TAP CHI KHOA HQC PAI HQC V A N LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk
VAN HOA BIEN VIET NAM
VA PHAT TRIEN DU LICH VAN HOA BIEN BAO VIETNAM'S MARINE CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE-ISLAND
CULTURAL TOURISM
PHAN HUY XU^'^va VO VANTHANI^">
TOM TAT: Cdc nhd nghien cieu trong vd ngodi nude khdng dinh Viet Nam Id mdt dai nu&c ed edi ngudn vdn hda biin lau dai, hiin hiru khap lanh thd vai gid tri van hda bien da dgng vd phong phii. Trong bdi viet ndy. ehung tdi khdng cd tham vgng dua ra khdi niem hay dinh nghia vi vdn hda biin ddo, thay vdo dd, chiing tdi gi&i thieu tdng quan nhihig khdi niem vd dinh nghTa ndi bdt ve vdn hda bien hay vdn hda bien ddo eua cdc td chiec, cdc nhd nghiin cicu trong vd ngodi nu&c. Mgt ludn diim nica chung tdi mudn di edp trong bai viit ndy Id tren ca sa vdn hda biin ddo Viet Nam, chiing ta cdn xdy dung logi hinh du lich vdn hda biin ddo, gdp phdn ldm nen sdn phdm du lich Viet Nam ngdy cdng da dgng nhicng dgc ddo, ndng ngdnh du lieh Viet Nam len mgt tdm cao m&i. di ngdnh du lich Viet Nam thue su tr& thdnh mdt ngdnh kinh ti mui nhgn nhu Ddng, Nhd nu&c da di ra.
Tir khda: vdn hda biin, du lich biin ddo, du lich vdn hda bien ddo, logi hinh du lich bien ddo, sdn phdm du lich.
ABSTRACT: Researchers at home and abroad assert that Vietnam is a country that has a long marine culture history, existing throughout Vietnam with rich and varied values. In this article, we do not have the ambition to set a concept or definition of marine-island culture. Instead of this, we review the prominent concepts and definitions of marine culture or marine-island culture of domestic and foreign institutions as well as scholars individually. Another point we would like to mention in this article is that on the basis of marine-island culture in Vietnam, we need to build the type of marine-island tourism that contributes to the increasing number of Vietnam tourism product in other to develop Vietnam tourism into a higher level so that Vietnam tourism truly becomes a spearhead economic sector as set by the Party and the State of Vietnam.
Keywords: marine culture, marine-island tourism, marine-island cultural tourism, type of marine-island tourism, tourism products.
"^'^ PGS.TS. TrLTcmg Dai hpc Van Lang, Email: xuphanhuy^mait.com ' " ' ThS. Tnrong D^i hgc Van Lang, Email. vonhancht@gmail com
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG S6 04/2017 1. DAT VAN DE
Viet Nam ndm tren ban ddo Ddng Ducmg vdi ba mat gidp biln vd ed bd biln ddi hon 3.260 km, tu Mdng Cdi din Ha Tien. Lanh hdi Viet Nam rdng hon mpt trieu km^ ldn gap 3 ldn Idnh thd. Bien Viet Nam ed hon 3.000 hdn ddo ldn, nhd, trong dd cd hai quan dao ndi tieng Id Hodng Sa (Paraeel islands) vd Trudng Sa (Spratly islands) tii lau dd dugc lich su ehung minh thuge ehu quydn cua Viet Nam. Cd the ndi Viet Nam Id mdt ddt nude mang dac trung bidn ddo dien hinh cua khu vyc vd the gidi [18]. Cae di ehi khdo cd dgc theo bd bien, cua sdng,... cua nude ta cho thay, tu thdi tien su, nhiing cu dan sinh sdng tren dai ddt mang hinh dang chd " S " nay da tidp xuc vdi bien, mdt bg phan dan eu sdng ven bien va xem bien la ngudn sdng cua hg. Cdc ndn vdn hda ddc trung d Viet Nam nhu vdn hda cua eu ddn Cdi Beo, Ha Long, Ddng San, Sa Huynh, 6 c Eo,... da phan mang tinh chdt bien ddo.
Van hda bien hien dien dgc theo chieu dai Idnh thd Viet Nam tu bde tdi nam, tuy rang cd nhihig noi nd dugc the bidn dam net, cd noi md nhat, nhung nhin chung, van hda bien Viet Nam theo nhieu nhd nghidn cuu trong va ngoai nude Id mdt van dd khdng thd phu nhdn. Nhiing gia trj van hda biln, ea ve ITnh vyc van hda vat thd va van hda phi vdt the cua cde edng ddng dan cu hien hiiu khap ehieu dai dat nude Viet Nam, dac biet d 28 tinh, thdnh cd bidn dao.
