VAN OE HOM NAY ( 8^10 (123)-2013 )
Giai bai toan vdn trong nvo'c cho phat trien ngudn nhan lire du l|ch
Dinh Thi H&i Hfu*
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Jrong diiu kipn hpi nhgp kinh ti quoc ti hipn nay, van di thu h&t, huy dpng von dau tu cho phdt triin ngudn nhan /(«? du lich Vipt Nam Id rat can thiiu Trong dd gidi quyit dkrpt bdi todn vin trong nu&c se tdng khd ndng thuc thi cdc dg: dn pkdt trien nguon nhan /{n; du lich, th&c ddy ngdnh du lich phdt trien.Phdt triin nguin nhan lpc du Pin cho thiy nhu clu vdn Pong nudc vin cbilm tf Ppng Idn.
lich Id nhftng hogt ddng nhdm tdng cudng sd lupng va nang cao chit lupng, hipu qud lam viOc cfta lpc lupng Iao dpng dang va s5 lam viOc trpc tiep trong ngdnh du Ijch. HiOn nay, phdt triln ngudn nhan Ipc du lich vdn Id bdi todn khd cbo nhutig nhd qudn 1;^ vd doanh nghiOp dn l}ch vl ngudn nhdn lpc du lich cd chit lupng thdp vd sd lupng thilu. HiOn nay, vdn dlu tu cho phat Piln ngudn nhdn lpc du hch Yi^t Nam chft ylu dpa vao nguin vdn Pong nudc. Vi vdy, gidi quylt dupc bdi todn vdn Pong nudc sl tdng khd ndng thpc tbi cdc dp dn phdt triln ngudn nhdn lpc du lich, thftc dly nganh du lich phdt tnln.
Nhu clu von cho phdt triln nguin nhan 1 ^ du l{ch den ndm 2020
Theo Quy hogch phdt triln nhan lpc nganh Du lich giai dogn 2011 - 2020 ngudn lpc tai chinh dlu tu cdn cd khoang 2.840 ty ddng. Trong tdng nbu cau vdn cho phdt triln ngudn nhdn lpc du lich, ngudn vdn trong nudc cbilm 79%, ngudn vdn tdi trp qudc tl cbilm 21%, trong dd nguon von ngdn sach nha nudc 34% vd ngudn vdn tft xd hpi hda chiim 45%. Kit qud
Theo nhdm giai phdp Pong Quy hogch phdt triln ngudn nhdn lpc Du lich, 93% nhu cau vdn dlu tu ddnh cho nhdm gidi phdp tdng cudng ndng lpc ddo tgo, chi cd 7% nbu clu vdn dlu tu ddnh cho cdc nhdm gidi p h ^ kbdc. Trong bdy dp dn cbo phdt triln ngudn nhan lpc du Ijch giai dogn 2012 - 2020, nhu clu vdn dlu tu cho dp dn Phdt triln mgng ludi ddo tgo du Uch cbilm tf Ppng Idn nhlt vdi 73,6%, tilp dd Id nhu cdu vdn dlu tu cho dp dn Ddo tgo giang vien, gido vien vd dao tgo vien du Hch chiim 17,6%.
Gidi phdp huy d$ng von trong nu-ftc cho phdt trien nguon nhSn Ipc du Ifch din ndm 2020
De dap ung nhu cau vdn Pong nudc cho phdt triln ngudn nhan lpc du lich den ndm 2020, can thpc hiOn cdc gidi phdp sau:
Thft nhlt, hodn thiOn bO thing phdp lugt thu hftt vin dlu hi cho phdt triln ngudn nhdn Ipc du Ijch Vipt Nam
Can thilt phai tiln hdnh rd sodt, sfta ddi bd sung chinh sdch, CO che vd cdc vdn ban quy phgm phap lugt dlu tu, tdi chhih Pong ITnh vpc ddo tgo vd phdt triln
nguin nhdn Ipc du lien ViOt Nam. Bo sung nhftng quy djnh, CO chl vl liln kit ddo tgo vd sft dyng nhdn lpc du lich. Ban b ^ CO chl tgo ra sp cgnh tranh trong dao tgo ngudn nhdn lpc du Ijch.
