NQHIEN cuu CHIHH TRI-XAHBI
NHAN THUfC CUA DANG VE MOI QUAN HE GlCTA AN SINH XA HQI Vflll TIEN BO VA CONG B A N G XA HOI
TRONG THOI KY DOI MOfl
T
rong gial doan diu eda qud trinh dli mfli todn diln flat nuflc, ttiuat ngd an sinh xa hpi (ASXH) chua xuat hiln mpt each cu thi frong cae van kiln Oai hdi VI, Vll, VIH cOa oing. Tuy nhiln, ngay td nam 1986, trln co sfl nhan thdc mfli v l vai frfl cOa eae van fll xa hpi, mfl fliu cdng cude adi mfli toan diSn dlt nufle. Ding ta dd chi ro: "In djnh bnh hinh kinh t l - xd hpi bad gdm c l dn djnh sin xult. In imh phdn phil, luu thdng, dn djnh dfli sing vat chat va van hoa, tang cuflng hilu lue cOa t l chdc quin ly, lap lai trat tu, ky cuong va ttiue hiln eflng bang xa hdi. 6n djnh vd phdt tien gin liln vfA nhau trong qua trinh van dflng tidn lln. In djnh d l phdt triin vd cd phat triln mfli dn fljnh aupc""'. Dllu ad eOng efl nghTa la Oang fla flat cac vin a i xa hdi, bong do ehfnh sdeh ASXH, tien bd, cflng bang xd hpi vdo tmng tdm nhdng van a i kinh t l . Dd Id mdt nhdn t l eo ban sdu xa nhlt bio dam su phdt triln nhanh va bin vdng eOa dat nude trong thfli ky mfli.Chlnh td nhan thde flung dan nlu trln. Ding ta ehinh thdc khing djnh mdt sd quan dilm ehi dae vide kit hpp hdi hod gida tang truflng kinh t l va gill quylt cac van d l xa hdi. Cu thi id: Mue bdu eOa ehlnh sach xa hpi thdng nhat vfli muc tflu phat friln kinh t l , diu nham phat huy sde manh ii
tt * Thgc si, Hgc viin Chinh sdch vd Phdt triin - Bd Ki tioach vd Bdu tti.
1 - Vdn kiin Dai hdi Bdng ttidi ky ddi mdi (Bai hdi i V7, V7/. vin, no, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, HdNdi -
2005, tr. 42 - 43.
NGUYEN TIEN HUNG *
ciia yeu td con ngufli va vl eon ngufli. Kit hop hdi hoa gida kinh t l vfli phat friln van hoa, xa hpi, gifla tang tnibng klnh t l vfli ASXH, gifla ASXH vfli bin bfl, cdng bang xd hfli, gida dfli sdng vat chat vfli dfli sdng bnh thin eOa nhdn ddn. Coi phdt fridn klnh t l Id eo sfl vd tfln d l d l thuc hiln ehfnh sdeh ASXH, thue hiln tit ehinh sdch ASXH id muc tilu ttiOc day t i n bd, edng bang xd hli tao apng luc phdt tridn kinh t l .
Sau 15 nam tidn hdnh all mfli, thudt ngd ASXH lln fliu bin xuat hiln trong Van kiSn Bai hli flai bilu loan quic lln thd IX cOa Ding vfli muc bSu "Khan truong md rdng he thdng bao hiim xa hpi vd an sinh xd hfli"'". Td flay, ASXH aupc quan tam aiy aO va cfl su chuyin biln cd ban v l chit, trfl thdnh mpt h i thdng ASXH bao gdm cdc tm cdt co bin: Bio hiem xd hpi (trong fld ed bio hilm y t l vd mdt sd loai hlnh bio hilm khde), h6 trp xa hpi, uu dai xa hdi, chuong trfnh xfla dfli gilm nghio vd cdc djch vu xd hpi efl bin khac.