Bdy Idu nay, Viet Nam dugc du khdch trong vd ngoai nude bilt ddn vdi ngudn tai nguydn biln dao da dang va phong phu, vdi nhung cdnh quan dugc xem la ky quan cua ilil gidi nhu vjnh Ha Long, vdi nhdng
vung, vinh, bai tam trdi ddi theo lanh thd duge eae tap chi du Ijch quoc td ddnh gia rat cd gid tri v l mat du Ijch nghi dudng, thd thao bien,... Tren thuc td, du lich bien dao Viet Nam dang thu hut nhieu du khdch qude td den nghi dudng, td chuc cae dai hdi the thao vd tan hudng ve dep cda thidn nhien. Bdn canh do, van hda bien ddo Viet Nam rdt da dang va doe dao, can khai thdc cdc gid tri dd de nang eao kinh te, vi tri eua du lich Viet Nam trdn trudng qude tl, dua du Ijch Viet Nam trd thdnh mgt ngdnh kinh td mui nhgn, gdp phdn thue bien mue tidu kinh te bien theo Nghj quyet sd 09-NQ/TW (09/2/2007) cua Hdi nghi ldn thu IV Ban Chap hdnh Trung uong Ddng khda X vi chiin luge bien Viet Nam din ndm 2020:
"Phdn ddu den ndm 2020 dua nu&c ta tr&
thdnh qude gia mgnh ve biin, ldm gidu tir bien, bdo ddm vimg ehde ehu quyin qude gia tren biin, ddo, gdp phdn quan trgng trong su nghiep cdng nghiip hda, hi$n dgi hda ddt nu&c ".
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Khai niem vdn hda bien
Vdn hda biin (Marine Culture) dugc didn dat bang nhieu thudt ngu khac nhau nhu vdn hda hgc vi biin (Marine Culturology) hay vdn hda bien, ddo (Marine and Island Cultures) hodc Vdn hda biin, can duyen vd ddo (Marine, Coastal and Island Culture),... Day la vdn d l dang dugc gidi nghidn cdu trdn the gidi quan tdm. Cdch hieu ve van hda bien bidn nay dugc cdc nha nghidn cuu phdt bieu dudi nhidu gdc dp.
Rd rdng, vdn hda biin (Marine Culture) Id mpt bd phdn quan trpng thupc sd hiiu cua con ngudi hinh thanh td cac iicn
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phap Huy X u v a ^ van minh. Theo td chuc Marine Tourism
(2006), "Vdn hda biin Id mgt hien tugng vdn hda hinh thdnh du&i tdc dgng eua mdi tru&ng biin len cugc sdng vd lao ddng ciia con ngu&i, lin edc gid tri. len thuc tien tinh thdn vd sire sdn xudt vdt ehdt ciia xd hdi".
Theo Shanghai Worid Expo (2010), "Vdn hda biin dugc dinh nghia Id vdn hda cd lien quan tai dgi ducmg, bdt ngudn tic hogt ddng sdng tgo vdn hda trong mdt th&i gian ddi eua eu ddn viing duyen hdi sdng trong sir tuang tdc true tiip vai biin, hinh thdnh b&i tdc ddng eua edc tuc le biin, ede gid tri vd cdc bieu tugng vdn hda hieu hinh vd vd hinh khdc" [26].
Tac gid E. Ju.Tereshehenko cho rdng,
"Vdn hda biin Id mdt khdi niim dd dugc xde dinh vieng chdc, nd gid dinh ed su hiin dien eua mgt qude gia cd phiic Igi gdn lien v&i dgi duang the gi&i; nen kinh ti vd chinh tri cua qude gia dd phu thudc sdu sdc vdo hogt ddng d viing mat nu&c dai duang the giai Khdc vai vdn minh bien, vdn hda biin gdn liin v&i cde ldi thuc thich nghi eua cdng ddng do vl sir sdng cdn ciia minh trong mdi tru&ng cdnh quan" [3]. Cdc tac gia Jame D. Spired vd Delia A. Scott-Ireton cho rang, "tdt ed nhicng hogt ddng hdng hdi bao gdm cdc logi tdu thuy l&n, be nhd, cdc vu ddm tdu. xudng ddng tdu, bin cdng, cdu tdu, kho bdi, kinh rgeh, nggn hdi ddng, trgm cuu sinh vd trg giiip dinh vi khde, edc di chi ven b&, cdc phuang ti^n hdi qudn vd cdc hogt dong triin lam cd liin quan din cde cdng ddng duang dgi,... diu ed thi xem Id vdn hda biin" [4].
Mpt sd tdc gid Viet Nam phat biiu v l van hda bien qua gdc dp chuyen mdn nhu Ngd Due Thjnh, Trdn Nggc Them, Vu
Minh Giang, Nguyen Vdn Ngpe, Nguyin Van Kim,... Tac gia Ngd Ddc Thinh cho rang, "Vdn hda biin duae hieu nhu Id hi thdng tri thue eua con nguai vi mdi trudng biin, cde gid tri rut ra tie nhirng hogt dong sdng trong mdi truang dy, cimg v&i no la nhung edm thu, hdnh viungxie, nhihig nghi le. tap t^c, thdi quen cua con ngu&i tuang thich vai mdi truang bien" [8]. Ong danh gia van hda bien la mdt dang thuc thu$c nhdm "vdn hda sinh thdi", nghien cuu vS nghe thudt vd nhdn vdn xung quanh m6i trudng bien.
Tde gid Trdn Nggc Them cd mot so quan diem ddng thudn vdi tac gid Ngd Diic Thjnh khi cho rang, "Vdn hda biin la moi thdnh td vdn hda phdn logi theo diiu ki^n sinh thdi. hinh thdnh du&i tdc dgng cua moi trucmg biin len cudc sdng vd lao dgng ciia con ngu&i, len cdc gid tri tinh thdn vd sic sdn xudt vdt chdt xa hgi" [17]. Van hoa bien "Id he thdng ede gid tri do eon nguai sdng tgo ra vd tich lay dugc trong qua trinh tdn tgi, lay bien cd ldm nguon song chinh,... Vdn hda bien tru&c hit phdi Id van hda vd phdi thda mdn cde yiu td ddc trung ed tinh he thdng, tinh gid trj, tinh nhdn sinh vd tinh lich sic" [16].