Bd sung cdc chinh sach chuyin tft djnh hudng tgp tnmg khuyin khich tdng nhanh vl so Iupng quy md ddo tgo ngudn nhdn lpc du lich, sang quan tam dly dft din cai thiOn CP cau, ndng cao Pinh dp, chit lupng ddo tgo.
Khin truang cd nhCmg chinh sdch vd ca chl ddi mdi cac co sd ddo tgo khu vpc cdng l$p. Doi vdi cdc CP sd ddo tao du Ijch cdng \$p cimg nen cd co chl d p ngan sdch cbo ddo tgo bdng ndm dpa vdo s5 lupng tuyln sinh. Cd chinh sdch thod ddng vd hiOu qua de gdn ket cdc ca sd ddo tgo nguon nhan Ipc du Ijch vdi co sd sft dung nhdn lpc vd vdi hogt dOng nghiln cftu khoa bpc.
Thti hai, xdy dpng kl hogch phdn bd va su dyng ngdn sdch nha nudc
Can tgp trung vdo viOc dii mdi phuang tiiftc xdy dpng kl hogch, phdn bd vd sft dyng ngan sdch ddo tgo. Chuyin tft ca che d p phdt vd qudn ly ngdn sdch nbd nudc sang ca chl d$t hdng dao tgo vd dgy nghl, dlu thiu chi tieu ddo tgo vd giao nhiOm
* Tru&ng Cao ddng Du lich Hd Npi
^y Tap chi nghidn cCTu Tai chinh ki todn
I
Sg 10 (123)-2013 ) VXN D i HdM NAY vp dao tgo, dgy nghl cho cdc casd ddo tgo, dgy nghe du lich.
Xdy dpng vd phdn bo ngdn sach cbi thudng xuyIn cdn eft vao mftc cbi phi ddo tgo vd dgy n ^ l du lich eho tung nhdm nghl d titeg cap trinh dp dao tgo vd kit qud thpc hipn cbi tieu ddo tgo cfta ndm trude.
Thft ba, tbu but ngudn vdn bJ hpc pbi, 10 phi
Cdn cd khung hpc phi linh hogt cho cac ca sd dao tgo du lich cdng lgp. Tft kbi cd Nghi dinh 43/2006/ND-CP cfta Chinh phft v l giao quyen tp chft tdi chinh cho cac dan vj sp ngbiOp cdng Igp tbi cac co sd ddo tgo du Ijch cdng lgp dupc t\f cbft v l mftc chi, mux; tbu. Thu bpc pbi khdng chi cd y nghTa v l kinh tl, bd Pp cho ngudn ngdn sdch nhd nudc ma cdn cd y nghia chinh tti xd hpi ttong viOc nlu cao tp gidc cfta ngudi dan khi hudng dich vy ddo tao ngudn nhdn lpc du lich. Mpt vdn d l bat cgp Id cdc CO sd nay cbua dupc tp chu hodn toan v l mftc tbu hpc phi ma cbi dupc thu bpc phi theo khung hpc phi ma nhd nudc quy dinh. Cac c a sd dao tgo khdng dugc thu hpc phi cao hon mftc ttln Pong khung hpc pht dd dupe quy djnb, do v$y ngudn vdn huy dOng dupc tft hpc pbi phy thupc vdo s l lupng hpc sinh, sinh viln dupc ddo tgo.
Mdc dft tft sau Nghi dinh 49/2010/ND-CP cfta Chinh phft quy djnh v l mien, giam hpc phi, b5 Pp cbi phi bpc tdp vd co che thu, sft dyng bpc phi ddi vdi co sd gido dye thupc hO thing gido dye quoc ddn bi ndm hpc 2010 - 2011 d i n ndm hpc 2014 - 2015, khung hpc phi tdng lam
cho mftc thu hpc phi cfta cdc ca sd ddo tgo cdng lap tang len ro rOt. Tuy nhien. Pong tirng co sd ddo tgo du Ijch, nhftng nganh nghl dao tgo kbdc nhau vdi cbi phi ddo tgo kbdc nhau tbi vdn tbu ddng diu mOt mftc bpc pbi cho nln dan din tinb trgng cd nhftng ngdnh mftc hpc pbi khdng dft bft ddp cbi phi dao tgo.
