TCf Bich Di#p, Nguyln Thanh Cdng LY LUAN NGON NGy
LY THUYET NGU" PHAP KET CAU
VA NHU'NG LTNG DUNG CHO CONG TAC GIANG DAY TIENG TRUNG QUOC
Tu" Bich Diep', Nguyen Thanh Con^
L-^ thuySt NgO- ph^p kit c4u dwoe hinti tiiiinh tie nhu'ng nam 80 cua thi /cy XX, t&i nay nhOng tw tw&ng vd ket quS thwc tiin cua ly thuyit nay cung da dwoe Crng dung trong vi$c giing d^y ngoai ngir. Dwa tr6n cdc chu trwang ciJa Ly thuySt ngw phap kit ciu, kit hQp v6i phwang phip day hoc truyin thing, chOng fa c6 thi xay dwng nhiing quan diim m&i trong giing day ngo^i ngO ndi chung va giang day tiing Trung QuSc noi n&ng. Ly thuyit Ngw phip kit ciu chu trwang khdng dwa vao mdt s6 quy tic ngif phip dS dwac giin hda, mi giim bdi tic di^ng cua cic quy tic do, do do trong giang day. nen giam thiiu gi&i thi$u cic quy tic ngO phip nhhm trinh vi&c suy luan khong chinh xac Ly thuyit niy cOng chO trwang "thiy dwoe li n^m dwac" (what you see is what you get), vi vay chung ta c6 thi chO trqng vide giii thich y nghia kit ciu vdi tw cich li mdt chfnh thi chat che, ddng th&i chu trpng t&i tinh ddc lip eOa eie kit eiu, dae biet la eie kit ciu m&i dwoe hinh thinh vi st> di^ng. Tin ring, viic ip dung tw tw&ng cua Ngif phip kit ciu vio vide day hoc m0t cich hop I'y cd thd giup chung ta nang cao hieu qui day vi hoc tiing Trung Quic.
Constructionist theory came into being in the 1980s. Its tenets and empirical findings have now been used in foreign language teaching. Such tenets combined with traditional teaching methodologies give rise to alternative approaches to teaching foreign languages in general and Chinese in particular. Constructionist theory aims to minimize the influence of grammar rules, rather than depends on them. Foreign lanuage teaching should accordingly reduce the introduction of grammar rules so that inaccurate inferences would be avoided. Constructionist theory also posits "what you see is what you get", so we can focus on explaining the meaning of a construction as a tightly-knit entity as well as its independence; especially those of a novel constrcution. It is hoped that the appropriate application of tennets of constructionist approaches will enhance the efficacy of teaching and learning Chinese.
I. Dat van de hon hai muai nam phat trien va tra thanh Tir khi hinh thanh, ly thuydt Ngu phap mot trong nhung ly thuydt ngon ngu hpc ket cau (Construction Grammar) da qua kha hoan thien, thu hijt su chu y cua r4t ' NCS., chuyen ngiinh Ngon ngu-, Tru-o-ng Dai nhiSu nha ngon ngii hoc. Nhung nguven
h(?c VQ Han, Trung Quoc , b e . & & y^n
' TS., Khoa tj^ng Trung Qu6c. Tru-c^ng Dai ^^^ "^^ ^^^ '^^a '^ khuyet nay da mang lai hpc Ha Npi cho ngon ngu hoc mpt cong cij giai thich
Tap chi Khoa hpc Ngogi ngu- Sd 35 (thdng 6 nam 2013)
rkt CO hieu qua. Do ly thuyet nay chti y tai quan ngii, "chuan quan ngu" va cac hinh thiic trung gian giua tii va cac dan vi cii phap, vi the dya vao do, chiing ta co the dua ra nhieu giai thfch hpp ly cho cac ket cau CO tinh vung chac ma Nguyen tu luan va To hop luan cua phuang phap phan tich ngii nghia khong the giai thich duac.
Dac biet Iy thuyet nay ciing da c6 nhihig goi ma khong nho cho cong tac giang day tieng Trung Quoc. Trong he thong ngir phap tieng Trung Quoc co rat nhieu cau tnic ngu phap bat quy. Neu chi giang day ngii' phap theo chu nghia hinh thtic nhu truyen thong, viec day va hpc se tra nen kho han, nhieu van de se khong dupc giai dap mot each thau dao.
NgG phap ket cau la ly thuyet ngir phap dua tren viec sir dung ngon ngir, va nghien ciru ngii phap giang day, ve ca ban cung la nghien ciiu ve hanh chiic cua ngon ngij. Vi the, ly thuyet ngQ phap kit cau va viec giang day deu co dilm chung la chii trpng tai viec sir dung ngii phap va nghien ciiu each sir dung. Chfnh vi th^
doi vai giang day tieng Tmng Qu6c, dac biet la tieng Trung Quoc vai tu each la mpt ngoai ngii, thi ly thuyit Ngu phap kit cau CO mpt vai tro gpi ma rdt tich cue.
