M Q T S O Y KIEN DONG GOP CHO DlT THAO BO LUAT DAN SlT (Sif A DOI) - PHAN LIEN QUAN DEN BOI THlTonVG THIET HAI NGOAI HOP DONG
Bui Nguyen Khdnh
Tom tat: Bdi viit dua ra cdc y kien gop y ve nhicng npi dung sua ddi cita chi dinh trdch nhiem boi thu&ng thiit hgi ngodi hgp ddng trong Du thdo Bp ludt Ddn su (sica ddi).Abstract: This article provides comments on provisions on tort damages under the Draft Civil Code (amended).
1. Khai niem va c^ch tiep can ve boi thucmg thiet hai va boi thudng thiet hai ngoai hpp dong trong Bo luat Dan su
Vdi tinh each la mdt loai hinh trach nhiem phap ly, bdi thudng thiet hai dugc Bd luat Dan sy (BLDS) 2005 quy dinh tai Dilu 307 - dieu khoan tdng quat ve trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai; tai cac trudng hgp vi pham cac nghTa vu cu the (Dieu 146; Dieu 223...) va Chuang XXI vl trach nMem bli thudng tMet hai ngoai hgp ddng. Tuy nhien, dilu rit dang luu y la BLDS 2005 khdng dua ra khai niem ve bdi thudng thiet hai, trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai, quyen yeu ciu bdi thudng thiet hai ma cM xac lap can cii phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai, nguyen tic bdi thudng, nang lyc chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng, thdi hieu khdi kien yeu ciu bdi thudng... Du thao BLDS (siia doi) van trung thanh tiep can theo hudng nay va da thi hien trong cac dieu 369-372...
va Chuang XVI vl trach nMem bdi thudng tMet hai ngoai hgp ddng.
Theo hiiu biit chung, bdi thudng thiet hai la bien phap phap ly nhim can bang, bii dip nhung thiet hai dugc gay ra bdi mdt chii
the khac. NghTa vy bdi thudng thiet hai cd the thda thuan theo hgp ddng (bao Mem tMet hai) hoac thudng dya tren cac quy dinh cua phap luat. Thdng thudng, nghia vy bdi thudng tMet hai nay sinh tren co sd su vi pham nghia vu hgp ddng hoac ngMa vu tuong ty vdi hgp ddng' hoac tren ca sd trach nMem phap ly ddi vdi cac hanh vi khdng dupe phep^ va ngudn nguy Mem cao dp.
La ca sd phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai, theo quan diem cua cac nudc theo trudng phai dan luat Ao - Diic, hanh vi khdng dupe phep (unerlaubte Handlung) khdng dem thuan la hanh vi vi pham phap luat ma cdn la cac hanh vi vi pham dao due va trat tu cdng. Theo dd, muc tieu dilu chinh phap luat da dugc md rdng nham bao ve nhirng gia tri cdng - nhiing gia tri khdng phai liic nao ciing dugc chuyen hda kip thdi thanh nhiing nghia vu phap ly_
rd rang trong he thdng phap luat.
Ngay tir thi ky thii XVIII trudc cdng nguyen, Bg luat Hamurabi d vung Ludng
* PGS.TS., Vien Nha nucrc va Phap luat.
' Vi du nhu: thuc hien cong viec kh6ng c6 su tiy quygn; duoc loi vg tii sin khong co cSn cii phap luat...
^ Creifelds, Rechtsworterbuch, U Auflage, C.H.Beck, S.993.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUATSO 9/2014
Ha cd dai da phan loai trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai thanh trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai theo hpp ddng va trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng . Co sd khoa hpc cho sy phan loai nay la nguin gde phat sinh trach nhiem: tir nghia vu hgp ddng hay cac hanh vi vi pham. Cach phan loai nay tiip tyc the hien su anh hudng sau sac cua minh den phap luat dan su ciia cac nudc hien nay. Hau het cac nudc cd BLDS deu cd mpt chuang rieng ve trach nhiem bli thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp dong va deu quy dinh mdt dieu luat tdng quat va cac dieu quy dinh chi tiet ve cac trudng hgp bdi thudng thiet hai cu the. Tuy nhien, each • phan loai rat truyen thdng nay ciing gap trd ngai trong nhieu trudng hgp cu the, chang han nhu trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi tieu dimg se dugc phan tich d dudi day.
