Nghien cmi An Do va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2015
^ PHONG TRAO GIAI PHONG DAN T Q C CUA INDONESIA V d l VAI TRO CUA AN DO (1945-1949)
Phung Thi Thao*
C
Ung giong nhu hdu het cdc quoc gia Dong Nam A khdc, Indonesia ndm dual dch do ho cua thuc ddn phuang Tdy (thuc ddn Hd Lan) trong thai gian ddi. Hai ngdy sau khi Sukarno tuyen bo doc lap cho Indonesia, thuc ddn Hd Lan dd quay tra lgi vd tim moi cdch di tiip tuc dgt dch do ho doi vdi Indonesia. Do vdy. nhdn ddn Indonesia bugc phdi tiep tuc su nghiip gidi phong ddn tgc cho tai ndm 1949. Trong suot giai dogn 1945- 1949, An Do dd ho trg rdt nhieu cho phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc cua Indonesia. Tic viec tim hiiu bdi cdnh lich sic cua phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc tgi Indonesia, tdp trung vdo phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc Indonesia giai dogn 1945-1949. vai tro cua An Do doi vdi su nghiep gidi phong ddn toe cua Indonesia trong giai dogn ke tren vd phdn dnh thdi do cua Chinh quyen Indonesia Cgng hoa truac vai tro dm An Do, Bdi viit "Phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc cua Indonesia vai vai tro cua An Do (1945-1949)" mong muon se dem lgi mot cdi nhin tong quan ve phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc tgi Indonesia noi chung vd ve chinh sdch ddi ngogi cua An Do doi vol Indonesia trong giai dogn ndy noi rieng.Tu khda: phong trao giai phdng dan tgc, Indonesia, An Dp
1. Phong trao giai phong dan toe Indonffiia (1945-1949)
Ngay tii khi thuc ddn chau Au nhu Bd Ddo Nha, Tdy Ban Nha, Anh xam lugc, nhdn
* ThS., Tmong Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa h§i vh Nhan van, D^ hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
dan Indonesia da vung day diu tranh manh me de bao ve dat nuoc. Cugc chiln diu diu tign cua nguoi Indonesia chdng Iai sir xam lugc cua nguoi B6 Dao Nha dien ra vao nam 1511, khi Bd Dao Nha xdm chiem Malacca.
Phung Thj Thao. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn doc.
Tir cudi thl ky XVI trd di, Bd Dao Nha bi Ha Lan gat ra khdi Indonesia, cugc chien diu bao ve dit nudc cua ngudi Indonesia lai hudng vao thuc dan Ha Lan. Cudc diu tranh giu nudc cua cac vuong triiu hay cac hoang than diln ra manh me, ndi bat phai kl din cudc khdi nghia cua Dipdnegdrd (1825-1830), cudc khang cu cua vuong qudc Hoi giao Ache (1873-1913), cudc chiln diu cua ngudi Batac dudi su Ianh dao cua Xingamangaragia d Sumatra (1878- 1907), cudc chiln diu cda ngudi Indonesia d cac tiiu quoc mien Trung Kalimantan (1902-1907)...
Din khi thuc dan Ha Lan dat dugc ach thdng tri hoan toan doi vdi Indonesia (1911), cudc dau tranh chdng xam lugc cua Indonesia dugc chuyen sang phong trao dau tranh gianh dgc lap dan tdc/phong trao giai phdng dan tdc. Ciing gidng nhu nhieu nudc Ddng Nam A khac, phong trao giai phdng dan tdc cua Indonesia cd su tdn tai song song cua 2 xu hudng: vd san va tu san.
Su ra ddi ciia Dang Cong san Indonesia (5/1920) dugc coi la su kien danh diu su xuit hien cua phong trao diu tranh ddi ddc lap dan tdc theo hudng vd san d Ddng Nam A ndi chung, tai Indonesia ndi rieng. Ban dau, dudi su lanh dao cua Dang Cdng san Indonesia, mdt loat cac cudc bai cdng ldn da nd ra, dinh cao la cudc bai cdng cua cdng nhan dudng sit (5/1923), cudc tdng bai cdng cua cdng nhan nganh thep d Sumatra (1925)... Din din. Dang Cdng san Indonesia quyet djnh tiln hanh diu tranh vii Irang, thiet lap chinh quyln cua giai cip vd san. Tren thuc tl, cac cudc ndi day diu tranh
deu cua ndng dan, tieu bilu la phong trao d 2 dao Java (1926) va Sumatra (1927). Tuy nhien, toin bg phong trao each m?ng dudi su lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng san Indonesia deu hi thuc dSn Ha Lan dan ap va phai chiu chung so phan that bai. Dang Cdng san Indonesia bi cam hoat ddng va vai trd ciia Dang niy trong phong trao giai phdng dan tdc d Indonesia hoan toan chim diit.
Su that bai ciia Dang Cdng san Indonesia da lam cho Dang Sarekat Islam trd thanh bd phan chii yeu cua phong trao dan tgc. Tuy nhien, ho?t ddng ciia Dang khdng thda man udc vgng cua sinh vien Indonesia. Ngay 4/7/1927, Sukarno va Kusama da l$p ra Lidn minh dSn tpc Indonesia va mdt nam sau Lien minh nay dugc ddi ten thanh Dang Dan tdc Indonesia (Perserikatan national Indonesia PNI).
Day la chinh dang dai dien cho quyen lgi ciia giai cap tu san dan toe Indonesia vdi thanh phin tham gia rgng rai nhu ndng dan, cdng nhan, thg thii cdng, nhung ddng dao nhat la tang ldp trung va tieu tu san tri thuc, cac ting ldp trong gidi vien chirc'.
Thang 12/1927, Sukarno - ngudi sang lap va la Chu tjch Dang Dan tdc Indonesia- thanh lap Uy ban Hiep thugng cua cac doan the chinh tri dto tgc Indonesia. Dd la mat tran dto tdc thdng nhat Indonesia bao gdm Dtog Dto tdc Indonesia, Lien minh Hdi giao, Hgi Thien chi. Lien minh Sumatra, Hdi Lidn hidp nhiing ngudi Patavia, Hdi
Luang Ninh (Chu bifin, 2008), Ljch sir Bong Nam A, Nxb. Giao due Hi Wi, tr.264, 695 trang.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2015 nghien ciiu Indonesia^. Sukarno dugc biu
lam Chii tich Uy ban nay.
Dang Dan tpc Indonesia ra ddi, nam lay nggn co giai phdng dan tpc, cd uy tin trong quan chiing, da td chiic cudc dau tranh gianh dpc lap dan tdc.
