l i # M6i triiShg va phat triln bin vOkig
v^Bao ve moi truong,
trong phat trien flu lich bien, flao
O ThS. NGUYfiN TUAN DONG Hoc vien Hdu ein
V
di tren 3.260 km dudng b&bidn dge Bae - Trung - Nam, ban 1 tridu km^ vitng dae quyen kinh td bidn, gan 3.000 dao ven b& va hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Tru&ng Sa, khoang 125 bai bidn thuan lgi de khai thde du lich, trong dd co nhiing bdi bidn, vinh bidn dugc du khaeh ca thd gi& bidt ddn nhut Vjnh Ha Long, vjnh Nha Trang, b^bi^DaNdng, daoPhuQudc...Cd thd ndi, Viet Nam cd he thdng tdi nguySn du Uch bidn-dao (DLBD) vo cung phong phu dd phat trien du Ifch vd duac xem la mgt trong nam hifdng dot pha vephdt trien kinh tdbidn va ven bidn. Tuy nhien, viec khai thac phdt tridn du ljch qua mdt, thidu quy hoaeh cung din tdi ttnh trang ONMT tai mgt sdkhu DLBD. Bdi vay, quan tam BVMT trong phdt tridn DLBD id vdn de cap bach nham dua DLBD phat tridn theo hu&ng bdn vOng.
Hien trang moi trudng du ljch bien-dao d nudc ta
Kit qua khao sat mdi trudng efla cac nha khoa hpc tai d e khu vue trpng diem phdt triln du Ijch vung ven biln eho thay ehi so d nhiem do trong nUde va ham lupng kim loai ndng da vupt qua tieu chuan cho phep; nhilu hd sinh thai d gid tii du lieh nhu he sinh thdi san hd, ed bien, he sinh tiidi rflhg ngdp man, dam phd... bj suy giam nghiem ti-png. Dieu nay gay anh hudng true tiep tdi hieu qua kinh
doanh efla nhffng khu du Ijch ven biln. Theo ket qua nghien effu gan ddy, vflng biln ven bd Hai Phdng - Quang Ninh moi ndm tilp nhdn khoang 206,4 nghin tan COD (cae hpp ehat hffu eo d trong nUdc);
gin 39 nghin tan BOD (chat thai hffu CO); 38,8 nghin tan nitd tong so (N-T); 20,7 nghin tan phdt pho ting sd (P-T); 17,24 trieu tan tong chat ran Id Iffng (TSS); 51,5 tan hda chit bao ve tiiuc vat vd hdn 7,8 nghin tan kim loai ndng. Tong lupng chat d nhiem hang nam dua ra vflng bien ven bd Da Nang - Quang Nam khoang 92,6 nghin tan COD; 22,4 nghin tan BOD;
53.8 nghin tan N-T; 11,9 nghin tan P-T; 428,4 nghin tan TSS; gan 83 tan hda chat bao ve thue vat vd khoang 430 tan kim loai ndng edc loai. Ting lupng d nhiim hang ndm dua ra vung biln ven bd Ba Rja - Vung Tau, TP Ho Chf Minh toi tiiilu khoang 175,6 tan COD;
38.9 tan BOD; 125,9 nghin tan N- T; 23,3 nghin tan P-T; 384,2 nghin tan TSS va khoang hon 3 nghin tan kim loai ndng. Nghien effu efla cde nhd khoa hpc eung chi ra rang, da ed 70 loai hai san dupe dua vdo danh sdch do d l bao ve, 85 lodi d finh trang nguy d p d nhieu mffc dp khac nhau, dac biet Id hidn tupng thfly trilu dd xuat hien ndm 2002, 2003 d Khanh Hda, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thudn gay thidt hai Idn cho nghe nudi trong ttifly, hai san cung nhu phdt triln DLBD.
Trong nhufng ndm gan ddy, sd
lupng du khdch tdng nhanh eOng tao ra mpt sffc ep Idn, tdc dpng tieu cue din mdi tiirdng DLBD. Trong khi dd, h§ thdng nude xa, rac thai tai cac khu du lich biln hau het deu khdng dupc tiiiet k l va xff iy dflng tieu chuin vd quy trinh.
LUdng chat ttiai ran sinh boat phat sinh cfla 28 tinh ven biln trung binh khoang 14,03 tiieu tln/ndm (38.500 tan/ngay).
