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• ThS N G U Y £ N TH} T H O Y D^i hgc Ngogi thucmg
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ifn phip li dgo luft cobin (dgo luft gfic) cd gii trf phip ly cao nhit cda mdi qufic gia; li vin kifn etiinh trf - phip ly, quy dinh vf chf dd chfnh trf - xi hfii,... Qua hifn phip cd thf nhfn bift md hinh phit triin xi hdi tdng thi cua qufic gia vdi cic dfc trung, muc tiiu, phuong hudng vi dfng tpc phit trifn chd yfu.Qua Hifn phip cic nim 1946,1959,1980, 1992 vi Hifn phip hifn hinh (ti Hifn phip 1992 di dupc siia ddi mft sfi difu nim 2001) cd thf thiy sp vfn dfng cda md hinh phit trifn xi hfl tdng thf nuftc ta qua cic lin siia dfii, bd sung, tifn mft sd phuong difn chfnh yfu nhu;
Vimd hinh chidd chlnh trf. Difu thd 1, Hifn phip nim 1946 quy dfnh: Nuftc Vift Nam li "nuftc din chu cfng hoi"; Hifn phip nim 1959, quy dinh, li "nuftc din ehu nhin din" (Difu 2); Hifn phip nira 1980, quy dfnh, li "Nhi nudc chuyin chinh vd sin" (Difu 2);
Hifn phip nim 1992 quy dfnh, l i "Nhi nudc cda nhin din, do nhin din, vf nhin din' (Difu 2); trong lin sda ddi, bd sung nim 2001, Difu 2 dupc sua thinh "Nhi nuftc phip quyfn xi hfi chd nghla cda nhin din, do nhin din, vl nhin din".
Vi dia vi chinh tri -phipiy ciia nhin dim Hifn phip nim 1946 quy dfnh "Tit ci quyfn binh tiong nudc ti cda toin thf ntiin din Vfft Nam, khdng phin bff t ndf gffing, gif traf, giiu nghio, giai cfp, tdn giio' (Difu thu 1); vi
"Nhin din cd quyfn phdc quyft vf Hifn phip vi nhftng vffc quan hf dfn vfn mfnh qufic gfa" (Dffu diu21); Hffn phip nim 1959 (Difu 4) vi Hifn phip nim 1980 (Difu 6), dfu ghi nfi dung co bin l i "Tit ci quyfn tpc thufc vf nhin din'; dfn Hifn phip nim 1992, quy djnh chf tift hom: "Tit ei quyfn lpc Nhi nuftc thufc vf nhin din mi nfn ting li liin minh giai cip edng nhin vfti gfaf cip ndng din vi ting tdp trf tiiuc" (Difu 2).
Vi bdmiy nhi nudc Vi$t Nam: Difu thd 22, Hifn phip nim 1946 quy dfnh: Nghf vffn nhin din li co quan cd quyfn cao nhit cda nude Vift Nam; Chfnh phd ti co quan hinh elilnh cao nhit cda toin qufic (Difu thu 43).
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Cde Hign phdp vg sau khdng diing tdn ggi
"Nghi vign nhdn ddn" md ggi Id "Qudc hOi"- VSmd hinh kinh td. Hign phdp ndm 1946 chua ed quy dinh vg md hinh kinh tg; Hign phdp ndm 1959 quy dinh: Xdy dyng mOt ngn kinh tg XHCN vdi cdng nghigp vd ndng nghigp hign dgi, khoa hge vd ky thudt tign dgn (Digu 9); Hign phdp ndm 1980 quy dinh: Xdy dyng mOt xd hOi cd kinh tg cdng - ndng nghigp hign dgi, vdn hod vd khoa hge, ky thudt tidn tign (Digu 15); Hidn phdp ndm 1992 quy dinh: Phdt trign ngn kinh tg hdng hod nhigu thdnh phdn theo eo ehg thj trudng cd sy qudn ly cda Nhd nudc, theo dinh hudng XHCN; Ndm 2001, Hign phdp dugc bd sung nhung nOi dung mdi: Xdy dyng ngn kinh tg dOc lgp, ty chii, chd dOng hOi nhdp kinh tg qude tg; phdt trign ngn kinh tg thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN.