Mac dii cac quy dinh ciia Dieu 589 cua Du thao BLDS (sira ddi) ve can cii phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai la tuang ddi phii hop vdi thdng le qudc t§ va sat vdi thyc tiln, song vdi nhiing phan tich vl trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai da cho thay each quy dinh nay da khdng cho phep kha nang md rpng ap dung trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi cac vi pham trat ty cdng - nhihig vi pham chua dugc du lieu mpt each day du trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat, vi du: cac hanh vi pha vd can bing sinh thai (khdng chi don gian la d nhiem mdi trudng), hanh vi nhan ban vd tinh con ngudi...
Tuy la ky thuat phap ly, song each diln dat: "Ngu&i ndo co hdnh vi trdi phdp lugt xdm phgm tinh mgng, sice khoe, danh die, nhdn phdm, uy tin, tdi sdn. quyin, lgi ich ' http://www.uibk.ac.at/zivilrecht/buch/kap9 O.xml?
section-view=true;section=l#Allgemeines
hop phdp khdc ciia cd nhdn, xdm phgm danh du, uy tin, tdi sdn cua phdp nhdn hogc chu thi khdc md gdy thiit hgi thi phdi bdi thu&ng" da va dang bdc Id su liing tiing rang: lieu phap nhan cd nguy co bi xam hai cac quyen, lgi ich hgp phap khac ngoai danh du, uy tin, tai san hay khdng? Chu the khac d day la ai? Va can dugc hieu nhu the nao?
2. Bdi thirdng thift hai do vi pham quyen loi cua nguoi tieu dimg: boi thuong thiet hai theo hpp dong hay ngoai hpp ddng?
Trong khoa hpc phap ly va thyc tien lap phap, ap dung phap luat dan su d ViSt Nam Men nay da va dang tdn tai quan diem truyen thdng: bdi thudng thiet hai do vi pham quyen lgi ciia ngudi tieu dimg dugc xac dinh la bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng. Quan diem nay den nay van ti8p tuc chiem uu the vi:
Mpt la, trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai do vi pham quyen lgi ciia ngudi tieu dung la trach nhiem phap ly do luat dinh va khong hinh thanh tren ca sd su thda thuan giiia nha cung iing va ngudi tieu dimg;
Hai Id, trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai do vi pham quyln lgi ciia ngudi tieu dimg phai thda man cac dieu kien nhit dinh: co thiet hai xay ra, cd hanh vi trai phap luat, c6 mdi quan he nhan - qua giiia hanh vi trai phap luat va thiet hai xay ra, cd loi (Idi khdng phai la yeu td bat bupc trong nhung trudng hgp nhat dinh);
Ba Id, khach the cua hanh vi vi pham la tinh mang, sire khde, danh dy, nhan phim, uy tin, tai san, quyln va lgi ich hgp phap khac cua ngudi tieu diing (Dilu 604 cua BLDS 2005 - Dilu 589 cua Du thao BLDS).
