N g h i e n ci'/u G i a d i n h v,j ( U 6 i
So 6 - 2 0 1 1
SU tuang dong trong hon nhan Of nong thon Bac bo
Trin Mai Hi/dng
Vien Gia dinh vd Gidi
T o m t a t : Ai ket hon vdi ai? LUa chon ngUdi ban ddi la mpt trong nhiing sU lUa chon quan trong nha't ciia cupc ddi moi ca nhan. Con ngUdi CO xu hudng ket hon vdi nhiing ngUdi co cac dac diem tUdng dong, cl vi the xa hgi tUdng dong hay gan vdi vi the xa hpi cua ho.
Tinh tUdng dong niiN- am chi sp gan giii trong cac dac diem ve ngoai hinh, lam ly va xii hoi giiia ngUdi vd va ngUdi chong. Xem xet sp tUdng dong ha\' khac biel giiia vd va chong mpt mat phan anh nhiing bie'n ddi trong cd ca'u va nhan thPc xa hpi: mat khac, la chi bao ve miic do ben viing ciia hon nhan trong tUdng lai. Sii dung sd lieu dieu tra tren 1000 ngUdi dan tai 3 xa ddng bang Bac Bo, bai viet tim hieu tinh tUdng dong ve mpt so' dac diem giiia vd va chdng nhU tudi, trinh do hpc van. nghe nghiep. Ket luan cho thay cac cap vd chdng thUdng lay ngUdi ban ddi co chung nhiing dac diem niiy voi he. Tuy nhien, khuon mau ket hon co sU khac biet giiia nam va nut; vii ke't hon lien nhom (vdi nhiing ngUdi co dac diem khac minh) co dau hieu phd bien hdn vdi nhiing nhom co trinh do hpc van cao hoSc nghe nghiep tdt, di dpng nhieu.
Tir k h o a : Tudng ddng trong hon nhan; Hon nhan; Hon n h a n va gia dinh.
1. Gidi thieu
Lira chpn ngudi ban ddi la mpt trong nhimg su lua chpn quan trpng nha't ciia cudc ddi mdi ca nhan. Mdi ngudi thudng chpn ban ddi cd nhieu
T r a n Mai HUring 1 7
net tuang ddng ve hoan ciinh, dja vj, tfnh each, sd thfch vdi minh (Kalmijn,1991;Tsay & Wu, 2006). Tinh tuang ddng nay am chi sir gan gui trong cac dac didm vd ngoai hinh, tam ly va xa hpi giira ngudi vp va ngudi chdng (Lee, 1964). Nghidn curu xd khudn mau hdn nhan cho thay nhirng diem gid'ng nhau giiira hai ngudi tuang ddi phd bid'n va la yeu td quydt djnh vide hdn nhan ciia cac cap vp chdng nhidu han la cac yeu td khac biet (Uunk, 1967). Miirc dp hai ldng va thda man cao han vdi cupc hdn nhan d nhimg cap ddi cd nhidu didm tuang ddng (Arrindell & Luteijn, 2000;
Lucas et al, 2004; Amodio & Showers, 2005); ty le li dj cung thap hon (Janssen, 2001).
Tir dau the ky 20, cac nha xa hpi hpc da md la md hinh lua chpn ban ddi va cd gang de giai thfch tai sao con ngudi ta lai kdi hdn npi nhdm (kdt hdn vdi nhirng ngudi cd \j the xa hpi tuang ddng) hoac chf ft la gan vdi vj the cua hp (Kalmijn, 1998). Cac hpc gia cung nhan manh tdi su tuong ddng ve vj the, dja \'j xa hpi trong hdn nhan nhu la mpt chi bao cho tfnh virng chac xa hpi cua hdn nhan (Tsay & Wu, 2006). Cac nghien ciiu lien quan tdi ydu to kinh te xa hpi dupc cac nha nghien ciiru vd phan tang xa hpi ra't quan tam va gan nd trong mdi lidn he vdi su di dpng xa hpi va md ta cac he thdng phan tang nay didn ra nhu the nao (Glass, 1954), hoac su nay sinh cua cac hinh thai bat binh dang trong cac xa hpi hidn dai ra sao (Mare, 1991), miirc dp "md" cua xa hpi tdi miirc nao (Bekkers, 2006). Mpt sd khac quan tam tdi cac ydu td vd chiing tpc va dat hdn nhan trong mdi quan he vdi cac ddng di dan (Kalmijn, 1998). Tim hieu vd sir tuong ddng trong hdn nhan khdng chi quan tam tdi quan niem va sd thfch ca nhan, cac chuan muc cua cpng ddng ma cdn can xem xet tdi cac co hpi tiep can vdi ngudi ban ddi mong mudn. Cac ca hpi nay phu thupc vao nhidu yeu td nhu mdi trudng hdn nhan d dja phuang, noi sinh sd'ng, mdi trudng lam vide (Kalmijin, 1998).
Xem xet su tuong ddng hay khac bidt giira cac cap vp chdng mpt mat phan anh nhirng bid'n ddi trong co cau va nhan thiirc xa hpi; mat khac, la chi bao ve miirc dp bdn vCrng ciia hdn nhan trong tuong lai. Bai viet tim hieu khudn mSu hdn nhan va tfnh tuang ddng giira vp va chdng d mpt sd dja phuang ddng bang Bac Bp Viet Nam. Cau true gdm hai phan: phan mpt tim hieu cac ly thuyd't lidn quan tdi chu dd su tuang ddng trong hdn nhan giira va va chdng; phan hai dua trdn nhirng sd lieu thurc te, tim hidu su tuang ddng vd mpt sd dac diem kinh te, xa hpi va nhan khau hpc trong cac cap va chong va nhung khac bidt, bie'n ddi qua cac the he.