Vimdliinhnin vin hoi: Hidn phdp ndm 1946 va Hign phdp ndm 1959 dgu chua cd quy dinh vg md hinh vdn hda; dgn Hidn phdp ndm 1980, quy dinh rd md hinh vdn hda Vigt Nam la: ngn vdn hod mdi cd nOi dung XHCN vd tinh chdt ddn tOc, cd tinh ddng vd tinh nhdn dan (Digu 37); Hign phdp ndm 1992 quy dinh, phdt tridn ndn vdn hod Vi^t Nam: dan tde, hien dgi, nhdn vdn... [Digu 30); Ndm 2001, Digu 30 dugc sda Id: phdt trign ngn vdn hod Vigt Nam tien tign, dgm dd bdn sdc ddn tOc.
Vd quan h$ ciia nudc Vi$t Nam vdi c0ng ddng qudc td. Hign phdp ndm 1946 vd 1959 chua cd dieu quy dinh vg quan hg ciia nudc Vigt Nam vdi eOng ddng qudc tg; dgn Hign phdp ndm 1980, tgi digu 14 quy dinh vg quan he cua Vigt Nam vdi cdc nhdm ddi tdc nhu:
quan he huu nghi, hop tdc mgi mdt vdi cdc nudc XHCN, vdi cae nudc Idng gigng, vdi nhdn dan eac nudc, thyc hien chinh sdch cung tdn tai hod binh giiia cde nudc cd ehg do
chinh tri vd xd hOi khdc nhau...; Hidn phdp ndm 1992 co bdn tigp tyc Hign phdp ndm 1980, nhung cd nhflng digm ddng ehu y, nhir 1) Nhdn mgnh vigc thyc hign chinh sdch hod binh, hflu nghi, m^r rOng giao luu vd hgp tdc vdi tdt cd cdc nudc trdn thg gidi, khdng phdn bigt ehg do chinh tri vd xd hOl khdc nhau, 2) Khdng gdn CNXH vdo myc tigu ddu tranh chung cda nhdn ddn thg gidi.
Titmd hinh phit triin xi hdi tdng thScda nudc ta qua cdc Hidn phdp, ed thg nit ra nhiing nhdn xdt sau:
Thd nhdt, md hinh phdt tridn xd hOi tdng thg cda nudc ta qua edc Hign phdp dgu mang ddu dn hodn cdnh Uch sii vd dgu phdn dnh nhiing thdng Igi to Idn dd gidnh dugc vd ngu rd myc tigu phdn ddu cda nhdn ddn ta trong giai dogn mdi. Nhu Chii tieh Hd Chi Minh dd ehi rd: "Bdn Hidn phdp dd chua hodn todn nhung nd da ldm nen theo mOt hodn cdnh thyc tg"'";
Thdhai, dudi gdc dO md hinh phdt trign xd hoi tdng thd, Hign phdp ndm 1946 la hidn vdn ddu tign trong lich sd ddn tOc, xdc nhdn ehg dd chinh tri nudc ta, la "ehg dO ddn chii mdi"'^^ Cd nhigu y kidn cho rdng, Hign phdp 1946 la bdn hign phdp ddn chii, tign bO khdng kdm bdt ky bdn hign phdp nao trgn thg gidi, vdi ldp ludn: nOi dung Hien phdp ndm 1946 da thg hign rd, nhdn dan vdi tu cdch Id ehii - Id bdn dy quygn, Nhd nudc la ben dugc thua uy quygn td chiic, qudn ly xa hOi nhdm bdo vg vd thyc thi quygn con ngudi cua ngudi ddn;
nhdn ddn cd quygn phdc quygt vg hign phdp vd nhung vigc quan hd ddn vdn mgnh qudc gia. Ben cgnh dd, Hidn phdp edn cd nhting quy dinh nhdm hgn ehg quygn lue nha nudc, eung CO chd kidm sodt quygn luc nhd nudc, gidm thidu sy dOc dodn, vi phgm quygn ddn ehii cda nhdn ddn.