Nhan thdc mfli v l ASXH cOa Ding ta thi hiln rd nit va ngay cang todn diln hfln trong Nghj quylt Dal hfli X eOa Ding. Tai Nghj quylt ndy, nhan bide va quan fliem ASXH da tfip tue dupc khang djnh vd lin dau t i n trd thdnh mpt trong 7 nhilm vu chO ylu phai thue hISn treng mue tflu, nhiem vu vd chi tiSu chO ylu phat triln kinh t l -
2 - Vdn kiin Bai ligi Ddng thdi ky ddi mdi (Bai lidi VI, vn, vin, W, Nxb. CUnh tri qudi gia, Hd Noi- 2005, tr. 651.
J TAP CHl GIAO Dgc Lt LUAN - s6 232 (7/2016)
21
NBHIEN cuv CHlHHni-XAHBI xa hdi 5 nam 2006 -2010 nhu sau: "Thue hiln bin
b l vd eflng bang xa hdi, gill quylt vile lam, khuyin khich Idm gidu hpp phdp, xod fldi, gilm nghio, phat triln he ttidng an sinh xa hdi; day lui edc t l nan xa hdi''". Td nhan thdc tren, Dai hdi flai bilu toan qude lln ttid XI eua Dang aa phat triln mpt each toan diln hfln vfli nhdng phdt triln mfli trang ehd tfiiong, dudng Idi xdy dung hS thdng ASXH vdi quan dilm bao trOm: "Thue hien ed hlSu qui tiln bp vd edng blng xa hfli, bio flam an sinh xa hli trong tdng buflc va tdng ehinh sdeh phat friln'"'. Td flfl, phan anh eae bp phan hpp thanh trong npi ham ASXH: "Tilp tue sda ail, hodn thiln h i thdng bio hilm xa hdi, bao hilm y t l , bio hilm that nghiip, trp glOp xa hdi vd cdu trp xd hpi da dang, llnh hoat, cd khi nang bid v l , giOp dfl mpi thdnh viln frong xd hdi, nhat id cae nhdm ylu thi, d l bj tin thuong, vupt qua khfl khan hoac cdc rill ro frong dd sdng''" ding thfli
"Tap frung triln khai cd hilu qui edc ehuong trinh xod dfli glam nghdo b vdng sdu, vOng xa, vung dac bilt khfl khan... Huy ddng mpi ngudn lue xd hdi cdng vfli Nhd nuflc cham lo tit hon nda dfli sing vdt chat va bnh ttiln cOa nhdng ngufli va gia dinh cd cdng. Gill quylt ddt dilm ede tin dpng v l ehinh sdch ngudi efl cflng"'".
Sau gin 30 nam ddl mfli flit nuflc, qudn trilt quan dilm ehi dao xuyln suit eOa Ding trong vile gili quylt mdi quan h i gida ASXH vdi tfln bd, cdng bang xd hpi trong qua trinh ddl mfli vd hfli nhap t h i gifli, din nay cdng tde ble dim ASXH dd dat dupc nhilu thdnh tuu nil bat, dupe nhan ddn ding tlnh, quIe t l ddnh gid eao:
Binh qudn tJ II hp nghSo chung el nuflc glam 2%/nam, ty II hd nghlfl fl cdc huyin nghio gilm blnh qudn trln 5%/nam, flat mue tilu k l hoaeh d l
3 - Bang Cdng sdn Viet Nam - Vdn kUn Dai hdi Bgi bi£u todn qudc ldn thU X, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Ndi - 2006, Ir. 187.
4 - Bdng Cdng sdn Viit Nam - Vdn ki^n Dai hgi Bgi biiu tadn qudc ldn thUXI, Nxb. Chinh tri quite gia, Hd Ndi-2011, Ir. 227.
5 - Ddng Cgng sdn Viit Nam, Sdd, tr. 228.
6 - Bdng Cgng sdn Viet Nam, Sdd, Ir. 229.
ra theo Nghj quylt sd 80/NQ-CP ngiy 19/5/2011 ve cflnh huflng gilm nghio bin vdng thfli ky ttt nam 2011-2020 vd Quylt fljnh sd 1489/QD-TTg ngay 08/10/2012 phe duyet ndi dung ehuflng trinh mue tidu qude gia gilm ngheo bin vdng giai floan 2012-2015.
