NGHIEN CLfU-TRAO DOI
CHE {NNH KET HON TWO LUAT HON WAN VA GIA DINH NAM 2014
NGUYiN THI LAN * Tdm tdt: De cap mot sd vdn de ca bdn irong che dinh ket hon nhu: khdi ni^m, huy VIQC kit hon trdi phdp lugt, gidi quyet tnrdng hap ddng ki ket hon tgi ca quan khong dung thdm quyen, hdu qud phdp li cua viec chung song nhu v^r chong, bdi viet lap trung phdn lich nhiing diem virdng mac, bdt cap cua vdn de ndy vd dua ra cdc gidi phdp hodn thien phdp lugl ve kit hdn.
Tir khoa: Ket hon; ddng ki kit hdn lgi ca guan khdng dung thdm quyen; chung sdng nhu va chong;
hdu qua phdp li.
Nhgn bdi: 13/3/2016 Hodn thdnh bien tap: 09/6/2016 Duyet ddng: 17/6/2016 Abstract: Discussing some main issues of the institution of getting married such as: concepts, annulment of illegal marriage, handling of ultra vires marriage registration and legal consequences of cohabitation as husband and wife, the paper focuses on the analysis of difficulties and inadequacies relating lo those issues and offers solutions to improve the law on gelling married.
Key words: Gelling married; ultra vires marriage registration; cohabitation as husband and wife;
legal consequences
Paper receipt date: March 75'^ 2076 Publication approval dale: June IT'', 2016
L
uat hon nhan va gia dinh (HNGD) nam 2014 cd hieu luc tir ngay 01/01/2015.Trong cac che dinh co ban, che dinh ket hon da dugc thiet ke va xay dung tuong doi phu hgp trong dieu kien kinh te-xa hgi hien nay.
Tuy nhien, che dinh nay van con mgt so van de sau can dugc tiep tuc nghien ciiu, hoan thien:
1. Ve khai niem chung song nhir \ff chong Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy dinh:
"Chung sdng nhu va chdng Id viec nam, nu td chiec cudc song chung vd coi nhau nhu va chong" (khoan 7 Di^u 3). Nhu vay, cd the hieu khai niem nay nhu sau: thic nhdt, cd the la nam va nii chung song vai nhau nhu vg chong hoac nam va nam chung song voi nhau nhu vg chong, nil va nii chung song vai nhau nhu vg chong (hai nguai dong tinh chung song voi nhau nhu vg chong); thic hai.
Editing completion dale: June 9', 2016
hai ben phai co y thiic to chuc cugc song chung va coi nhau nhu vg chong. Vdi each hieu nhu vay se giai quyet dugc cac van de phat sinh tren thuc te tir viec nam nii hoac hai ngucri dong tinh chung song voi nhau.
Tuy nhien, xac dinh the nao la to chire cugc song chung va coi nhau nhu vg chong la khong de dang. Thong thuang, hai ben to chiic cugc song chung thi phai co noi o chung, cd the co con cai hoac khong. Hai ben coi nhau la vg chong se phu thugc vao y chi chu quan cua hg, do do, co the hg se khong the hien y chf ciia minh neu thay bat lgi cho moi quan he do hoac bat lgi cho minh. Ve van de nay, truoc day, khi Luat
* Tien sT lu$i hpc, giang vien Truong Dai hpc Luat Ha Noi
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HNGD nam 2014 dang trong giai doan iv thao. Cling co nhiing each hieu khSc nhau ve khai niem nay. Ching han, c6 y kiSn cho rSng "song chung nhu vg chong Id hinh vi aia hai ben nam nU. tuy theo phdp ludt khong phai la vg chdng nhung dd dn d vdi nhau vd coi nhau Id vg ching, hg lien kit vdi nhau trin ca sd tu nguyen vd khong ddng ki kit hdn" va Idii ric dmh cac tmong hpp chung sang nhu vo ch6ng, da co quan diem viec chung s6ng giiia nhiing ngucri ciing gicti u'nh thuoc trucmg hop chung song nhu vo ch6ng trai phap luat."' Tac gia khong ddng tinh voi quan diSm nay.
