TAG DONG GUA GHIEN TRANH LANH DEN Sif PHAT TRIEN GUA GAG TO G H C G OUOC TE
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ich su nhan loai da chiing kien nhieu cudc cMen ttanh, cd the ndi, ttong so dd Chien ttanh Lanh la mpt cudc cMen tuong ddi dae biet. Dd la mdt cupc chiln cua y thirc he, mpt cudc chien cMa cat the gidi thanh hai cue ddi dau, mpt cugc cMen chi phdi toan bp boat ddng eiia ddi sdng xa hdi qudc te. Su hinh thanh cha cac td chic qudc te (TCQT) la kit qua cila nhu cau hpp tac giua cae qudc gia. Do dd, quan diem cUa cac ben ttong giai doan nay cd tac ddng true tiep den sir phat trien eua cac TCQT. Vay nhQng quan diem dd la gi? Chien ttanh Lanh cd tac ddng nhu the nao den su hinh thanh va phat trien cua cac TCQT. Day chmh la nhiing ndi dung eg ban ma bai viet nay mudn de cap tdi Hy vpng rang, mdt sd Iy giai dudi day se Iam sang td them ban chat va qua trinh van ddng cua cae TCQT, mpt chil the quan ttpng ttong quan he qudc te Men nay.1. Chien tranh Lanh va quan dilm eia cac nhom quoc gia ve TCQT
Chien ttanh Lanh dien ra gin nhu ngay sau kM Chiln ttanh thi gidi thu hai kit thuc. Thuc chit, nhung mau thuin ve y thirc he giua tir ban chii nghia
TS. Bdi H6ng Hjnh Dgi hoc Khoa hoc Xd hot vd Nhdn vdn (TBCN) va xa hgi chu nghia (XHCN) da cd tu ttudc de, tuy nhien nhung uu tien tieu diet phat xit ttong Chiln ttanh thi gidi thir hai da keo hai phe ttd thanh dong minh. Vi thi, khi cugc chien dd ket thuc, mau thuin bung phat cimg vdi y dd banh tragng the Iuc cira hai cue.
Cudc chiln dae Met nay dien ra hong suot gin nQa thi ky (1945-1990), cd nhiing giai doan ddi dau cang thang (1947-1962), cd Iiic lai hda hoan mong manh (1963-1978), rdi Iai ddi dau ttd Igi (1979-1985). Tat ca cac mdi quan he qudc te deu cMu anh hudng tir nhimg thang trim ay. Phong ttao giai phdng dan tdc dien ra manh me sau Chien ttanh thi gidi thu hai da tao cho ban cd bai cue mdt lire lugng mdi, cac nudc thude The gidi thu ba -nhdm cac nudc ngheo mdi gianh dugc dgc lap.
Hpc gia Michalek ehp rang, thdi ky nay "sir thanh edng hay thit bai cua cac TCQT khdng may xuit phat tii eg sd phap Iy hinh thanh td chuc ma chii ylu tir sir thay ddi cau bmh va su ddng gdp cua cac cudng qude; tu cac van de he thdng va cac Iuc lugng; tu thai dp va ngudn luc cha cac thanh vien"' CMnh vi vay, su van dgng va phat triln cua cua TCQT ttong thdi ky CMen ttanh Lanh phu
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
thupc cMnh vap quan diem ve vai ttd cua TCQT cua ba Iuc lupng ehinh.
Cdc ntrdc tu bdn chii nghia:
Ngay tii khi mdi manh nha hmh thanh, cac TCQT da mang dau an eua cac nudc phugng Tay. Khdng chi vi cae nudc nay tham gia ngay til dau vao cac boat ddng hgp tac cua TCQT, ma edn cMnh hp la nhiing thanh vien sang lap va md rdng he thdng TCQT. Hay ndi each khac, cac nude phuong Tay chinh la cai ndi ra ddi cac TCQT. Ddi vdi cac qudc gia nay, TCQT duge coi la phugng tiende hinh thanh ttat tu qudc t l mdi, la cdng cu de hp dua nhQng anh hucing dae trung cua he thdng chinh tri va xa hdi phucmg Tay vao quan he qudc te.