Pong khi cd nganh thi chenh lOch thu - chi qud Idn. Do vgy, nen ed mpt khung hpc phi linh hogt cho cdc co sd dao tgo a^
dyng ddi vdi tftng nganh, nghe ddo tao, dam bao cho cac co sd ddo tgo dft bft ddp cbi phi ddo tgo vd ddm bdo quyen Ipi ciia ngudi hpc. Quyln tp chft cho cdc CO sd ddo tgo du Ijch cdn dupc giao ding bO, bao gdm tp chu ngudn nhdn Ipc; tp cbft Pong cdc vdn dk lien quan den tuyln sinb vd qudn ly smh viln;
tp chft trong cdc van d l liln quan din quan ly bdnh chinh, tdi chinh, qudn ly vd sft dpng ngan sdch, ngudn tdi cbinb.
Cdc CO sd ddo tao du lich ngodi cdng lOp dupc hodn todn tp chft v l tdi chinh, ddm bdo nguon thu du bu ddp chi phi.
Tuy nhien, do kbdng cd quy djifti cy thl v l p l n hpc phi nln cdc CO sd ddo tgo du Ijch ngodi cdng lgp cd thl tp dua ra mftc hpc pbi khdng phft hpp vdi chat lupng ddo tgo. Nhd nudc nen cd quy djnb rd rang ve md hinh, chl do tdi chinh, Pdcb nhiOm cfta cdc CO sd ddo tgo hogt dOng theo CO chl phi lpi nhudn va eo sd ddo tgo hogt dOng theo co chl doanh nghipp. Hon nfta, nln quy djnh dilu kipn, thft tyc chuyin ddi co sd ddo tgo cdng l$p sang ngodi cdng lgp, thft tyc cd phan bda cdc c a sd ddo tgo
thupc doanh nghiOp cd vdn nhd nudc. Cac co sd ddo tgo du lich ngoai cdng l^p cln dupc nha nudc h6 trp v l v6n, co sd vat chdt nhu cho vay uu ddi, d p ddt xdy dpng (khdng thu thul dit, 10 phi tnrdc bg, thul thu nhOp...) Pong nhftng ndm dlu di vao bogt dOng.
Thft tir, tdng nguin vdn tft ngudn khlu hao vd cdc djch vy tan thu
Nbd nudc cln xay dpng hdnh lang phap Iy de khuyen khich cac ca sd da.o tgo thanh lOp doanh nghiOp )th>h doanh, cdc CO sd thpc hdnh cdc nganh nghl du Ijch md cdc co sd biOn dang ddo tgo. qua dd cd the cung c ^ cdc sdn pham du Ijch md hpc sinh, sinh vien dd thpc hdnh ra th) trudng, tgo thim ngudn thu cho ca sd ddo tgo. Cdc sdn pham du lich ndy cd ddp ftng dupc nbu d u thj trudng bay khdng Id sp phan hdi chinh xdc nhlt cho sp ddo tgo dung hudng, gdn vdi thpc tien, thftc dly cdc co sd hodn thiOn cdch thftc ddo tgo theo nhu d u xd hOi. Hhih thftc nay tgo dilu kiOn cho cdc ca sd dao tgo du Ijch ftng dpng dupc cdc kit qua nghien cftu, thpc nghiOm vdo thpc tiln, blnh thanb md blnh ddo tgo - nghien cuu khoa hpc - sdn xuat ftng dpng. Khi v i n dlu tu ciia ngan sdch nha nudc cdn hgn hpp, ngudn vdn tp b l sung tft nOi bO cdc CO sd ddo tgo du Ijch Id mOt ngudn khdng nhd gdp phan gidi quyet nhu d u phdt triln v l co sd vOt chit, chat lupng ddo tgo, ddi sing cdn bO, gido viln.