Ngay 1/9/1939, Chiln tranh thl gioi thli 2 bung bd. Thang 5/1940, Diic tin cdng Phdp va din 22/6/1940, Phdp diu hang. Ci Vign Ddng, Nhat day manh chiln tranh xam lugc Trung Qudc va cho quan tien sdt bien gidi Viet Trung. Ngay 23/9/1940, Phdp ky Hiep dinh chdp nhdn quan Nhdt chiem ddng Ddng Duong. Thang 7/1941, Nhat chigm toan bd Ddng Duong thugc Phap, bien Dong Duong thanh can cii chien lugc trong kl hoach tien quan xudng phia Nam ciia hg. Sau sir kien Trdn Chau Cdng (7/12/1941), Nhat tu do chinh phuc Ddng Nam A. Tir thdng 12/1941 - 5/1941, chi trong vong nua nam, Nhat Ban da nhanh chdng chilm toan bp Ddng Nam A, trong do cd Indonesia.
Trong khi dd, tai Indonesia khi Chiln tranh thl gidi lin hai bung phat, Lien doan cac Ddn Dan tpc (Gapi) gdm Gerindo, Parindra, Dang Lign minh Hdi gido Indonesia va nhilu dang phai chinh tri nhd diing dau la Sukarno da td chiic Dai hgi nhan dan Indonesia (12/1939). Hdi nghi da thdng qua Nghi quylt liy tiing Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia) lam qudc ngii, liy eg do tring lam quoc ky, liy bai hdt Indonesia Raya lam qudc ca. Dac biet, Dai
hdi da tuygn bd la co quan thuong true ciia Mat tran dan tdc thdng nhit. Thdng 9/1941, Hgi ddng Nhdn dan Indonesia - hinh thiic mdi ciia Mat tran Dan tpc thdng nhdt - ra doi vdi su tham gia ciia Lien doan cac Dang Dan tdc, Lien doan cac td chiic Hdi gido (MIAI), cdc td chiic chinh trj: cdng doan, thanh nign, phu nu. Cdc dang phai vd nhdn dan Indonesia cdng khai bay td y nguyen ciing vdi chinh quyen Ha Lan chdng nguy co xam lugc ciia qudn Nhat va Indonesia se dan nhan dugc ngn dpc lap tu nguoi Ha Lan. Tuy nhign. Ha Lan tii chdi doi hdi chinh dang cua phong trao dan tgc Indonesia^.
Viec Nhat Ban thdu tdm Dong Nam A trong thdi gian ngan khign ngudl Indonesia tin rang cudi cung chign thang se thupc ve ngudi Nhdt. Trong nhung nam dau ciia Chiln tranh the gidi thii hai cung vdi thuyet
"Dai Ddng A" va chinh sdch mi dan ciia Nhat (trong nhiing tuan dau, ngudi Nhdt cho phep Indonesia treo cd mdu do - trang ben canh cd ciia Nhat) da gieo ric do tudng trdng chd ddc lap tu Nhat cua ngudi Indonesia. Viec Nhat hiia hen se trao tra dgc lap cho Indonesia va mpt sd noi khac d chau A cdng lam cho ngudi Indonesia dat hi vgng vao Nhdt.
Trong khi dd Sukarno, Hatta va cac ddng chi ciia dng da tien hdnh cudc van ddng yeu cdu Nhat trao tra ddc lap. Liic dau, de nghj ciia cac dng khdng dugc Nhat ddp lai. Do dd, vao nam 1943, khi Sukarno,
^ Lirong Ninh (Chii bien, 2008), Lich sti Ddng Nam A, ^ Lucmg Ninh (Chii bien, 2008), Ljch stf Dong Nam A, Nxb. GiSo due, Hk Noi, tr.364. Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, tr.367.
Phung Thi Thao. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn doc...
Hatta va cdc ddng chi ciia dng dugc Nhat dua vao ban lanh dao td chiic chinh Iri cd ten ggi la Trung tdm lire lugng nhan dan (Putera), hg da bign Putera thanh dien dan kgu ggi cac lire lupng diu tranh gianh dgc lap cho Indonesia. Khi ngudi Nhat phdt hien ra dieu dd thi da qud mugn. Hoat dgng chdng Nhat ciia luc lugng ddn tdc ngay cdng phdt trign. Trong boi canh do, ngudi Nhat budc phdi chap nhan nhiing ygu cdu ddc lap cua Indonesia. Ngdy 11/5/1945, Nhat tuyen bd se trao tra ddc lap cho Indonesia vao ngay 1/1/1946. Tuy nhien, Chiln tranh thl gidi thli hai ehuygn bien nhanh theo hudng bat lgi cho Nhat. Trong boi canh do, ngay 14/8/1945, Sukarno thanh lap Uy ban chuin bi ddc lap, do dng lam chii tich. Vao ciing ngay, Indonesia nhan dugc tin Nhat da diu hdng khong dieu kien quan ddng minh.
Ngdy 17/8/1945, hai ngay sau khi Nhat diu hang ddng minh, Sukarno dpc ban Tuyen ngdn ddc lap lich sii, trinh trpng tuyen bo Indonesia dpc lap do dng lam Tdng thdng, da ra mat qudc dan"*.
Ngay sau khi Sukarno tuygn bd ddc lap cho Indonesia, lay danh nghia quan Ddng minh, quan dgi Anh dd bp vao Indonesia dl tiep nhan sir ddu hang ciia quan dgi Nhat vao thdng 9/1945. Vdi su giiip do cua Anh, Ha Lan quay trd lai tdi chilm Indonesia.
Truoc su phdn khang quylt liet cua nhdn dan Indonesia va du ludn qudc tl, thdng 10/1946, quan Anh nit khdi Indonesia sau
khi da trao lai cho thuc dan Ha Lan nhGng vimg dat ma chiing da chigm dugc'.
De khdi phuc lai ngn thdng tri thuc dan 6 Indonesia, thuc dan Ha Lan viia chudn bj mdt eupc chign tranh vira tien hanh dam phdn vdi Chinh phii ciia Thii tugng Sgiaria.
Ngay 15/3/1947, tai Jakarta, Hd Lan vd Indonesia da ky ket Hiep dinh Lingagiati.
Hiep dinh thira nhan budc dau chii quygn ban che cua Indonesia tu phia Hd Lan. Hay ndi each khdc Hiep dinh van dat Indonesia nam dudi su kiem sodt cua Ha Lan. Trudc ldn sdng phan ddi va dau tranh manh me ciia quin chiing nhdn ddn, chinh phii Sgiaria tii chiic, chinh phii Sarifudin dugc thanh lap vao thdng 7/1947.
Tuy nhien, trudc do, vao thdng 6/1947, thgc dan Ha Lan trang trgn vi ph£im cdc dilu khoan cua Hiep djnh kl trgn khi tiln hanh chdng lgi nuoc Cdng hoa Indonesia.