Theo tac gia Vu Minh Giang, van hoa bidn la mpt khai niem rdng, hieu day dii edn bao gdm cd vdn hda cac vung duyin hdi nen ddi khi trong thugt ngu cdn dupe bo sung thdm td bd biln d l lam rd khdi ni^tn {Marine, Coastal and Island Culture). Ducri gdc dg ndy, tdc gid cho rang, "Vdn hoa biin la nhung sdn phdm sdng tgo ciia con nguai trong quan hi tuang tdc v&i moi tru&ng bien ddo. Vdn hda biin ddo cUng co
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAI HOC VAN LANG thi phdn thdnh hai hgp phdn: vdn hda vgt the vd vdn hda phi vdt thi " [23].
Ndi ham "vdn hda bien" da bao gdm ddo, do do, khdng can ndi "vdn hda bien dao" ma chi ndi "van hda bien" la du [16].
Do dd, de thdng nhdt cdeh ggi va quy udc lam vide, td ddy ve sau, ehung tdi dung thuat ngu "van hda bidn" thay cho "van hda biln ddo".
Du Id dudi gdc do tiep can vdn hda hpc hay nhan hpc van hda, vdn hda bien la mdt khdi niem rat rdng, nhung cde td ehuc, cac nha nghien cuu trong va ngoai nude ed cung nhan djnh khi cho rang, do Id nhdng hogt ddng sdng tao cda con ngudi dudi tac ddng eua mdi trudng sinh thai bien, dao de hinh thanh nen cae gia tri van hda vat the vd phi vdt thd (cung cd thd hieu la gid tri vdt ehdt vd tinh thdn) lidn quan den bien, dao. Nhu vay, ddi vdi cac qude gia bien, ddo, vdn hda bien hien hiiu la dieu tdt nhien. Viet Nam la mdt quoc gia bien dao dien hinh d khu vyc vd the gidi vdi chi sd duyen hai (ISCL) thupe loai eao nhdt thd gidi, theo tinh todn cda cac chuyen gia ve bien, chi sd duyen hdi (ISCL) cua Viet Nam = 1 0 3 . Theo nguyen tac, ISCL cdng nhd thi tac ddng cua bidn cang ldn, dnh hudng cda bidn ddi vdi Viet Nam ldn hon Tnmg Qude gdn gdp 5 lan (ISCL cua Trung Qude ~ 500). Van hda biln hien hiiu trong nen van hda Viet Nam Id dieu hien nhien.
2.2. Vai net ve lich s u van hda bien Vidt Nam
Cae nhd nghien euu trong nude nhu Phan Huy Le, Trdn Qude Vugng, Ngd Ddc Thjnh, Trdn Nggc Them, Nguyin Van Kim, Vu Minh Giang, Nguydn Quang Nggc,... ddu khang dinh Viet Nam cd van
hda bien td thdi cd dai eho ddn nay, vdi khdng gian van hda bien ngay edng md rdng vd ham lugng van hda bien ngay cang dam chat trong tien trinh lich su vd su md rdng khdng gian sinh tdn. Trong tde phdm Bien vdi ngudi Viet Cd, eae tac gid cho rdng, vdi nhung hieu biet hien nay, d Viet Nam, con ngudi gan vdi mdi trudng bien sdm nhdt td didi trung ky dd da, tuc each ngay nay khodng tren dudi 7.000 ndm, vdi cdc di ehi van hda lan lugt td trung ky, hau ky da mdi den so ky kim khi, nhu di ehi Gd Triing (thudc vdn hda Da But phdn bd d Thanh Hda, Ninh Binh), Hoa Lpe (Thanh Hda), Cai Beo (Cdt Bd), Ha Long (Quang Ninh), Sa Huynh (Qudng Ngai) [21].
Huyen sd ket duyen me Au Co (gidng tidn tren nui) vd cha Lgc Long Quan (gidng rdng dudi bien) phan nao the hien gdc bidn eua cha Lgc Long Quan. Sy tich Mai An Tiem bi day ra dao hoang, tuong truydn nay la vung Nga Son (Thanh Hda), sy tich Tidn Dung - Chd Ddng Tu - mgt trong Td bdt td trong vdn hda cua ngudi Viet eung la nhiing trudng hgp mang ddu an van hda bien td thdi vua Hung Vuong thu 18. Cac nha nghien cuu eho rang, cung vdi huyen thoai Lac Long Quan - Au Co, cudc ky duyen Tien Dung - Chd Ddng Td ciing ggi md nhiing lien tudng ve mpt truyen thdng thuong nghiep cua dan tpc Viet Nam gan lien vdi mdi trudng bien. Theo tac gid Nguydn Van Kim, "tie th&i tiin sie vd sa sic.
sinh thi vdn hda ddn tdc da ehica dung nhieu dim ndng vd dgng luc phdt triin.
Cdnh cua vdn hda cua ddt nu&c ta dd ddng th&i m& ra nhieu hudng, v&i cdc ddng tiep giao vdn hda da diin, da chiiu" [11].