HS Ihdng bao hilm xd hpi (BHXH) dupe quan tdm phat trien vfli npl dung vd hinh thde ngay cdng phong phd, nham ehia s l rdi ro vfl trp glOp thilt thue cho nhdng ngufli tham gla. BHXH dupc triln khai ddng bp vfli 3 Iflai hinh id: Bio hilm bat bupe (BHXH vd bid hilm y te (BHYT)), bio hilm tu nguySn vd bio hilm that nghiSp. Ddl tupng tham gia BHXH tidp tue tang lln (nam 2014 s l ngudi tham gia BHXH tang 5,3% so vfli nam 2013 vd tang 56,8% so vfli nam 2007). Ddng thfli v(S vile mfl rpng all tupng, sd thu BHXH td long gdp eua ngufli lao flflng vd ngufli sd dung lafl flpng eung tang ISn (nam 2014 sdthu tang gap 6 lin so vfli nam 2007). Tlnh flln ngay 31 thang 12 nam 2014, sd ngufli tham gla BHXH, BHYT la 64.866.201 ngufli, tang 2.933.789 ngufli (4,7%) so vfli cOng ky nam 2013, trang dfl:
V I chl ngan saeh cho BHXH, nam 2012 du toan chl eho BHXH ViSt Nam la 32.300 ty ding, nam 2013 la 39.300 ty fling, nam 2014 du loan chi 44,113 ty ddng td ngdn sach nha nudc, tang 1.913,7 ty ddng so vfli nam 2013.
HI thdng chinh sleh uu flai all vfli ngufli cd eflng khdng ngdng flupc hoan thiln. Hiln nay cl nude cfl 8,8 trilu adi tuflng ngufli ed eflng, ehilm khoing gin 10% ddn sd. Trang dd cd khoang 1,4 trilu adi tupng ngufli cfl cflng vd thdn nhdn dupc huflng trp cap uu aai hang thdng cOa Nha nuflc"^.
Then Bp Tdi chinh, hiln nay chOng ta dang tilp tuc rd sodt va nghiin cdu, hoin thiSn hS thing chinh sach BHXH, BHYT, ehinh sich ddi vdi ngufli efl cflng vfli cdch mang d l kdt hpp hdi hda gida mue blu biOc day tang tniflng klnh t l va flIm bao ASXH. Odng thfli bip tuc nghiSn edu.
7 - Le Thdm I VOV - Trung tdm lin, cdp nhgt i 18/812014; m.vov.vn
22 TAP CHl GlAo DUC Lt LUAN - 3(5 232 (7/2016)
HBHIEHCUUCHlHHTBI-XAHBI sda ddi, ban hdnh ede chlnh sdch ehl dp phu hpp
vfli thuc t l vd kha nang ngan saeh. Bao dim cdn dli ngdn sach d l ttiirc hiSn dilu chinh mde t i n luong tdl thilu ttr 1,05 trieu ddng/bidng ISn 1,15 trilu ddng/thdng, dilu chinh luong huu vd trp d p uu flai ngufli cfl edng tdng bang ty 11 tang luflng tdi ttiilu td ngdy 1-7-2013.
cac phflng trao tlnh nghta, xa hpi hod cham sflc ngufli efl eflng ngay cang day manh va mang lai hilu qui thilt thuc, trln 95% ngufli cfl eflng cd mdc sing bang hoac cao hon mdc sdng noi cu frd.
Cde ehinh sach trp giup xa hpi (thuflng xuySn va apt xuat) aupc thue hien rdng hon c l v l quy md vd ddi tupng thu huflng vfli mdc trp giup ngdy edng tang. Hang nam, Nha nufle eon fro d p apt xuat hang nghin ti alng va hang ehue nghin tin luong thue, thude men, ehO ylu d l trp gidp khae phue thlSn tai. Cdc phong trdo "Tuong thdn, tuong ai", "Quy vi ngufli nghdo", 'Bin on dip nghTa", "Udng nuflc nhfl nguln", 'Nha tinh thuflng", "Nha dai flodn kit'... dupc t l ehde thudng xuyln vd thu hut su huflng dng cOa nhilu lire lupng xa hfli, flflng gflp dang k l vdo vise ndng eao ASXH eho mpi ngufli, nhat la nhdng ngufli ngheo, vdng nghio.