Trudc lan sdng phan doi ciia du ludn quoc tl va sir chdng trd quylt liet cua nhan ddn Indonesia, Hd Lan phai cimg chinh phii Sarifudin ky kit Higp djnh Renvin (17/1/1948). Hiep dinh voi nhilu dieu khoan bat Igi cho phia Indonesia: Indonesia phai tu bd chu quyln a mdt phin ldn dao Java cung nhiing vung diu md vd dbn diln ldn 6 Sumatra; thanh lap Uy ban hoa gidi gdm My, Bi va Uc dg tilp tuc giai quylt vd cd CO sd phap ly can thiep vao cdng viec ndi bd cua Indonesia. Truoc lan sdng phan doi Hiep djnh nay, chinh phu Sariiudin tit
I I ^ K ' ^ I ^ ? * ? . \ t i^"' l°P^^' ^''^ '" ^°"^ ^""^ ^'' ' ^"°"S Ninh (Chu bien, 2008), Lfch sti Ddng Nam A, Nxb. Gi4o dye. Ha Noi, tr.364. N^b. Gido dye, Hh N^i, tr.423.
Nghien ciiu An Dp va Chau A. So 6 - 2015 chiic, chinh phu mdi do Hatta diing diu
dugc thanh lap.
Sau khi len nam quyen, chinh phii Hatta thi hanh chinh sdch thdn My va chdng cpng, tien hanh thanh lgc nhung nguoi diing vl phia Dang Cong sdn trong chinh phii va trong qudn dpi. Dilu nay gdy ra mdu thuan ngi bg tai Indonesia giua chinh phii mdi dugc thdnh lap vd nhung ngudi cdng sdn viia dung len thanh ldp Mat tran dan chii nhdn dan. Lpi dung mdu thudn nay. Ha Lan bdt ngd mo cugc tin cdng xam lugc lan thii hai nhdm tigu diet nudc Cgng hda Indonesia (19/12/1948). Cupe diu tranh cua nhdn ddn Indonesia dugc du ludn qudc te ddng tinh iing h^. Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hgp qudc thdng qua nghi quygt yeu ciu Ha Lan ngiing bin va trd tir do cho cdc nha lanh d^o Indonesia. Trudc siic ep ciia du luan qudc tl va nhung khd khan do bi sa ldy trong chien tranh, chinh quyen Hd Lan budc phai tra tu do cho Sukarno cung nhiing nha lanh dao khdc va tiln hanh dam phan hoa binh.
Tu ngdy 23/8 - 2/11/1948, Hdi nghi ban
"ban trdn" d La Hay (Ha Lan) dugc trieu tap, bao gdm dai dien ciia Ha Lan, Cdng hoa Indonesia, 15 dai dien ciia cac chinh quyln dja phuong do Ha Lan lap nen o Indonesia vd dai dien ciia Uy ban Indonesia ciia Lien hgp qudc. Mac dii, Ha Lan vdn cd thl luc kinh tl, chinh trj rit ldn ddi voi 15 bang dia phucmg 6 Indonesia vd khong chi ITnh vuc ngoai giao, thuong mai ciia Indonesia. Miln Tay Irian chiem tdi 20%
lanh tho ciia Indonesia vdn tilp tuc bi Ha Lan chilm ddng. Va nhan dan Indonesia
vdn phai tilp tuc diu tranh de bdo vg chu quyln qudc gia vd toan ven lanh tho cua dit nudc minh. Tuy nhign, Hiep djnh La Hay dugc coi la digm mdc ddnh diu su chim dut quyln thdng tri true tilp keo dai hon 3 thl ky ciia thirc ddn Ha Lan ddi vdi Indonesia.
Nhu vdy, tinh tii thdfi diem Indonesia tuygn bd ddc lap (1945) din 30/12/1949, thuc ddn Ha Lan tim mpi each nham tdi thigt lap quygn cai tri ddi vdi Indonesia.
Trong sudt 4 nam nay, ngudi dan Indonesia ludn kign quyet dau tranh den ciing de bao ve chii quygn quoc gia vd sir toan ven thdng nhat cua ddt nudfc Indonesia. Nhin d gdc dp nhit dinh, Hiep dinh La Hay (2/11/1949) vin cdn chiia dung nhilu dieu khoan bdt lgi cho phia Indonesia, nhung Higp djnh La Hay ro rdng ciing dugc coi Id mdt thdnh cdng ldn ddi vdi phong trao giai phdng ddn tpc Indonesia khi da cham diit sir thdng tri true tiep keo dai hon 3 the ky ciia thuc dan Ha Lan. Trong sudt 4 nam (1945-1949) iy, siic ep tli phia du luan qudc te ndi chung va An Do noi rieng ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao ra thdnh cdng nhat dinh ay.
Dieu nay se dugc ldm rd 6 phan ngi dung tigp theo ciia bai viet nay.
2. Vai tro cua An Do trong phong trao giai phong dSn t$c Indonesia (1945- 1949)
2.1. Giai dogn trudc khi An Do gidnh dugc dgc lap (1945-15/8/1947)
Truoc khi Sukarno tuyen bd dpc lap cho Indonesia (17/8/1945), gidi lanh d^o phong trao gidi phdng ddn tgc tai An Do da
17
Phung Thi Thao. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn doc.
rit quan tam den tinh hinh chinh tri ciia qudc gia Ddng Nam A nay mac du d thdi diem do An Dp chua gianh dugc ddc lap.
Nam 1927, khi tham du Hdi nghi cdc dan tgc bi dp biic^ dugc td chiic tai Brussels, dodn dai bieu ciia Indonesia da gay in tupng ldn ddi vdi Nehru. Trong bao cdo giri ve Uy ban cua Ddng qudc dai, Jawwharlal Nehru da nhan manh den sgi day van hda ket ndi tii lau giua 2 dan tdc An Do va Indonesia: "Dodn dgi biiu ciia Indonesia, chu yiu din tie ddo Java, thdm chi con tha vi han nhieu. Hg Id nhicng tin do Muslim nhung ten cua hg phdn ndo do cd nguon goc tic tiing Sanskrit. Hg chia se vai chiing toi rdng phong tuc cua hg din nay phdn ldn co nguon goc tic nguoi Hindu.
Rdt nhieu ngudi trong sd hg cd ddc diem ngogi hinh giong v&i nhicng ngudi Hindu a dang cdp cao cua An Do "'.
Mac du phai ban tam truoc nhiing vdn de nay sinh tir nhu cau giai phdng tieu luc dja An Dp khdi dch dd hd ciia thuc dan Anh nhung cdc nha lanh dao An Do van rit quan tdm den nhung tien trign ciia phong trao giai phdng dan tgc tai Indonesia.