IL Noi dung nghien cihi So vai cac ly thuyet ngii phap khac, co thi noi Ngir phap kit cdu con kha "tre", nhung nhiing gia tri va cac quan diem tiln bp cua no la rat dang chii y. Nhiing quan
diem cua ly thuyit nay phu hgrp voi quy luat ciia viec hpc tap tiing Trung Quic va nhung yeu cau ciia tam ly tri nh^, vi vay Ngii phap ket clu mang din nhilu y tuong mod cho viec giang day tiing Trung Quoc. Chiing toi cho rSng, cung vai xu the phat trien ciia Ngii phap kit cdu, viec van dung ly thuyet nay vao giang day thuc te la mpt huang di moi, co tfnh kha thi.
1. Gioi thieu khai quat ve ly thuyet Ngfr phap ket cau
Tir nhiing nam 80 ciia thi ky XX, ly thuyet Ngii phap kit cau da ddn hinh thanh va dat duac nhiing buae phat triln manh me. Dupc xay dung va phat trien tren nen tang phe phan ly thuyet Ngii phap cai bien - tao sinh (Transformation al-generative grammar), Ngii phap ket cau . CO kha nang giai thich cac cau tnic ngon ngii. Ly thuyet ngii phap nay dupc hinh thanh tren boi canh cua Ngon ngii hpc tri nhan (Cognitive Linguistics), va d6i lap voi ly thuyit Ngti phap tao sinh va cac ly thuyet ngii phap truyen thong khac. No chit truang khong dua vao nhung quy tac hoac tham so ca ban de suy luan ra toan bp thuc te ngon ngii nhu Ngii phap pho quat (Universal Grammar), ma nhan manh tinh phi nguyen tac va tinh dac thii cua Ngii phap tri nhan, coi trpng qua trinh hpc tap va ITnh hpi ciia con nguoi doi voi cac tri thuc ngon ngii.
Mot trong nhirng dai dien tieu bieu ciia Ngii phap ket cau la Adele E.
TO Bich Diep, Nguyln Thanh Cdng LY LUAN NGON NGU*
Goldberg. Trong ly thuyet ciia minh, ba nhan manh: '''Hinh thuc (Fi) va y nghTa (Si) cua ket cdu (C) deu khong the du dodn truac duac, moi kit cdu deu co mot y nghia hodn chinh doc lap v&i y nghia ciia cdc thdnh phdn, va y nghia hodn chinh ndy khong the duac suy dodn dua vdo y nghta cua cdc Ihdnh phdn Irong cdu true hogc cdc thdnh phdn da biet tneac"''^\ Dac diem ciia Ngii phap ket cau la khong co tfnh cai bien, tiic la NgO phap k&X cau chi c6 mpt tang, khong ton tai cac hinh thiic cai bien khac nhau. Trong nhiing tinh huong thuang gap, mpt cau cu the thuang co vai cau triic c6 cimg chiic nang. Ket cau khong phai la thii co the suy luan ra, ma la do hpc dupc, vi the can phai hpc tap de nam duac chiing.
Tuy la mpt ly thuyet ngon ngii mai, song Ngii phap ket cau da nhan duac su quan tam chii y ciia rat nhieu nha nghien Cliu ngon ngir tren thS gioi. Tu tuang va ket qua thuc tien ciia ly thuyet nay c6 y nghia tfch cue doi vai viec giang day ngoai ngii.
Trong nganh ngon ngii hpc, viec iing dung ly thuyet Ngii phap ket cau ciing da CO nhiing thanh tii'u nhdt djnh. Ly thuyet nay da dup'c iing dung trong nghien cim ngu doan, nghien ciiu thu dac ngon ngii thu hai va duac cac nha ngon ngii hpc Trung Quoc iing dung trong viec giai thich mpt so cdu triic cdu dac biet trong tieng Trung Quoc. Trong nghien ciiu ngii doan, cu the la nghien ciiu ciia Fried va
Ostman (2005)', tir goc dp Ngu phap ket cdu, cac tac gia da tien hanh mpt nghien Cliu thuc nghiem phdn tich cu the ve ngon ngii danh dau ngir dung trong tieng Sec.
Trong nghien ciiu thu dac ngon ngii thii hai, Tomasello (1998) da coi ly ludn cua Goldberg (1995) la "mot ly thuyit dpt.pha CO tinh gpi ma each mang trong nghien Cliu phat triln ngfi phap"^. Trong nghien cim ciia minh, Dong Yen Binh va Luang Qudn Anh (2004) cung cho rang, nhung nguai mai hoc ngoai ngu ban ddu chiu anh huong ciia dpng tu', nhung nhung nguoi 6 trinh dp trung, cao cap co khuynh huong dua vao cac ket cdu de hieu y nghTa ciia cdu . Trdn Man Hoa (2009) cung cho rang nen xdy dung quan diem ket cdu trong viec giang day ngoai ngii .