Tii each tiep can khac, da cd nhiing ca sd dl khang dinh trach nhiem bdi thudng
MOT SO Y KIEN DONG GOP..
thiet hai do vi pham quyen Ipi cua ngudi tieu dimg la nghTa vu phap ly theo hgp ding vi nhung nguyen nhan sau;
Mpt Id, quan he tieu dimg giiia ngudi tieu dimg va nha cung ling ludn la mdt quan he hgp ddng dii nd dugc the Men dudi bit cu Mnh thiic nao;
Hai la, trach nMem bdi thudng thiet hai do vi pham quyen lgi ciia ngudi tieu dimg nay sinh tren ca sd viec thuc hien khdng diing ngMa vu tij mdt quan he hgp ddng giiia ngudi tieu dimg va nha cung ling;
Ba Id. nghTa vu cua nha cung ling theo hgp ddng khdng cM dugc xac dinh trong cac dieu khoan dugc quy dinh trong hgp ddng ma cdn d cac dieu khoan thudng le - nhiing dieu khoan ma ndi dung cua nd thudng dugc quy dinh trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat: nghia vu dam bao chat lugng, nghTa vu dam bao an toan, quy chuan ky thuat... va he thdng cac tieu chuan ma nha cung ling dang ky vdi ca quan nha nudc cd thim quyln hoac cam ket vdi ngudi tieu dimg thdng qua cac Mnh thiic, phuang thuc da dang;
Bdn Id, kha nang xam hai tinh mang, siic khde, danh du, nhan pham, uy tin, tai san, quyen va lgi Ich hgp phap khac ciia ngudi tieu dung dugc thuc Men thdng qua hanh vi cung umg san pham, hang hda dich vu ciia nha cung iing.
Trudc thuc tien tren, nMeu qudc gia tren thi gidi nhu Cdng hda Phap, Cdng hda Lien bang Diic, Cdng hda Ao... da khdng lya chpn phuang an quy dinh cac dieu luat rieng vl bdi thudng tMet hai do vi pham quyln lgi cua ngudi tieu dimg trong BLDS.
Theo dd, BLDS cM quy dinh mdt dieu khoan tdng quat ve trach nMem bdi thudng tMet hai va danh sy quy dinh cM tiet cho cac d^o luat chuyen nganh nhu: Bd luat tieu
dung (Code de la Consommation), Bd luat ve du lich (Code du tourisme) cua Cong hda Phap, Luat ve canh tranh khdng lanh manh, Bg luat thuong mai, Luat ve trach nMem san pham (Cdng hda Lien bang Diic)...
Dieu 613 Du thao BLDS (sira ddi) quy dinh ve bdi thudng tMet hai do vi pham quyen loi ciia ngudi tieu dimg da giii nguyen theo Dilu 630 cua BLDS 2005, cu
thi:
"Cd nhdn, phdp nhan, chu the kitdc sdn xuat, kinh doanh khdng bdo dam chat luong hdng hod md gdy thiet hgi clio ngu&i tieu dung tlil phdi bdi thu&ng".
Vdi nhirng phan tich tren da cho thay, each quy dinh cua Du thao BLDS la khdng phit hgp vi:
- DiSu khoan tdng quat ve trach nhiem bdi thudng tMet hai dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 369 va Dilu 589 cua BLDS 2005 da hoan thanh sii mang cua minh vdi tinh each la nen tang phap ly ca ban cho trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai theo he thdng phap luat dan sy;
- Theo thdng le qudc te, trach nMem bdi thudng tMet hai do vl pham quyen lgi cua ngudi tieu dimg dugc thira nhan la bdi thudng tMet hai theo hop ddng;
- Vi pham quySn loi cua ngudi tieu dung khdng chi dan gian la khdng bao dam chat luong hang hoa.
3. Ve boi thudng thiet hai do san pham CO khuyet tat gay ra
Bdi thudng tMet hai do san pham cd khuyet tat gay ra la rapt loai trach nhiem phap ly dac biet (trach nMem san pham) ciia cac nha san xuat, nhap khau, phan phdi cung ling dich vu trudc xa hdi ddi vai nguy ca nay smh trong qua trinh su dung san pham cua minh. Theo do, che dp trach
NHA NU'dC VA PHAP L UAT SO 9/2014
nhiem ddi vdi san phim khdng chi dimg lai dc ac quy dinh v l trach nMem cung cap thong tin trung thuc, dam bao tieu chuan, chit lupng cua hang hda ma cdn bao ham cac quy dinh v l trach nhiem cua ngudi san xuit hoac cung ung dich vu trong viec dam bao tinh hgp ly, an todn vd tin cdy trong viec sir dung san pham minh. Vi du nhu trach nhiem tir choi ban dupe pham khi khdng cd don thudc chi dinh cua bac sy, viec van chuyen do uong co gas phai dugc thyc Men trong cac loai bao bi nhat dinh...