Ly giai nguyen nhan dan den tinh ti-ang ONMT tai cac khu du Ijch biln hien nay, d c nha khoa hpc cho ring: Cdng tdc ve sinh mdi trUdng chua dUdc d e doanh nghiep, ea nhdn kinh doanh du Ijeh quan tdm mpt each dflng mffc; rac thai ehUa dupc thu gom, xff ly triet de; he thong xff ly nude thai ehUa diu tU dong bd, nguon nudc thai tai d e khu vue nay ehfl ylu dupe xa thing ra biln; y thffc cfla du khach, ngUdi ddn c h i ^ cao, cdn tinh trang vfft rac, thffc dn thffa bffa bai tren eae bai tam.
Thieu sir phdi hpp giua cae ed quan quan ly, co quan khoa hpe, doanh nghiep kinh doanh du Ijch ti-ong viec sff dung, quan ly tai nguyen biln, nhd't Id thieu su tham gia tfch cUc cfla ngudi dan doi vdi viec BVMT bien-dao...
Giiii phap bSo v f moi trudng trong phat trien du Ijch bi^n-dao Mdt Id, quan triet nguyen tae phdt trien DLBD gan bd chdt che vdi BVMT trong tat ea eac boat dpng lien quan den DLBD. Khu viic ven biln, hai dao ed mdi Tdi nguyen yg Mdi trudng | Kjfl-Thing 11/2015 4 7
tnidng sinh thdi rat nhay cam, chfnh vi vay mpi hoat dpng khai thdc tdi nguyen, phdt triln DLBD d n dupe edn nhac ky, cd tfnh din d e tae ddng din mdi trudng tii nhien va d c giai phdp bao ve TN, MT. Xay diing quy hoach. d l dn phat triln DLBD can bao dam sU thd'ng nhat vdi quy hoach phat triln ehung v l KT-XH cfla ca nudc, tfnh todn cdc tieu chf cu t h i v l mdi trudng sinh thai, du bdo d c tdc dpng cfla BDKH den phat triln DLBD. Hoan thien eo ehe phdi hpp giffa Ngdnh Du Ijch vdi trong xay dung sdn phim du Ijch, phdt triln ket eau ha tang, ed sd vat chat ky thuat du Ijeh va eung ffng cae djch vu du Ijch.
Hai Id, tuyen tnjyen nang eao nhan thufc eho cdc nha quan ly, doanh nghiep kinh doanh du Ijch, khdch du lich vd eU ddn vung bien ve vai trd cfla mdi tnidng sinh thai din phdt ti-ien DLBO. Da dang hda cac hinh thffc tuyen truyen v l BVMT biln-dao nhu: To chffc Tuan le du Ijch xanh", ky niem Ngdy Dai dUdng the gidl (8/6), Ngay Mdi tnidng t h i gidi (5/6);
tiiudng xuyen to chffe eac khda dao tao, boi dudng nang cao nhan tiiffc vd kiln thffc ve mdi tiudng ti'ong du Ijeh eho eac nhd quan ly, cde doanh nghiSp vd cdng ddng ddn cu ven biln; bien tdp, phat hdnh va phi biln d c an pham, tdi lieu giao dye BVMT bien-dao; mft tinh phat dpng phong trdo va to diffc mpi ngudi ddn xudng dudng cflng tham gia lam sach bai bien, dudng phd cac khu vyc phy edn ndi du Ijch, ra quan thu gom rde thai tren bd, tiong vjnh vd tren eac tau tiiuyln. Dpng vien, khuyin khfch eae eo sd luu tn^ du Ijch sff dung nguon ndng lifdng sach, sff dyng tilt kiem tdi nguyen, xay dung he thong xff ly rac thai phu hpp nham giam thilu tdc dpng tieu cut den mdi tnidng blln d mffc thap nhat.
Ba Id, tdng cUdng ngudn Iffe cho cdng tdc BVMT blln-dao. Kit hpp tdng chi tff ngan sach vdi da dang hda eac nguon von dau tu eho itng phd vdi BDKH va bao ve TN, MT biln. LTu tien diu tu nang d p trang thiet bj, doi mdi edng nghe, ffng dung tiln bp khoa hpc nham nang cao ehd't lupng dilu tra, quan trac, du bao v l TN, MT bien phuc vy phat triln DLBD.