Ly thuyet Ngii phap ket cau la mpt xu huong phat trien cua truang phai Ngon ngii hpc tri nhdn. O Viet Nam, tuy da co kha nhieu cong trinh nghien cijm iing dung Ngon ngii hpc tri nhan, nhung chii yeu chi tap trung vao huang Ngu nghia hoc Iri nhgn nhu an du tri nhdn, vi du:
Nguyen Dire Ton, Dgc trung tu duy
Fried Mirjam and Jan-Ola Oslman. 2005. Construction grammar and spoken languages: The case of pragmatic particles. Journal of Pragmatics 37(11) 1752-1778
" Tomasello. Mictiael 1998 The return nf constructions. Journal of Child language 25: 431-442 Mif iKlf'^ffl. m S l f t ^ - ^ f i J r ^ . 2004-02-20: 42-48 4W9E. 2 0 0 9 ^ ^ 4 f f l : 64-70
Tap chi Khoa hoc Ngoai ngii' Sd 35 (thang 6 nim 2013}
nguoi Viet qua dn du tri nhdn irong ihdnh ngit, Tap chi ngon ngii, 12/2008 va 1/2009. Phan Thi Hung, An dudi goc do tri nhgn (tren cic lieu tieng Viet vd lieng Anh), LATS Ngii van. Tp. H6 Chi Minh 2010, Thu vien Qu6c gia Viet Nam, Hoac ap dung ly thuyet dien mau, vf du: Do Hong Duong, Buae ddu dp dung li thuyet dien mdu vdo nghien ciru thdnh phdn chu ngit trong cdu lieng Viet, Tap chi ngon ngu, 11/2008. Nguyen Khanh Ha, Li thuyet dien mdu vd cdu dieu kien dien mdu trong tieng Viet, Tap chi Ngon ngij, 8/2008.
Tuy nhien, chua thay co cong trinh ling dung nao theo huong Ngit phdp hoc tri nhgn (voi Ngii phap tri nhan, Ngii phap ket cdu ciia Fillmore, Goldberg hay Ngii phap ket cau goc v.v...).
Ve giang day ngon ngii, trong cong tac giang day tieng Viet cho nguai nuoc ngoai, CO nghien ciiu cua Nguyen Khanh Ha , ap dung quan diem ngii phap kit cdu vao pham tni cdu dieu kien tiing Viet, ling dung vao viec gidng day tiing Viet nhu mpt ngoai ngii. Trong viec giang day tieng Trung Qu6c a Viet Nam, tai nay chiing toi van chua thdy nghien ciiu nao vl viec img dung ly thuyit Ngir phap klt- cdu vao giang day. Vi the, xay dung quan diem Ngii phap kit cau trong giang day
* Nguyen Khanh Ha. Mgi quan diam vg pham tru cau dieu ki^n ti6ng Viet-Ong dyng vao viec day va hpc lieng Vict nhu mpi ngoai ngu' 1 loi thao Viei Nam hgc VNSC 1. DH KHXH & NV thanh ph6 Hfl Chi Minh
tieng Trung Qu6c nhu mot ngoai ngii la mpt khuynh huong dang dupc quan tam.
2. Nhfrng dl xuat ung dung Ngir phap ket can trong giang day tieng Trung Quoc
2.]. Gidm thieu gi&i thieu cdc quy tdc ngir phdp nhdm tranh viec suy ludn khong chinh xdc.
Trong gidng day ngii phap truyin thong theo quan diem hinh thirc, thong thuang nguoi day deu dua ra mpt s6 quy tac ngii phap da duoc toi gian hoa. Nhung trong thuc te giao tiep, nhiing quy tac nay ro rang khong dii de sii dung, Vi du nhu khi dua ra quy tac hoan doi, trong tiing Trung Quoc, co nhiing cap cau triic c6 ngu' nghTa gdn giong nhau va trong mpt s6 truong hpp co the thay thi cho nhau, cu the: chiing ta co the noi: "lc#M" (cau tnic "lit+cum dpng tir"), dong thoi cung CO the noi "#f#'li" (cau triic bo ngii kha nang "V t# C"). Tuy nhien, khong phai trong bat ky truong hop nao hai cau tnic nay cung co the hoan doi cho nhau. Vi vay, each duy nhat de tiep tuc sir dung quy tac nay la phai phdn loai no mpt each chi tiet va ti mi han, rang trong trudng hpp nao thi hai cau tnic c6 the hoan doi cho nhau, truong hpp nao thi khong.