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G 6 P f sCfA D 4 | H|£N PH AP 1992nii> ba, md hinh phit trifn xi hfl tdng thf nuftc ta qua cic Hifn phip dfu thf hifn rd sp quin tiif t, thf chf hda quan difm, chd truong cda Ding vf thf chf chlnh tr|, chf df din chd, kinh tf, vin hda,... cda nuftc ta dip ling yfu ciu, nhifm vp cda cic glal dogn cich mgng.
Hifn phip nim 1992 di phin inh rd nft nhdng dfc trung xi hfl XHCN vi cic dinh hudng tdn trong CuDngflhh xiy dpng diinuiic uong thdi kf qui dd lin chi nghla xi hdi
Gdpfsiiaddl, bdsungHlihphiphlinhinh Tu vifc xem xit md hinh phit triin xi hdi tdng thi nudc ta qua cic Hifn phip tu nim 1946 dfn nay; cin cu vio quan difm cda Ding trong Cuang llnh (Bdsung, phit triin nim 2011), vi Vin kif n Dgi hfl XI, xin df xuit mft sd y kifn sua dfii, bfi sung Hifn phip hifn hinh, nhu sau:
Thd nhit, tgi Difu 2, Hifn phip hifn hinh, quy dinh: "Nhi nudc Cfng hoi xi hfl chd nghia Vift Nam li Nhi nudc phip quyfn xi hfi chd nghla cda nhin din, do nhin din, vi nhin din. Tit ci quyfn tpc nhi nudc thufc vf nhin din mi nfn ting ti liin minh giua giai cip cdng nhin vdi giai cip ndng din vi dfii ngu tri thiic.
Quyfn lpc nhi nuftc ti thdng nhit, cd sp phan cdng vi phfil hpp gida cic co quan nhi nudc tiong vifc thpc hif n cic quyfn tfp phip, hinh phip, tu phip".
Vifc quy dinh "Nhi nuftc Cfng hoi xi hfi chd nghla Vift Nam li Nhi nudc phip quyfn xi hfi chd nghia cda nhin din, do nhin din, vf nhin dan", li phu hpp vdf dfc trung thu biy vf xi hfl XHCN trong Cuang linh (Bd sung, phit triin nim 2011P.
Riing npi dung did hai cua Difu 2, li "Tit ci quyfn lpc nhi nuftc thufc vf nhin din mi I t LUANCHiNHTR|-So 8/2012
nfn ting li lifn minh gida glal cfp cdng nhii vdi glal cip ndng din vi dfii ngd til thdc", tU cin cin nhic tgi. Quan difm cda Ding tgi Dgi hfl XI, Ii "bio dim tit ci quyfn Ipc nhi niiic tiiufc vf nhin din; mpi dudng Idf, chd tiuong cda Ding, chfnh sich, phip tuft cua Nhi nudc dfu vi tpf fch cua nhin din'™. Cuong Unh (Bdsung, phit triin nim 2011), cdng nfu dfc tnmg thii hai ciia xi hff XHCN, li: "do nhin din tim chd''*>.
Thfm nda, khi xem tgi Hifp pliip nim 1946, tgi Difu thd 1, cd quy dfnh "Tit ci quyfn bfnh tiong nudc ti cda toin thf niiiii din Vift Nam, khdng pliin bift ndi gifing, gii trai, giiu nghfo, giai cip, tfin giio'; tifp theo, tgi Difu 4 cdg Hifn phip nim 1959, cdng quy dfnh; "Tit ci quyfn lt;c tiong nudc Vfft Nam din chu cfng hoi dfu thufc vf nhin din"; tgi Difu 6, Hifn phip nim 1980, cdng quy dfnh
"Tit ci quyfn lpc thufc vf nhin din'.
