi.
Tuy nhien, lire lugng quan ddi, qudc phdng edn cd nhieu han che: "Siie chien dau, trinh dp san sang chien dau, chat lugng huan luyen ciia mdt sd don vi chua cao. Ddi sdng can bd va chien si cdn nhieu khd khan. Hieu qua edng tac Dang, doan, cdng tac chinh tri cdn nhieu han che. Viec xay dung eac khu vuc phdng thii tinh, thanh phd, cdng tac quan ly va huan luyen lire lugng du bi ddng vien va dan quan tu ve edn nhieu van de phai giai quyet. Nhieu xi nghiep qudc phdng limg tiing trong qua trinh chuyen sang thuc hien eo che quan ly mdd"^...
Trudc thuc te dd, Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thii VII (6-1991) xac dinh nhiing dinh hudng ldn xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan bao ve Td qudc trong tinh hinh mdi.
Cimg cd nen qudc phdng toan dan va the tran ehien tranh nhan dan nham bao ve viing chac ddc lap, chii quyen va toan ven lanh thd cua Td qudc, ngan chan va lam that bai nhiing am muu, hanh ddng pha hoai va xam luge eiia ke thii duge xae dinh la nhiem vu cua toan dan, toan quan va ciia ca he thdng ehinh tri. Diem mdi cua Dai hdi VII la trong khi quan tam den viee xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan tren binh dien rdng, tren toan bd lanh thd, de chii dgng bao ve virng chic nin ddc lap, chii
O A N G L A N H OAO CONG CUOC OOl MOI
quyen qudc gia trong mgi tinh hudng. Dang ta cdn nhan manh tdi viee xay dung eac khu phdng thii: "Day manh xay dung cac khu vuc phdng thii tinh, thanh phd trong thi tran qudc phdng toan dan, cd kha nang ngan chan, dap tan cac am muu va hanh ddng phan each mang tai dia phuong va tich cue chien dau bao ve dia phuong trong mgi tinh hudng"'.
De tao sire manh cho lire lugng vii trang dii siic ling phd trong mgi tinh hudng, Dai hdi VU da nhan manh tdi sir can thiet phai xay dung cac cdng trinh qudc phdng trgng diem, khdng ngimg nang cao chit lugng tdng hgp, siic ehien diu ciia lire lugng vii trang, xay dung quan ddi nhan dan each mang, chinh quy, tinh nhue, timg budc hien dai, vdi co cau td chiic va quan sd hgp ly.
Cuong linh xay dung dat nudc trong thdi ky qua do len chu nghia xa hgi da chi rd:
"Cham lo nang eao pham chat each mang, trinh do chinh tri, quan sir, van hoa, khoa hgc, ky thuat va nghiep vu cho cac lire lugng vii trang, eho ddi ngu si quan va ha si quan chuyen nghiep. Bao dam ddi sdng vat chat va tinh than eua can bd va chien si phii hgp vdi tinh chat hoat ddng ciia quan ddi nhan dan"^.
Trong nhiing nam 1991 - 1995, dat nudc ta da dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu ve kinh te - xa hdi, qudc phdng, an ninh. Chinh tri dn dinh, ddc lap chii quyen va mdi trudng hoa binh dugc giii vung, tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho cdng eugc ddi mdi toan dien, gdp phan dua dat nudc timg bude ra khdi khiing hoang kinh tl - xa hdi. Chiln luge qudc phdng, an ninh tilp tuc dugc dieu chinh. Cae nhu cau cung ed qudc phdng, xay dung lire lugng vii trang, the
tran qudc phdng toan dan duge eiing cd, chat lugng ngay cang dugc nang cao...
Dai hdi dai bieu toan qudc lan thir VTII cua Dang (6-1996) da de ra quan diem, dudng ldi xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan bao ve Td qudc Viet Nam xa hdi chii nghia: ket hgp chat che hai nhiem vu ehien luge xay dung chii nghia xa hdi va bao ve viing chac Td qudc xa hdi chii nghia; ket hgp qudc phdng va an ninh vdi kinh te; phdi hgp chat che hoat ddng qude phdng va an ninh vdi hoat ddng ddi ngoai.
Cimg ed qudc phdng, giir viing an ninh qudc gia la nhiem \ai trgng yeu thudng xuyen eua Dang, Nha nudc va ciia toan dan, toan quan.