Nhu da dl cap d tren, sau khi Sukarno tuyen bd dpc lap cho Indonesia, liy danh nghTa quan Ddng minh, quan dpi Anh dd
* H$i nghi dugc t6 chiie vdo ngdy 10/2/1927, tai Brussels (Bi) vin sy tham du cua 175 doan dfii bieu, Trong so do co 107 doan dai bilu din tir 37 dan tpc dang chiu ach dd h^ cua chii nghTa thue dSn. Muc ti€u cua Hoi nghi Id tao ra phong trdo chdng chu nghia d6 quoc tren pham vi quoc xk.
V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 12.
bd vdo Indonesia dg tiep nhan su dau hang ciia qudn dpi Nhdt vao thang 9/1945. Vdi su giiip dd ciia Anh, Ha Lan quay trd lai tdi chigm Indonesia. Trudc bdi cdnh iy, cdc nha Ianh dao dan tdc An Dp kign quylt phan ddi Ha Lan tdi chiem ddng Indonesia.
Dac biet. An Dp ludn diing ben canh dl giiip do, ung hd Indonesia de phong trdo giai phdng ddn tdc ciia nudc ndy cd thl di den thang lgi cudi ciing (1945-1949):
2.1.1. Phdn doi chinh quyen Anh giri linh An Do tdi Indonesia
Khi do bg vao Indonesia de gidm sat viec ddu hang cua quan ddi Nhat, chinh quyen thuc ddn Anh tai An Do da giii linh An Dp tdi qudc gia Ddng Nam A nay.
Trudc hanh ddng nay cua chinh quyln thyc dan, tat cd cdc giai tang trong xd hgi An Do da lgn tieng phan ddi thuc ddn Anh. Nhilu dia phuong tgi An Dp nhu Lucknow, Bombay, Nagpur, Poona, New Delhi, Kanpur, Karachi da phdt dpng "ngdy Dong Nam A " dg ygu cau chinh quyln thuc dan Anh dua linh An Dp vl nudc, ddng thdi bigu tinh chdng lai thuc ddn Ha Lan tdi dp dat dch do hp ddi vdi Indonesia.
Dac biet, ngay sau Chinh quyen ldm thdi dugc thanh lap (2/9/1946), Nehru nhin manh mdi quan tam dac biet cua dng ddnh cho phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tgc dang dien ra t£ii chdu A ndi chung, Ddng Nam A ndi rigng. Trong cugc hpp bdo diu tign sau ngay Chinh quyln ldm thdi dugc thanh lap, Nehru tuygn bo: "An Do ddc biet quan tdm den nhicng chuyen bien dang diin ra tgi Palestin, Iran, Indonesia. Trung QuSc,
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Nghign Cliu An Do vd Chau A. Sd 6 - 2015 Siam vd Dong Duang cUng nhu nhimg nai
hiin dang con Id thugc dia trong dia phan ldnh thd ciia An Dg^ ".
Khdng dimg lai d nhOng tuygn bd ngoai giao thdng thudng, quylt dinh diu tign ciia Chinh quyen lam thoi An Dp trong ITnh vuc ddi ngoai lien quan din Indonesia.
Chinh quyln lam thdi da quylt dinh nit todn bd linh An Dp bi chinh quyln thuc dan Anh giii tdi Indonesia trudc dd dg giai giap qudn ddi Nhdt. Sau 3 thdng quylt dinh cd hieu luc, toan bp linh An Dp dugc nit khdi Indonesia vao thdng 11/1946.
Tren sdng phdt thanh (7/9/1946), Nehru nhan manh tdi nhu ciu cin thilt phdi thiic ddy moi quan he hiiu nghi thdn thiet vd tao dimg tinh than dodn kgt giiia cdc nudc chdu A. Khi de cap den cugc dau tranh ciia nhdn ddn Indonesia, Nehru nhdn xet: "An Do cdng thdng doi theo cugc ddu tranh gidnh doc lap vd tu do cua nhdn ddn Indonesia.
Chung toi mong muon nhimg dieu tdt dep nhdt se den vol cdc bgn"^
2.1.2. Huy dgng su ung hg cua cgng ddng quoc ti doi vol Indonesia
Trong no luc tao dung khdi dai doan kit giiia cdc nudc chdu A, Chinh quyen lam thdi An Dp da dung ra td chiic Dai hdi chau A vdo thdng 3-4/1947. Vin dl
" V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, p 21.
' V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, p.22.
Indonesia trd thdnh mdt trong nhung van dl dugc thao ludn dudi chii de "phong trao ddu tranh gianh ddc lap dan tdc".
Ngay sau khi Hiep dinh Linggadjati dugc ky ket, Chinh quygn lam thdi An Do da cdng nhdn nudc Cdng hda Indonesia mdi dugc thdnh lap. Chinh quyen An Dp ciing dg nghj Lign hgp qudc cdng nhan quygn thanh vign ciia Cdng hda Indonesia trong Hpi nghi cap khu vuc ciia Uy ban Kinh tl chau A vd Viin Ddng (ECAFE) dy dinh se dugc td chiic tai An Do vdo nam 1948. Trudc bdi canh nay, thyc ddn Hd Lan thdnh lap chinh quyen bu nhin d nhiing khu vyc nam ngodi viing kiem sodt cua Chinh quygn Indonesia cgng hda va sau dd se dung khu vuc ndy lam ban dap de tien hdnh cdc boat ddng quan su chdng lai Chinh quyen Indonesia. Ngay sau dd, Chinh quyen Ha Lan khdng ngdn ngai sii dung vii luc vd tuyen bd thuc hien chign lugc "bdo hd" ddi vdi viing lanh thd thudc Indonesia cdng hda vao ngay 21/7/1947.
Mdt tuan sau su kien ke tren, phan ddi trudc hanh dgng ciia thuc ddn Hd Lan, Nehru tuyen bd cdc hang hdng khdng ciia Ha Lan khdng dugc phep ha cdnh tai cdc san bay cua An Do. Lign doan lao ddng An Do chi thi cho cdc don vj thanh vign ciia cdng nhan tai cang tai Karachi, Bombay va Calcutta khdng bdc do hang hda cho cdc tdu budn cua Ha Lan va khdng dugc lam bay ky dieu gi gay tdn hgi cho lgi ich cua nhdn dan Indonesia.