Td nhung cin cd niu tiin, chiing tdi H xuit chinh sda haf vin df: 1) Vf nfif dung, Difu 2 cda Hifn phip hifn hinh, nin diin dgt Igi nhu sau: "Nhi nudc Cfng hoi xi hfi chd nghia Vift Nam li Nhi nuftc pliip quy6i xi hfi chd ngtiia cda nhin din, do nhin din.
vi nhin din. Tit ci quyfn lpc tirong nudc Vift Nam dfu thufc vf nhin din"; 2) Vf sip x^
vf tri: VI tim quan tipng dfc bff t cda quy dfnli tgi Dffu 2, nin cin xfp quy dfnh niy thinli Dffu 1 cda Hifn phip mdf.
Thii hai, Difu 3 cua Hifn phip hifn hinh, quy dfnh: "Nhi nuftc bio dim vi khing ngung phit huy quyfn lim chd vf mgi mSt cda nhin din", him chiia 4 nfif dung Idn: 1]
Nhi nudc bio dim quyfn lim chu cda nhlB din; 2) Mpc tiiu cda xi hdi XHCN; 3) Cufc sSng cda mdi ngufti dan; 4) Nghifm trf mgi hinh dfng xim phgm..., cich difn dgt sa
vio chl tift, vi ed nfi dung chua cfp nhft vdi quan difm Dgf hff XI cda Ding.
Df dim bio dfc tinh co bin cda Hifn phip li quy dfnh nhdng vin df chfnh yfu, nfn ting nhit, ddng thdf, df phu hpp vfti dfc trung thd nhit cda xi hfi XHCN, ghi Uong Cuonglmh (Bdsung,phittninnim20ll), li
"Din giiu, nudc mgnh, din chd, cdng bing, vin mfnh"™, nin sda vi vfft gpn Igf Difu 3 thinh: "Thpc hifn mpc tiiu din gfiu, nudc mgnh, din chd, cdng bing, vin minh; mpi ngudi cd cufc sdng im no, tp do, hgnh phdc, cd difu kifn phit trifn toin difn".
Thdba, Difu 15 Hifn phip hifn hinh quy dfnh: "Nhi nudc xiy dpng nfn kinh tf dfc ifp, tp chd tiin eo sd phit huy nfi lpc, ehu dfng hfi nhfp kinh tf qudc tf...". Vifc quy dfnh "Phit trifn nfn kinh tf thi trudng dfnh hudng xi hfi chd nghla" li phu hpp vfti phiKjng hudng cabin thuhaiciia Cuonglinh (Bdsung, phit trign nim 2011). Nhung bin cgnh dd, cd mpt sfi vfn df cin sda ddi tien co sft bim sit quan difm cda Ding tiong Vin kifn Dgf hfi XI.
Dgi hfi XI niu rd: "Nfn kinh tf thf tiardng dfnh hudng xa hpi chd nghla d nudc ta li nfn kinh tf hing hda nhifu thinh phan vgn hinh theo CO chf ttii trudng cd sp quin ty cda Nhi nudc dudi su linh dgo cda Ding Cpng sin"'^';
vi, "Phit trifn kinh tf thi trudng, chd dfng, tich cpc hpf nhgp qudc tf, ddng thdi giu viing, ting cudng tfnh dfc lip, tp chd cda nfn kinh tf"'^.
Tu nhiing cin cu neu tiin, theo chung tdl, nen sua Difu 15 cda Hien phip hifn hinh thinh: "Nhi nudc xiy dpng nfn kinh tf dfc tip, tu chd, chd ddng, tich cue hfi nhip qufic tf. Thue hifn nfn kinh tf thf trudng dinh hudng xa hfi chd nghia - nfn kinh tf hang hda nhifu thinh phin vgn hinh theo eo chf ttif trudng cd su quin ly cda Nhi nude".