Phat huy sire manh tdng hgp cua he thdng chinh tri de xay dung tiem lire qudc phdng va an ninh;
xay dung quan ddi va cdng an nhan dan each mang. chinh quy, tinh nhue, timg budc hien dai;
xay dimg viing chac the tran qudc phdng toan dan ket hgp chat che vdi the tran an ninh nhan dan; quan triet quan diem each mang tien edng, tieh cue, chii ddng, san sang danh bai mgi am muu va hoat ddng chdng pha eiia ke thii.
De phuc vu tdt cho sir nghiep bao ve Td qudc trong thdi ky diy manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, md rdng quan he qudc te theo hudng da phuang hoa, da dang hoa, Dai hdi VTH da xac dinh rd nhiem vu ciia cdng tac ddi ngoai la: "Cimg cd mdi trudng hoa binh va tao dieu kien qudc te thuan lgi hon nira de diy manh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi, cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc, phue vu sir nghiep xay dung va bao ve Td qudc"^.
Trong 5 nam thuc hien Nghi quyet Dai hdi dai bilu toan qude lin thir VIII (1996 - 2001),
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nhiem vu qude phdng, an ninh ludn duge dam bao, tang cudng, gdp phan quan trgng tao nen nhiing thanh tim chung ciia sir nghiep ddi mdi.
Nen qudc phdng toan dan, the tran an ninh nhan dan tiep tuc dugc ciing cd, ngay cang di vao chieu sau: timg bude dieu chinh, bd sung, hoan chinh ke hoach phdng thii, bd tri lire lugng tren cac hudng chien luge va khu vuc trgng diem; thuc hien cd hieu qua xay dung khu vuc phdng thii tinh (thanh phd) theo hudng "Co ban, thiet thuc, phii hgp, timg bude virng chac". Viec ket hgp kinh te vdi qudc phdng ngay cang cd hieu qua. Cdng tae ddi ngoai quan su dugc trien khai diing hudng, phii hgp vdi dudng ldi, quan diem ddi ngoai cua Dang. Quan ddi nhan dan phat trien toan dien ea ve chinh tri, tu tudng va td ehire, bien che, trang bi vii khi; trinh do khoa hge edng nghe quan sir, chat lugng huan luyen, san sang ehien dau, xay dung ehinh quy khdng ngimg dugc cai tien, nang cao.
Luc lugng dan quan tu ve, luc lupng du bi ddng vien dugc td chirc va quan ly theo phuong thirc hgp ly hon, cdng tac ddng vien quan ddi dan di vao nen nep. Chat lugng tdng hgp, kha nang san sang chien dau va sire manh chien dau cua quan ddi khdng ngimg dugc nang len. Luc lugng qudc phdng ciing vdi he thdng an ninh, chinh quyen cac cap ehii ddng dap tat dugc cac vu gay rdi, bao loan chinh tri, vd hieu hoa hoat dgng ciia cac lire lugng phan ddng lgi dung van de "nhan quyen", "tdn giao", "dan tdc" de gay mit dn dinh tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hdi... khdng dl cac the lire ben ngoai lgi dung de can thiep
vao tinh hmh chinh tri va an ninh qudc gia.
Cdng tac giao due qude phdng cua cac bd, cac nganh, cac dia phuong dugc trien khai toan dien, sau rdng, budc dau dat nhieu ket qua dang ghi nhan. Su lanh dao cua Dang ve quoc phdng, an ninh tiep tuc dugc tang eudng, edng tac quan ly nha nudc ve qudc phdng, an ninh cd nhieu tien bg va ngay cang di vao nen nep.