Khdng chi diing Iai d dd, Nehru dl nghi cung cap vai trd trung gian hoa gidi qudc te
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Phiing Thj Thao. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn dgc...
ciing vdi My va Anh di cham diit tinh thanh cdng^dSu tien ciia An Do vd van dh trang cang thang tai Indonesia. Tuy nhien,
thuc dan Ha Lan khdng ban tam den de nghi cua Nehru. Do vay, Chinh quyln An Do da dua van de ddc lap cua Indonesia ra Lien hgp qudc. Cu thd, vao ngay 30/7/1947, Chinh quydn lam thdi An Do da giri thu tdi Tdng thu ky Lien hdp qudc va Hdi ddng bao an cua co quan nay nham ldi keo su chu y cua cdng ddng qudc td ve van de Indonesia, ddng thdi de nghi Lien hop qudc nhanh chdng hanh ddng de lap lai hda binh tai qudc gia Ddng Nam A nay. Trong biic thu giii tdi Hdi ddng bao an, Nehru neu ro: "Hdnh dgng cua qudn dgi Hd Lan dang gdy tdn hgi ddi v&i viec duy tri an ninh qudc ti"'°. Ong ddng thdi ciing dk nghi Hdi ddng bao an can nhanh chdng cd bien phap cjn thidt phu hop vdi Hidn chuang cua Lien hgp qudc de cham diit tinh hudng hien t?i dang diln ra tai Indonesia.
2 ng^y sau thao luan, Hdi ddng bao an da yeu cau cac ben lien quan t^i Indonesia ngimg ban va "giai quylt xung dot bing bien phap hda binh"" Tuan thu theo de nghi va hudng dan ciia Hdi ddng bao an.
Indonesia.
2.2. Giai dogn sau khi An Bg gidnh dgc lap (15/8/1947-1949)
Vao thdi dilm An Dd dugc thirc dan Anh trao tra doc lap (15/8/1947), Indonesia tuyen bd thanh lap nudc Cdng hda Indonesia dugc 2 nam. Khi chinh thilc dugc cdng nhan va trao tra ddc lap, Chinh phu An Do da tiln hanh mot lo?t cac bien phap quan trong de thiic day van de ddc lap cho Indonesia:
2.2.1. Ma kenh phdt thanh rieng cho vdn de Indonesa
Vai thang sau khi dugc trao tra dgc lap, Chinh phu An Dp da quylt dinh md rieng mdt kenh tren sdng phat thanh trung uong dl phdt sdng cac tin bii vl van dl Indonesia. Chucmg trinh nay cd ten Bahasa Indonesia Programme'^. Day ciing la chuong trinh dau tien ve van de ddi ngogi ciia Dai phat thanh trung uong An Dp.
2.2.2. Ho trgy te cho Indonesia Chinh quyln New Delhi ciing hd trg y Ha Lan v4 Chinh phu Indonesia da ra lenh <^ <'^° Cong hda Indonesia. Vao ngay ngimg ban va l?nh nay cd hieu luc til giiia
dem ngay 4-5/8/1947. Giai phap cua Lien hgp qudc dugc coi la mdt trong nhimg
24/8/1947, Chinh quyen An Dg da giri mdt phai doan y te tdi Indonesia. Phai doan nay bao gdm 3 bac si, 3 y ta ciing vdi cac thiet bi y te tri gia khoang 300 bang. Mac du hd trg cua Chinh quyen New Delhi cdn ban che nhimg cung r4t cd ^ nghia doi vdi
'" Baladas Ghoshal (1999), India and Ihe SIrugglefor Indonesian Independence, Akdemika, 54 (Januari), Malaysia, 25 pages (105-130).
" V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 30.
V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 3 1 .
20
Nghign ciiu An Do va Chdu A. So 6 - 2015 Indonesia trong thdi diem nay. Bdi vi tai
thoi diem nay, ty le bac si/binh quan dan sd Indonesia la 1 bac sT/100.000 dan'^.
2.2.3. Nhirng ho trg quan trgng khdc Trudc thai do kign quylt phan ddi thyc ddn Ha Lan dp dat ach thdng tri ddi vdi Indonesia, Ha Lan khdi ddu chiln dich chdng lai An Do. Thuc dan Hd Lan cho xuat bdn tai Ueu cd nhan dl "Indonesia, cdc cudng qudc va Australia". Tai lieu nhanh chdng dugc thyc dan Ha Lan luu hdnh tai Indonesia vdi muc tigu truyen bd, khuylch truong gigng dieu cho rang An Dp Id qudc gia dang cd am muu thdn tinh chau A. Tai lieu cd doan: "Mai gidnh dugc dgc lap, An Do cung cdp ca sa vdt chdt vd qudn dgi cho Indonesia v&iy tudng se lanh dgo chdu A the chdn cho phdt xit Nhdt Lich su An Do ro rdng dd chung minh mgt thuc ti nuac ndy cd xu hudng xdm lugc theo nhieu hudng khdc nhau tgi chdu A. Ndm dudi trudng cua Nehru, giai lanh dgo cua An Do hien dang ddn xip mgt cugc chai xdm lugc hien dgi han truac rdt nhieu "'"'-
* Phdn ddi hdnh dgng tdn cdng qudn JU- ldn 2 ciia Hd Lan vdo Indonesia
Khdng ban tam trudc gipng dieu tuyen truygn ciia thuc dan Ha Lan, Chinh phii An Do vdn ke vai sat cdnh vdi nhan dan
" V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - Indta and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 32.
" V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 35.
Indonesia trong su nghiep gjai phdng dan tgc. Sau khi len ndm quyln, Chinh quyen mdi Hatta mdu thudn ndi bd vdi nhiing ngudi cpng sdn viia diing lgn thanh lap M§t tran dan chii nhan dan. Lgi dung mau thudn nay. Ha Lan bit ngd md cugc tdn cdng xam lugc !dn thii hai nhdm tieu diet nudc Cpng hda Indonesia (19/12/1948). Cudc ddu tranh cua nhdn dan Indonesia dugc du ludn qudc te dong tinh iing hd, dac biet la sy ung hp cua phia An Dp.
Trudc ddng thdi nay ciia Hd Lan, Chinh phii An Do phan ddi kich Hgt hanh vi xdm lugc ciia thyc dan Ha Lan, ddng thdi dinh chi cdc hoat ddng ciia hang hang khdng Ha Lan tai An Do. Dai sii An Do tai Ha Lan mdi dugc chi dinh - dng Mohan Singh - ngay lap tiic dugc trieu hdi vg nudc. Khong chi vdy, An Do lidn tuc lgn tieng hdi thiic Lien hgp qudc hanh dpng nhanh chdng vd hieu qua ddng thdi yeCi cdu co quan qudc tl ra lenh "ngung ban" ddng thdi trao trd ty do cho cdc nha lanh dao Indonesia.
Cudi cung, Hgi ddng Bdo an Lien hgp qudc thdng qua nghi quyet yeu cdu Ha Lan ngimg bdn va trd ty do cho cdc nha ldnh dao Indonesia. Tnrdc siic ep cua du lugn qudc tl vd nhiing kho khan do bi sa ldy trong chiln tranh, chinh quyln Ha Lan bugc phai trd dy do cho Sukarno cimg nhihig nhd lanh dao khac va tiln hanh dam phdn hda binh.