Thii tu, Hifn phip hifn hinh quy djnh:
"Nhi nudc vi xi hfi bio tdn, phit Wfn nfn vin hoi Vift Nam tiin tifn, dfm di bin sic din tdc; kf thua vi phit huy nhdng gii tri cua nfn vin hifn cie din tfc Vift Nam, tu tuftng, dgo due, phong cich Hd Chf Mfnh; Uf p thu tinh hog vin hoi nhin logi; phit huy mpi tii ning sing tgo tiong nhin din.
Nhi nudc thfing nhit quin ty sp nghifp vin hoi. Nghiim cim truyfn bi tu tudng vi vin hoi phin dfng, ddi trpy; bii trd mf tin, hdn4c"(Difu30).
Tgi Dgi hfi XI, quan difm cda Ding vf phit trifn vin hda ti: "xiy dpng nfn vin hoi Vift Nam Uin tifn, dfm di bin sic din tfc, vua kf thua, phit huy nhdng truyfn thfing vin hda tdt dep eua cfng ddng cic din tfc Vift Nam, vua tifp thu tinh hoa vin hoi nhin logi df vin hda thpc sp li nfn ting Unh thin cda xa hpi"*';
Trong Cuong Unh (Bd sung, phit triin nim 2011), dfc ttung thu tu cda xi hfi XHCN nudc ta, dupc xic dinh, li: "nfn vin hoi Vift Nam Uin tiin, dgm di bin sic din tdc"'";
ddng thdi Ding cdng xic dinh phuang huftng CO bin vf vin hda, li "xiy dpng nfn vin hoi Uen Ufn, dgm di bin sic din tfc"""'.
Tu quan diem cda Dang vf xiy dung nfn vin hda Vift Nam niu trin, theo chdng tdl, nin sda Difu 30 thinh: "Xiy dpng nfn vin hoi Vift Nam tien tifn, dim di bin sic din tfc, df vin hda thpc sp li nfn ting Unh thin cua xa hpi; Nha nudc thdng nhit quin ty sp nghifp vin hoa. Nghiim cim truyfn bi tu tudng vi vin hoi phin ddng, dfii trpy; bii tru me tin, hd tuc".
Thu nim, Difu 14 Hien phip hien hinh, quy dinh: "Nuftc Cdng hoa xa hdi chu nghia Vift Nam thuc tiien chinh sich hoa binh, huu nghi, md rdng giao luu vi hpp tic vdi tit ci cic
LfLUANCHlNHTRj-So 8/2012
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nudc Dfn thf gidl, khdng phin bift chf df chfnh trf vi xi hot khic nhau, trin co sd tdn trgng dfc ifp, chd quyfn vi toin vgn linh thfi cda nhau, khdng can thif p vio cdng vifc nfi bd cda nhau, bfnh ding vi cic bin ciing cd lpi;
ting cudng tinh doin kft hOu nglif vi quan hf hpp tic vdi cic nudc xi hdi chd nghta vi cic nudc ling gif ng; tfch cpc dng hfi vi gdp phin vio cufc diu tranh chung cda nhin din thf gidl vi hoi bhih, dfc Ifp din tfic, din chd vi tifn bd xi hfl". Quy dfnh Din diy phin inh dudng tdl dfii ngogi cda Ding trong nhdng nim diu cda tiidi ky dfif mdi (1986-1991), mi trpc tifp li phin inh quan difm, chd truong ddi ngogi cda Ding d Dgi hfi VII vi Cuang llnh xiy dung dit nudc trong thdi kfquidd linchin^axihdn (Cuong Unh nim 1991).
Tu dd dfn ngy quan difm, chd truong ddi ngogi cda Ding ed nhiing buftc phit trifn vi di dupc thpc Uf n khing dfnh li dung din.