Nhu vay, mil quan h i gida ASXH vfli bin bd v l cdng blng xa hdi da phan dnh nhdng gid trj nhan van v l van hoa Vilt Nam, ttil hiSn bin chat xa hli tdt dep ma ehOng ta aang xay aimg, qua a i thi hiln lpi Ich va trach nhidm cOa eflng fling xa hfli nfli Chung vd cOa tdng cdng ddn nfli riSng, dllu ehinh d c mil quan h i ldi fch gida con ngufli vfli con ngufli, gida eon ngufli vdi xd hpi, nham muc dich cao nhat Id thoa mdn nhu d u ngay dng cao v l dfli sing vat chit va tfnh thin cOa nhan dan. Theo ehOng tdl, d l t i p tuc phdt huy hfln nda mil quan h i gida ASXH vdl bin bp va cflng bang xa hpi 4 ViSt Nam giai doan 2015 - 2020 vd nhdng giai doan tilp theo, chung ta d n phli chu y nhdng vin d l sau:
Mdt li, tang tfvflng kinh t l . In fflnh kinh t l vT mfl.
Tang tnidng kinh t l Id dilu kidn fll d i thiSn ndng eao ldi sdng din eu, phdt triin d e mat cda
ddl sdng kinh t l - xd hdi. fin djnh klnh t l VT md phli aupc col Id glai phdp uu vilt. NguySn nhdn Id, su bit on djnh eOa nSn klnh t l Inh huflng fruc bip vd manh me den dfli sdng vat chat va bnh thin eOa nhan dan.
Hai ia, ttiue hidn tfln bp va edng bang xa hpi.
Nang cao fldi sdng vat chat vd tnh than cda con ngufli Id muc tiSu eOa nln klnh t l thj truflng fljnh huflng xd hdi chO nghTa. De thuc hidn flupc mue tilu dfl, mat van fll quan trpng phli gill quylt Id quan h i gida tang truflng klnh Id vfli ASXH fll td a i ttiue hien mil quan hS gida ASXH vfli t i n bfl vd eflng bang xa hdi. Quan dilm cOa Dang ta v l van d l nay hodn toan fldng dan vd nhdng thdnh tf;u eOa Vilt Nam frong vile gili quylt quan hS ndy da auoe thS gifli thda nhan.
Trong bdi einh miSi cOa alt nufle va t h i gifli, gili quyit mdi quan hS gida ASXH vfli tiln bfl va edng bang xd hpi cln luu y:
- Oap dng d c nhu d u ASXH cOa nhdn ddn Id quan flilm eo ban.
- Tang truflng kinh t l gan vfli mfl rflng mang ludl ASXH nham muc tflu thuc hiln t i n bd xd hdi vd cdng bang xd hdi ngay td diu, trong tdng ehfnh sdch, k l hoach, chiln lupe phdt triln, trong tdng budc di vd trong suit qud trinh phdt triln.
Sa ia, ndng cao hilu qui quin ly nhd nufle ve ASXH. Thing nhlt d c ehinh saeh phat tfiln kinh t l vdl chinh sdch ASXH va vfli d e ehinh sach xa hfli. Do vay, xay dung Nha nuflc phap quyin xa hfli ehd nghTa la dllu kiln quan trpng fll ttiue hiln ASXH v(5i ten bp va cflng bang xa hpi hlSn flai, khoa hpe, nhan van va flai ehOng.
Son Id, xdy dung van hod ASXH trong nln kinh t l thj truflng djnh hudng xd hdi chO nghTa phli k l thda dupe tinh hoa van hod ddn tdc, tilp thu tinh hoa vdn hoa nhan loai trong thuc hiln ASXH va sd dung van hoa ASXH nhu mpt tilu chf thOc day tlin bd vd cdng bang xa hfli nham mue bSu tang trudng kinh t l , thuc day nln kinh t l thj truflng phdt triln. Oilu nay s l eho phip Vilt Nam hdi nhdp vfli an sinh the gifli ma khflng mat dl bin sac eOa mlnh.B
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