Tren co sd tdng ket thuc tien va danh gia tinh hinh, Dai hgi DC ciia Dang (4-2001) dua ra dir bao: "Trong mdt vai thap ky tdi, it cd kha nang xay ra ehien tranh the gidi. Nhung ehien tranh cue bd, xung dot vii trang, xung dot dan tdc, ton giao, chay dua vii trang, hoat ddng can thiep lat dd, khimg bd cdn xay ra d nhieu nod vdi tinh chat phirc tap ngay cang tang"^. Dai hdi da de ra quan diem ve tang cudng qudc phdng, an ninh trong thdi ky mdi: "Bao ve Td qudc xa hdi chu nghia la bao ve viing chac ddc lap, chii quyen, thdng nhat, toan ven lanh thd, bao ve an ninh qude gia, trat tu an toan xa hdi va nen van hoa; Bao ve Dang, Nha nude, nhan dan va che do xa hdi chii nghia; bao ve sir nghiep ddi mdi va lgi ich qudc gia, dan tdc"^. Dd la dinh hudng quan trgng va can thiet eho viec thuc hien nhiem vu qudc phdng, an ninh trong thdi ky day manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude. Sire manh bao ve Td quoc dugc xac dinh la "Sire manh tdng hgp cua khoi dai doan ket toan dan, ciia ca he thdng ehinh tri dudi sir lanh dao ciia Dang, ket hgp siie manh dan tdc vdi sire manh eiia thdi dai, sire manh ciia lire lugng va the tran qudc phdng toan dan vdi siic manh cua luc lugng va thi tran an ninh nhan dan"'°. Dang ta nhin manh: "Kit hgp chat che kinh te vdi qudc phdng va an ninh, qudc phdng
O A N G L A N H OAO CONG CUOC 0 6 l MOI
va an ninh vdi kinh tl"", "Phdi hgp hoat ddng qudc phdng va an ninh vdi hoat ddng ddi ngoai" . Nhiem vu "Tang cudng qudc phdng, giir viing an ninh qudc gia va toan ven lanh thd la nhiem vu trgng yeu thudng xuyen cua Dang, Nha nudc va cua toan dan, trong dd Quan ddi nhan dan va Cdng an nhan dan la lire lugng ndng cdt"'^. Dd la nhiing quan diem eo ban the hien tu tudng ddi mdi toan dien ve tang cudng qudc phdng, an ninh cua Dang trong tinh hinh mdi.
De quan triet va thuc hien quan diem tang cudng qude phdng, an ninh, Dai hdi cdn xac dinh rd nhiem vu tang eudng qudc phdng an ninh trong thdi ky each mang mdi, day manh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude la:
Xay dung eo sd chinh tri xa hdi, the tran qudc phdng toan dan va an ninh nhan dan; Hoan thien he thdng phap luat ve nhiem vu bao ve Td qudc; Xay dung Quan dgi va Cdng an nhan dan each mang, chinh quy, tinh nhue, timg budc hien dai...; Tang cudng quan ly nha nude ve qudc phdng va an ninh tren pham vi ca nude va tung dia phuong, eo sd va dua nhiem vu dd vao ehuang trinh ehinh khoa dao tao, bdi dudng can bd, cdng chirc ...; Dau tu thich dang cho edng nghiep qudc phdng, trang bi ky thuat hien dai cho quan ddi, cdng an;
Thudng xuyen tang eudng sir lanh dao tuyet ddi, true tiep ve mgi mat eiia Dang ddi vdi Quan ddi va Cdng an nhan dan, ddi vdi sir nghiep qude phdng va an ninh .
Din HNTU 8, Khoa IX (7-2003), ban vl chiln luge bao ve Td qudc trong tinh hinh mdi, tren co sd phan tich tinh hinh the gidi, khu vuc va trong nudc, am muu, thii doan cua
ke thii ddi vdi each mang nudc ta, va thuc trang ciia nen qudc phdng. Dang ta da xac dinh muc tieu bao ve Td qudc trong giai doan mdi: "Mdt la, bao ve vung chac ddc lap, chu quyen, thdng nhat, toan ven lanh thd; Hai la, bao ve Dang, Nha nudc, Nhan dan va che do xa hdi chii nghia; Ba la, bao ve sir nghiep ddi mdi, cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nudc;
Bdn la, bao ve lgi ieh qudc gia, dan tdc; Nam la, bao ve an ninh ehinh tri, trat tu an toan xa hdi va nen van hoa; Sau la, giii viing dn dinh ehinh tri va mdi trudng hoa binh, phat trien dit nudc theo dinh hudng XHCN"'^
Tren eo sd muc tieu chien luge dd, Hdi nghi da de ra 6 quan diem ehi dao:
Mgt la, giir vung vai trd lanh dao tuyet ddi va true tiep ve mgi mat ciia Dang ddi vdi sir nghiep bao ve Td qudc. Hai Id, kien dinh muc tieu ddc lap dan tdc gan vdi chii nghia xa hdi, lay viec giir viing mdi trudng hoa binh, dn dinh de phat trien kinh te - xa hgi la lgi ich cao nhat ciia Td qudc. Ba la, ket hgp chat che hai nhiem vu chien luge xay dung va bao ve Td qude Viet Nam xa hdi chii nghia. Bdn la, xay dung sire manh tdng hgp de bao ve Td qudc, lay lire lupng vii trang lam ndng edt. Nam Id, ra siic phat huy ndi lire, ddng thdi tranh thii tdi da nham khai thae mgi thuan lgi d ben ngoai, quan triet dudng ldi ddc lap, tu ehii, kien tri chinh sach ddi ngoai md rdng, da dang hoa, da phuong hoa theo phuong cham "Them ban bdt thii", vira hgp tae, vira dau tranh. Sdu Id, ehu ddng phdng ngira, sdm phat hien va triet tieu nhiing nhan td ben trong cd the din din nhirng dot bien bat lgi.