Quan diem cua cac nudc TBCN ve TCQT xuat phat tir thuylt muc dich luan va chu ngMa banh trucmg, cei ttpng chuc nang va quyen Iuc cua cac TCQT.
Day la quan diem ket hgp giQa Iy thuyet cila chil nghla chuc nang va ehii ngMa hdi nhap, coi TCQT la mdt chu the ttong he thdng quan he qudc te. CMen ttanh Lanh chi nhin manh them quan diem nay chii khdng thay ddi nd. Uy the ciia nhdm cac nudc phucmg Tay, dae biet la My, ttong he thdng TCQT toan ciu da tjo cho TCQT mdt vi the va cho phep cac td chuc nay boat dgng nhu mdt chil thi. Quan dilm nay da dugc phan anh ttong eae cdng trinh ngMen cim cua cac hpc gia phugng Tay ve TCQT.
Tuy nhien, trade su ttdi day ciia cac nudc thupc The gidi thu ba ttong cac TCQT toan ciu kMen cho cac nudc
TBCN, dae biet 14 MS>, mit di quyen kiem soat va ngay cSng frd thanh nhdm tMeu sd. D I ddi phd vdi van de nay cac nude phugng Tay cd ging dua ddng thuan vao qua trinh dua ra quyet dinh cua TCQT. Dilu do cd ngMa la TCQT mit dan di ylu td ddc lap va chu ddng vdi cac thanh vien; ban chl vai ttd cua td chire vdi tu each la mdt chii the, bien TCQT ttd thanh mdt diin dan dgn gian.
Cac nudc phucmg Tay cQng cd gang ngan can vai ttd va chire nang cua cac TCQT, dua cac van de quan ttpng ra ngoai cac TCQT toan can de giai quyet hay dua cac van de dd ve cac co, quan, td chiic nhiing noi ma hg cd the tiep tuc duy tri dugc quyen kiem soat hoac it nhat la cd the dimg quyen phu quyet de bac bd. Tham cM hp cdn dimg viec de dpa nit lui khdi td chuc hay khdng tham gia nhu mgt bien phap nham gay sue ep.
Sir thay ddi co ban ttong each tilp can cac TCQT cua cac nudc phugng Tay cho thay phan img mau thuan va han che eua hp. Thai dp nay, trade tien the Men thdng qua hanh ddng sau dd bat dau ttan ngap ttpng cac cdng ttinh ngMen ciiu ve TCQT cua cac nudc phucmg Tay va My.^
Tuy nhien, sau do, thai dp de dat nay lai ddng hanh vdi mdt giai phap thay the, dd la su tap ttung va thuc diy su ra ddi cila cae td chuc hay thi chl hgp tac khu vuc ma dien Mnh la su hdi nhap ciia chau Au. Chinh dieu nay da vugt qua ca chu ngMa chirc nang dl ttd thanh chu ngMa lien bang rdng md.
Cdc nu&c xd hdi chit nghla:
Quan dilm cua cac nudc XHCN lai theo con dudng doi ngMch vdi cac nudc phugng Tay. Mac dii, da cd mdt sd kmh ngMem "dang buon" ve TCQT thdng qua Hdi qudc lien, nhung chmh sir tham gia cua Lien Xd vao he tiling cac TCQT toan ciu, dae Met la Lien Hgp qudc (LHQ), da tao lap mdt su dam bao chdng lai su bao vay va gat bd vi the cudng qudc mdi, sau nay ttd thanh sieu cudng ciia Lien Xd.