Trong nhieu trudng hgp, mac dii nha san xuat da tuan thii cac yeu cau ve thiet ke, ky thuat ciing nhu chat lugng ciia hang hda, tuy nhien, qua tririh sir dung hang hda van cd the phat sinh nhiing khuyet tat gay tMet hai cho ngudi tieu dimg. Theo dd, nha san xuat van phai chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ke ca trong trudng hgp khuyet tat ciia san pham gay ra thiet hai cho ngudi tieu diing CO the nha san xuat khong biet, hoac khdng cd Idi trong viec phat sinh khuyet tat.
Do doi tupng ciia trach nhiem san pham chi la hang hda, han niia phai la hang hoa dugc hinh tharih qua sa che, xir ly, che bien nen trach nhiem san pham chinh la trach nhiem ciia nha cung img ddi vdi hang hda CO khuyet tat gay thiet hai cho ngudi tieu diing. Theo cac tieu chuan dugc thira nhan chung, hang hda cd khuyet tat la hang hda khdng dam bao an toan cho ngudi tieu dimg, gay thiet hai hoac de dpa gay thiet hai ve tinh mang, siic khoe va tai san cho ngudi tieu diing, ke ca trong trudng hgp hang hda do dupe san xuat theo diing tieu chuin hoac quy chuan hien hanh.
Ve nguyen tac, mpi td chiic, ca nhan kinh doanh tham gia vao chudi cung ling
hang hda den ngudi tieu dimg, nhu: ngudi san xuat, nha nhap khiu, nha phan phdi...
(nha cung iing) d i u phai lien ddi chju trach nhiem bdi thudng trong trudng hgp phat sinh thiet hai do khuylt tat ciia san pham.
Tuy nhien, neu quy dinh theo hudng nay co the dan den viec cac td chiic, ca nhan kinh doanh da lien ddi bdi thudng thiet hai tiep tuc khdi kien lan nhau de xac dinh ngudi chiu trach nhiem cudi cung, tang chi pM cho xa hpi va tdn hai den lgi ich chung.
Luat Bao ve quyen lgi ciia ngudi tieu diing 2010 cd quy dinh rat rd ve san pham hang hda cd khuyet tat tai khoan 3 Dieu 3;
va Dieu 22 - 24 ve trach nMem thu hdi, bli thudng thiet hai va mien trach nhiem boi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi hang hda cd khuyet tat.
Ddi chieu vdi cac quy dinh cua Dy thao BLDS (sira ddi), chung tdi de nghi:
Mpt la, de dam bao c a sd nen tang ciia BLDS ddi vdi he thdng luat tu, chi nen quy dinh mpt dieu vdi tinh each la mdt dieu khoan tdng quat trong BLDS ve trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai do san p h i m cd khuylt tat gay ra;
Hai Id. can khang dinh san phim co khuylt tat la hang hda phai la hang hoa dupe hinh thanh qua s o c h i , xir ly, c h i biin.
Dieu do cd nghTa la, che dinh nay khdng ap dung ddi vdi cac san p h i m la dich vu;
Ba la, xuat phat tir nhiing dac diim cu the ciia Viet Nam, nen xac dinh chii t h i chiu trach nhiem chinh trong viec d l phat sinh khuyet tat hang hda la nha san xuit, nhlp khau hoac tryc tiep cung iing hang hoa, ddng thdi cd mdt so ngoai le nhu each tiip can ciia Luat Bao ve quyen lgi ciia ngudi ti§u dimg.
MQTSO YKIEN DONG COP..