Nhung neu xet tren quan diem Ngii phap ket cau, each lam nhu vdy rat phiic tap va nhdt dinh se gap nhieu kho khan, vi tac dung CLia cac quy tac ngii phap rat han
Tip Bfch Di^p, Nguyen Thanh Cong L V LUAN NGON NGO"
che. Ngii phap ket cdu cung phan doi sir cai bien ciia Ngii phap tao sinh. Nguyen tac ciia ngii phap giang day la ""phdi kit hop su gidi thich cdc quy tac ngQ phdp v&i y nghia vd cdeh tgo sinh ciia tir ngir, cu phdp, vdn ban". Nhirng nguoi co tieng me de la tieng Trung Quoc co nhiing quy tac ngti: phap da dupc npi hoa (internalization), do do voi m5i quy tic ngu phap, hp c6 the tiep tuc suy luan va Sli dung ma rdt it khi xay ra loi sai. Vi du nhu, vai quy tac hoan doi giiia hai cdu tnic "I'g+cum dpng tir" va b6 ngii kha nang "V t# C" noi tren, nguoi ban ngii co the tuy ngu canh ma lira chpn van dung linh hoat. Nhung nhiing nguai nuoc ngoai hpc tieng Trung Quoc chi co the dua vao nhiing quy tac ngii phap da duoc giao vien giang day cho hp, vi the khi suy luan va van dung rat de xay ra loi sai. Dieu nay cang chiing minh rang, viec chi giang day cac quy tac ngu phap la hoan toan khong dap ling du yeu cdu nay. He qua la cac mo hinh day hpc bpc 16 nhieu bdt cap. Luc Kiem Minh, Quach Nhue (1998) timg viet: "'Doi v&i nhung hoc sinh nguai Hdn, nhiing quy tdc ngir phdp md gido vien gidng day, ho cUng chi nghe roi de day...
vd se khong noi theo nhiing quy ldc md gido vien dgy. Nhirng hoc sinh nu&c ngodi hocic cdc ddn toe thieu so vdn khong biet tieng Hdn, gido vien day thi nao, ho se hoc nhu vgy, han nua se dua
vdo nhiing quy tdc md gido vien dgy ho rdi tiip tuc suy lugn theo mot cdeh dan gidn. Nhung cir suy lugn Id se xdy ra cdc ldi saf'^'^y Vi thi chiing ta nen '"xoa nhda tdc dung ciia cdc quy ldc ngu phdp, thay vdo do Id su nhdn manh vdo tinh doc Idp cua ket cdu"^'^\ Vf du, co mpt so cdu tnic CO kha nang tao sinh thap, neu van tiep tuc dua vao quan diem hinh thiic ma dua ra mpt vai quy tac, vdy thi, khi hpc sinh diing nhirng quy tac nay tao ra nhiing to hpp tir va dat cdu, rat de dat ra nhiing cau sai. Vi du,
tii^^iEj^4-^StJ/ffi. ( A E ^ S m 1994- 10-16)
U 1987-10-10)
Tir cac cdu tren, neu dua ra cong thiic
"]f^+it" (hinh dung tir +it), hpc sinh co the dat nhiing cau sai nhu sau:
X3,:t^ta^^„
X4. m^nmim^M't\t\^}K
So dl xuat hien nhiing cdu sai nhu vay la boi theo cong thirc "M+xt" dugc hpc, nguoi hpc se tiep tuc suy ludn va cho rang bdt ky hinh dung tir nao ciing co thi dua vao cdu tnic nay, do do khi sir dung cdu tnic, nguai hpc chi don thudn Idp ghep hinh dung tir vdo ma khong bilt rdng
Tap chl Khoa hpc Ngoai ngif Sd 35 (thang 6 nam 2013)
trong tiing Trung Qu6c von dT khong co each bilu dat nhu vay.
Mpt vi du khac nhu cdu tnic: "W+^
g NP + ifF^^i^" ( ^ + cum danh tir so lupng + hinh dung tir). Trong tieng Trung Qu6c, cdu tnic nay diing dl bieu thi su danh gia vl lupng hoac su so sanh, vi du:
(?fe¥ «+®±itt)) )
iB» )
II i^^f^num )
Nhung khong the viet:
* 8. iJcgfe^T^M^M.
Nhiing hinh dung tir trong cdu true tren deu bieu thi trinh dp cao hoac mang nghia tich cue, vi vdy nhiing hinh dung tir bieu thi trinh dp thdp hoac nghTa tieu cue khong the dupc dimg trong cdu tnic nay.
Tuong tu nhu vdy, trong mpt s6 truong hpp, nhimg tir mang nghia tuong duong cung khong the thay thi cho nhau, vi du: CO the noi " " ^ ' t ' ^ , fgi'ST"
nhung khong thi noi "^^^ff^ fS^-^'"
Neu tiep tuc each lam theo kilu Ngii phap tao sinh nay, viec dua ra quy tdc cho nhiing cau true vai tdn sudt xudt hien thdp
se chi khien cho viec day va hpc them phirc tap, dong thai dan den viec nguoi hpc tu tao ra nhiing to hgp tir hoac cdu khong chfnh xac.