Tuy nhien ddi vdi cac nudc XHCN, cac TCQT thupc thi' sieu can tnic, chiing chi phan anh quan he giua cac cudng qudc va hpat ddng nhu mdt dien dan noi cac Iuc lugng tien bd va phan ddng dau ttanh vdi nhau.'' KM cac nudc XHCN cdn thupc iihdm tMlu sd, cdn ddi phuang lai cMlm da sd ttong TCQT tM hp ehp ring dilu quan ttpng la cin phai ban chl heat ddng va anh hudng ciia cac TCQT thdng qua cae Mep udc, Men chuang. Vi vjiy, cac nudc nay ngay hi dau da ban che ttao quyen cho cae TCQT. Hp cpi vai ttd cua cac td chuc hay nhu nhQng dien dan hon la cac chu the, ddng thdi chdng Iai viec md rgng quyen ban va hoat ddng eua TCQT, dae biet la viec-chuyin tir cac boat dpng thao luan sang cac boat ddng thuc tiln, ngoai ttu mdt sd hudng hgp dae biet da duge de cap ttong Men chuong. Quan diem ban che nay gin nhu duy tii ttong suot tiidi ky CMin ttanh Lanh do each nhm nhan ve uy the cua cac nude TBCN ttong cac TCQT va vai ttd ciia cac nudc
nay ttpng cac cupc cMen Qy nhiem, vi du nhu cudc cMen ttanh Trilu Tien.
Tuy nhien, kM su doi dau giQa hai cue ling diu ciing vtii su ndi len eua cac nudc Thi gidi thu ba da khien cac nudc XHCN hang hai hem ttang viec md rdng vai ttd cua cac TCQT. Cac nudc nay chip nhan mdt sd su md rdng ttong boat dpng cua cac TCQT ttpng linh vuc kmh tl. Mat khac, hp vin tiep tuc duy tri quan dilm cii ttpng Iinh vuc hda binh va an ninh da dugc de cap tteng Chugng Vll cua Hiin chugng LHQ vl viec tiln harih cac boat ddng thuc tien ma khdng cd s\f chap thuan cua Hdi ddng Bao an vdi quyen quylt dinh cQa 5 thanh vien thugng true ciia Hgi ddng nay.
Quan diem cua cac nudc XHCN ve TCQT bat ngudn chu yeu tu quan diem mau thuan va ban che sau dd tien tdi thai dp Iinh boat han cho phep mdt sd sir md rpng vai frd va boat dpng cua cac TCQT tpap ciu, muc dp md rpng nim frpng vdng phdi hcjp kiem spat giQa cac sieu cudng theo quy dinh phan cap cua Hien chuong LHQ.
Cdc nudc The gi&i thie ba:
Cudi CMen ttanh thi gidi thu hai, da sd cac nude thupc Thi gidi thu ba deu chua gianh dugc ddc lap. Hiu nhu khdng cd nude nao tham gia thanh IJp cac TCQT toan cau Men nay. Tuy nMen, tu kM gianh dugc dpe lap, ho da bay td thai dp tich c\ro va chu dgng vdi cac TCQT.
La nhQng quoc gia ngheo nhat ttong cpng ddng qudc te, hp ludn coi cac TCQT la phuang tien quan ttpng cd the
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
thay ddi dugc he thdng thQ bac ttong ca cau td chuc, bien chiing thanh nhQng he thdng cdng bang va binh ding han.Theo dd, hp Iudn coi cac TCQT nhu nhiing chu die quan ttpng frpng he thing quan he qudc te va Men mpng ehd su md rdng manh me frong hoat ddng ciing nhu nang cao quyen ban cua cac td chiic nay.