1 8 Nghien ciiru Gia d i n h va Gidi. Quyen 2 1 , s d 6, tr. 16-31
2. Sir tUdng dong trong hon nhan Ly giai tir cac ly thuyet va nghien ciJru
I A' I huyet trao doi
Ly tluiyei tiao doi iihaii manh ning quyet djnh hdn nhan ludn la he qua cua mot qua liinh ciin nhac vii lua chpn hop ly cua mdi ca nhan nham tdi da hda nhirng lpi ich mii hp se cci dupc trong tuang lai (I3enokraitis, 1996;
I cUsard. 1P69: dan theo South & ScoU, 1991; White & Klein, 2008). Khi tham gia \ iio thi Irudng hon nhan. ca nhan mang tdi cac ngudn luc ma hp sd huu nhu hoc thuc, dia vi xa hpi, lien bac, tudi tre, ngoai hinh, tfnh each. \(')i lu ciich lii "\dn dau lu vii canh tranh" vdi mong mudn cho chiin;: "sinh ldi nhieu han \a idt han cac ngudn luc khac ma ca nhan khac dang set huu" (iloiing Bii Thjnh. 2010:16). Trudc da\, ngudi phu nir dupc mong tlpi c(i ngoai hinh Ua nhin vii dam dang; ngudi nam gidi cdn cd quydn lire, hoc thiirc vii tien bac. Iheo d('), ngudi nam gidi tham gia thj trudng hdn nhan de din lai su phuc lung va cham sde npi trp, gia dinh ciia ngudi phu nur; ngupc hu, ngudi phu nur nhan dupc su dam bao \ d cupc sdng vat chat tir ngudi nam gidi. Tuy nhidn. su tham gia cua ngudi phu nir ngay cang nhieu vao ihj irudng lao dpng \ ii vdi trinh dp hpc van dupc nang cao, khudn mau phan cdng lao dpng truydn thdng phai thay ddi, keo theo su thay ddi trong cac ly giai \d khudn mau lira chpn ban ddi.
Nhu'ng ngudi cd ciing ndn van hda, hoan canh kinh te vii dja vj xa hpi cd xu hudng ke't hdn vdi nhau, mpt phan \i hp khdng lira chpn nhirng ngudi nam ngoai nhdm hoac nilm it ngudn luc hon hp. Tu\' nhidn, nhirng ngudi khdng nilm giir nhidu the manh, ngudn luc lai la nhirng ngudi cd xu hudng kdt hdn vdi nhumg ngudi cd nhidu didm khac bidt hon la tuong ddng vdi hp. Phu nur chiem phttn ldn trong nhdm na\, \ ii hp thudng ke't hdn vdi nhurng ngudi diin dng cd nhieu ngudn lire han minh (Kalmijin,
1991.1998).
Ly thuyet ve thi trudng hdn nhdn
De lim dupc ngudi ban ddi phu hop, cd chung nhumg dac diem ve van hda, dja vj, trinh dp \'ii tfnh each, mdi ca nhan can phai tham gia vao qua trinh tim kidm tiir cac mdi trudng xii hpi xung quanh, cdn gpi la cac "thj trudng hdn nhan" {marriage markets) tidm nang ma d dd cac ca nhan cd CO hpi gap gd vdi cac ddi tupng cd chung it nhat mpt dac diem vd van hda, kinh te, xa hpi, tam ly hoac nhan thirc nao dd. Tham gia vao thj trudng hdn nhan, cac ca nhan cung mang tdi nhirng ngudn luc (resources) ma hp sd hiru dd canh tranh vdi nhirng ngudi khac va tim kiem ddi tac (Becker,
T r a n Mai Hxidng 19
1981, Schoen & Wooldredge, 1989: dan theo Litcher et al, 1995). Nhiimg ngudi sd hiru nhidu ngudn lire va lpi the trong thj trudng hdn nhan cd nhidu CO hdi lua chpn ngudi ban ddi theo y mudn. Ngupc lai, nhung ca nhan cd ft ngudn luc han hoac ca hpi gap gd cac ddi tupng khac la han che (nhirng ngudi cd trinh dp hpc van thap, hoac mdi trudng hpc tap, lam vide nhd, ft tiep xuc vdi bdn ngoai \'.\:). Hp cd xu hudmg di dpng cao bang each cd gang md rpng thj trudmg hdn nhan ciia minh hoac tham gia \ iio nhidu thj trudng hdn nhan khac nhau dd tim kiem ngudi ban ddi nhu mong dpi (nhu tfch cue tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hpi, cau lac bp, didn dan v.v.) (Kalmijn, 1998; Wang, 1993: dan theo Tsa> & Wu, 2006). Ban than ciic thj trudng hdn nhan ma mdi cii nhan Iham gia cung cd nhirng didm khac biel. Nhu'ng ngudi d cac nhdm nhd hom ed ft cO hpi gap gd \ (')i nhumg ddi tupng gidng minh (Blau & Schwartz. 1984). Su khac biel \e noi d (ndng thdn, thanh thj), viec lam (cdng \'iec \an phdng hoac ciic cdng \ice giao djch. budn ban) quydt djnh kfeh cd ciia thj trudng hdn nhan la ldn hay nhd.
Khac vdi Becker (1981), ngudi sir dung ly thuyd't tim kidm vide lam dd ly giai cho cac khudn mau kdt hdn. Oppenheimer (1988) da dd xuat ly thuyd't ve thdi gian ket hdn. Neu thj trudng hdn nhan khdng can bang giira
"cung" va "cau" se dan de'n cac he luy nhu tri hoan hdn nhan, kdt hdn mupn hoac tham chf sd'ng dpc than. Didu nay ciing xay ra d nhiimg qudc gia cd ty Id dan sd ma't can bang gidi tfnh cao hoac d Viet Nanrt trong thdi ky chien tranh khi sd nam gidi ra Iran va hy sinh rat ldn.