4. Ve bli thudng thiet hai cho cdng dong - Dieu 614 Du thao Bo luat Dan su (sua doi)
Bdi thudng thiet hai cho cdng ddng la mdt hien thyc phap Iy dat ra ddi vdi chiing ta rat cap bach trong thdi gian gan day kM xuat Men ngay cang nMeu cac hanh vi xam hai den mdi trudng, gay lay lan cac benh truyen nhiem thdng qua van chuyen trai phep gia site, gia cam...gay anh hudng true tiep den sinh mang, site khde, tai san ciia nhan dan. Bdi vay, viec bd sung dieu Mat nay la hoan toan can thiet; nhung tir each hieu "Thiet hgi cho cpng ddng Id thiet hgi cho nhieu chii the khdc nhau trong hodn cdnh tuang ddng nhau " da cho thay can luu y mpt sd van de sau:
- Thiet hai cho cdng ddng va thiet hai cho nhieu chii the khac nhau la nhung pham trii khdng ddng nhat, dac biet la nhiing gia tri tinh than, pM vat the ciia cdng ddng;
- Viec thyc hien hanh vi gay thiet hai cho nhieu ngudi phai nam ngoai quan he tieu dimg. Ndi each khac, chu the gay thiet hai va ngudi bi thiet hai khdng phai la cac chu the trong mgt quan he tieu dung cu thi;
- Ddi tugng dugc thu hudng bdi thudng nay la ai? Va phan chia nhu the nao khi khong xac dinh dugc thiet hai ciia timg ngudi cu the?
5. Ve mot so npi dung khac va ky thuat phap Iy cua Du thao Bo luat Dan su (sua doi)
So vdi BLDS nam 2005, Chuong XVI vl trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng ciia Du thao BLDS (sOra ddi) la chuong it thay ddi ve npi dung va ky thuat lap phap. Tuy nhien, chiing tdi cho rang, Du
thao BLDS (sira ddi) se hoan thien hon neu luu y cac van de sau:
Mpt la. nguyen tac dugc ghi nhan tai khoan 3, Dieu 3 cua Du thao BLDS (sira ddi): "Thdm phdn khong dugc tic choi gidi quyit vu, viic ddn su v&i ly do chua cd dieu ludt di dp dung" da md rpng tham quyen ap dung phap luat va tren thuc te la giai tMch phap luat cua tham phan ndi rieng va tda an ndi chung. Do dd, that pM ly neu chiing ta cii duy tri viec xac dinh thiet hai dya tren tieu chi thang luong tdi thieu cho cac trudng hop tdn that ve tinh than vdn rat da dang, va khdng the dy kien trudc. Bdi vay, chiing tdi de nghi viic xde dinh thiet hgi cho cdc tru&ng hgp tdn thdt ve tinh thdn se do tda dn quyet dinh.
Hai la, viec quy dinh bdi thudng tMet hai do can bd, cdng chiic, ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh td tung gay ra nhu Dieu 603 cua Du thao la khdng phu hpp vdi nhan thiic mdi ve trach nhiem boi thudng nha nudc - la trach nMem thii phat (trach nhiem phai sinh) va viec bdi thudng trich tir ngan sach nha nudc chii khdng phai do mdt co quan, td chiic nao cu the dii do la ca quan, td chiic quan ly can bd, cdng chirc, co quan tien hanh td tung tryc tiep quan ly can bd, cdng chiic, ngudi cd tham quyen tien haiih td ning dd. Cach quy dinh tren da lam anh hudng den hieu luc, Meu qua va khien cho cac muc dich ciia trach nhiem bdi thudng nha nudc khdng dat dupe.
Ba Id, tuy khdng phai la van de Idn, song thuat ngu "bdi thudng" va "bdi hoan"
ciing can phai dugc lam ro trong cac quy dinh ve thyc Men bdi thudng thiet hai do ngudi cua phap nhan gay ra (Dieu 602) va trach nhiem bdi thudng nha nudc (Dieu 603) cua Dy thao BLDS (sua ddi).