Vi nhilu Iy do khac nhau, quan dilm nay tuong ddi trimg hgp vdi quan dilm ciia cac nudc phuang Tay frong thdi ky Chien ttanh Lanh (giai doan ma cac nudc phugng Tay cd anh hudng Idn den cac TCTQ). Tuy nhien, khi The gidi thu ba ndi len thi quan diem mg rdng eiia nhdm cac nudc TBCN da ehuyen sang xu hudng ban che. Chdng Iai thai dp nay, cac nude The gicii thu ba da yeu eau va dau ttanh manh me, nd Iuc tibam bien TCQT thanh chien ttan va la cdng eu de ehuyen ddi be thdng qudc te thanh mdt ttat tu kinh te mdi. Tuy nMen, tten thuc te, nd da vucrt qua gidi ban van dl kinh tl dem thuan ttong he thdng quan he qudc te.^
Nhu vay, cd the ndi ring, hudng tiep can cua ba nhdm nudc nay ddi vdi cac TCQT hau nhu khdng trimg hgp. Trong khi dd, mac du xuat phat diem khac nhau nhung cac nudc TBCN va cac nudc XHCN tien gin nhau hgn frong quan diem ban che hgat dgng va vai ttd cua TCQT, tru nhiing trudng hgp hp cd thi cimg nhau kiem soat, cdn cac nudc Thi gidi thu ba chiem da sd frong TCQT Iai mong mudn td chuc md rgng boat ddng, vai frd va tim each de su
dung TCQT nhu cdng cu cd thi thay ddi CO ban he thdng qudc te.
2. He qua do tae dong c i a Chien tranh Lanh do! vdi eae to chirc quoc te
CMen ttanh the gidi thu hai kit thuc, cae nha kien tMet he thdng thdi ky hau cMen da dat ra muc tieu tMet lap mdt khudn khd the che va luat phap tich cue day tham vpng, dd chinh la LHQ. Cac nude ddng vai ttd quyet dinh thanh lap td chuc nay la My, Anh, Lien Xd va Trung Qudc tai cugc gap Dumbarton Oaks nam 1944 va Hdi nghi Yaha nam 1945. Hiin chuang LHQ da dugc cac nudc thanh vien sang lap ky ket tai Hpi ngM San Francisco nam 1945. Nhung ngudi soan thao ban Hien chuong nay da nhan thay rihiing ban che cua Hdi qudc hen. Vi vay, khdng cM tinh din van de an ninh tap the, "LHQ ve eg ban la mdt td chuc an mnh va hda binh dua tten y niem ve viec My, Lien Xd, Anh va Trung Qudc la bdn vi "sen dam" ce the ngan chan su ttd Iai ciia True phat xit"'' Mac du, nguyen tic dinh hudng cua td chuc nay la khdng su dung Iuc lugng quan su da phugng, song Hdi ddng Bao an la co quan cMu ttach nhiem vl cac hgat ddng quan sir. Cd thi ndi, day la mdt ttong nhirng thanh tuu Idn nhit cua tien tiinh Mnh thanh TCQT, cho din tan thdi diem Men nay LHQ van la td chiic toan cau phat tiiln nhat tten mpi phugng dien.
Tuy nhien, Chiln ttanh Lanh diln ra da kMen nhQng k^ vgng va boat ddng
cua LHQ ttd nen khdng Meu qua. Cach thirc boat ddng cua LHQ va md hinh phat ttiln cua cac TCQT khac diu chiu tac dpng ciia mdi tradng qudc te ciia CMin ttanh Lanh. Mdt nha cuu ngeai giao cua Anh cd nhieu nam Iam viee vdi TCQT da vilt ring: "LHQ la tam guong cho the gidi xung quanh nd, neu nd phan anh su xau xi thi do khdng phai ldi cua td chirc iy"', cdn c\pi dai su Romania da bay td quan diem chung: "TCQT Iudn phan chieu co ciu quyln Iuc the gidi d mdi giai doan"' Vay LHQ va cac TCQT khac phan anh cai gi cua tbi gidi bau Chien ttanh the gidi thu hai?