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phan Huy Xu v^ lek Trong ban mpt ngdn nam Bac thudc,
vdn hda biln eua ngudi Viet cd phdn nhgt di do edng cudc chdng ach dd hd ciia phong kiln phuong Bde. Tuy nhien d phi'a Nam, vdn hda 6 c Eo vdi nhd nude Phu Nam ed ndn van hda biln rdt phdt trien tu thd ky I din thi ky VI. "De chi Phu Nam cd din han 10 nu&c v&i trung tdm Phii Nam ndm tren ddt hg luu sdng Mekong (ehu yiu Id Nam Bd) " [24]. "Dd thi - edng Oc Eo ludn ludn gia vai trd trung tdm kinh te, vdn hda quan trgng vd Id trung tdm mdu dich qude ti l&n nhdt eua Phii Nam" [13]. Mien trung Viet Nam ed vuong qude Chdm-pa ra ddi (the ky II) dya trdn nen tdng vdn hda Sa Huynh vd phdt trien them. Vuang qude Chdm-pa ed ndn vdn hda bien rat phat trien, dde biet Id thuong mai bidn, edng bien.
Trong hdi dd cda A Rap - Ba Tu td thd ky VIII ddn thi ky XIV cd dia danh Champa sea (Bidn Chdm-pa) [19]. Thuong cdng Hdi An hinh thdnh trong khodng thd ky XV XVI, thjnh dgt trong thi ky XVII - XVIII, nhung trude dd rdt lau (td the ky II trd vd trudc), vung dat Hdi An da ndm trong dja bdn phdn bd cua vdn hda tidn Sa Huynh, den thdi van hda Sa Huynh vd Hpi An la mdt cang thj trgng ydu cua Cham-pa (tu thd ky n din thd ky XV) [19]. Tu khi gianh dugc dgc Igp, van hda bien cua ngudi Viet lai dam dan ldn. Ndm 1149, vua Ly Anh Tdng cho thdnh Idp hai trang - thuong cdng Vdn Ddn thdng thuong vdi nude ngodi, md ra su hinh thanh vd phat triin cua he thdng thuang cdng Vdn Ddn - cdnh cua hgi nhap ddu tidn eua nude ta vd kinh t l vd vdn hda ma cd nha nghien cuu danh gia la "tu duy vugt ra khdi chdu thd sdng Hdng" [11], Dudi thdi vua Le - chda Trjnh d Dang
Ngodi va chua Nguyin d Dang Trong, rji nhidu nha hudn qude t l din hudn ban va lap thuang didm d Phd Hidn (Ddng Ngoai), Hdi An (Dang Trong), ddc biet cdc ch(ia Nguydn d Dang Trong rdt ehu y din thuang mgi vd kinh td bien (duge cac nha khoa hpc xem la the ehe bien d Ddng Trong) [21].
Ddu the ky XIX, nha Nguydn thing nhSt Viet Nam vdi lanh thd va vung bien rgng ldn nhu ngdy nay. Cdc vj vua ddu tridu nhir Gia Long, Minh Mang, Thieu Trj rdt quan tdm ddn bidn ddo,... Ldc bdy gid, Viet Nam thye sy Id mgt the ehe bien vdi lyc luang thuy qudn hung hdu du sue kidm soat bo bidn ddi td bde tdi nam vd ddm bdo cho cac thuong thuydn nude ngodi den giao dicli.
Den khi thye dan Phap xdm luge nude ta, bien Viet Nam dudi danh nghTa thupc Phdp, vdn hda biln Viet Nam cd phan chiing Iai, tuy rang cu ddn ven bien dgc theo cbilu ddi ddt nude gdn bd vdi bien, ddo vdn thue hanh nhieu net van hoa bien dao nhu thd cdng cd Ong, td chuc ddnh bat tren bidn, ddng tdu, thuydn di bien, to chiic Idng vgn chai phu hgp vdi mdi trudng ven bien, dao.
Sau ndm 1975, Viet Nam hoan toan dgc lap va thdng nhat, van hda bien duoc Nhd nude quan tdm nhidu hon tu viec dau tu cho hai qudn [12] din viee phat tri^n kinh t l biln, khoa hgc ky thudt biln de khai thdc biln nhu la ngudn thu nhap chu yeu.
Tu nam 1977, Dgi tudng Vd Nguyen Giap lam Phd Thu tudng kiem Bp trudng Bp Qude phdng Viet Nam xem van dd dua dSn ra biln quan trgng vd cung vi mudn phit tridn kinh t l miln bien thi cdng phai dua dan ra bidn [22]. Tdm Igi, dd Id hinh thirc tang cudng chdt van hda bien cua Viet Nam
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG So 04/2017 trong thdi ky hien dai td chu truong cua
Ddng vd Nhd nude. V l phia qudn chung nhan nhdn, van hda biln vdi cac dang thuc ngdy cdng phdt trien da dang vd phong phu, trong dd ed van hda muu sinh trdn biln, gdp phdn khdng djnh chu quyin bien, ddo Viet Nam d Bidn Ddng (ddc biet la ddi vdi hai qudn ddo Hodng Sa va Trudng Sa).