Tir do CO the thdy, khong nen dua ra nhiing quy tac mot each cirng nhac, md tit nhdt nen coi do la nhung thanh phdn c6 dinh, khong dua ra nhung quy tac phiic tap ma true tiep giang cho hpc sinh ve y nghTa ciia "ii5ii% ^Mid!" trong cac cau cu thi. Vi du " i ^ i i " trong vi du (1) co Ihl giai thfch la "cao hon", trong tieng Trung Quoc co nghia la "A tb B ft" ma khong cdn dua ra cong thiic "M+xt"
niia.
2.2. Chu trgng viec gidi thich y nghia kit cdu vai tu each Id mot chinh the chgt che.
Khi xir ly cac hien tugng ngon ngii, phai chu trpng tai viec giai thich y nghia ciia kit cdu. Trong giang day tieng Tnmg Qu6c, viec tilp thu nhiing tu tuang cua ly thuyit Ngii phap ket cdu de xir ly mpt so hien tugng ngon ngii to ra rat co hieu qua.
Nhung quan diem co ban cua Ngii phap kit cdu cho rdng: hinh thiic ciia ngon ngii khong thi tach roi su xem xet chi tiet vl y nghTa va chiic nang; hinh thiic va y nghTa la nhiing thiic thi kit hgp chat che khong thi tach rai. Chau Tilu Binh, Ly Hdi Au (2004)^^' cung cho rdng, viec giang day ngir phap tiing Trung Qu6c co 8 ddc dilm, trong do, dac diem thii hai chinh la
Tir Bich Di$p, Nguyen Thanh Cdng LV' LUAN NGON NGU"
"coi trong cd hinh thirc va ngii nghia".
Nhu vdy, cac nha nghien cuu ve giang day tieng Trung Quoc cung da y thiic dugc tdm quan trpng ciia su ket hgp giiia hinh thiic va y nghia.
Co the Idy vi du chiing minh cho dieu nay: co nhiing ket cdu hoan toan khong the diing each phdn tich ngii phap de gidi thfch nhu "A ^iiJlSPMi" (hinh dung tir chi tfnh chdt + "^i'JigPlli" ), vi " ^ | i j PSP M i " bieu thi nghTa khong gian, rat kho de ket hgp vai hinh dung tir chi tinh chdt (A). Neu khong coi ca ket cdu "A ^
||J IP M i " la mpt chinh thi, ma dung
"phuang phap nhi phdn" de phdn tfch ket cdu nay thanh "A" va "^I'liiSEMi" roi liet ke y nghTa ciia hai bp phdn nay ra mpt each rieng le, thi nguoi hpc se dan thudn cpng y nghTa cua hai thanh phdn nay, va cho rdng do chfnh la y nghTa cua ket cau.
Nhung each lam do se khien nguoi hpc hieu sai y nghia cua ca ket cau, vi y nghTa ma ca ket cdu muon bieu dat duong nhien khong the suy ludn true tiep ra tir y nghTa cua cac thdnh phan cita no. Y nghTa ciia cdu tnic nay la bieu thi ^H- ddnh gid cua ngudi phdt ngon ve mire do cua mot tinh trgng cua chu the ndo do se khong vuot qud mot gioi hgn nhdt dinh '. Cu the:
(:^ S4 ^ http://stock .j rj .com. cn/invest/
2012/01/10085912012744.shtml)
(Thi truang c6 philu Trung Qu6c khdng the tiep tuc rot gia)
Kit cdu "A :^f\mM^" trong truang hgp nay (A=g^) co nghia la tinh trang c^a chii thi (tffllSTi]) du CO rot gia (i^) thi sir rat gia do ciing se la co han dinh.
Trong vi du tren, neu tach A va "^
iiJSEfii" lam hai thanh phdn rieng biet roi cpng gop nghTa ciia hai thanh phan do lai thi y nghTa co dugc tir su tong hop do hoan toan khong phai la nghTa ciia cd cau tnic C " 1 ^ " = rat gia; " ^ S W M ± " = chang di toi dau), Vi the phuong phdp giai thfch hop ly nhdt la coi ca cdu tnic nay la mpt ket cdu co dinh, va dua ra y nghTa ciia no. "Cach xu ly theo nghTa ket cdu" nay kha de chap nhdn, va cung giam bat dupc rdt nhieu su giai thich phire tap khong dang co.
Mpt vi du khac: trong tieng Trung Quoc, cau tnic "danh tir + T " ciing dupc sir dung kha pho bien. Vi du:
12. M'^, -mi^^MMJL' n-^
A^. i^^^^^i-f^A^i. i^m mm m)
m «r.mii)))
14. ^MMT' ^ ^ ' t ! (%im mm )
Trong nghien ciiu tieng Han hien dai, tir " T " luon la mpt vdn de nghien ciiu dugc nhieu nha ngon ngir hpc quan tam.