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Tren co sd du bao tinh hinh the gidi va trong nudc thdi gian tdi, Dai hgi dai bieu toan qudc lan thir X (4-2006) da de ra nhiTng yeu cdu mai ddi vdi nen qudc phdng toan dan:
Tiep tuc ddi mdi tu duy ly luan, lam rd quan diem nhan thiic ve xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan; siic manh tdng hgp ciia qudc phdng toan dan va chien tranh nhan dan trong dieu kien mdi; xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan phai lay nhiem vu phat trien kinh te la trung tam, xay dung Dang la then chdt, xay dung ciing cd qudc phdng la trgng yeu, thudng xuyen. Ddng thdi phai giai quyet mau thuan giira tdc do phat trien eham ciia nen kinh te vdi yeu cau xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan virng chac; giira trinh do khoa hgc - cdng nghe cua dat nude cdn thap vdi yeu eau hien dai hoa quan sir, qudc phdng; giira yeu eau bao ve vung chac che do chinh tri vdi tang cudng nhanh siic manh qudc phdng de ngan ngira va san sang danh thang chien tranh hien dai. Cd quan diem danh gia ddi tugng, ddi tae trong xay dung nen qude phdng toan dan phii hgp; ehu ddng du bao diing eac tinh hudng ehien luge, tren co sd nam viing am muu, thii doan ciia cae the lire thii dich, nhiing biln ddng eiia tinh hinh the gidi va trong nudc tac ddng den nhiem vu qudc phdng.
Xay dung, ciing ed nen qude phdng toan dan trong giai doan each mang mdi la yeu eau khach quan ddi vdi sir nghiep bao ve Td qude Viet Nam xa hdi chu nghia. Tinh hinh nhiem vu mdi dang dat ra nhiing ndi dung, yeu cau mdi trong xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan, ddi hdi Dang phai tiep tue ddi mdi tu du)' va
nang lire td chiic thuc tien trong xay dung nen qude phdng toan dan, toan dien, ddc lap, tir chu, tu lire, tu cudng, ngay cang hien dai.Tu duy mdi ve nen qude phdng toan dan bao ve Td qude mdt mat nhan manh cac bien phap phi vu trang, nhung mat khac khdng coi nhe eae bien phap vii trang. Xay dung nen qudc phdng toan dan, toan dien, nhung dac biet quan tam xay dung lire lugng vii trang viing manh, dam bao ludn cd du siic manh vii trang can thiet de ran de, day liii nguy co chien tranh, giir dugc hoa binh va san sang ddi pho vdi mgi tinh hudng, ke ca chien tranh xam luge quy md ldn xay ra Dd la nhiem vu cua toan Dang, toan dan, toan quan trong sir nghiep xay dimg va bao ve Td qudc hien nay.
1, 2, 3. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dai hoi dgi bieu todn quoc ldn thic VI, ST, H,1987, tr.37- 38,38,38
4, 5. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Van kien Dgi hoi dgi bieu Todn quoc ldn thir VII, ST, H,1991, tr.36-37,85
6. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Cuang lmh xdy dung ddt nudc trong thdi ky qud do len chu nghia xd hoi ST,H,1991,tr.l7
7. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thu VIII CTQG, H,1996, tr.l20
8,9,10,1 l,12,13,14.Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dgi hoi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thic Di CTQG, H, 2001, tr.65-66,117,40,40,40,40,41
15. Tai lieu hoc tap Nghj quyet lin thir 8 Ban Chap hanh Trung irong khoa D(, CTQG, H, 2003, tr.45-46.