2.3. Nhung gid tr| d^c trung cua van hda bien Viet Nam
De cap den vdn hda nhdt thilt phdi d l cap ddn cdc gid trj, vi the vdn hda bien ed the hieu la tap hgp cdc gid trj vat chdt vd tinh thdn dugc con ngudi sang tao ra va tich luy ddn trong qua trinh Idy biln lam ngudn sdng chinh (cda mOt bg phan ddn cu). Trong ndi dung bai viet, chdng tdi khdng luan ban sdu vd khdi nidm gid trj ndi chung hogc gid trj van hda ndi rieng ma dl cap trye tiep vao nhiing gia trj dac trung cua van hda biln Vidt Nam. MOt cdch tdm luge, "Gid tri vdn hda la mot dgng thu-c dgc biit cua gid trj xa hgi. Nd Id kit tinh cua lua chgn vdn hda eao nhdt eiia cdc tgc ngu&i cvt the trong nhirng bdi cdnh nhdt dinh di tdn tgi, phdt triin vd hgi nhap vdo tru&ng vdn hda rgng l&n han" [15].
Van hda bien cd the nhin nhdn td phuang dien vat ehdt (phuong tien, khi tdi dd ehinh phyc, khai thdc, bao ve bien cung nhu nhiing co sd vat chdt nhu cdu edng, tdu thuydn, eo sd thd ty, Idng van chai noi ngu ddn sinh sdng,...) va phuong dien tinh thdn (yeu biln, hudng bidn, tu duy vd bien, cdc sinh boat tinh thdn trong mdi quan he vdi bien,...).
Cd thi chia van hda bidn thanh eae Jang thue dng xd nhu: dng xii vdi mdi irurriig tu nhien bien ddo (vdn hda sdn xuat
la ky thudt va bi quylt chi tdc tau thuydn, kinh nghiem di bien ung xd vdi nhiing tinh hudng bdt trac trdn biln; ky thudt vd bi quyet nudi trdng danh bdt thdy, hdi sdn,...);
dng xd vdi mdi trudng xa hdi (cu dan biln dao cd mpt tap hgp tin ngudng: thd cd voi/cd dng, thd cde loai thdy tgc da dugc thieng hda,...) va ung xd vdi mdi trudng xa hdi (vdn hda td chdc nhu eae lang van chai, edng ddng ngu ddn) [9].
Ndu phan chia vdn hda bien thanh van hda vat the vd vdn hda phi vat the, chung ta cd thd thdy ro, van hda bien Viet Nam rdt da dang ddc trung va phong phd ve loai hinh. Ve van hda vat thi, cd thd ke den nhiing ddi tugng la vdt chdt gdn vdi cdng ddng dan eu Idng vgn chai nhu den thd than, phuong tien vd hinh thdc khai thdc bidn,... Vd van hda phi vdt thd, cd thd k l den ldi sdng, tu duy, cdu ca, didu bdt, hd ve, tam thuc, thd cung vd Id hdi eae ddi tugng gdn lidn vdi bien va ddi sdng cua cu ddn ven bien, dao, each thuc td chuc Idng van chai, nhdng kidng ky ed lien quan den sinh hogt vd khai thde gan lien mdi trudng bien. Tuy nhien, each phdn loai vdn hda vdt thd vd vdn hda phi vdt thd eung chi la tuong ddi vd khdng rgch rdi, cae ddi tugng phu thudc nhau trong mgt he thdng vdn hda [25].
Co the diem qua cac gid trj van hda bien ddc trung: Van hda vdt the lidn quan den bien nhu: kidn true, nghe thuat dinh, den lang cu dan bien; thuyen/be di trdn mat nudc/bidn; Idng vgn chai eu dan ven bidn;
dm thyc, mac, di lai; cdc di chi van hda nhu: Ha Long, Bau Trd, Sa Huynh, 6 c Eo,...; Van hda phi vdt the lien quan ddn bien nhu: tin ngudng thd eung ca Ong: \\u
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu \i | ^ ngudng thd Mdu, Nd thdn bien; Ld khao le
thi linh Hodng Sa; Ld hdi dua thuyin; Mua bdt sde bua; Hat bd trgo, truydn ke ddn gian; tri thdc ban dia (vl chi tao cdng cy muu sinh, ky thuat khai thdc biln, bdo qudn vd ehi bien thuy sdn,...).
Uu tien phdt triin loai hinh du lich gdn vdi biln, hdi ddo, nhdn mgnh yeu td van hda va sinh thai dge sde trong san phdm du Ijch. Hoat ddng du Ijch gdn ket nhidu hon vdi edc ndi dung van hda, phdt huy gid trj ban sdc vdn hda du Ijch tai cdc dja phuang.
2.4. Quan nidm ve du lich bien dao va xdy dung san pham du lich van hda bidn dao Viet Nam
Quan niim vi du lieh bien ddo cua cdc nhd nghiin cieu nu&c ngodi
Tu trudc din nay, khi de edp din du Ijch biln dao, ngudi ta thudng nhdn thdc dd chinh la loai hinh du Hch sinh thai thudn tuy vd du lich sinh thdi d ddy eung dugc hiiu theo hudng thien vd cdc ydu td tu nbidn (khai thdc cac yeu td tu nhien). Tuy nhien, hiiu mdt each day du han, chung ta cd the nhdn thdy rdt ro rang rang, du Hch biln ddo khdng phdi la loai hinh du Ijch sinh thdi thudn tuy chi gdn vdi cac ydu td thidn nbidn md nd edn kdt hgp rdt ehdt che vdi nhidu ydu td nhdn tgo, nhan van do ehinh eon ngudi tao ra, va ndu nhin logi hinh du Ijch bien ddo la mpt tidu he thdng bay'mdt chinh thd thi dd chinh la sy bidu hien eua cac mdi quan he tir nhidu yiu td khdc nhau (khdng ehi Id yiu td thien tao md edn nhieu yeu td nhdn tao, nhdn van hay van hda). N^i ham eua du lieh bidn ddo ddi hdi khdng ehi khai thdc cac yiu td tu tdi nguyen du Ijch ty nhidn md cdn cd cdc yiu td quan trpng khac nhu tin ngudng, phong
tuc, Id hdi CUE ngu dan va vdn hda bdn dja.