Ly thuyet hien dai hda
Theo Goode (1982), qua trinh lua chpn ban ddi theo cO che van hanh cua he thdng thj trudng cd the thay d ca nhirng xa hpi cd truydn hoac hidn dai. Kd ca khi nhidu ngudi cho rang cupc hdn nhan cua hp xay dung hoan toan tren co sd tinh ydu, qua trinh gap gd va tie'n tdi hdn nhan ciia hp van bj chi phdi bdi nhan thiirc va sir can nhac giira nhirng cai "dupc" va "mat"
cua cupc hdn nhan dd.
Goode (1982) da dua ra mpt sd loai hinh tuang ddng hdn nhan phd bie'n: phu nir thudng cd xu hudng lay ngudi chdng cd pham chat va cac ngudn lire cao han hoac ft ra la ngang bang hp (xu hudng di dpng di ldn);
nhiimg ngudi ke't hdn thudng nam d ciing mpt dp tudi (chenh lech tudi tac giiia vp va chdng khdng nhieu); nhirng ngudi sd'ng cung mdt khu vurc hoac noi sd'ng gan nhau thudng cd xu hudng ket hdn vdi nhau (vi nhirng ngudi sd'ng gan nhau thudng ngang bang vd tang ldp hoac dja vj xa hpi ndn hp dd gap gd va yeu nhau hon); neu cac ngudn luc khac la ngang bang, thanh vien
2 0 Nghien ciJru Gia dinh v^ Gidi. Quyen 2 1 , s d 6 , tr. 16-31
d ciic nhdm xii liPi ldn se c(') nhieu ciy hdi tim ban ddi han d cac nhdm nho.
Khudn mAu lua chpn ban ddi lii hd qua ciia hai qua trinh. Qua trinh thiir nhai bat ngudn lir thj Irudng hdn nhan vdi nhirng ca hpi gap gd cac ddi lupng tidm nang phii hpp vdi ngudn lire va mong mudn cua ca nhan. Qua trinh ihu" hai nam (V ciic giii trj va chua'n muc ciia gia dinh xa hpi, cpng ddng Mi ldn giao mil cii nhAn dd sinh sdng va tin tudng (Goode, 1982). Do
\ay, cd rai nhieu yeii td. tuy khdng tham gia true tidp, nhung cd anh hudng ldn ldi qua trinh lua chpn ban ddi ciia cac ca nhan. Ngudi ta thudng gpi la ben thir ba (hai ben ehfnh la ngirdi vp vii chdng) bao gom bd me, ddng tpc, ban be, nhii thd (llwqan el al., 1995), giai cap, dac IrUng cua nhdm (Gordon, 1964: dim theo Kalmijn, 1998), v.v.. Ngoai ra. trong cac xa hpi hien dai, cdng nghiep hda dupc cho la ydu to tao ndn sir ihay ddi trong khudn mau hdn nhan. Ly thuyd't hidn dai hda cua Goode (1982) nhan manh ydu id cdng nghiep hda da mang lai cho cac ca nhan nhieu ca hpi gap gd cac ddi tupng thupc nhidu nhdm xa hpi khac nhau. Nhirng ngudi lie tudi tri hoan tudi het hdn do cdng vide hpc tap va hp tham gia vao thj Irudng lao dpng. nai cd vd van ca hpi dd hp gap gd, tidp xiic vdi nhiing ngudi d nhidu mdi trudng van hda, xa hpi, tudi tac, nghd nghidp va dja vj.
He qua la nhirng thay ddi trong khudn miu kdt hdn npi nhdm trudc day.
Cung nha'n manh vai trd ciia qua trinh hidn dai hda. Shorter (1977) dua ra hai ca che lua chpn ban ddi phd bid'n trong qua trinh nay. Thiir nhat, trinh dp hpc van cai thidn vii su gia tang tham gia vao thj trudng lao dpng khien cho the he tre thay ddi nhan thiirc vd hdn nhan, gia dinh. Hp mudn sd'ng tu lap va tu chu trong quydn quydt djnh cupc .sdng tuang lai cua hp (bao gdm ca vide hp se cudi ai, nhu the nao). Cung liic dd, sir phat Uidn manh ciia ndn kinh te khien nhirng ngudi con dpc lap han vd kinh te xii tai ehfnh, cha me khdng cdn nhidu quydn luc kidm soat vii chi phd'i con cai. Nhirng dieu nay khien nhirng ngudi tie tudi cd nhidu quydn luc hon, \ii khudn miu hdn nhan cua hp chuydn tir kidm soat cua cpng ddng sang kidm soat ciia ca nhan. Cang ngity cac cupc hdn nhan giira hai ngudi thupc cac nhdm xa hpi khac nhau cang phd bid'n.
Cdc nghien cuu 6 Viet Nam
Tai Viet Nam, hidn chua cd nhieu nghien ciiu quan tam tdi su tuong ddng giira vp va chdng. Cac nghidn ciiu ve md hinh lua chpn hdn nhan thudng tap trung vao cac tidu chuan lua chpn ban ddi (Nguydn Hiiu Minh, 1999, 2000; Trung tam Nghien cuu khoa hpc ve Gia dinh va Phu nu, 2002;
Vu Tuan Huy, 1995, 2004, Ld Ngpc Van, 2006; v.v..). Cac kdt qua nghien
T r a n Mai Hxidng 21
cum cho thay xu hudng chuyen tur khudn miu hdn nhan sap xdp sang hdn nhan tu nguydn; tir hdn nhan dua Udn ca sd mdn dang hp ddi vd gia dinh sang su lua chpn hdn nhan dua trdn co sd tuang xiimg giira cac ca nhan vd hpc van, nghd nghidp va noi d. Nhirng tidu chuan lua chpn hdn nhan bj chi phd'i bdi hai he gia trj: cac tieu chuSin bat ngudn tir mong mudn, sd thfch va lpi fch ciia ca nhan \'a cac tidu chuan chju sir chi phdi ciia quydn luc trong cac gia dinh, gia trj ciia cpng ddng va dac didm ciia phong tue, tap quan, van hda. Ngay nay ciic ca nhan cd nhidu ca hdi gap gd va tim hieu nhau trudc khi kdt hdn vh sir chu dpng cua hp trong \'iec lua chpn ngudi ban ddi tang ldn so vdi cac the he trudc day (Nguydn Hum Minh, 1999).