Tap chi Khoa hpc Ngogi ngif s a 35 (thang 6 nfim 2013)
Nhung cac nghien cim thuang chi tap trung vao "dpng tir + T" hoac "hinh dung tir+ T" ma rdt it chii y toi "danh tir + T"
Hon niia khong phai mpi danh tir va cum danh tir diu co th€ ket hop vai trg tir ngii khi " 7 " , vf du: khong thi noi " : ^ ^ T ^ t l ^ T " . v.v... Ly giai cho dieu nay, Thach Due Tri^ cho rang nhiing danh tir mang nghTa bien doi tit khong den co theo mpt "qua trinh thuc hien" mai co the them " 7 " vao phia sau. Vf du co the noi:
"W>i^m^J" chu khong noi "t|J^hMfil7"
vi trinh tu phat triln la tir "^l^^W toi ":^
MM" va danh tir trong cdu tnic "danh tu + 7 " la ket qua cua su kien ma cd cau tnic mu6n bieu thi. Vi vay khi giang day, cdeh t6t nhdt la coi do la mgt ket cdu chinh the r6i dua ra y nghia ciia no
2.3 Chii irong tinh doc lap ciia cdc ket cdu, dgc biet la cdc ket cdu m&i duac hinh thanh vd su dung.
Trong nhiing quan diem co ban ciia Ngii phap ket cau, c6 mpt diem rat dang chii y, do la: ket cdu co tinh qudn dung.
Fillmore (1988)^''^ da chi ra: moi cdu triic ngu phdp la mot hinh thuc qudn ngii, sau do, Goldberg (2003)^^^ da chi ro: bdt ky hinh thirc bieu dgt ndo co tdn sudt cao deu la nhiing ket cdu. Jackendoff (2002)f^^, Langacker (2004)^^^ ciing cho rang: bdt ky mot cdu triic hay ngit cu co tdn sudt cao ndo, cho dii co tinh quy ludt hay khong ciing deu co the coi do la mot
IKti, 2 0 0 0 ^
kit cdu. Trong trao luu phat triln cOa ngon ngii, nhiing tir ngii moi (ho^c m6t cdu tnic CO dua them nhung y nghTa moi) diu khSng ngimg dugc san sinh. Muln hoa nhap vao thuc tiln giao tilp, khong the bo qua nhiing tir ngiJ m6i phat sinh nay, vi du: " ^ XX" (M,fcik. Mgfe^.
M i ^ f t ). Tir ndm 2009, o Tmng Qu6c, cdu tnic nay da bdt ddu thinh hanh tren mang, tra thanh mpt trong nhung cdu tnic cdu dugc sii dung ph6 biln nhdt^^l Gioi nghiSn ciiu ngon ngii da thdo ludn rit sdu ve cac cau tnic mang tinh tmyIn thong va on dinh nhu cdu tnic hai tdn ngii, cdu true sai khien v.v... nhung nhiing c4u tnic mai xuat Men trong thai gian ngdn va dot nhien dupc su dung voi tdn sudt cao nhu trSn lai chua dugc chii trpng nghien Cliu diing miic. Tren quan diSm cua ly thuyet Ngii phap kit cau, nhirng phuong thiic bieu dat lihu vay ciing co thi dupc coi la nhiing "ket cdu". Quan diSm nay sg rat CO ich cho viec giang day cac cdu triic ngon ngii.
Cac tir ngii co thS ket hgp voi "^"
CO the noi la het sire phong phu, vi du "^
^^" (bi dpc than), "te^£?" (bi mdt tich), "MiS^" (bi duang sdt cao tic), v.v... Tir nhiing vi du nay, co thi thdy sir kit hap cdc tir trong cdu tnic " ^ XX"
khong phu hpp vol logic ban ddu, co nghTa, day Id su xa roi so voi cdu tnic von CO. Nhung sau khi cdu true nay tro nen c6 dinh, nhiing each bieu dat tuong ung voi
Tip Bfch Di^p, Nguyin Thanh Cdng LY LUAN NGON NGLf
no khong ngijuig tang len, do do sir xa roi SO voi cdu tnic cau chii " ^ " truyin thong cang liic cang Ion. Vi vdy nlu dimg nhirng phuong phap truoc ddy dl phdn tfch, se rat kho giai thich hien tugng nay.
Vi the ehi co the dua ra nghia cu thi ciia timg cum tir trong nhiing van cdnh nhdt dinh ma khong the suy luan nghia ciia ca ket cdu bang viec cpng gop nghTa ciia tir"
M" va nghTa cua thanh phan XX sau do.
Neu theo tu tuong "thdy dugc la ndm dugc" (what you see is what you get) ciia ly thuydt Ngii phap kit cdu, each gidi thich nay rdt co hiSu qua.