Nhu vdy, khi du khach tham gia vdo hoat ddng du lich bidn ddo, hg khdng chi yeu edu dugc thda man ve edc gia trj tii tai nguyen thidn nhien ma quan trpng khong kem Id hg mudn hda minh vdo cd mot khdng gian van hda bidn ddo d dja phuang, td vdn hda vat ehdt den vdn hda tinh thiin (hay vdn hda vdt the va phi vat thd) vm nhieu hogt ddng eu the. Minh chdng cho dieu nay, nhd nghidn cuu Mark Grams dua ra bdn phuong dipn cua du lich bien dao:
du Ijch bien dua vdo hogt ddng (Activity- based marine tourism); du lich bien dya vdo ty nhien (Nature-based Marine Tourism); nhiing diem ldi cudn ve van hoa vd xa hdi (Social and Cultural Attractions), nhung su kipn ddc biet (Special Events) chu khdng don gidn Id ba yeu td Sand-Sun- Sea" [10].
Nhd nghidn cuu Sharr Steele Prohaska eho rdng, khdch du lich khi tham gia vao cdc hoat dpng du Ijch biln ddo ed xu huong tim den cac di tich van hda, di sdn tren dao, vung biln d l bilt them nhung tri thdc moi ve van hda bdn dja, vd nhirng du khach co nhu cdu tim hiiu, thudng thuc cac gia trj vdn hda thudng dugc xep vdo nhdm co nhu cdu van hda eao hon nhdm du lieh dai tri Theo dd, "Si^ phdt triin edc logi hinh du lieh dua vdo ndng vd cdt biin kit hgp vdi du lieh di sdn, vdn hda se tgo nin nhiing trien vgng rdt tdt cho nhicng diim den du lich tren ddo" [10].
Nha nghien edu Ron Ayres quan niem,
"Trong khi tru&c ddy, van hda khdng can thiit vd ciing khdng phdi Id diiu kien cdn di phdt trien du lich, dgc biet Id trin cac ddo nhd thi gia day da nhdn ra rdng van
TAP CHI KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG hda bdn dia vd hi thdng di sdn Id ngudn tdi nguyin quan trgng vd cd thi xem Id mdt phdn cua sdn phdm du lieh" [10]. Va
"Chinh tie nhicng thay ddi ndy nin trong hogt ddng du lieh bien ddo hiin nay, vai trd eiia cdng ddng dia phucmg, dgc biet la ngu ddn vd cu ddn ven biin rdt quan trgng vd gdp phdn rdt l&n vdo thdnh eong cua hogt dgng du lich bien ddo " [10].
Quan diem de cao md hinh 3S (Sea- Sun-Sand) hay md hinh ,5S (Sun-Sand-Sea- Surf-Sex) khdng edn phu hgp hodc duy nhdt ddi vdi xu hudng du Ijch bidn ddo tren thi gidi hien nay. Theo quan didm mdi, yeu td van hda bidn phdi dugc ddt len hang ddu.
Van hda bien ehinh la yeu td quan trgng, thu hut du khdch ddn, luu trd ddi ngdy vd quan trgng hon la ed the ldm cho du khach quay trd lai. Ddng thdi, van hda bidn se lam ndn yeu td dac trung, gdp phdn tao nen bdn sac van hda du Ijch bidn ddo ridng biet eua dja phuong [10]. Nha nghien cuu Peter Mae Nulty md td, "Du lieh bien la mot bd phdn eua ngdnh cdng nghiip du lich md &
dd du khdch tham gia vdo nhOng hogt ddng nghi duang hay nhicng ky nghi, chuyen di mot cdeh ehu ddng hay bi dgng & nhicng viing bien ven b&, b& bien vd duyen hdi"
[10]. Nhdn thdc cda cdc chuyen gia du Ijeh the gidi vd du Ijch bien ddo dd cd sy chuyen bien td du lich bidn dao hodn toan dya vdo tdi nguyen du Ijch bidn ddo tu nhien den viee tan dung van hda bien ddo dl lam phong phu them sdn phdm du lich, giup du khach trdi nghiem dugc nhieu hon trong cac chuyen du lich biln dao cua hg.
Quan diem vi du lich bien ddo Viet Nam
6 Viet Nam cdc loai hinh nghi dudng bidn kdt hgp vdi tham quan, khdm phd cdnh quan sinh thai biln, du Ijch thi thao mgo hiem bidn dao,... ngdy cdng trd nen phd bidn. Tuy nhidn, logi hinh du lich vdn hda bidn va cac sdn phdm du Ijch kem theo chua dugc quan tam. Nhilu d l an phat triin du Ijch bidn ddo va vung ven bien Vidt Nam ddn nam 2020 nhung hdu nhu chua de cap loai hinh du Ijch vdn hda bidn dao.