Ngoai chu de lieu chuan lua chpn ban ddi, nghidn cim lim hieu tfnh tuang ximg (tuang ddng) giira vp vii chdng cung la nhiimg chi bao cu the de do su bid'n ddi trong thiet che hdn nhan. Nghidn ciiru ciia Barbieri va Vu Tuan Huy (1995) cho thay trong khi khoang 65% ngudi dupc phdng van tra ldi ring vao thdi diem ke't hdn, vp hoac chdng hp d cimg trinh dp hpc van thi cd tdi 75^f ngudi tra ldi hoan canh kinh te ciia gia dinh hp gan gidng nhu hoan canh kinh te gia dinh vp/chdng hp; ddng thdi 85% ndi ring uy tfn cua gia dinh vp/chdng tuang tu vdi muc dp uy tin cua gia dinh hp. Dang chii y la, cac ti Id nay thay ddi khdng dang ke khi so sanh giira cac thdi ky.
Su tuang xiimg xi hpc van va nghd nghidp giira vp va chdng trong xa hpi Viet Nam duang dai da dupe dd cap ddn d mpt vai nghien eiru, ca d dd thj va ndng thdn (Nguydn Hiru Minh, 1979; Biii The Cudng va cpng su,
1991). Trinh dp hpc van cua ngudi vp ngay cang cai thidn, vuom ldn tuang duang vdi ngudi chdng, nhat la trong thdi gian gan day. Sd lieu cung bpe lp xu hudng di dpng ldn ddi vdi nir. Thdng thudng phu nU lay chdng cd hpc van cao han. Tuang xiimg ve nghd nghidp cua ngudi vp va ngudi chdng duac the hien rd rang vdi ti Id cao nhat nhirng cap vp va chdng cd cung linh vuc nghe nghiep.
Su gan gui vd nai sinh sd'ng cung la mpt net dac trung trong khudn miu hdn nhan Viet Nam (Nguydn Hiru Minh, 1979; Biii The Cudng va cpng su, 1991; Mai Van Hai, 2004). Ban kfnh kd't hdn cua cac cap vp chdng d ndng thdn dan dupc md rpng tiT lang, xa den huydn. Tuy nhien, nir gidi cd miJc dp kd't hdn trong xa cao han nam gidi. Su bid'n ddi trong ban kfnh ke't hdn dupc cho la bat ngudn tur nhirng thay ddi trong van hda, ldi sd'ng cua ngudi dan. Dieu dd phan anh tinh co dpng xa hpi cua ngudi dan, dac biet d nhdm thanh nien khi hoat dpng kinh te cua hp khdng nhumg dupc md rpng (Mai Van Hai, 2004). Ngudi Viet Nam cd cau "nha't cu ly, nhi cudng do" cung
22 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quydn 21, so 6, tr.'16-31
lie am chi lpi the ciui vice gim nhii, ciing lang, cimg xdm bdi cac cap trai giii c(') cof hpi giip gd \'ii tim hidu nhau nhieu han. Vice lim hidu ngudi gin nhii, ddi nam nU se ton fl chi phf cho thdi gian vii lien bac cho vide gap gd nhau. Vice sinh song trong ciing nipt cpng ddng, ciic cii nhan se chia se nhieu diie diem chung ve xiui h(')ii, liip quiin, quan niem; do vay khi kd't hdn se de dang hieu \ii chia sd cho nhau.
Nhu \iiy, ciic nghii-n curu da tim hieu cii mong mudn, tidu chuin lira chpn ban ddi lim nhirng diic diem tuang dong ciia cac cap vp chdng trdn ihuc te. Nhirng hien doi xii hoi da gia tang tfnh dpc lap \ii chii dpng trong iliiset djnh ket hdn cua cii nhan, dupc phan anh qua su tuang ddng Irong hon nhan qua cac thdi ky. Day lii mdt chi bao quan trpng nghien ciiu ve khuon miu hon nhan \'ii nhirng bidn ddi cua nd qua cac xii hpi.
3. Sir tiTdng dong trong hon nhan Thirc te d mot so vung nong thon dong bing Bac bo Viet Nam
Trong bai viet nay, su tuang ddng giira vp va chdng d mpt sd dja phuang ndng thdn ddng bing Bic Bp dupc xem xet dua trdn sd lieu djnh lupng tir cac cupc didn da cua ldp lidn nganh Khoa hpc Xa hdi Viet Nam trong ba nam 2003, 2004, 2005. Cac nghidn ciai dupc tien hanh tai ba dja phuang: xa Trjnh Xa (Ha Nam), xa Khanh Mau. Van Giang (Ninh Binh) va Lpc Hda (Nam Djnh). Tdng sd miu: 1152 ngudi.
Ca cdu mdu
Tinh trang hdn nhan: ty le ngudi vp kei hdn lin dau chiem 98.9'~c, ty Id ngudi chdng kd't hdn lan diu chiem 96.4"^ r.
