KINH TE THE GIOI
Nang lire cqnh tranh quoc gia cua du Ijch bien Viet Nam: so sanh vdi Thai Lan va Indonexia
H A T H I T H A N H T H U Y
^^iet Nam Id qudc gia Ddng Nam A, nam d vi tri bd Tdy Bien Ddng, sd hOu nguon tdi
^ nguyin du lich phong phd, da dgng, ddc sdc. Tuy nhiin, trong boi cdnh hgi nhgp kinh te'qudc te'hien nay, du lich bien Viet Nam phdi doi mat vdi sti cgnh tranh gay gdt md triic tiep nhdt Id du lick biin cua hai qudc gia ciing ndm d khu vUc Ddng Nam A la Thdi Lan vd Inddnixia. Bdi vgy, viic nghien cOu so sdnh ndng lUc cgnh tranh qud'c gia cua Viet Nam vdi Thdi Lan vd Inddnixia trong link viic du lich Id cdn thiei, gidp ngdnh du lich Viet Nam nhdn diin diem mgnh, diem ye'u trong linh vUc du lich ndi chung vd du lich bien ndi rieng, tii dd co nhting dieu chinh chinh sdch thich hdp.
1. N a n g Iflc c a n h t r a n h q u o c g i a t r o n g l i n h vflc d u l i c h c u a Vidt N a m , T h a i L a n v a I n d o n d x i a
Xet tdng t h e , n a n g lfle e a n h t r a n h eua du lieh Viet N a m n a m 2013 dflng vi t r i 80 t r e n tdng sd' 140 qude gia t h a m gia xep h a n g , thua Thai L a n tdi 37 bde, va dflng s a u Inddnexia tdi 10 bde. Xe'p h a n g trong p h a m vi k h u vflc Chdu A - T h a i Binh Dfldng, cdc vi tri ldn Ifldt theo thfl tfl tfl cao dd'n thd'p Id:
Thdi Lan (9/25), Inddndxia (12/25) vd Viet N a m (16/25).
Xe'p h a n g n a n g lfle canh t r a n h d ea 3 bd tieu chi (khudn khd phap ly; mdi trfldng kinh doanh va cd sd h a tang; con ngfldi, v a n hda va tai nguydn thien nhidn) cua Viet Nam deu dflng d vi tri thd'p hdn so vdi Thai Lan. So vdi Indonexia, Viet Nam ehi xd'p h a n g cao hdn d bd tieu ehi khudn khd phap ly, hai bd tidu chi edn lai deu dflng thfl h a n g thd'p hdn.
BANG 1: Xdp h a n g n a n g Iflc c a n h t r a n h quo'c g i a t r o n g H n h vflc d u l i c h , lfl h a n h c u a V i e t N a m , T h a i L a n , I n d d n e x i a
Viet Nam ThfliLan Inddnexia
Tdng the cac tieu chi
80/140 43/140 70/140
Khuon kho phap ly
88/140 76/140 95/140
Moi truong kinh doanh va CO so ha ting
94/140 44/140 84/140
Con ngirdi, van hoa, tai nguyen thien nhien
43/140 23/140 31/140 Wg«*5n.-Tdng hc^ theo Bao cio Canh tranh du lich va lfl hanh nam 2013, Dien dan Kinh te the gidi.
1.1 Ndng luc canh tranh vi khuon kho phdp ly
Ndng lfle eanh t r a n h vd khudn kho phap ly cua Viet Nam trong linh vflc du lich diing thfl hang 88/140, thd'p hdn so vdi Thdi Lan (76/140), nhflng eao hdn so vdi Inddnexia (95/140).
Bd tidu ehi "Khudn khd phap ly" bao gdm:
cac nguyen tae vd quy dinh ehinh sach; tinh ben viing eua mdi trfldng; an todn va an ninh;
sflc khde va ve sinh; flu tien cho phat trien du lieh.
Viet Nam dfldc danh gia xep hang eao hdn so vdi Thai Lan va Inddnexia d 3 tieu chi: eae nguyen tde va quy dinh ehinh sach; an toan va an ninh; y te va ve sinh. 6 h a i tidu chi cdn
HS Thi Thanh Thuy, ThS., Tm&ng dai hpc Tai nguyen va m6i trUdng Ha Npi.