Theo quy dinh cua Luat HNGD nam 2014 CO tha xac dinh tk ro viec chung song nhu vg chdng bi coi la trm phap luat hoac khong tra phap luaL Neu viec chung song do vi pham cac hanh vi bi ctoi theo quy dinh tai Dieu 5 Luat HNGD nam 2014 thi bi coi la tra phap luat, bao gom: nam va nu chung stog voi nhau truoc tu6i luat dinh; nam va ntt chung s6ng voi nhau khi mot hoac ca hM ben dang co vg hoac dang co chtog; nam va nQ chung s5ng vol nhau nhu vg chong khi giua ho CO cung dong man ve true he hoac CO hp tt-ong pham vi ba dcri hoSc co quan he cha, me nu8i va con nuoi, da timg co quan he cha, me nuoi va con nudi; da timg c6 quan he bo chong va con dau, me vg va con r6; da timg la b6 dugng vcri con rieng cua vp, me kS vcri con rieng ciia chong. Cac truong hpp khac khong vi pham cac hanh vi bi cam tai Di6u 5 Luat HNGD nam 2014 thi khong hi coi la tra phap luat nhu nam va nit chung s6ng vcri nhau nhu vg chong khi mgt ben bi tab. nang lire hanh vi dan sir, hai nguoi dong
ti'nh chung s8ng vcri nhau nhu vg cho^j Viec phan biet truimg hgp chung s6ng vg ch6ng trffl phSp lujt vi kh6ng tr4i ph^i luat rit CO y nghia trong viec ip dyng che i&.A Tren th\ic te, rit kho xac dinh dugc hai bfti' *i nam nQ to chile cu6c s6ng chung vi coi nhau ; nhu vg ch6ng, boi vi, c6 nhiSu tnicrng hg|j gitta hai bSn co quan h? tinh cam, quan h^
tinh due khSng mang ti'nh thuong xuy6n, hg ^ 16n Wt, khong c6 dinh 6 dia diSm nao do. Da "•, do, khong co co so dS ap dung che tai neu hs -J vi ph?un cac hanh vi bi cira nhu da ngu tren.
Vi vay, tac gia kien nghi nen dua ra cac tiSn chi ro rang nhu hffl ben nam nii co coB chung vdi nhau hoac co quan he qua lai, co thg khong mang tinh thucmg xuyen, cong khai ma chi len lut, vung trgm nhung da co bing chiing chiing minh va vi pham cac hanh vi bi cim do luat dinh thi dugc xac dinh la chung s6ng nhu vg chtog ttm phap luat ii ip dung chS tM.
2. Ve huy ket hon trai phap luat Thit nhdt, v6 quyen ygu ciu huy viec ket hon tra phap luat
Dua vao can cii huy viec ket hon trai phap luat dS xic dinh quyen yen c&a huj viec kgt hon trfi phap luat. Khoan 1 Dieu 10 Luat HNGD nim 2014 xac dinh quySn yeu ciu buy viec k6t hon trm phap luat khi vi pham sir tu nguyen thugc bSn bi cuSng ep, bi liia ddi k& hdn. Trong trudng hgp khi ktt hon ma mgt ben bi mic benh tam thin khong cd khi nang nhan thiic vi diSu khiSn hanh vi cua minh nhung chua bi tuyen bd mit nang luc hinh vi din su ciing cd the xac djnh li viec kit hon vi pham sv tu nguyen song lai khdng xac dinh dugc A cd quyen ySu cau
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huy viec ket hdn. Dieu nay se gSy khd khan khi xir li ket hon trai phap luat. Theo quan diem cua tac gia, trong truang hgp nay can CO van ban huong dan xac djnh chii the dugc quyen yeu can huy viec ket hon do la nhiing chu the dugc quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 10 Luat HNGD nam 2014.