Tap trung xay diing eac chUOng trinh nghien cuiu khoa hpc bien vd dai dUdng, chuong trinh quan ly ting hdp TN&BVMT vung bien Idm ed sd khoa hpc xay dung he thong tieu ehuin mdi trUdng cho hoat dpng khai thae, phat triln DLBD. Tren ed sd dd, xay dung cae giai phap dong bd thuc hien Luat BVMT ndm 2014 trong boat ddng phat DLBD d Viet Nam.
Bdn la, thue hien "xanh" hoa trong xdy dUng cdc san pham DLBD. Can ndng cao nhdn thffc xa hdi, tnidc het la nhan thffc efla nha quan ly cde cap ve y nghTa vd tam quan trpng cfla viee phat triln cae san pham du lich bien "xanh", nham gdp phan nang cao sffc canh tranh efla DLBD trong bdi d n h hdi nhap hien nay. Tren cd sd djnh hudng chien lupc ve phat triln san pham du Ijch Viet Nam da dupe xae dinh trong Chien lupc phdt triln Du Ijch Vidt Nam den ndm 2020, tam nhin den ndm 2030 vd De an v l phat trien DLBD va viJng ven bien Viet Nam den ndm 2020, cdc d!a phuong ed biln can xay dung ehuong trinh hdnh dpng cu t h i phat trien cde san phim du lich biln "xanh" tren cd sd nhffng tai nguydn du ljch tU nhien dde thij efla dia phUdng minh; ddc biet, chfl trpng khai thdc tdi nguyen DLBO gan vdi cdc truyen thuyet, vdn hda ban dja, cdc gia tri vdn hda truyen thdng efla cu ddn ven blln; khuyen khich vd tdng cudng "xanh" hda
trong phat triln ket d u ha tlngvS djch vu du Ijch.
Ndm Id, nang cao hieu qua QLNN dd'i vdi cdng tdc BVMT trong phdt triln DLBD. Cdc dia phuong cd biln d n tham van vdi cdc CO quan quan ly va tu vln tmng uong dd'i vdi nhiifng du an phat trien san phim du lich "xanh"
ed y nghTa quan trpng, ddc thii hodc nam trong cae khu vUC nhay d m v l mdi trudng sinh thai, vdn hod. Tich cue trien khai "Quy che BVMT trong fTnh vuc du ljch' (2003) cfla Bp TN&MT Luat BVMT, Luat Du ljch, Luat Biln Viet Nam trong phat triln DLBO. Xay dung cd c h l quan ty, tieu chf moi trudng doi vdi d c du an dau tu phat trien san phim du Ijeh bl^n;
ed ed ehe, ehfnh sach Uu tien, uu dai doi vdi eac du an du Ijch sinh thdi blln-dao, cae doanh nghidp dp dung cdng nghe BVMT; thuc hien dan "nhdn" du Ijch mdi tnidng eho nhijfng doanh nghidp Idm tit cdng tac BVMT bien-dao. Xff ly nghiem nhffng hdnh vl gdy 6 nhiem, suy thoai mdi trudng hoSc gay tac dpng xau den mdi tnidng du lich bien bang eac bien phdp ci hanh chfnh vd hinh sii.
Bao ve mdi tnidng trong phdt trien DLBO hien dang id mdt van d l cap thiet, khdng ehi vi lpi fch rieng cfla cdc dia phUdng ven bien ma edn vi Ipi fch cfla toan thi cpng ding. Nhan thffc rd tam quan trpng efla bien dd'i vdi Nganh Du Ijeh vd tfnh nghiem trpng ngay cang tdng cfla d nhilm biln hien nay, Viet Nam can ed nhung no luc hdn nffa trong viec BVMT giam thilu ONMT biln-dao de xay dung nhffng san pham DLBD diat lupng cao. Theo dd, thuc hien ding bd cae giai phdp gan BVMT trong phdt triln DLBD la viec lam hit sffc cin thiet, hudng din muc tidu dua Nganh Du Ijch Viet Nam phdt triln theo hudng bin vffng."
4 8 Tai nguyen yg Moi trudng | Kjfl-Thing 11/2015