Dgi hfiXI (1-2011) niu chd tiirong Idn vf dfii ngogi: "Thpc hifn nhit quin dudng ldi ddi ngogi dfc Ifp, tp ehu, hoi binh, hpp tic vi phit trifn; da phuong hoi, da dgng hoi quan hf, chd dfng vi tich cpc hfi nhfp qudc tf; li bgn, dfii tic Un cfy vi thinh viin cd trich nhifm ttong cfng ddng qudc tf; vi lpi fch qufic gia, din tfc, vi mft nudc Vift Nam xi hfi chd nghia giiu mgnh""".
Vi Cirong linh (Bd sung, phit triin nim 2011), cung di cd sp difu chinh. Thi dp, die tnmg thu tim cug xi hfi XHCN nudc ta dupc xic dfnh ti: "cd quan hf hiiu nglif vi hpp tic vdi cic nudc trin tiif gidi"'"i.
Tu nhdng cin cu niu tiin, theo chdng tdl, nfn sua Difu 14 tiiinh: "Nudc Vift Nam tiipc hifn nhit quin dudng ldi dfii ngogi dfc tfp, tp chd, hoi binh, hpp tic vi phit trifn; da phuong hoi, da dgng hoi quan hf, chd dfng
vi tieh cpc hdf nhfp qufic tf; li bgn, dfii tic tit cfy vi tiiinh viin cd trich nhifm Dong cf nj ddng qufic tf; vi lpi fch qufic gta, din tfc".
Sdadfif,bfisungHffn phip phin inh nhu ciu cin thay ddf quy dfnh vf cic llnh vpc chinh trf, kinh tf, vin hda,... dip dng yfu ciu, nhlfmvptdtyiufndfnthpcti8n.Dayli cdng vifc hf trgng, ddt hdi phii nghifn cdu cdng phu, nghifm tdc vfti tinh thin trich nhifm cao ddi vfti nhin din, dfil vfti dit nuftc, vi phii min theo mft quy tiinh chft chi, khoa hpc. Do dd, nhdng df xuit buftc diu vf siia chiia, bd sung Hifn phip hifn hinh niu Dfn li cd y nghla gpi mft df tham khioo
'^ Nfi dung dfc tnmg thdbiy ghi trong CuongBnb (Bdsung phit triin nim 2011) li: "xiy dpng Nhi nirdc phip quyfn xi hfi chu nghla ciia nhin din, do nhin din, vl nhin din" (Ding Cfng sin Vi^t Nam: Vin kl^n D^ hdi dai biiu toin qudc lintliti XI, Nxb Chlnh Of qufic gia. Hi N«i, 2011, tt.72).
("' Cuong Hnh xiy dung dit nudc trong thdi kf qui dd/in did ngdfa xi fidi, xic dfnh Die tnmg cdaxi hfi xi hfi chu nghla (vf ddi ngogi) li: "C6 quanh(
hdu nghi vi hpp tic vdi nhin din tit ci cic nu6c trin thi gidi" (dfc tiung thu siu); Nfi dung cobin cda dinh hudng Idn vf dfii ngogi li: Hop tic binh ding vi cdng c6 lpi vdi tit ci cic nudc khdng phan bift chi df chinh trf - xi hfi kh^c nhau tiin ccr si nhdng nguyin tic cung tdn tgi hoi binh Khing ngung cdng cd vi phit trif n quan hf hdu n^, hgp tic tmyf n thfing vdi cic nudc xi hfi chd nghia, cic nudc anh em trin bin dio Ddng Duong...
(1) Hd Chi Minh, 7"oan tip, t.4, Nxb Chinh tii qufc gia,HiN0i,2DO2,tt.44O.
(2) Sdd, t.9, tr.582.
(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8),(9),(10),(U),(I2) DCSVN: Vin ki(n Dai hdi dgi biiu toin qudc lin thd XI, Nxb Chinh tri qufic gia, HiNfi, 2011, tr.238-239,70,70, 204-205,205,40,70,72,235-236,70.
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