* To chiec Hgi nghi chdu A vi Indonesia
Tuy nhien, thyc ddn Hd Lan vdn tilp tuc tu chdi thuc hien cdc Quylt nghi ciia
21
Phiing Thi Thao. Phong trdo gidi phdng ddn dgc...
Hdi ddng bao an ndi chung va Hiep dinh La Hay ndi rieng. Trudc bdi canh do. An Do da dung ra td chirc Hdi nghi chau A ve Indonesia tir ngay 20-23/1/1949, tai New Delhi. Muc tieu cua Hdi nghi chau A ve Indonesia la hd trg nhan dan Indonesia trong CU0C dau tranh chdng lai chu nghia thuc dan, ddng thdi tao ap luc ddi vdi Lien hgp qudc de co quan nay sdm dua ra nhiing quyet dinh cho tinh trang bao lire tai Indonesia. Do vay, chi nhflng nudc ung hd phong trao dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc tai Indonesia dugc mdi tham du. Cac qudc gia nay hao gdm Afghanistan, Australia, Mien Didn, Sri Laiika, Ai Cap, Ethiopia, An Do, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Phillipines, ARapxeut, Syria va Yemen. Trung Qudc, Nepan, Thai Lan va New Zealand cung dugc mdi tham dtr vdi vai trd quan sat vien.
Phat biSu trudc Hpi thao, Nehru nhto manh
"Niu khdng dugc gidi quyit hieu qud, hdnh dgng cua thuc ddn Hd Lan khdng chi dnh hu&ng den Indonesia md cdn dnh hu&ng den chdu A vd todn thi gi&i". Do vay, Nehru cung hdi thiic Hgi nghi: "1.
Phdc thdo vd de trinh cdc de xudt v&i Hgi dong bdo an cdc bien phdp nham khdi phuc hoa binh vd s&m cong nhdn dgc lap cho nguai ddn Indonesia. 2. Ggi y hdnh dgng tiep theo cho Hgi ddng bdo an trong tru&ng hgp cdc khuyen nghi ciia co quan ndy khdng dugc thuc hien. 3. Xdy dung vd de xudt eg che vd cdc bien phap nhdm gidi quyet nhiing mdi de dga ddi v&i cdc qudc gia chdu A trong tucmg lai"".
Sau 3 ngay nhdm hgp tai thii dd New Delhi, Hdi nghi da thdng qua 3 Nghi quydt.
Nghi quydt thir I tuydn bd hanh dgng quto su cua thuc dto Ha Lan nhSm vao nhto dto Indonesia da vi pham Hidn chucmg cua Lien hgp qudc ddng thdri di ngugc lai vdi nhiing nd lite ciia Hdi ddng bao an va Uy ban hda giai thugc ca quan nay trong viec giai quyet xung dgng thdng qua cac bien phap hda binh. Hdi nghi cho ring Hgi ddng bag an phai cd bien phdp phii hgp dd cdc nha ltoh dao Indonesia se dugc trao ta tu do ngay lap tiic va tir do ciia Chinh quySn Indonesia phai dugc khdi phuc, Chinh quydn Itoi thdi Indonesia nen dugc thtoh lap trudc ngdy 15/3/1949; vd thlm quyen quto ly toto bd Indonesia phai dugc chuydn giao hoan toto vdo ngdy 1/1/1950 cho Lidn bang Indonesia. Hdi nghj cung d6 xuat Hdi ddng bdo an cto cd nhung hdnh dOng kip thdi trong tniong hgp cac khuydn nghj ciia co quan ndy khdng dugc thuc hien. Cudi cimg, Hgi nghj dd xudt Hdi ddng bao an cto bdo cao vdi Dai hdi ddng Lien hgp qudc vd nhihig didn bi^n lien quan ddn viec gidi quydt vto de Indonesia.
Theo quan didm ciia tac gia, Hdi nghj chau A vd vto dd Indonesia dugc td chiic tai An Do da gdy siic ep khdng nhd doi vdi Lidn hgp quoc ddng thdi thu hiit su chii -j ion cua cdng ddng qudc te ddi vdi vto dd Indonesia. Lto ddu tien trong ljch sit, mot qudc gia 6 chdu A diing ra td chiic mot Hoi nghj de gidi quydt vdn dd gidi phdng dto
" Baladas Ghoshal (1999), India and the SIrugglefor
Indonesian Independence, Akdemika, 54 (Januari), Malaysia, page 123,25 pages (105-130).
22
Nghign Cliu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 6 - 2015 tpc cua mdt qudc gia khde tai chdu A.
Trudc siic ep dd. Lien hgp qudc cudi ciing da thdng qua Nghi quylt vao ngay 28/1/1949. Nghi quylt la su kit tinh ndi dung va tinh thdn ciia nhiing nghi quylt dugc Hdi nghj chau A ve vdn dl Indonesia.
Tuy nhign, thdi gian chuyin giao quyln lye dugc Hgi ddng bdo an dn djnh la ngay 1/7/1950 thay cho dl xudt ciia Hdi nghi la ngdy 1/1/1950. Mac du thdi dilm chuyin giao quyln luc cd cham hon so vdi dl xuat cua hdi nghi tdi 6 thdng, tuy nhign, day cung Id ldn dau tign Hdi ddng bdo an an dinh mdt thdi diem cu thl va chi'nh xdc dl gidi quyet vdn de chinh tri ciia Indonesia.
Cdc cupe dam phan lien tuc dign ra trong thdng 4/1949 vd kgt thiic vdo thdng 11/1949. Cudi cimg Ha Lan ddng y chuyen giao todn hd quyen luc vd chii quyen cho todn bp lanh thd Indonesia (ngoai trii vung Tdy New Guine) cho Cpng hda Indonesia (Chinh phii lidn bang bao gdm Cdng hda Indonesia va 15 dai dien ciia cdc chinh quyln dia phuong do Ha Lan l^p nen d Indonesia va dai dien ciia Uy ban Indonesia ciia Lign hgp qudc) vao trudc ngdy 30/12/1949. Day cung la thoi dilm ddnh ddu sy kit thiic su thong tri cua thyc ddn Ha Lan tai Indonesia - qudc gia ddng dan sd nhdt tai khu vyc Ddng Nam A.