Khoan 2 Dihu 10 Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy dinh nhirng chu the dugc quyen yeu cau buy viec ket h6n trai phap luat do vi pham ve do tuoi, mat nang luc hanh vi dan su, vi pham cac hanh vi bi cam ma khong de cap nhung chu the dugc quyen yeu cau buy viec ket hon trai phap luat giiia hai nguoi cting gidi tinh. Dieu 8 Luat HNGD nam 2014 co tieu de la "Dieu kien ket hon". Trong do, khoan 1 Dieu 8 quy dinh: 'Warn, nu ket hdn vdi nhau phdi tudn thii theo cdc dieu kien ket hdn sau day:..."; khoan 2 Dieu 8 quy dinh:
"Nhd nu&c vd xd hdi khdng thira nhgn hdn nhan giira nhimg ngudi ciing gidi tinh". Tir do suy ra mgt diSu kien ket hon niJa la chi dugc ket hon khi khong cting gioi tinh. Tuy nhien, Di^u 10 lai chi tap trung xii li viec kSt hon vi pham khoan 1 Dieu 8 ma bo qua viec k^t hon vi pham khoan 2 Dieu 8. Cd thh thiy Luat HNGD nam 2014 da quy dinh dien chii thi dugc quyln yeu can huy viec ket hon trai phap luat kha cu thi, phu hgp voi dieu kien xa hgi hien nay. v l van d l nay, co tac gia da nhan xet: "Nguai cd quyen yeu cdu khdng chi Id cd nhdn md cdn Id cdc ca quan, td chiec thuc hien quyen yeu cdu vdi tu cdch Id ngudi phdn bien xd hdi... phd hap vdi thuc le phdng ngua tinh trgng ket hdn trdi phdp ludf'P'^ Tuy nhign, tac gia cho rang viec quy dinh v l quyln yeu cau buy viec ket hon trai
phdp luat da bo qua dien chu the dugc quyen yeu cau buy viec ket hon trai ph^p luat giiia hai ngucri cung gidi tinh. Theo quan diem cua tac gia, can huong dan cu the chu the dugc quyen yeu cau huy viec ket hon giiia hai nguai cting gidi tfnh tuong tu nhu khoan 2 Dilu 10 Luat HNGD nam 2014 mdi dam bao su toan dien, la co sd de giai quyet vu viec phat sinh tren thuc te.
Mat khac, qua nghien ciiu mgt so quy dinh ve m5t phap li cua ngudi chuyen gidi cho thay, phap luat Viet Nam khi thira nhan quyen chuyen doi gidi tinh, quyen dugc thay ddi gidi tinh va ten ggi trong cac giay td hg tich cdn phai can nhac cac dieu kien can va dii. Day la van de ma cac van ban hudng dan Bg luat dan su can quy dinh cu the. Luat HNGD nam 2014 khong thira nhan hon nhan giiia nhiing ngudi cting gidi tinh. Trudng hgp ngudi chuyen gidi (khi chua phau thuat chuyin gidi) da ket hon va sau do se thuc hien viec chuyen ddi gidi tinh, hg se dugc thay d6i cac giiy td hg tich thi khi do hdn nhan cua hg se trd thanh hon nhan giiia nhirng ngudi ciing gidi tinh. Vi vay, can can nhac dilu kien chi cho ngudi chuyen doi gidi tinh chuyin ddi gidy td hg tich sang gidi tinh kia sau khi phlu thuat chuyen gidi khi hg dang trong tinh trang dgc than va viec phau thuat chuyen doi gidi tinh do phai dugc thuc hien mgt each triet de, toan dien.
Thu hai, v l xii li viec ket hon trai phap luat Dilu 11 Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy djnh kha cu the ve viec xir li ket hon trai phap luaL trong do xac dinh rat ro, thdi diem toa an giai quyet buy viec ket hon trai phap luat ma cac ben chua dii dieu kien ket hon thi
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phai huy viec ket hdn trm phap luat do. Neu tai thdi diSm toa an giai quyet huy viec ket hon tra phap luat ma cac ben da dii dieu kien ket hdn va hai ben yen ciu cdng nhan quan he hdn nhan thi toa an cdng nhan quan he hdn nhan do va thdi dilm xac lap thdi quan he nhan li thdi diSm cac ben du dieu kien kSt hdn theo quy dinh ciia phap luat. So sanh quy dinh nay vdi cac quy dinh tai Luat HNGD nam 2000 va Nghi quyet cua Hpi dong thim phan Toa an nhan dan tdi cao sd 02/2000/NQ-HDTP ngay 23/12/2000 hudng dan ap dung mdt so quy dinh ciia Luat HNGD nam 2000 cho thiy rd su khac biet trong each xir li viec k6t hdn trai phip luat. Cac van ban phap luat trudc day hudng dan, neu tai thdi digm cd yeu ciu huy viec ket hdn ma cac ben da dii dieu kien kgt hdn thi khdng may mdc xir huy viec ket hdn dd, neu miii phat sinh mau thuan vi cd yen cau toa an giai quygt viec li hdn thi toa an thu li vu an dg gia quyet li hdn theo thit tuc chung.