Nam kd't hdn (N = 114.3): trudc 1975 (28,2'(). 1976 1985 (29.4^f), 1986 1995(31,9^0,1996 2005(10,5';)
Gidi tfnh (N = 1148): nam (46,L'0, nir(53.9fr)
- Trinh dp hpc van ciia ngudi Ua ldi d thdi diem dupc phdng vSm (N = 1060):
mil chir (11.49f), tieu hpc (45,5%), THCS (30.8%). tir P T m ud len (12,4%) Tudi trung binh cua nhumg ngudi dupc hdi la 45 (Dp lech chuan = 12,4) trong dd thap nhit la 19, cao nhi't la 87 tudi (N = 1152).
Cdc phuong phdp phdn tich
Trdn thuc te, mdi ca nhan thupc cac nhdm khac nhau ve trinh dp hpc van (mil chir, tieu hpc, trung hpc ca sd, trung hpc phd thdng, cao ding/dai
Tran Mai HUOng 23
hpc), tdn giao, nghe nghidp v v . Gia sir sd lupng ngudi nam gidi cd dac didm A (nam trong nhdm A) la M ^ va sd lupng ngudi nu gidi cd dac didm A la FA. Nhu vay, sd lupmg cap vp chdng cd cung dac didm A la C ^ ^ (tam gpi la cap vp chdng ke't hdn cung nhdm) \'ii sd lupng cap vp chdng khdng ciing dac diem A la CAM vii Cl.^ (cac cap vp chdng kd't hdn khac nhdm). Ta cd bang md ta chung nhu sau:
Vo
Nhom A Nhom B Tdng s6 Chdng Nhom .A
Nliom B Tdng so
CAV
Cu
FA
C M .
F„
M A
N
Phuang phap md ta dupc sir dung trong bao cao nham the hidn su tuang ddng/khac bidt cua cac cap \ p chdng Udn mpt sd dac diem ve hpc van, tudi, nghd nghidp. So sanh giira hai nhdm nam/nir va doan he hdn nhan.
Trong dd, ty Id cac cap vp chdng cd sir tuomg ddng vd mpt dac diem nao dd dupc tfnh theo cdng thii'c: (CAA + Cnn)/ N.
Ty Id cac cap vp chdng cd sir tuong ddng ddi vdi mpt chi bao cu the (vf du ty Id cac cap ca vp va chdng ciing cd dac diem A trong tdng sd cac cap vp chdng cd ft nhat mpt ngudi cd dac diem A): CAA / (CAA + CAD + CHA)
Ty sd chdnh lech OR (odd ratios) dupc sir dung dd kiem djnh mirc dp tuang ddng cua cac cap vp chdng ddi vdi tirng dac diem mpt'
Ndu 0 R > 1 : sd cap vp chdng kd't hdn cung nhdm A nhidu hon ky vpng.
OR cang ldn thi mu'c dp kd't^hdn cung nhdm A cang cao. Va ngupc lai vdi trudng hap OR<l. Ne'u OR = 1, xac suat de hai vp chdng kd't hon ciing nhdm A la ngiu nhidn khi cac ydu td khac dupc kidm soil.
He so Pearson's r dd kiem tra mdi quan he giira hai bid'n khoang.
Pearson s r cho bidt dp ldn va hudng tie dpng giira hai bie'n. -1 < r < 1, trong dd r cang cao cho thay dp ldn cua mdi quan he giira bid'n dpc lap va bid'n phu thupc cang chat che.
Do han che cua ngudn sd lieu, bai viet tap trung tim hieu su tuomg ddng trong hdn nhan giira vp va chdng trdn ba tieu chf: tuang ddng ve trinh dp hpc van, nghe nghidp va tudi tie.
24 Nghien ciTu Gia dinh va Gidi. QuySn 2 1 , sd 6, tr. 16-31
Bang I. Mure do fuung dong ve trinh do hpc v^n ciia cac cap vp chong k(« hon lan diu phan theo nam kit hon (%) (N = 1060)
Niim
HV cluing = HV \(t
HV Chong >
HV ChAng >
Chi-squarc
ket hon Chung ciii.
ca'p hoc
< = cap 1
Clip 2
cap ^
(';i()diing/
Dai hoc HV Vo HV Va
Chunn 61,6
21,4 57,8 .32,3 34,8
23,1 15,3
^62,6'•*
/He I d * .
Tririk 1976 54,0
25,0
20,8 25,0
38,0 8,0 86,2***
: p<0.005)
1976-1985 62,2
47,4 59,0 62.3 60,7
19.5 18,3 86,7***
1986-1995 64,9
25,0 31.0 35,2 37.5
18.1 16.9 138,5***
3.1. Tuang dong ve trinh do hoc vdn
Mirc dp tuang ddng trong trinh dp hpc van ciia cac cap vp chdng dupc xet trdn 3 cap dp: trinh dp hpc van cua hai vp chdng tuang duong (trinh dp ciing cap hpc), trinh dp hpc van ciia chdng han vp \ii ngupc lai. Miirc dp tuomg duomg vd trinh dp hpc van cua cac cap \ p chdng d cac dja phuong khao sat la kha cao: 61,6^ ( cac cap vp chdng cd cung trinh dp hpc van, cd su khac bidt dang chii y d ty Id nay giira hai giai doan ket hdn uudc va sau nam 1975 (bang 1).
Neu xet theo cac cap hpc, ty lo cac cap vp chdng cd ciing uinh dp ca'p 2 la cao nhat, 57,8''/r. Con sd nay thap nhat d cac gia dinh cd ca hai vp chdng ddu hpc het cap 1 hoac dudi cap 1 (21,4''r). Do khd khan vd kinh te, trudc day sd lupng ngudi hoan thanh bac hpc cap 2 \'a theo hpc tidp ca'p 3 khdng nhidu, dac bidt d nhirng vimg ndng thdn. Nhimg ngudi hpc he't ca'p 2 thudng d nha lam ndng nghidp hoac lam vide tai dja phuang ndn hp thudng lay vp/chdng sdm sau. khi hpc xong. Do vay, theo ly giai cua Oppenheimer (1988) ve mdi quan he giira thdi gian kd't hdn va khudn miu hdn nhan, nhumg ngudi kd't hdn ngay sau khi hoan thanh vide hpc tap thudng cd mirc dp tuang ddng ve trinh do hpc van cao. Nhiing ngudi theo hpc d cac cap cao han thudng phai hpc d trudng huyen, tinh, thanh phd;
quan he xa hpi dupc md rpng, ca hpi gap gd nhieu ddi tuang khac nhau cao han.