Tuy ket cdu " M XX" ngay cang phat trien, nhung xet ve mat nguon g6ci°"
no vdn co moi Hen he voi nhung sir kien xa hpi chii khong he dugc tao ra mgt each tiiy tien. Goldberg da tiep thu quan diem ciia Lakoff va chi ra rang: moi kit cdu diu CO cdn cir co thi khdo cuu. Vi du: " M §
^ " (bi tu sat) chi viec mpt nguai hoan todn Idiong co dpng co tu sdt, nhung dot nhien chet vi nguyen nhdn nao do, tren hien truong lai co vet tich nhu mpt vu tu sat, hon niia ket luan cua co quan tu phap ve vu viec nay ciing khong the khien mpi nguai tin tuong. Hode "?^i^^" (bi duong sat cao toe) chi viec nguoi ddn von khong tinh nguyen di tau hoa cao toe boi gia ve cao, nhung vi mpt nguyen nhan nao do ma buoc phdi sir dung phuong tien nay;
v.v... Tir do co the thdy, moi ket cdu ngon
ngG diu CO nguyen nhan hinh thdnh tu hoan canh xa hpi cu the, vi the y nghia cua no la y nghTa chinh the chii khong the dugc suy ludn ra tir cdu tnic chit " ^ "
truyen thong.
Viec giang day tieng Trung Quoc hien nay rdt chii trpng tai tinh irng dung, vi vdy khong the bo qua viec giai thieu voi nguoi hpc nhiing cdu tnic mai, ddc biet la nhiing each diing moi cua mot cdu tnic von het siic quen thupc nhu cau tnic " ^ XX " neu tren. Ap dung ly thuyet Ngu phap ket cdu coi " W XX" la mpt ket cdu va chii trpng toi tinh dpc Idp ciia no, giao viSn se khien nguoi hpe chu y hem toi ket xdu ddc biet nay, tir do tranh dugc nhiing sir suy dien sai lam ve nghTa cua kit cdu, cung nhu tranh dugc viec phdi gidi thich mpt each phiic tap ve nguyen ithan bien doi tir cau tnic truyen thong sang cau tnic mai.
III. Mot so h^n chl cua Iy thuyet ket cau
Tuy Ngii phap ket cdu Id mpt ly thuyit ngti phap co nhieu diem tien bp va tinh uu viet, nhung ly thuyet nay vdn co mpt s6 han che. Nhieu hpc gid da chi ra rang, vdn dl gay h-anh ludn Ion nhdt chinh la viec ma rpng dinh nghia khdi niem "kit cdu"
khien so lugng cac ket eau tro nen vo han.
Theo dinh nghia chudn muc cua ngon ngii hpc dai cuong, ket cdu la mpt the kit hgp do hai (hoac nhieu hon hai) yeu to tao
Tgp chi Khoa hpc Ngogi ngir S6 35 (thang 6 n i m 2013)
thanh. Cac nhd nghien cim ly thuyet Ngir phap kit cdu da mo rpng khai niem ndy, cho rdng bdt ky mpt thi ket hpp nao ciia hinh thiic va y nghia cung deu la mpt "ket cdu", tiic la dat "kit cdu" ngang hang voi don vi ngon ngii. Ket qua la, hp eoi cdc cdu tnic ngii phap, tu, thdm chf hinh vi diu ngang bdng nhau. Goldberg (2003) cho ring, kit cdu bao gom eac loai sau:
(a) Hinh vi: anti-, -ing (b) Tir: anaconda, and
(c) Tir phiic hgp: daredevil, shoo-in (d) Qudn ngii; going great guns (e) Ket cau ngii phdp: He gave her a Coke.
Vi§c coi ket cdu ngang bang vai don vi ngon ngir da khien cho so lugng cac ket cdu tro nen vo han, hinh thiic ciia cac ket cau rdt phiic tap, ddn den viec phdn tich ngon ngjj gap kho khan. Den nay, ly thuyet Ngii phap ket cau van chi co thi dugc dp dung thdnh cong vao viec giai thich nhiing kit cdu co tir hai thanh t6 tra len, vd vdn chua thi diing ly thuyit nay dk phdn tich dugc bdt ky mpt tu hay mot hinh vi ndo. Chinh vi vay, trong giao hpc phap Iy thuyit nay chi co the ap dung voi mpt so luong nhdt dinh cac kit cdu khdng the phan tfch dugc bdng phuong phap phdn tich ngii phap, hoac vai nhiing kit cdu "moi" (nhu trucmg hgp "M XX" neu
trSn), do tdn sudt sii dung cao nhung viSc kit hgp giiia cac thdnh phdn kh6ng phii hgp vai logic ban ddu, xa roi so vdi cdu tnic von co. Khong the dp dung rpng rai cho tat ca cac don vi ngii phap, tir hinh vi, tir cho toi cdu tnic cdu nhu dinh nghTa vl
"ket cdu" cua ly thuyet nay, dl tranh vigc phdn tich ngir phdp tro n£n h6n loan.