Digu nay cd nghia cac quy dinh nay da gian tigp thira nhan quan he do cd gia tri phap If mi khdng cin phai cd ygu cau cdng nhan quan he hdn nhan. Xet vg mat thuc tg, theo tac gia, each thiic giai quySt viec ket hdn tra phap luat theo Luat HNGD nam 2014 cd thg se lam anh hudng dgn lgi i'ch cua cac chit thg. Ching han, anh A vi chi B kgt hdn dudi ludi luat dinh. Khi cd yeu cau va toi an gim quygt huy kit hdn trai phap luat thi cac ben da du tudi ket hdn nhung do anh A dang cd quan he vai mpt cd gai khac ngn anh A khdng ygu cau cdng nhan quan he hdn nhan giiia A vi B. Niu mdt minh chi B yeu cau cdng nhan thi khdng dii digu kien de cdng
nhan quan he hdn nhan dd. Nhu v^y, lgi iSr cita chi B cd the bJ anh hudng, Thdng tu hea tich ciia Toi an nhan din tdi cao, Vi|n kiem sat nhin dan tdi cao, Bd tu phip s6 01/201 e/TTLT-TANDTC-VKSNDTC-BTf- ngiy 06/01/2016 hudng dan thi hinh m^tt^
quy dinh ciia Luat HNGD (sau day ggi tit If.
Thdng tu lien tjch sd 01) hudng dan: Tronj trucmg hgp cac bgn da du digu kien kgt hdtl tai thdi digm toi an giai quyit viec ket hql trai phap luat nhung mpt hoac hm bgn ySu ciu huy viec ket hdn tra phap luat hojc chi cd mdt bgn ygu ciu cdng nhan quan he hfin nhan hoac cd mdt bgn yeu ciu li hdn cdn bgn kia khdng cd ygu ciu gi thi toi an huy viec ket hdn tra phap luat. Trong trudng hgp hai bgn cung ygu ciu toa an cho li hdn hoac mot bgn ygu ciu li hdn, mdt bgn ygu can cong nhan quan he hdn nhan thi toa an giii quyet cho li hdn. Trong trudng hgp niy, phap luat da trao cho cac ducmg su dugc quyen lua chpn ygu ciu cdng nhan quan he hdn nhto hoac khdng, yen ciu li hdn hoac khdng. Dieu niy de din din viec cac ben vi lgi ich rieng ma lim anh hudng din quyin lpi ciia phia ben kia. Do dd, theo tac gia, ngu cic ben dS du dieu kien kit hdn thi duong nhign ho dupc thira nhan li vg chdng tii thdi diem do, niu cic bgn khdng muon tiip tuc sdng chung trong quan he vg chdng thi chi cd the yeu ciu li hdn. Day cung li co sd di dam hao quyin va lgi i'ch hpp phap ciia cac duong su.