3. Phan ihig cua Lidonesia trirdc vai trd cua An Do
Nhu da de cap d phdn tren, Nhat tuygn bo se trao tra dgc lap cho Indonesia vao ngdy 1/1/1946. Trudc bdi cdnh Chien tranh thl gidi Idn 2 chuyen bien qud nhanh theo
hudng bdt lgi cho Nhdt, dac biet la viec Nhat dau hang quan Ddng minh khdng digu kien (15/8/1945), Sukarno tuyen bd Indonesia dpc lap. Tuy nhign, thyc dan Ha Lan khdng cdng nhan nin ddc lap dy ciia Indonesia ddng thdi tim mpi cdch de tdi dp dat dch thdng tri ddi vdi Indonesia.
Trong tinh thl nay, hon ai het cac nha lanh dao Indonesia mong muon nhan dugc sy cdng nhdn cua cdng dong quoc te ddi vdi nudc Cgng hda Indonesia non tre mdi dugc thdnh ldp dang phdi don ddc chdng lai kg hoach tdi dp dat dch th6ng tri cua thuc dan Ha Lan. Sukarno, Hatta va Sjahrir dgu cho rdng sy ung hd cua cpng ddng qudc te ddi vdi Cdng hoa Indonesia la dieu nhdt thiet khdng the thigu dg Indonesia chdng lai dd tdm ciia thyc dan Hd Lan. Do vdy, muc tigu chinh ciia chinh sdch doi ngoai Indonesia trong bdi cdnh nay Id huy ddng su cdng nhan va ung hp cua c^ng ddng qudc tg ddi vdi vdn dg gidl phdng dan tpc ciia Indonesia. Do dd, viec An Dd chii ddng ling hg Cgng hda Indonesia ndi chung, thiic ddy phong trao gidi phdng ddn tdc cua nhdn ddn Indonesia khdi dch do hd ciia thyc dan Ha Lan ndi rieng da ddngvai trd to ldn ddi vdi sy nghiep gidi phdng ddn tdc cua qudc gia Ddng Nam A nay. Hay ndi cdch khdc, ddi vdi Indonesia, ndi chung, vdi cdc nhd lanh dao Indonesia ndi rigng, thai dp cua An Dp trong viec kign quylt phdn doi thyc dan Ha Lan tdi chilm ddng Indonesia rdt dugc hoan nghenh va chdo ddn.
Nhu da dg cap dgn d phdn trudc, ngay sau khi Chinh quyln ldm thdi An Dp dugc thanh lap, quyet dinh ddu tign lien quan din
23
PhOng Thi Thdo. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn dgc.
ITnh vyc ddi ngoai vdi Ddng Nam A ciia Chinh quyln ldm thdi An Dp la nit linh An Dp khdi Indonesia. Indonesia cdm thdy vui miing trudc quygt djnh sang sudt do ciia Nehru. Vao ngdy 19/8/1945, Sukarno da giii thu rigng tdi Thii tudng Nehru. Sau khi dl cap din "mdi quan he vdn hda va gan bd mdu thit" gifta 2 ddn tdc tir xa xua, Sukarno viet: "Su giiip da vd nhOng dgng vien chdn tinh md ngdi liin tiic ddnh cho nhdn ddn Indonesia da thuc tinh cd the gidi ve vdn de dang diin ra tgi Indonesia. Chiing toi se khong bao gid bdy to het niem biit an vd bd bin cua nhdn ddn Indonesia doi vol su giup da vd nhimg dgng vien ddy y nghia to ldn do cua ngdi vd tdt cd nhimg gi An Do da ldm cho chiing toi. Chiing tdi se khdng bao gid quen an do. Chiing toi si ludn ghi nhd vd trdn trgng tdt cd su giup da vd thiin chi md ngdi da danh cho chting toi. Vd khi tdt cd nhicng khd khdn trong thdi diim hien tgi qua di, chiing toi luon mong muon se xdy dung mdi quan h^ hgp tdc hieu nghi vd hua hen nhiiu thdnh cdng vdi An Dg"^^
Mpt quylt dinh khdc ciia Chinh phii lam thdi An Dp rat dugc cac nhd Ianh dao Indonesia danh gid cao dd la quylt dinh k^
kit Higp djnh Liia gao Indonesia - An Dd (4/1946). Trong bdi canh An Do phdi ddi mat tnrdc tinh trang thiiu luong thyc va thuc phdm trong khi Indonesia led rdt ddi dao nguon cung liia gao, Thii tudng Indonesia Sjahrir, vdo thang 4/1946, da dl
nghi phia An Dp sap xep tau trd hdng c^p bgn Indonesia de nhdp tdi 500 tdn gao ve An Dp. Ddi lai, An Dd se cung d p cdc mat hang may mac, thudc va cdc sdn phdm y tl cho Indonesia" Hiep dinh ndy mang i?
nghia dgc biet quan trgng ddi vdi Indonesia bdi nhieu ly do. Thu nhdt, day Id hiep djnh qudc te dau tien ciia Cdng hda Indonesia vdi mpt qudc gia khdc. Thu hai, trong boi canh liic bay gid thyc ddn Ha Lan da phong tda vd cd lap Indonesia vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Khi cdc tdu chd hang ciia An Dd c^p bgn cang ciia Indonesia, tinh trang phong tda vd cd lap cua thyc dan Ha Lan ddi vdi Indonesia phdn nao da bi phd vd. Thu ba, mdi quan he thuong mai truyen thdng ciia Indonesia ludn dugc thyc hien vdi Singapore. Khi Higp dinh Lua gao Indonesia - An D6 dugc ky kit, tinh hgp phdp quoc tg ciia Chinh quyln Cdng hda Indonesia se dugc tang cudng vd ciing cd.
Chinh vi vdy, trong bai phdt bilu ky ni^m 1 nam tuygn bd ddc lap, Sukarno da nhdn dinh: "Hi$p dinh Liia ggo Indonesia - An Do vica dugc ky kit la thdnh qud mdn nguyin nhdt trong ITnh vuc ddi ngogi cm Indonesia. Bdng Hiip dinh do, chiing ta da xdy dung dugc tinh bdng hiru ddng thdi thuc tinh dugc tinh anh em ciia nhdn ddn An Do doi vdi Indonesia ddnh cho nhdn ddn Indonesia vd gdy di/mg dugc su hieu biet cdn thiet giUa 2 ddn tgc. Ddy cUng la dieu rdt cdn thiit vd him ich khi An Dg
V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 35.
V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 23.
24
Nghign Cliu An Do va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2015 nam giic vi tri Id mdt trong nhung qudc gia
ldn cua thigidi"'^
Trudc quyet dinh td chiic Hdi nghi quan he chdu A tai New Dehli cua phia An Do, cac nhd lanh dao Indonesia td ra rdt vui miing. Bdi Ie ddy chinh la Hdi nghi qudc tl ddu tien (sau ngay Sukarno tuygn bd ddc lap) Cdng hda Indonesia cd quyln tham dy vdi tu cdch mot qudc gia thanh vign. Ddn dau la Abu Hanifah - lanh dao ciia Ddng Masjumi - dodn dai bigu ciia Indonesia bao gdm tdt cd cdc ddng phdi dang hoat ddng tai qudc gia Ddng Nam A tai thdi dilm dd.