Thft ndm, tgn dyng ngudn von tin dyng Pong nudc
HiOn nay, Chinh phft dd vd
Tfp chi nghidn cihi Tai chinh ki toin ^ ^
VAN DE HdM NAY ( So 10 (123)-2013 )
dang cd chuong trinh "Tin dyng ddi vdi bpc sinh, sinh vien"
tbdng qua Quyet dinh sd 157/2007/QD-TTg cfta Thft tudng Chinh phu ngdy 27 thdng 9 nam 2007. Theo Quyit dinh nay, bpc sinh, sinh vien thupc bp nghdo, cd hoan cdnh khd khdn dupc vay vdn di hpc vdi ldi sudt uu dai tft quy tin dyng hpc sinb, sinb vien. De dam bao quj' tin dyng nay dupc dn dinb vd tang trudng cdn md rpng ngudn tbu vd qudn ly chdt c h l khodn chi cua quj. Ngodi ngudn ho ttp tft ngdn sach nbd nudc, ngudn tbu cua quy d n cd su ddng gdp tft cac ddi tupng khac nhu ngudi sft dyng lao dpng dd qua dao tgo, ngdn hang thuang mgi. Can quan ly chdt chg cdc khodn thu, chi bJT quy Pdnh thdt thoat Pong qud trinh thpc hiOn. Ddi vdi cac khoan cho vay tu quj, phdi dftng mye dich, ddi tupng. Mye dich cua khoan cho vay la ho Pp khd kbdn v l tai chinh cho bpc sinb, sinh vien. Ddi tupng dupc cho vay la bpc sinb, sinb vien thupc bO ngheo, cd hodn cdnh khd khdn dang theo bpc tgi cac trudng dgi hpc, cao ddng, trung
hpc cbuyln nghiOp vd dgy nghl du lich. Vipc thu hdi cdc khodn cho vay phai dupe giam sdt chdt chl vd kip thdi, nhat Id ddi vdi cae ddi tupng sau kbi tdt nghipp.
Ddi vdi cac ca sd ddo tgo du Ijch, viOc md rOng cac binh thftc tin dyng hpc dudng gidn tiep nang cao ngudn thu tft hpc phi, 10 phi tao dieu kiOn tdt bon v l ngudn vdn ddu tu cbo cdc co sd.
Thft sdu, day mgnh ngudn vdn huy dpng bi xd hOi hda
D l dap ftng nhu d u v l vdn ddu tu cho phdt triln ngudn nhdn lpc du lich, ngodi vipc huy dpng cdc ngudn von khde, tdng cudng huy dpng vdn ddu tu tft xd bOi hda du lich la xu thl tat y l u cfta cdc ca sd dao tgo du Ijch Pong dilu kiOn bpi nhOp kinb te qudc t l hiOn nay. Nhd nudc cdn cd chinb sdcb bo ttp ddi vdi cdc ca sd ddo tgo du Ijch, nhat la cdc co sd ddo tgo ngoai cdng l^p ttong vipc thpc bipn xd hOi hda nhu chinh sach tbul, ddt dai nhu cd chinb sdch tgo quy dat vd giao dat mien phi cho cdc co sd dao tgo du lich dupc chip thugn tbeo quy hogch, uu ddi thue cho gido
dye ndi chung va dao tao du Ijch ndi rieng d mftc cao nhat. Cdn khai thdc cd biOu qua q u j ddo tgo cfta cac doanh nghipp kinh doanh du lich d l ddo tgo Igi nhdm ndng cao chat lupng nhdn lpc du Ijch. Thpc biOn ddo tgo
"tgi chd" ngudn nhdn Ipc du Hch bdng each thdnh lap cdc ca sd ddo tgo, CO sd thpc hanh qgay tgi nai boat dOng s l tan dyng dupc ca sd vat chdt ky thuat, lam gdn ket gifta ly thuyet - thpc hdnh nghi du lich.
Phat triin ngudn nhdn lpc du lich la nong cdt Pong sp nghiOp phdt triln du Ijch, gdp phdn dua nudc ta ttd thanb mpt trong nbihig trung tam du lich hang dau trong khu vpc. Trong giai dogn tdi, can thpc hiOn ddng bp cdc gidi phdp tdng cudng nguon vdn Pong nudc d i gdp phdn tdng ngudn vdn ddu tu cbo phdt trien ngudn nhdn Ipc du lich Vipt Nam.
Tdi liOu tham khao:
BO Vdn hda, Thl thao vd Du Ijch, Quy kogckpkdt triin nhdn lifc ngdnk du Ifch giai dogn 2011 - 2020
Thft tudng Chinh Phft, Quyit dfnh sd 579/QD-TTg ngdy 19/4/2011 cua Thu tu&ng Chink pku vi vipc phe duypt Chiin lupc phdt trien nhdn lifc Vipt Nam th&i ky 20! 1-2020.
Tap chi nghien cCTu Tai chinh Ic^ toan