3. Giai quyet viec dang kl kit hon tai ccr quan khong flung thSm quyen
Diiu 13 Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy dinh ve xir li viec dang ki kit hdn khdng diing thim quyen nhu sau: "Khi cd yiu cdu ca
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quan nhd mrdc cd thdm quyen thu hoi, huy bd gidy chung nhdn ket hdn theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt ve ho tich vd yiu cdu hai bin thuc hien lgi viec ddng ki ket hdn tgi ca guan nhd nudc cd thdm quyen. Trong tnrdng hap ndy, quan hi hdn nhdn duac xdc lap tic ngdy ddng ki kit hdn trudc". Thong tu lien tich so 01 hudng dan: "Trudng hap nom, nit cd ddng ki kit hdn nhung vtec kit hdn ddng kl tgi ca quan khdng ddng thdm quyen (khdng phdn biit cd vi pham dieu kien kit hdn hay khdng) md cd yeu cdu rod dn huy viic kit hon hodc yeu cdu ll hdn thi tod dn dp dung Dieu 9 cua Lugl hdn nhdn vd gia dinh tuyen bd khdng cdng nhdn quan hi hdn nhdn giua ho ddng thdi huy gidy chung nhdn kit hdn vd thong bdo cho ca quan ho tich da ddng ki kit hdn de xic li theo quy dinh tgi Diiu 13 ciia Ludt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh...". Nhu vay, ca hai van ban tren deu khong quy dinh ve quyen yeu cau xir If doi vdi viec kit hon khong dung tham quyen.
Theo tac gia, cd thi ap dung tuong tu nhu quyln yeu c^u huy viec kit hon trai phap luat trong trudng hgp nay.
4. Giai quyet viec nam nir chung song vol nhau nhir vo- chong
Luat HNGD nam 2014 cd de cap viec giai quylt viec nam, nir chung song nhu vg chdng, tuy nhien mdi chi nhan manh den viec giai quye: hau qua ciia viec nam, nii chung s6ng nhu vg ch6ng vdi nhau ma khong dang ki k i t hon (cac dilu 14, 15, 16).
Trong do xac dinh r5, viec chung s6ng do khong lam phdt sinh quyen, nghia vu giiia vg va ching. Cac quyen va nghTa vu ddi vdi con cai va tai san dugc giai quyet theo quy dinh
cua phap luat (Dilu 14). Theo tinh than ciia Dilu luat n&y, cd thi th^y Luat HNGD nam 2014 khdng co su phan biet viec chung song nhu vg chdng giiia nam va nii, giira nhOTig ngudi CLing gidi tinh hay gitra viec chung song nhu vg chong trai phap luat hay khdng trai phap luat. Nlu cd su phan biet giiia viec chung sdng nhu vg chong trai phdp luat va chung s6ng nhu vg chong khong trai phap luat thi se cd co sd de ap dung che tai va each thiic xir li can co su khac biet de thay dugc thai do cua Nha nudc ddi vdi cac miic do vi pham phap luat nhat djnh. Hien tai, Luat HNGD nam 2014 va Thong tu lien tich s6 01 quy dinh, trong tat ca cac tnrdng hgp tren deu "tuyen bo khong cong nhan quan he hdn nhan giGa hg". Chang ban, khoan 4 Dieu 3 Thong tu lien tjch s6 01 hudng dan:
"Trong trudng hap nam. nic chung sdng vdi nhau nhu va chdng md khdng cd ddng ki kit hdn (khdng phdn biet cd vi pham diiu kien ket hdn hay khdng) vd cd yeu cdu huy viec kit hdn trdi phdp ludt hodc yiu can li hdn ihi tod dn thu li, gidi quyil vd dp dung Diiu 9 vd Diiu 14 Lugt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh tuyen bo khdng cong nhgn quan hi hon nhdn giira ho. Neu cd yeu cdu tod dn gidi quyet ve quyin. nghia vu cua cha, me, quan hi tdi sdn. nghTa vu vd hap ddng giira cdc bin thi gidi quyit theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 15 va Dieu 16 cua Ludt hdn nhdn vd gia dinh". Theo tac gia, doi vdi viec chung song nhu vg chong bj coi la trai phap luat (nhu ngudi dang cd vg, CO chong ma chung sing nhu vg chong vdi ngudi khac) thi ngoai viec tuyen bo khong cdng nhan hg la vg chong can phai cd them quy djnh bugc hg phai cham dut viec chung
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sing nhu vp chdng trm phap luat. Day li co sd di hp chip hinh phip luat, niu hp van tiip tuc viec Chung sdng trai phip luat thi cc)i nhu hp tiip tuc thuc hien hinh vi chdng ddi phap luat, li co sd di ip dung cac chg tii khic (Diiu 147 Bd luat hinh su 1999, Digu 182 Bd luat hinh su nim 2015). Niu chi dimg lai d viec tuyen bd khdng cdng nhan hg la vg chdng thi khdng gim quyit dugc tan gdc vin di vi hp cung khdng cin dupc thira nhan la vg chdng, th$m chi gitta hg cung chua bao gid thiia nhan nhau li vg chdng.