Chinh vi vay, hon bao gid bdt, Viet Nam hien nay nen xdy dung logi hinh du Ijch vdn hda bien ddo nhdm thu hut du khdch thdm nhan, thudng thdc, trdi nghiem edc gid tri van hda bidn Viet Nam: tin ngudng. Id hdi, ddn ca, Idng van chdi, ghe bdu, dm thyc,...
Td chdc dua du khach trong va ngodi nude den cac diem du Ijch cd nhung di san van hda bien vat the va phi vat the de thudng thuc, trai nghiem (Vdn Ddn, Vidn bdo tang Cham, Da Ndng, Hgi An, Nha Trang, 6 c Eo, Trudng Sa,...) Id mgt trong nhdng gidi phap gdp phan phat trien du Ijch van hda bien d nude ta.
Sdn phdm du lich vdn hda bidn ddo d ddy chinh Id sy kdt hgp gida tdi nguydn du lich, dich vu du Ijch va co sd ha tdng vgt chat - ky thudt. Tai nguyen du Ijch d day la cdc gia trj vdn hda bidn ddo da dang va phong phu ciia cde eu ddn sinh sdng dpc theo bien vd ddo Viet Nam. Su ket hgp gida cdc gid tri vdn hda bidn dao, djch vy du Ijch, ea sd ha tdng vdt chdt - ky thuat tao nen sdn phdm du lich vdn hda bidn ddo da dang va dac thu, thu hut du khach trong vd ngoai nude ddn trdi nghiem, thy hudng ehung.
Mdt sd gia trj van hda bien cua cdc diem du lieh van hda bien tieu bieu nhu Id
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC V A N LANG Phan HuyXuvatgk hdi trdn biln, cd Ong, hat bd trao, Idng nghe
ddng ghe bdu Qudng Nam, Idng van chdi, dm thyc biln,... Du Ijeh van hda bidn ddo Id loai hinh du lieh cd chidu sdu vd mdi cho nen cdc sd du lich, cdc dja phuong, cac doanh nghiep vd c^ng ddng cdn xdy dyng chu ddo, cd ke hoach de ndng cao gid tri eua sdn phdm du lich logi hinh nay. Dieu edn thilt ddu tien Id phai cd sy hiiu bilt v l vdn hda bien Viet Nam.
Cdn kit hgp logi hinh du Ijch vdn hda biln ddo vdi eae logi hinh du lich khdc nhu du Ijch cdnh quan sinh thai bien, du Ijeh dm thyc biln,... d l nang cao gid trj tham nhan cua du khdch, gdp phdn bdo vd bidn dao thupe chu quyin Viet Nam d Bidn Ddng.
3. KET L U ^ N
Thdng qua Hch su van hda bien dao Viet Nam dugc cdc nhd nghien cuu di trude trinh bay, ehung tdi mudn khdng dinh rdng, Viet Nam cd van hda bien td Idu ddi, cdn van hda bien Viet Nam bieu hien d mde do nao van tiiy thupe vao nhieu khia canh, trong dd cd quan didm eua cac nha nghidn ciiu. Chung tdi cho rdng, van hda biln cdng vdi van hda nui va vdn hda ddng bdng Id ba try cdt hgp thanh van hda Viet Nam.
Khdng the nao cd van hda Viet Nam nhu hien nay ma thieu vdn hda biln, hoac vdn hda ndi cdng nhu van hda ddng bdng. Cae thdnh td van hda quan trpng vua ndu trdn tuong tdc vdi nhau vd hinh thdnh nen "van hda Viet Nam". Tuy vao dia hinh, tinh chdt vimg miln ma cae thdnh td van hda tren cd dp dam nhat khde nhau. Du khdng dd so nhu van hda ndng nghiep, van hda Ida nude, nhung cu ddn ven biln cung da tao dung cho minh dugc mdt nin vdn hda biln dang tran trpng, vd cdn dugc phdt huy gid
trj. Van hda bien d Viet Nam khdng thi dugc bidu mgt each ddng nhdt, ma ehung ta phai hieu rang, vdn hda bien d Viet Nam c6 nhidu cap do, nhieu dang thuc nhu trdn bd, bidn ven bd, bidn long, biln khai, biln bai ngang, bidn bai dpe, bien dai duong,...
[25]. Dac biet, van hda bien Viet Nam c6 su chuyen tiep tu van hda ndng nghiep, vdn hda Idng xa do nhung con ngudi vdn gdc la ndng dan trong ddng bdng mang ra biln khi hp di cu ddn vdng bien de lam an, sinh sdng. Cd mdt thue te ma khdng ai cd thS phu nhdn dugc la tinh chdt van hda biln cda ngudi Viet Nam vd cdc t^e ngudi sinh sdng tren lanh thd Viet Nam dugc tang cudng eung vdi thdi gian va sy md rpng khdng gian sinh tdn. Theo cdch noi ciia Gido su Tran Qude Vugng, van hda bien Viet Nam da "trien nd" theo khdng gian va thdi gian [20].
Bdy Idu nay, du Hch biln ddo dupe chung ta khai thac chu yeu ve mat ty nhien (tuc cai thien nhidn sdn cd nhu bai tam, vung vjnh, cdnh quan bidn dep,...) de phat triin du Ijeh nghi dudng biln, thd thao bien, ma chua nhan dien va phat huy dugc gid trj vdn hda bidn mgt each tdt nhdt nham tao ra nhiing san pham du lich van hda bien dgc thu cda mdt ddt nude cd hon 3.260 km bo bien, mgt qude gia cd chi sd duyen hai (ISCL) thudc loai cao nhdt thi gidi. Chinh vi vdy, trong thdi gian sap tdi, Viet Nam nen xay dyng k l hogeh vd trien khai vdn hda bidn Vi^t Nam trong du Ijch va xay dyng cdc sdn pham du Ijeh vdn hda bien dao Viet Nam, gdp phdn ngay cang da dang sdn phdm du lich, ndng cao vj thd cda du Ijch Viet Nam trdn trudng qude te.