Trudc tien, LHQ cQng nhanh chdng phan anh su chia re giQa khdi Lien Xd va khdi My, cQng nhu cupc ddi dau Deng - Tay. Hai cue vira canh ttanh quyln lire vua kilm chl Ian nhau. Sir chia re giua cac cudng qudc va quan diem ciia hai cue nhu da phan tich d tten da ban chl chuc nang cua LHQ. Them vao dd, thi gicii thdi ky hau CMin ttanh thi gidi thu hai la mdt thi giiii vdi su gia tang vl sd lugng cac qudc gia, sir da dang ve leai hinh qudc gia thee nhung chuan muc khac nhau. Nlu Hgi quge lien ehi cd 63 thanh vien tham gia, thi nam 1945 LHQ cd 51 chmh phu tham gia ky kit Hiin chugng LHQ. Trpng 10 nam sau dd, ce them 25 qudc gia khac tiiam gia va den cuei thap men 1960 da cd 100 thanh vien. Nam 1982, sd thanh vien da tang len cpn sp 157 vdi tiianh vien den tii tit ca cac chau Iuc. Phin Idn cac thanh vien cua LHQ la cae nudc A -
PM - My Latinh mdi gianh dpe lap, da diy cac cudng qudc vao vi thi thieu sd.
LHQ ttd thanh mgt dien dan quan ttpng dl nhdm cac qudc gia nay dau ttanh chim diit anh hudng cua cac nudc phuong Tay va tMit lap mgt ttat tu kinh te mdi. Chu traong nay cha cae nude tiiudc The gidi thu ba cang khien cac cudng qudc phucmg Tay ban chl quyln nang cua LHQ.
Thir hgi, tii nhiing quan dilm ban che chirc nang cua LHQ da dan din su ra ddi ciia cac td chiic lien quan den van de an ninh va hda binh vdn la chuc nang chinh cua LHQ. Cac td chiic an ninh quan sir nay deu dugc thanh lap theg xu hudng hai khdi ddi diu nhu Td chuc Hiep udc Bic Dai Tay Ducmg (NATO) nam 1949 va Td chuc Hiep udc Warsaw nam 1955.
Thii ba, su gia tang sd lugng cae qudc gia da din din viec can tiult lap them nhQng td chirc khae eung cd cho thi chl toan ciu LHQ. Mat khac, cung chinh do su "ylu kem" cua LHQ ma cae qudc gia cd xu hudng thilt lap cae TCQT ed sd Iirgng thanh vien ban chl hgn nhim dua cac van de quoc t l v l ttong tim kilm soat cua minh. Cd thi k l din mdt sd td chirc khiy v\rc nhu Cdng dong chau Au (European Commututy - EC), To chuc cac qudc gia chau My (Organization of American States - OAS), Lien doan Arab (Arab League), Td chuc chau Phi tiling nhit (Organization of African Unity - OAU), Td chuc hgp tac va phat trien (Organization for Econottuc
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 41 Cooperation and Development
OECD), Hiep hdi cac nudc Ddng Nam A (Association of Southeast Asia Nations - ASEAN)... Trong sd dd cd ca nhQng td chuc phan anh nhu ciu lien kit tiham canh ttanh siic manh ttong chinh ndi bd mdi he thdng cua ttat tu hai cue.
Qua trinh hpi nhap khu vue sau rdng va su ra ddi cua EC la mdt vi du eho viec cac nudc Tay Au tang cudng hen kit dl giam bdt anh hudng va nang cao vi thi can bang vdi My.
Thie tu, vdi su gia tang cua cac quoc gia (chil yeu tu qua trinh pM thuc dan hda), cac TCQT bat dau phan anh vai ttd ngay cang quan ttpng cua cac nudc A - PM - My Latinh. Trade su giang co cua ttat tu hai cue, cae nude thupc The gidi thir ba vdi nhieu diem tugng ddng nhu trinh do kinh te thap, nha nude mdi gianh dpe lap cdn non he, deu la thupc dia,... da tao ra mdt nhu cau lien ket dimg ngpai su cbia re quan sir, chinh tri Ddng - Tay Hdi ngM Bangdimg dugc td chuc nam 1955 la eg sd chg su ra ddi cua Phong ttao khdng lien ket (Non- aligned Movement NAM) cua cac nudc The gidi thu ba. Nam 1960, 16 nudc chau PM gianh dugc ddc lap va tham gia vao Lien hgp qudc. Khdng cM la nhdm cac nudc khdng lien ket, ma cac nudc nay cdn la Iuc lugng kinh te vcii nhQng yeu cau rieng hen quan den viec chim dut anh hudng cua phugng Tay, thilt lap mdt nin kinh te thi tradng toan ciu va thdng qua Trat tu kinh te mdi (New Mtemational Econonuc Order
- NIEO). Bay chinh la nguyen nhan cua su ra ddi Nhdm cac nudc G77. Nhung yeu can cua nhdm nudc nay da dugc dua vag ca nhiing TCQT da tdn tai va ca nhirng td chuc mgi dugc thanh lap nham img hg che nhu ciu cua hg nhu ASEAN hay OAU.