Mat khac, Luat HNGD nam 2014 cung nhu cac van ban hudng din diu khdng cd quy dinh vi quyen ygu ciu xu 1! ddi vdi nhung trudng hgp nam nO chung sdng vdi nhau nhu vp chdng, die biet la trutog hpp nam vi ntt chung song vdi nhau nhu vg chdng trii phap luat. Luat chi dimg lai d cum til "khi cd ygu ciu", vay ai li ngucri cd quyin ygu ciu? Trgn thuc ti, khi mdt bgn vp, chdng c6 quan he ngoai hdn nhan, chung sdng nhu vg chdng vdi ngudi khic thi chdng hoac vp ciia hp thudng cd yen cau co quan nhi nudc cd thim quyin xit li viec chung sdng nhu vp chdng trm phap luat do; hoac khi nam nii chung sdng vdi nhau dudi tudi luat dinh hoac cd hp trong pham vi ba ddi thi thudng ngudi than cita hp se ygu cau co quan nhi nudc cd thim quygn can thiep;
ciing cd trudng hpp chfnh ban than nhirng ngudi trong cudc se yen ciu xu If quan he ciia hp. Do do, theo tic gia, cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh Luat HNGD cin quy dinh chu thi cd quyin ygu can giai quyet viec nam, nu chung sdng vdi nhau nhu vg chdng theo hudng: Ngu viec chung sdng nhu
vg chdng khdng trii phap luat thi chi d' su trong quan h$ dd mai duoc quyen ciu giai quyit quan h$ cua hg nhu ve tii, vi con cm. Niu viec chung sdng nhu chdng trii phap lu?it thi nen ip dung t tu quyin ygu ciu xir U vi§c ket hdn phap luit de xic dinh nhttng chu the 4 quyin yen ciu giai quyit vifc chung si nhu vp chdng trii phip lu?t.
Trong viec giii quyit hau qua phi ciia viec chung sdng- nhu vg chdng, cd
sd vin di cin dit ra nhu sau: jj Ddi voi quyin, nghia vu cua cha me lA
con trong trudng hgp nam, nu chung soag vdi nhau nhu vg chdng ma khdng dang B kit hdn (Dieu 15 Luat HNGD nam 2014) ttt dugc giai quyit theo quy dinh trong phk quyin va nghTa vu giOa cha me vi con. Theo quan diim lap phap hien nay thi khdng duoc phep phan biet ddi xii gitta cic con, quyen vi nghia vu gitta cha me va con khdng pll(
thupc vio hdn nhan cita cha me; do dd, vi8e giai quyit mdi quan he niy vg co ban &
khdng cd su khac biet khi cha me cd h * nhan hgp phap hay khdng cd hdn nhan h^
phap, khi cha me li hdn hay cha me chlili dut viec chung sdng nhu vp chdng. Toy nhien, cin phan biet viec gim quyit hau qua!
phap If vi mdi quan he giua cha me va cut cua viec chung sdng nhu vg chdng gitta naflf'.
vi ntt khi hp cd con chung vdi viec chung sdng nhu vg chdng giiia nhimg cip ddi dong tfnh ma hg da nhan con ciia nhau lam'con nudi. Ching han, mpt cap ddi ddng tinh nii chung sdng nhu vg chdng, mdt trong hm bgn cd mdt con de trong quan he hdn nhan trudc,
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NGHIEN CLIU-TRAO DOI
khi hg chung song vdi nhau thi ngudi cdn lai CO the nhSn con de cua b6n kia lam con nuoi.