71
Nang luc canh tranh quoc gia .
lai la t i n h bdn vflng eua mdi trfldng va flu tidu ehi flu tien cho p h a t tridn du lich, Vidt tien cho p h a t trien du lieh, Viet N a m hien N a m hi t u t lai k h a xa so vdi T h a i L a n va xdp h a n g sau h a i quoc gia nay. Dac biet, vdi Inddnexia.
BANG 2: X e p h a n g n a n g Iflc c a n h t r a n h q u o c g i a t r o n g l i n h vflc d u l i c h , luT h a n h c u a V i e t N a m , T h a i L a n , I n d d n d x i a : k h u o n k h o p h a p ly
Viet Nam Thai Lan Inddnexia
Khuon kho phSp
ly 88/140 76/140 95/140
1. Cac nguyen t^c va quy dinh chinh s^ch
60/140 77/140 93/140
2. Tinh Un vihig cua moi trutmg
128/140 99/140 125/140
3. An toan va an ninh 58/140 87/140 85/140
4. Si^c khoe vk v^ sinh 58/140 87/140 85/140
5. ITu tien cho phat trien du lich vk is hdnh
110/140 33/140 19/140 Ngudn: Tdng hop theo Bao cao Canh tranh du Uch v^ lfl hanh nam 2013, DiSn din Kinh tg th€ gid
• Cdc nguyin tdc vd quy dinh chinh sdch Cac nguydn tac vd quy dinh ehinh saeh thd hidn mfle dd t h u d n ldi cua ehinh saeh p h a t tridn du lieh eua mdt qud'e gia. Tuy thude vdo chinh saeh, c h i n h p h u cd t h e ed tac ddng q u a n trpng t r o n g viec t a o sfl hd'p ddn va duy t r i sfl hd trd dd'i vdi p h d t tridn du lich hodc can trd sfl p h d t tridn cua nd.
Cae nguyen tdc vd quy dinh chinh saeh dfldc t h e hien t h d n g qua: t y le sd hflu nflde ngoai; quyen tdi san; tae ddng k i n h doanh cua quy dinh vd FDI; eae yeu cau vd visa;
t i n h md eua Hidp dinh song phfldng vd dieh vu h a n g khdng; t i n h m i n h bach cua e h i n h sach; thdi gian t h a n h l a p doanh nghiep; ehi phi t h a n h ldp doanh nghidp; cam ket GATS ve dich vu du lieh va lfl h a n h .
Vd tdng t h e , Viet N a m dflde d d n h gid xe'p h a n g cao hdn so vdi T h a i L a n va Inddnexia d tieu ehl eac nguyen tac va quy dinh e h i n h saeh.
Tuy nhidn, xet ve chi tiet, Vidt N a m xe'p thfl hang t h a p so vdi Thai L a n va Inddnexia ve: ty le sd hflu nfldc ngoai quyen tai san, tae ddng k i n h doanh eiia quy dinh vd FDI, t i n h m i n h bach cua ehinh sach; xe'p thfl h a n g thd'p hdn T h a i L a n nhflng cad hdn Inddnexia ve: thdi gian t h a n h ldp d o a n h nghiep, ehi phi t h a n h ldp d o a n h nghiep;
xdp thfl h a n g cao hdn T h a i L a n nhflng tha'p hdn Inddnexia ve: t i n h md eua Hidp d i n h
song phfldng ve dieh v u h a n g khdng, cam ket GATS ve dieh v u d u lieh va lfl hanh.
D a n g lflu y nhd't t r o n g n h d m ndy la Viet N a m ed thfl h a n g cao vfldt t r d i h d n h a n so vdi T h a i L a n va I n d d n e x i a ve t i e u ehi eae ydu eau vd visa (15/140 so vdi T h a i Lan 90/140 vd I n d d n e x i a 100/140) eho thd:y nd Iflc cua Vidt N a m t r o n g viee eai each thu tuc n h d p c a n h t h e o hfldng ddn gian, thudn tien, md r d n g m i e n t h i thflc n h d p c a n h .