Thie ndm, sir thay ddi ve chat va lugng cua cac TCQT ciing phan anh timg thdi ky, timg giai dpan cua cudc cMen hai cue. Su cMa re Ddng - Tay, Bac - Nam la nhirng van de Icm nhat ttpng thdi ky CMen ttanh Lanh cho den nam 1989, tuy nMen, cMnh ttong bdi canh ddi dau ay, cac TCQT Iai dugc su dung Iam cau ndi giQa hai khdi. Quan he tuong tac giQa cac qudc gia khdng vi the ma giam sut. Lich su quan he giua khdi TBCN va XHCN tu nam 1945 din nam 1989 la tuyen hgp tac chinh Iuc thang luc ttam. Trong nhitng thang dau tien ngay sau kM ket thuc CMen ttanh thi gidi thii hai, chinh phu cua My va Lien Xd deu lo ngai va khdng mudn la ngudi dau tien pha vg lien minh ttong thdi cMen, nhung giai doan hi nam 1947 din nam 1954 dugc coi la thdi ky ddi diu cang thing giQa hai phe. Su ra di cua Stalin vao giQa thap nMen 1950 cho thay su hda diu nhat dinh, thi cugc khimg hgang Berlm va Cuba nam 1962 Iai tiep tuc day quan he hai ben vap ttang thai dpi dau ttd Iai. NhQng nd lire hda giai cang thang giQa hai ben bit diu vao cudi nhQng nam 1960 va 1970 ehp thiy tham cM kM cac he thdng canh ttanh va ddi dau thi van can phai dat
CHAU MY NGAY NAY dugc thda thuan ve cac van de quan
ttgng ttong quan he qudc te. Ngay ca kM CMen ttanh Lanh dudng nhu ddng ciing lai ttong thdi ky CMen ttanh Trilu Tien (1950-1954), tM cac cudng qudc ciing van duy tri lien lac ca song phuong hay da phuong thdng qua cac td chirc qudc te nhu LHQ.
Su ddi dau ttd Iai cha hai phe cudi nhiing nam 1970 diu 1980 da the Men rd ttong viec ddng bang cac hoat dpng cua cac TCQT chinh nhu LHQ. NhQng dau hieu ket thiic CMen ttanh Lanh bat diu xuat Men vao giua thap men 1980 khi Lien Xd cd nha lanh dao mdi la Gorbachev, cdn cudc chay dua vu ttang vdi cac nudc phuang Tay khdng gianh dugc thang Igi ma chi tieu tdn ngan sach va anh hudng den nin kinh tl eua Lien Xd. Nhiing thay ddi ttong quan he giQa cac nudc Ddng Au va Lien Xd vdi cac nudc phuong TSy - ehu ylu la My va ' cac nudc Tay Au ddng ngMa vdi viec gia tang hgp tac va su ttd lai cua cae TCQT. Su sup dd cila Lien Xd va khdi cac nudc Ddng An tii nam 1989 din nam 1991 da Iam thay doi can can quyln Iuc ttong cac TCQT, siic manh nghieng vl My.