TAP CHI KHOA HQC BAI HOC V A N LANG TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. David J. Steward (2011), The sea their graves An archeology of death and remembrance in maritime culture. University Press of Florida.
2. Delia A. Scott-Ireton (edited, 2014), Between devil and the deep - Meeting challenges in the Public Interpretation of Maritime cultural heritage. Springer, New York.
3. E. Ju. Tereshchenko (2011), Hien tugng vdn hda biin vd vdn minh bien (Dodn Tam djch), Thdng tin Khoa hge Xa hgi, sd 8/2014.
4. Jame D. Spired & Delia A. Scott - Ireton (edited, 2003), Submerged cultural Resource management Preserving and Interpreting our Maritime heritage, Kluwer/Plenum Publisher, New York.
5. Kenneth R. Hall (1985), Maritime trade and State development in Early Southeast Asia, University of Hawai'i Press.
6. Kenneth R. Hall (2011), A history of Early Southeat Asia - Maritime trade and societal development, 100-1500, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
7. Le Anh Tudn (2016), Mgtsd vdn di viphdt trien du lich bien ddo tgi Viet Nam, in trong Ky ydu Phat triin du lieh biln ddo Vidt Nam trong thdi ky hpi nhap, Trudng Dgi hge Vdn Hidn.
8. Ngd Ddc Thjnh (2014), Vdn hda biin egn duyen (tu tiip can nhdn hge vdn hda, Tgp ehi Phat triin kinh td - xd hdi Da Ndng, sd 60/2014; in Igi uong Bidn dao Viet Nam: lich su - chu quyin - kinh t l - van hda, Nxb. Van hda - Van nghe.
9. Nguyin Chi Bin (2015), Vdn hda biin ddo Viet Nam: Gid tri vd tiip can. Tap chi Van hda Nghe thuat, sd 1(17).
10. Nguydn Hiiu Nghj (2016), Vi tri cua du lieh bien ddo trong ede logi hinh du lieh cua Viet Nam, in trong Cde loai hinh du Ijeh hidn dai, Nxb. Dai hpe Qude gia Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh.
11. Nguydn Vdn Kim (2016), Vdn ddn- Thuang edng quoc ti cda Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Ngi.
12. Nhilu tdc gid (2016), Biin ddo Viet Nam: Lich sic, chu quyen, kinh ti, vdn hda, Nxb.
Van hda - Van nghe.
13. Phan Huy Ld (2015), Lich sic vd vdn hda Viet Nam: Tiip can bg phdn, Nxb. Dai hgc Qude gia Ha Npi.
14. Phan Huy Ld (Chu bien, 2017), Viing ddt Nam Bd: Qud trinh hinh thdnh vd phdt triin, Nxb. Chinh dn Qude gia.
15. Phan Huy Xu vd Vd Vdn Thanh (2016), Bdn vi vdn hda du Hch Viet Nam, Nxb. Tdng hgp Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
16. Trdn Nggc Them (2013), Nhimg vdn di vi Vdn hda hgc - Ly ludn vd ieng dung, Nxb.
Van hda - Van nghe.
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DAI HQC VAN LANG Phan Huy Xu va tgk 17. Trdn Nggc Them (2015), Tinh hinh nghien cieu vdn hda biin ddo vd gido due, tuyen
truyin chu quyin biin ddo Viet Nam, in trong Vdn hda bidn ddo: Ngudn lyc phdt triin ben viing, Nxb. Lao ddng.
18. Tran Qude Vupng (2003), Vdn hda Viet Nam - Tim tdi vd suy ngdm, ^xh. Van hpe.
19. Trdn Qude Vugng (2006), Dam ddi ddt nu&c - Nhung viing ddt, con ngu&i, tdm thuc nguai Viet (tgp 2), Nxb. Thudn Hda.
20. Trdn Qude Vugng va ede tdc gia (2015), Vdn hda Vi0t Nam - Nhihig hu&ng tiip can lien ngdnh, Nxb. Van hpc.
21. Vien Ddng Nam A (1996), Biin v&i ngu&i Viet ed, Nxb. Vdn hda - Thdng tin.
22. Vd Nguyen Giap 1977/2014 (2014), Biin vd kinh ti biin Viet Nam, in Igi trong Tap chi Xua & Nay, sd 452.
23. Vu Minh Giang (2015), Van hda biin ddo a Viet Nam, Tgp ehi Xua & Nay, sd 455.
24. Ddng Vdn Thdng (Chu bidn, 2017), Cdc tieu qude thudc vuang qude Phii Nam a Nam Bd, Nxb. Dai hpc Qude gia Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
25. Ngd Due Thinh (2006), Vdn hda, vdn hda tgc nguai vd vdn hda Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi.
26. On the Shanghai World Expo in the cultural characteristics of marine, ddn lai tit http;//eng.hil 38.com.
Ngaynhdnbdi: 04/5/2017. Ngay bidn tdp xong: 14/7/2017. Duyet dang: 17/7/2017