IV. Ketluan
Trong qua trinh nghien ciiu va tim hieu ve Ngii phdp ket cdu, co the thdy, tuy nhieu hpe gia da chi ra nhiing han chl ciia ly thuyet nay, nhung nhiing gia trj vd tiln bp cua Ngii phap ket cau la khong thi phu nhan. La mpt ly thuyet ngon ngii moi, Ngij phap ket cdu giong nhu mpt cong cu giiip chiing ta khai thdc va gidi thfch rdt nhieu hien tugng ngon ngii m6t each thuyet phuc hon. Da qua hon hai muoi nam phat trien, Ngii phap ket cdu dong gop rdt nhieu eho ngon ngii hpc, cho phep nghien ciiu sdu sdc hon bp mon nay. Ly thuyet nay cung dd tap tien de che nghien Cliu thu ddc ngon ngii thti hai (second language acquisition) va viec hpc tieng me de 6 tre em. Ly thuyet NgU phap ket cau xirng ddng de chiing ta tiep tuc nghien Cliu va van dung no vdo viec giai thich cac hien tugng ngon ngii con chua dupc lam sdng to.
Viec giang day tieng Trung Quoc hien nay o Viet Nam, ddc biet la gidng day ngii
TCP Bich Di#p, Nguyln Thanh Cdng LV LUAN NGON NGf>
phap, ehii yeu vdn dua vao nhiing phuong phap truyen thong de phdn tich cac cdu tnic ngu phdp, vi du phuong phap phan tich nhi phdn. Cac giao trinh dang duoc sir dung hien nay 6 cdc truong dai hpc nhu "Giao trinh ngft phdp tieng Trung Quoc" (Ton Diic Kim, Nxb DH Ngon ngii Bac Kinh, 2002 ' ) hoac "Tieng Tmng Quoc hien dai" (Tai bdn ldn 4, Hoang Bd Vinh, Lieu Tu Dong, Nxb Giao due Dai hpc, 2007 ^) deu sir dung phuang phap ndy. Viec dp dung cac Iy thuySt moi thuong tap trung vdo ngii dung hpc vd ngii nghia hpc, vf du nhu: Dao Thi Ha Ninh^ Hoang Van Van'"
Duong nhien, duong huong dp dung Ngii phap ket cau trong giang day tieng Trung Qu6c chi Id mot de xuat. Chiing ta ciing khong the phu nhdn gia tri ciia quan diem hinh thiic doi voi viec phan tich cac cdu tnic ngii phap, vi du, vol nhiing cdu tnic cau mang tinh pho qudt nhu SVO, viec dimg phuong phap phdn tich nhi phdn Id thoa dang, hon niia each lam nay con rat tien lgi vd cdn thiet. Hon niia, Ngii phdp ket cdu van la mpt ly ludn dang trong giai d o ^ phdt trien va con rdt nhieu
han chl cdn dugc khac phuc. Vi vdy, viec dp dung quan diem Ngii phap ket cdu vao viec giang day ngon ngii thii hai, ciing cdn phai dupe kiim nghiem bang thuc tien giang day. Hien nay, chiing ta chi nen dp dung tu tuang ciia Ngii phap ket can vao viec day hpc mpt each hgp ly de nham nang cao hieu qud day va hpc.
2 0 0 2 ^
iWf&^l. 2007 ip
' D^o Thi H&Ninh, "Mpi s6 ly timyk ngO nghTa hpc dirong dai v^ vi^c van dung v^o giang dgy tifing Han cho ngiroi Vi^l", Tgp chi Khoa hpc ngoai ngO. so 7.
'" Ho^ng van Van, "NgiJ dyng hpc vdi day ngon ngCr giao tiSp", T^p chi Khoa hpc ngoai ngif, s6 8.
T?p chi Khoa hoc Ngogi ngij So 35 (thang 6 nam 2013}
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Adela E. Goldberg. 1995. fiaWJt—ifiTcSftWWSigffi [M](Constructions A Construction Grammar Approacll to Argument Structure) S;WKi^, *«:*C^ttiligtt, 2007
2. K e i S , IBS. Ri§iSffiW5tWfflftW«AS,tt#Si§«*:, 1998iF«4ffl.
4. Fillmore, C , Kay, J.P. & O'Connor, M.C. 1988 Regularity and Idionmaticity in Grammatical Construction, The Case of Let alone. Language 64: 501-539
5. Adela E. Goldberg. 2003 Constructions: A New Theoretical Approach to Language, TRENDS in Cognitive Science: Vol.7 No.5: 219-224
6. Jackendoff, R. 2002.Twistn' the Night Away, Language 73: 535-559
7. Langacker, R. W. 2004. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar (!), Beijing: Nxb Dai hoc Bac Kinh
8. a s , P « « » . H I » # » i g « T " « " *6<IiiiI«ft. « « « » , 2011*IS3ffl
10. s * s . 155^, «"A yfrnmrni" mn^mtn. nmmmKi&mi). +Bi5S: 2011 *?
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