T r a n Mai HUdng 25
Bang 2. Mile dp tuong dong ve hpc van phan theo gidi tinh
Trinh do hoc van
Nam Nir
< =
"c
40,3 31.3
Cap 1
OR 5,3 6,0
Cap
''r
76,2 70.5
2
OR 9,7 9,2
C^p
'y,
45,0 53,4
3
OR 4,0 3,7
Cao ddng/
Dai hoc ''<
47,8
OR 24,3 25,6
Chi square
146.1***
233,2***
(***: p<0.005)
Ty Id cac gia dinh trong dd ngudi vp cd trinh dp hpc \an cao hon chdng la 15,3^r. nhung d trudng hcfp ngupc lai, ly Ic ngudi chdng cd hpc thirc cao hon vp chiem 23,Kf cac gia dinh. Dac bidt trong giai doan trudc nam 1975, miirc dp chdnh lech giira hai trudng hop cang ldn. Keo dai cho den ngay nay, ty Id hd gia dinh ngudi chdng cd hpc van cao hon ngudi vp ludn nhidu hom hd gia dinh ma ngudi phu nil hpc cao hon ngudi dan dng.
Ddi vdi ca hai nhdm nam, nir. ty Id cac cap vp chdng cd miirc dp tuong xumg xe hpc van cao nhat d nhdm hpc van cap 2 (bang 2). Ty Id kd't hdn npi nhdm d nam gidi cao han nir gidi d trinh dp hpc van cap 2 trd xudng, nhumg lai thap hom nir gidi d trinh dp hpc van tir cap 3 trd ldn. Khi nam gidi cd hpc van cao han (tir cap 3 trd ldn), ty Id kd't hdn npi nhdm la dudi 50% (ty Id nay la 45.0'^c vdi nam gidi hpc het cap 3 va 47,8% vdi nam gidi cd Uinh do cao ding/dai hpc). Trudng hpp nay d ntf gidi thi lai khac, khi phu nir cd trinh dp hpc van cao hon thi ty Id kd't hdn vdi ngudi cd ciing trinh dp cung tang (ty Id nay la 53,4'^c vdi nu gidi hpc hd'l cap 3 va 56,1%
vdi niJ gidi cd trinh dp cao dang/dai hpc). Didu nay cung phu hop vdi ke't qua nghidn ciru ciia Whyte (1990), ngudi phu nir cd hpc van cao cd xu hudng va nhidu co hdi lay chdng cd cimg trinh dp; nhung nam gidi cd hpc thiirc thi khd gap gd va kd't hdn vdi ngudi ban ddi cd hpc van tucmg duong.
Dieu nay dupc ly giai la do sd lupng nCr gidi tham gia vao mdi trudng hpc tap va theo dudi cac bac hpc cao khdng nhieu bang nam gidi. Hoac cung cd the la do quan niem xa hpi va nhan thiic vd vai trd gidi, ngudi phu nir ludn mong mudn cudi dupc ngudi chdng gidi giang de cd the trd thanh tru cdt gia dinh; ngudi dan dng ludn thfch lay vp "kem" hom minh dd khdng bj mang tid'ng la thua kem vp va cd the duy tri quydn luc ciia hp Uong gia dinh.
3.2. Tuang dong ve nghe nghiep
d dja phuang dupc khao sat, 68,3% cac cap vp chdng cd su tuang xiimg
26 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 21, sd 6, tr. 16-31
Hiing 3. ly le tuimn dong vi- nghd nghiep ciia cac cap vp chong ket Hon lim dim phAn Ihco nam ket hon (%)
Nam M hon Chung ciic iighc C.iii bo, vii'ii chiirc Nung di1n ButMi bun, dich vu Cung nhan Chi-sc|u,iK'
Chung 68,3 47,8 73,4 27,3 37,f>
3.54,0***
Irui/c 1976 73,0 58,8 70,8 3H.,5 41,4 124,1***
1976-1985 62,0 4(),n 63,8
42.9 fp -J***
1986-1995 71,7 40,f) 79,7 31,f) 2H,6 (p "7***
1996-nay 64,9 63,6 78,6 28,6 18,2 42,4***
(- : Iclioiig c(') iriK'mg hgp niio; ***: p<0,(X)5)
\d nghd nghiep khi kdl hdn va ty Id nay hau nhu khong cd sp khac bidt qua thdi gian (bang 3).
Trong 4 nhdm nghd ehfnh, nhirng ngudi lam nghe ndng cd xu hudng cudi nhau nhidu nhat. Trong sd nhirng gia dinh cd ft nhat mpt ngudi lam ndng nghiep thi cd tdi 73,4% gia dinh ca hai vp chdng la ndng dan. Ty Id nay khdng cd nhidu thay ddi qua thdi gian cho thiiy mdi trudng lam ndng nghiep tir xua den nay vin khdp kfn, tfnh di dpng xa hpi thap. Miirc dp tuang ddng ve nghd nghiep thap nhai d nhdm budn ban, djch \u vdi 27.3%. Mirc dp tuong ddng ve nghd nghidp xet iheo timg nhdm nghe nghidp d cac cap vp chdng cd su bid'n ddi qua thdi gian, dac bidt d nhdm can bp, vidn chiirc \ii cdng nhan. Iy Id kdl hdn npi nhdm can bd, vidn chiirc la 58.8% d nhirng cap \ p chdng kdt hdn irudc nam 1975, sau dd ty Id nay giam cdn 40,0"^ ( trong giai doan 1976-1995 vii tang trd lai d miirc 64,9%
trong giai doan tir 1996 ddn na\. Ngupc lai \di xu hudng nii\. ty Id cac cap vp chdng ciing la cdng nhan \ ii budn ban, djch vu giam dan qua thdi gian.