Su tiiang ttim cua cudc Chiln ttanh Lanh cdn thi Men d ca su tang giam so lugng cac TCQT. Mac du, tiidi ky giQa hai cudc chiln ttanh thi gidi, sd lupng cac TCQT hen chmh phii da tang tii 50 len 80 td chuc', nhung ngay d giai doan dau tien tiidi ky hau CMin ttanh till gidi this hai, dil gidi da chiing kiln su bimg
nd eda cac TCQT, den nam 1980 con sd nay la 600 td chuc'" Tuy nhien, cac quoc gia ngheo chiem sd ddng frong tiMeu td chuc lai khdng cd kha nang tai chinh de duy tri va tang cudng boat ddng cua cae TCQT. Cdn cac cudng qudc do mudn ban che quyen nang cua TCQT cung da khdng san sang tai fro cho cac TCQT lien chinh phu. Thuc tl dd da dan den viec sut giam sd lugng cac TCQT ttong nhimg nam 1990. Tdng sd TCQT lien chinh phu nam 1985 la 378 da giam xudng cdn 300 nam 1989 va cM cdn 251 nam 1999 (Yearbook of Intemational Organizations 2000),
Thie sdu, sau Chiln ttanh thi gidi thit hai, sd lugng cac td chuc phi chinh phii (TCPCP) eung gia tang nhanh chdng.
Tdng sd cac td chiic nay da bung nd tQ con sd 176 nam 1909 len tiianh 1.407 nam 1964, rdi 4.676 td chuc nam 1984 va dung Iai d con so 5.825 nam 1999."
Su gia tang sd lugng nay da phin la kit qua cua su phat trien kinh tl, cua tiln bg khoa hpc cdng nghe, su chenh lech giau nghee... Tuy vay, tac dpng cQa CMin ttanh Lanh ciing it nhilu dl lai diu vlt.
Dd la dae dilm eua cac TCPCP tiidi ky nay thudng cd it thanh vien va ylu ve co cau td chuc va cae boat ddng dudng nhu khdng duge cae nha cim quyln quan tam nhu: choi cd, suu tap tem, qudc tl ngu, tii thien... Ba phan pae td chire nay deu dugc thanh lap g cac nude phuong Tay. 6 cac nudc tiiudc khdi XHCN, tit tudng bao cap da khdng khuyen khich sir tiianh lap cac TCPCP. Ndi each khac,
C H A U M Y N G A Y N A Y
Sir khac biet ve y thiic he da khong tao diSu kien de cac TCPCP phat trien thanh mot sue manh thiic day cac luc luong xa hpi nam ngoai cac ca quan chinh phii.
Vi vay, sir ma rpng cua cac TCPCP quoc te chua tra thanh nhan to chinh tri, xa hpi quan trpng trong doi song quoc te thai ky Chi§n tranh Lanh.
A
Cac TCQT khong t6n tai trong mpt moi tnrong phi chinh tri. Chung la mot phan ciia he thong cac quoc gia hien dai.
Cac hinh thiic the che va hoat dpng ciia chiing phan anh niem hy vpng, sir lo ling cua cac chinh phii trong he thong do. Tac dpng ciia Chien tranh Lanh doi voi sir phat trien cua cac TCQT la mot minh chiing ro net cho dieu do. Nhung bai hpc kinh nghiem tu Chien tranh Lanh cho th4y trong tuang lai, su thay doi cua cac qu6c gia c6 the khong lam sut giam cac TCQT. Mpt the gioi ciia cac lien bang chau luc CP thi su dung cac TCQT de xoa bo bien giai giira cac chau luc. Mot the giai ma nhan loai quyet tam doi dau vai cac van de toan chu nhu qua tai dan s6, nan doi, 6 nhiem va tan pha moi truong,... thi viec sir dung hieu qua cac TCQT se duoc coi nhu mpt budc tien chuyan can can boat dpng chinh tri tir cac quoc gia sang mpt so cac Ihe che ciing co chiic nang toan cau •
Tai lieu tham khao:
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Chu thick:
1. Chve Archer (2001), International Organizations, Routledge, London & New York,pp 24.
2 Rosalyn Higgis (1981), "Western Interpretations of International Organization as Reflected in Scholarly Writings", Georges Abi - Saab (edit.).
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