* Trong tinh huong n^y cd the xac dinh \k hai ngudi ddng tinh nii mac dii chung song nhu vg chong nhung vl mat phap If hg la hai ngudi phu nii dgc than va cd the mgt ben la me diia tre the hien y chi cho con minh lam con nuoi, con ben kia la ngudi nhan nuoi diia tre. Hg cd the thoa thuan ve quyen va nghTa vu giOa me va con vdi nhau''^* va nhu vay ca ba ngudi (mgt me nuoi, mgt me de va diia con - mang hai tu each la con de va con nuoi) sdng chung vdi nhau. Vay van de dat ra la diia con dd co coi la con chung ciia hai ba me khong? Theo tac gia, xet ve mat thuc tl thi ca hai ngudi dong tinh nii chung song trong quan he vg chong deu coi diia tre la con chung va danh cho diia tre tat ca tinh yen thuang cua minh; xet ve mat phap li thi dira con do khdng the la con chung cua hai ngudi ddng tfnh nvc chung song trong quan he vg ching dugc bdi mgt ngudi la me de, mgt ngudi la me nudi. Mdi ngudi deu thoa man nhu cSu thuc hien quyen lam me bang each thirc khac nhau v^ tu each cua hg la khac nhau. Khai niem con chung thudng chi dat ra ddi vdi cac trudng hgp nhu con chung la con de cua mgt cap vg chong, con chung la con de cua hai ben nam nir chung song nhu vg chdng, con chung cung la con nuoi ciia mgt cap vg chdng. Can phai khSng djnh nhu vay dl dl dang xac dinh hau qua phap li ddi vdi diia tre khi cap dong tfnh nii cham dirt viec chung sdng nhu vg chong. Khi hai ngudi ddng tinh nil cham diit viec chung sdng va nlu cd tranh chap ve diia tre thi giai
quylt nhu thi nao? Ai se 1& ngudi dugc quyln uu tien nudi duong, cham sdc diia tre trudc? Theo tac gia, toa an khong the ap dung tuong tu nhu viec giai quyet quan he giiia cha me va con khi li hdn. Trong trudng hgp nay, ngudi ddng tinh nii la me nuoi diia tre ludn dugc quyen uu tien trudc trong viec thuc hien quyln dugc cham sdc, nudi dudng v^ giao due diia tre. Bdi khi thuc hien viec nudi con nudi, ngudi me de da tu nguyen chuyen giao quyen va nghTa vu cua cha me ddi vdi con sang cho cha me nudi. Ve nguyen tie, giiia cha me de va diia tre da cham diit quan he giiia cha me va con. Cho du giiia cha me de va me nudi cd thoa thuan vdi nhau vl viec cdn mgt sd quyen ciia me de doi vdi diia con dd. Hon niia, viec giiia hai ngudi ddng tinh nii cham dut viec chung song vdi nhau khdng phai la can cii de cham diit viec nuoi con nudi.' Viec xac dinh ngudi me de cua diia tre cdn quyen gl, miic do din dau hoan toan phu thugc vao su thoa thuan cua me nudi va me de khi xac lap quan he nudi con nuoi. Do do, khi viec chung sdng nhu vg chdng cua hai ngudi ddng tfnh nii chdm diit thi khong the ap dung hau qua phap If ddi vdi con cai nhu nhiing cap nam nii chung sdng nhu vg chdng cd con chung.
Mdt vdn de nua can dat ra la khi giai quylt vl quan he tai san, nghTa vu va hgp ddng ciia nam, nir chung song vdi nhau nhu vg chdng ma khdng dang dang kf ket hdn.
Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy dinh: "Viic gidi quyit quan hi tdi sdn phdi bdo ddm quyin, lai ich hap phdp cua phu nie vd con; cdng viec ndi tra vd cdng viic khdc cd liin quan
TAP CHi LUAT H O C S 6 5/2016
NGHIEN Cliu - TRAO DOI |
di duy tri ddi sdng chung dugc coi nhu lao ddng cd thu nhdp" (khoan 2 Diiu 16). Day li quy dinh mdi cua Luat HNGD nim 2014 so vdi Luat HNGD nam 2000 trgn co sd bao ve quyin va lpi ich hpp phap ciia phu nu vi tre em. Tuy nhien, hien nay cac vin ban hudng dan Luat HNGD khdng cd quy dinh cu the vi viec xic dinh cdng viec npi trp va cdng viec khac cd lign quan di duy Bi ddi sdng chung nhu la cdng viec cd thu nhap nhu the nao. Niu li vg chdng hpp phip thi khi ngudi vg hoac ngucri ching d nhi cham sdc con cm, gia dinh ma khdng cd thu nhap dn dinh theo nghi nghiep thi dugc tfnh la lao ddng cd thu nhap tuong duong vdi thu nhap ciia ching hoac vp li ngudi cd thu nhap dn dinh theo nghi nghiep (diim b khoan 4 Dieu 7 Thdng nr lign tjch sd 01), cdn trong Uirdng hpp chung sing nhu vp chdng khdng dugc thita nhan la vg chong thi khdng the ap dung tuong tu. Theo tac gia, trong trucmg hgp nay, cin xac dinh cdng viec npi trg va cdng viec khic cd lien quan di duy tn ddi sdng chung dupc xac dinh nhu la lao ddng cd thu nhap dii vdi loai hinh lao ddng tuong duong vdi cdng viec do theo quy dinh ciia phap luat lao ddng di xic dinh cdng siic ddng gdp cua hp vio viec duy tri ddi sdng chung dd.
Ngoai ra, khi giai quygt hau qua phip li vi quan he tii san, Luat HNGD nam 2014 quy dinh, trudc tign phai ira tign su thoa thuan gitta cac ben."' Quy djnh nay can dupc hudng din cu the ddi vdi trudng hgp ngudi dang cd vp, cd chdng mi chung sdng nhu vp chdng vdi ngudi khac. Su thoa thuan giua cac bgn d day can xac djnh rd rang. Thu nhdt. dd la su thoa thuan giua hai chii thg
trong quan he chung sdng nhu vg chdng v ^ | nhau lien quan din ta san rieng, tai saa,"
chung; thii hai, khi co su thoa thuin vi tai' san cin phai cd su tham gia cua ngudi vijr'' hoac ngudi chdng cua mpt trong hm bSn vfil|
tu each la ngudi cd quyin va ngMa vu lieu,, quan, bdi vi, ttong thdi gian chung sdng nhg vg chong trm phip luat thi mdt hoac ca hai bgn diu dang cd vg, chdng; tiic la cic bea dang tdn tai quan he hdn nhan. Ve nguyen.
tic, tai sin tao ra trong thcri ki hdn nhan la tii san thupc sd hiiu chung hgp nhat, ngu vcr hoac chong diing tii san nay ddng gdp vao quan he chung sdng nhu vp chdng trm phap luit, sau dd quan he nay bi huy thi khi giai quyit vin di tai sin, quygn va lgi fch hcrp phip ciia bgn vg, chdng hgp phap cd the hi inh hutog. Do dd, viec dua vg, chdng ciia mpt hoac ci hai ben nam nu chung sdng voi nhau nhu vg chdng vio viec gim quyet van di tii sin li hoin loan hgp 11, diing vdi quy dinh cua phip luit td tung dan sir./.
(1 ),Xem: Bui HuySn, "\in di chung song nhu vo ching ma khong dang ki kjl hon iheo phap lual Hoii i nhan va gia dinh". Tap clii ddn clii va phap luat. s6 chuyen ii "sua d i i , b6 sung Lual hon nhan va gia dinh nSm 20O0", 2013, U-. 106 . 114.
(2).Xem: Bui Thi Mung, "Bai 4: VS huy kSl h6n trai phap luSl", trong sSch Iham khao: Hudng dan hoc lip - lim hiiu Lual hSn nhdn vd gia dinh Viel Nam. TS.
Ngo Thi Huiing (chu bicn), Nxb. U o dpng. Ha Noi, 2015, tr. 5 7 - 6 9 .
(3).Xem: Dijm d Muc 2 Nghi quySt cvia Hoi dong Iham phdn Tea an nhan dan l6i cao s8 02/2000/NQ- HDTP hurJng dan ap dung mot s6 quy dinh cua Luil HNGD nam 2000.
(4).Xem: Dieu 24 Luat nuoi con nuoi nSm 2010.
(5),Xem: Diiu 25 Lujl nu6i con nuoi nam 2010.
(6).Xem: Khoan 1 Diiu 16 Luat HNGD nam 2014.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S 6 5/2016