Nhu viiy. d giai doan gan day nhiit. nhdm can bd \ien chuc \a ndng nghiep cd ly Id ke't hdn npi nhdm cao nhat (>60,0%), miic dp di dpng xa hpi d hai nhdm nay khdng cao. Ngupc lai, miirc dp md ciia nhdm budn ban djch vu vii cdng nhan kha cao \di ly Ic ke't hdn ndi nhdm thap (ly Id gia dinh ca hai vp chdng ciing lam budn ban, djch \ u la 28.6% va ca hai vp chdng cung lam cdng nhan lii 18.29(). Didu nay cung the hien dac diem ciia mdi trudng lam vide.
Nhu de cap d phin trdn, miirc dp md ciia hai nhdm can bp vien chiirc va ndng dan la thap. Trong dd, ty Id nur gidi can bd vidn chiic thudng kd't hdn vdi ngudi cung nghd la 79,8%, cao hom d nam vidn chiirc (54,3%). He sd
T r a n Mai HUdng 2 7
Bang 4. Miic dp tuong dong ve nghe nghiep phan theo giPi tinh
Nghe nghiep Nam NO-
t
Can
54,3 79,8
bo, vien chirc OR 14,4
15
Nong diin Buon
95,1 76.3
OR <-, 106,7 52,9
96 36,0
(***: p<0,005)
hiin, djch vu OR 11,5 11,2
Cong nhiin 'o OR 52,4 9,3 57,1 9.2
OR d niir (15) cao hom d nam (14.4) cung thd hien didu niiy Ngirpc lai, ty Id nam gidi lam ndng dan thudng kdl hdn \di nir gidi cung nghd (95,1%) nhidu han d nir gidi (76.3^7). Xcl \'d uy tfn nghd nghiep, nhu'ng ngudi lam can bp vidn chirc cd u\- tfn nghd nghiep cao hom lam ndng nghiep. Ty le phu nur lam nghd cd uy tfn nghd nghidp cao kd't hdn npi nhdm cao hon nam gidi. Didu nay cung phan anh dac diem xa hpi d hai gidi tuong lu nhu sir tuong ddng \d hpc van. He sd OR d nhdm ndng dan cao cho thay xu hudng kd't hdn ndi nhdm d nhdm nghd nghiep nay rat cao.
3.3. Tucmg dong ve tudi tde
Ty Id gia dinh cd ngudi chdng ldn tudi hom vp d lin ke't hdn dau tidn CLia ca hai ngudi chiem da sd vdi 82.3%. Kd't qua nay ciing phu hop vdi nhan djnh ciia Goode (1982) vd cac md hinh tuong xiimg trong hdn nhan.
Cd 13,4% sd cap vp chdng bing tudi nhau va chi cd 4,3% cac gia dinh cd chdng kem tudi vp (bang 5).
Bang 5. Khac biet ve tudi giiira cac cap vp chdng
Chenh lech tudi vo va chong Tudi chong < tudi va
Tudi chong = tudi vp
Tuoi chong > tudi vp 1-3 nam Tu6i chong > tudi va 4-6 nam Tuoi chong > tudi vp tren 6 niim
Tdng
Vtrva ket hon So luong
19 103 311 219 94 768
chdng lan dau
Tyle(%) 4,3 13,4 40,5 28,5 12,3 100,0
Vo hoac chong hoac ca hai vo
So luong 2 3 7 5 13 30
chong tai hon Tyle(%)
6,7 10,0 23,3 16,7 43,3 100,0
28 Nghien ciiru Gia dinh va Gidi. Quyen 2 1 , sd 6, t r 16-31
Hiing 6. Quan he yiira khoang cjich tudi vp chdng vdi tudi ket hon va nam ket hon (%)
liioi kcl hon ciiii Mir
{r = -0,071 •)
Tuiii ki'l hon cua nam (r = 0,65X***)
Nam kei hon (r=0,141***)
< i 9 19-22 2^27 2K-.V'i
>}5
<21 21-25 26-.^() 31-40
>40 Trirc'rc 1975
1976-19X5 19S6-1995 1996-nay
'flKll LIUIM^
<
llini \0
0,0 3,X X,6 20.5 0.0 l'-',4 4,^
2,2 1.5 0,0 7..^
4,7 5,1 4,0
TUOI clioiif;
=
luc'ii vir
5,1 11,0 19.0 .1^,3 14,3 .10,6 12,0 9,0
n.4
0,0 16,4 14,6 12,1 9,1
Tuoi tiii'inj:
>
uioi va 1-3 nam
^7,6 42,9 39,0 20,5 2«,6 4S,0 53,3 22.4 13.4 0,0 37.6 4S.S 3S.S 31.3
Tu6i choMf;
> ludi v(( 4-6 niim
4n,6 2X,I 22,9 17,9 0,0 2,0 2S,6 4(1.4 2S.4 0,0 24,s 26,1 .i2.2 2S,3
Tu6i chong
>
ludi va Ircn 6 nam
M,7 14.1 10,5 7.7 57,1
0.0 1,8 26,0 43,3 KNI.O
13,9 S,7 11.7 :~.3
Tdng
100,0 l(XI,0 ](X),0 I(H1,0 HXI.O 100,0 l(K),0 l(X),0
!(K),0 1(K),0 100,0 100,0 KXl.O KXI.O
(* p< 0.05; *** p<0,005) (*• kin kcl hon cl.iu tidn vdi ca hai voch6ng)
Mac dil phin ldn ngudi chdng trong cac gia dinh deu ldn tudi han vp nhung miirc dp chenh lech \ d ludi khdng nhieu. Trong 624 hd thupc trudng hop nay, ly ic gia dinh ngudi chdng hom vp lir 1-3 tudi chidm gin mpt nira (49,89^), hon tir 4-6 tudi la 34,8'< va han trdn 6 tudi la 15.4%.