Do vdy, doan dai bigu cua Indonesia trd thanh doan dai bieu cd sd lugng thanh vign tham dy ddng ddo nhdt trong Dai hpi chdu A vdi 25 thdnh vidn chinh thiic vd 6 quan sdt vien.
Cang chdo ddn vd danh gia cao sy giiip do vd ung hp ciia phia An Do danh cho Indonesia bao nhigu, cac nha lanh dao Indonesia cang mong mudn An Do gianh dugc dgc lap tir tay thyc dan Anh bay nhigu. Bdi trong quan diem ciia cdc nhd lanh dao Indonesia, mgt An Do ddc lap se Id ngudn dpng vien, ling hd ldn lao ddi vdi Indonesia. Do vdy, tii ddu nam 1946, Hatta da bay td mong mdi: "Chiing tdi - nhdn ddn Indonesia - thuc sic hi vgng An Do se nhanh chdng dugc trao trd t^ do vd chiing toi cho rdng vdn di dgc lap cua cd 2 ddn tgc Id vdn di chung. Khi An Do tuyen bd dgc lap vd khdng con ndm dudi dch cai tri
cOa thuc ddn Anh, ddc lap cho nhdn ddn Indonesia se chi cdn Id vdn de thdi gian "'^
Tdt ca nhiing nd Iyc ciia An Dp sau ngdy nudc nay chinh thiic gidnh dugc ddc lap tu tay thyc ddn Anh (15/8/1947) tii nhiing hd trg ve mat y tg, huy ddng sy iing hd va cdng nhan ciia cdng ddng qudc te, gay siic ep ddi vdi Lign hgp qudc, td chiic Hdi nghi chdu A vg vdn dg Indonesia... dgu dugc Indonesia chdo ddn. Do vdy, vdo trudc thdi diem tuyen bd thanh Idp Lidn bang Indonesia (30/12/1949), Sukarno dd danh gid vd cung cao vai trd ciia An Do ddi vdi sy nghiep gidi phdng dan tpc cua nhan ddn Indonesia: "Vdo thdi khdc Indonesia sdp dugc tdi sinh mgt ldn nica, toi vdn khdng sao cd the bdy td het niem biit an vd bd ben ciia nhdn ddn Indonesia ddi vdi An Do vd ddi v&i Thu tu&ng An Do Jawaharlal Nehru - tru&c su giup dd khdng ngicng nghi vd chdn tinh md cd nhdn ong vd nhdn ddn ciia dng da ddnh chgn cho cugc ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tgc ciia Indonesia vtta qua "^''.
Nhu vdy, nhin lai mdt chang dudng keo dai gdn 5 nam (1945-1949), qua trinh ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tpc cua nhdn ddn Indonesia khdi dch cai tri cua thyc dan Ha Lan, chiing ta khdng the khdng phii nhdn vai trd ldn lao cua An Dp ngay cd khi qudc
'* V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 24.
" V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle - India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 31.
" Baladas Ghoshal (1999), India and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, Akdemika, 54 (Januari), Malaysia, page 128,25 p^es (105-130).
25
Phiing Thi Thao. Phong trdo gidi phong ddn dgc...
gia Nam A nay chua gidnh dugc ddc lap hodn toan (giai doan 1945-15/8/1947) cho den khi nudc nay gianh dugc ddc lap hodn todn t u tay thyc dan Anh (giai doan
15/8/1947-1949). S y iing hd cua An Do ddnh cho sy nghiep dau tranh gidi phdng dan tdc ciia Indonesia khdng chi dugc the hien thdng qua nhiing hd trg tren phuong dien ngoai giao cd ben trong vd bgn ngoai to chiic Lign hgp qudc ma cdn cd sy hd trg ve vat chat. Bdn trong Lign hpp qudc. An Dp cung vdi Australia len an da tdm tdi chiem ddng cua thyc ddn Ha Lan ddi vdi Indonesia sau khi Nhdt Bdn ddu hang quan Dong minh khdng digu kien (8/1945).
Ciing tai Lien hpp qudc. An Dp ddng vai trd quygt dinh trong viec huy ddng sy ung hp ciia cdc thanh vidn trong Lign hgp qudc eiing nhu cdng luan qudc te de ung hg phong trao gianh ddc lap cua nhdn ddn Indonesia. Sy iing hd ciia An Dp ddnh cho cdng cupe ddu tranh giai phdng dan tdc ciia nhdn ddn Indonesia chinh Id mdt trong nhiing bigu hien sinh dgng nhdt chiing minh cho dac digm chinh ciia chinh sdch ddi ngoai An Do ddi vdi Ddng Nam A, giai doan 1947-1962. Dd la chinh sdch thiic ddy phong trdo giai phdng dan tdc tai Ddng Nam A ctia Chinh q u y l n An Do dudi thdi Nehru. Do vdy, bai v i l t ndy khdng chi dimg d miic giiip tac gia nhdn thiic ro hon ve phong trdo gidi phdng dan tdc tai Indonesia - mdt trong nhung qudc gia quan trgng tai Ddng Nam A - ndi chung, vai trd
cua An Dp ddi vdi phong trao gidi phdng dan tdc cua Indonesia ndi rigng ma cdn Id vi du dg chiing minh cho chinh sach doi ngoai ciia A n D g ddi vdi Ddng Nam A, giai doan 1947-1962.
T a i lieu k h a m k h a o
* Tieng Viet:
1. D.G.E.Hall (1997), Lich sir Dong Nam A, Nhilu ngudi dich, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, HaNpi, 1292 trang.
2. Lucmg Ninh (Chu bien, 2008), Lich sit Dong Nam A, Nxb. Giao due. Ha Npi, 695 trang.
* Tieng Anh:
3. V.Suryanarayan (2006), Comdrades in struggle India and Indonesia revolution, Indian Association for Asian and Pacific Studies, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, page 12. Baladas Ghoshal (1999), India and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence, Akdemika, 54 (Januari), Malaysia, 25 pages (105-130).
4. Mohammed Ayoob (2003), India and Soutinast Asia: Indian Perceptions and Policies, The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Routiedge, Singapore, 105 pages.
5. Sumit Ganguly (2010), India's foreign policy: Retrospect and Prospect, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India, 347 pages.
6. Vibhanshu Shekhar (2010;, "India and Indonesia: Reliable Partners in an Uncertain Asia", Asia - Pacific Review, Vol.17. No.2.
page 76-98.
26