Vdi cac gia dinh cd mot trong hai vp chdng hoac ca hai ngudi tai hdn, phd bid'n vin la ngirdi chdng cd ludi nhidu hon \p (83.3""^). Tuy nhidn, mpt didm dang luu y la nhirng cap \ p chdng kd't hdn nhumg lin sau cd khoang each tudi kha ldn. Trong sd 25 Irudng hctp ngudi chdng nhieu tudi han vp, 13/25 trudng hop ngudi chdng han vp tren 6 tudi. Do tudi trung binh ciia nam gidi khi tai hdn tai cac dja phuang nghidn ciiu la 39 va d nir gidi la 29.
Bang 6 cho thay phu nur kd't hdn cang sdm thi khoang each tudi vdi chdng cang nhieu, va ngupc lai. Tuy nhidn, he sd Pearson's r = -0,071 cho tha'y mdi tuang quan nghjch giii'a hai bid'n nhung bid'n thien khdng nhieu.
T r a n Mai Hxidng 29
O trudng hop nam gidi thi ngirpc lai, nam thanh nien kd't hdn cang sdm thi khoang each tudi vdi vp cang nhd va ngupc lai, nhirng ngudi kd't hdn mudn lai lay vp cang tre tudi. Pearson s r = 0,668*** cho thay mdi tuong quan thuan giira hai bid'n va mu'c dp bid'n thidn kha ldn. Dieu nay cQng phu hop vdi kd't qua nghidn ciiu ciia Kaljmin (1998), Tsay & Wu (2006): nam gidi ldn tudi thudng lay vp kem minh nhidu tudi, nir gidi ldn tudi cd xu hudng lay chdng hom minh ft tudi.
4. Ket luan
Qua so sanh sir tuong ddng giira vp \a chdng \'d ba dac diem hpc vin, nghe nghidp \a dp tudi cho thay miic dp tuong ddng trong hdn nhan d cac gia dinh kha cao. Cac cap \ p chdng thudng lay ngudi ban ddi cd cung trinh dp hpc van, nghd nghidp \ a dp tudi. Mac dii phin ldn tudi ngudi chdng deu cao hom vp nhumg mirc dp chdnh lech khdng nhidu (1-3 tudi).
Cd su khac bidt trong khudn miu hdn nhan d nam va nir gidi cd trinh dp cao hoac cdng vide tdt. Nir gidi trong nhdm nay cd xu hudng kd't hdn npi nhdm nhieu hom nam gidi. Trong cac gia dinh hpc van cua vp va chdng khac nhau, sd lupng ngudi vp cd trinh dp hpc van cao hon chdng kha thap, dac bidt trong giai doan trudc 1975. Thdi gian trd lai day, con sd nay tang ldn do su vuom ldn cua phu nir trong xa hpi cung nhu nhiimg thay ddi ve vai trd cua ngudi vp va chdng do tic ddng cua su hidn dai hda va cdng nghidp hda.
Dac diem cua nghe nghidp la mpt yeu td anh hudng khdng nhd tdi su tuang ddng trong hdn nhan cua cac cap vp chdng. Nhirng nghe nghidp cd tfnh CO dpng cao (djch vu, budn ban, cdng nhan) giiip cac ca nhan cd co hpi tidp can vdi nhieu ngudi d cac nhdm xa hpi khac nhau, do vay xu hudng kd't hdn khac nhdm cao.
Dp tudi cua chdng ldn hon vp vin la dac diem phd bid'n d cac gia dinh, tuy nhidn, khoang each khdng nhieu. Didu nay cd anh hudng khdng nhd tdi su ben virng cua gia dinh do giam thidu dupc cac xung dot do mau thuin the' he tao ra.
Khudn miu hdn nhan ndi chung va su tuang xiimg giira vp chdng trong cac gia dinh dang bid'n ddi trong hiu het cac xa hpi, chju chi phd'i tir nhieu phfa nhu gia dinh, cdng ddng, xa hpi, ban than ca nhan, thj trudng hdn nhan va mdi trudmg sinh sd'ng cua ca nhan dd. Tim hieu dupc nhiing dac diem nay se giiip nha nghien ciiu md ta chinh xac hom dac diem hdn nhan cua cac cap vp chdng. •
30 Nghien cUu Gia dinh v^ Gidi. Quydn 21, sd 6, tr 16-31 ( hii Ihich
'" He so OR dirpc tinh theo cPng thiirc s;iii:
Vdi nhom nam jziPi: ORM = ((^AA /CAB) /(CBA /CBB) VPi nhom nir giPi; ORl = (CAA /CBA) /{CMi /CBB)
Vol nuPng hpp CO nhiOii nhom tiong mot chi hiio, ta co thd tinh (y .so chenh lech
\(Vi tirnp nhom inui. ( \ \ X \a ('X/\ la so ngUPi (ci nam va ntr) trong nhdm A ket hon \(Vi nhirng nguPi (V ciic nhom khac. CXX la so ngirdi khPng nam trong nhom ,\. ly so chcnii lech dirpc tinh nhu sau:
Voi nhom nam j:i(Vi: ORM = (CAA /CAX) /(CXA /CXX) VPi nhom nur giPi: ORl- = (CAA /( XA) /(CAX /CXX) Tai lii'U tham k h i o
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