• Tinh bin vUng cua mdi trUdng Sfl hd'p ddn, t h u h u t k h a c h d u lieh phu thude rd't ldn vao mdi trfldng tfl nhidn cua diem den. Do vay, eae e h i n h sdch vd cae ye'u to' t d n g efldng t i n h b e n vflng ve mdi trfldng la rd't q u a n t r p n g eho viec d a m bao r d n g mpt qude gia se tie'p t u e l a mdt diem de'n hd'p ddn didm t r o n g tfldng l a i . T i n h ben vflng eua mdi trfldng dflde t h e h i d n thdng q u a eac t i e u chi ve: sfl n g h i d m n g a t eua cae quy d i n h vd mdi trfldng; t h u c t h i cde quy d i n h ve mdi trfldng; t i n h b e n vflng c u a p h a t t r i e n du lich; k h i t h a i cac-bon di-d-xit"
n d n g dp b u i (ndng dp PMlO); nhflng lodi bi de dpa; phd e h u d n didu fldc qudc t d vd mdi trfldng.
Theo xep h a n g c a n h t r a n h n a m 2013 c u a Dien d a n K i n h t d t h e gidi, Vidt N a m xep vi t r i thd'p h d n so vdi T h a i L a n va Inddndxia ve sfl nghidm n g a t eua cae quy d i n h ve moi trfldng, thfle t h i cac quy d i n h ve mSj
72 NghiSn ciiu Kinh tff sff 438 - ThAng~i
Nang life canh tranh qufi'c gia ,
trfldng, t i n h ben vflng cua p h a t t r i e n du lich, p h e e h u d n didu flde qudc te' vd moi trfldng. T u y nhidn, lai xd'p thfl h a n g vi t r i eao hdn d cac chi sd': khf t h a i cac-bon di-d- xit, va n d n g dp bui.
•An todn vd an ninh
An t o a n va a n n i n h la mdt yeu to q u a n trpng, xac dinh sfle c a n h t r a n h c u a du lich cua mdt qudc gia. K h a e h du lieh cd t h e bi gay p h i e n toai t h d m ehi bi de dpa a n t o a n ddn t i n h m a n g k h i di du lieh d eac qud'c gia ma nguy ed k h u n g bd, tdi p h a m va bao lfle cao. An todn va a n n i n h dflde do Ifldng thdng qua: chi p h i d d n h eho tdi p h a m vd bao lfle, dp t i n eay cua dieh v u e a n h s a t , mfle dp tai n a n giao t h d n g , chi phi d d n h cho chu n g h i a k h u n g bd.
Theo Bao eao c a n h t r a n h t r o n g l i n h vflc du lieh n a m 2013 eua W E F , Viet N a m dflde d a n h gia xdp h a n g cao hdn T h a i L a n va Inddnexia ve a n toan, a n n i n h d ta't ca cae tieu chi. Viet N a m dflde d a n h gia la mdt "diem de'n a n todn", on d i n h vd c h i n h tri. Trong k h i d T h a i L a n dfldc xem xet la mot qud'c gia thfldng x u y e n ed nhflng vd'n dd b a t dn e h i n h t r i , Inddnexia dd'i dien vdi nguy cd k h u n g bd, md't a n t o a n eao.
• Si^c khoe vd ve sinh
Sflc khde vd vd s i n h eung rd't can thie't trong viee n a n g eao k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h trong linh vflc du ljeh. Tid'p cdn nflde udng va ve sinh mdi trfldng dfldc eai t h i e n la ra't quan t r p n g dd'i vdi vide t a o r a sfl t h o a i mdi va a n h hfldng ldn den sfle khde cua k h a c h du lich. Ngoai r a , t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a c h du lieh gap va'n dd vd sfle khde ddi hdi ngdnh y t e cua qud'c gia du lich p h a i cd k h a n a n g d a m bao didu kidn e h a m sdc dung each cho hp t h d n g q u a mfle dp s d n cd cua dpi n g u bdc si vd so gifldng b d n h .
So vdi T h a i L a n vd Inddnexia, Vidt N a m dddc d a n h gia Id eo dieu kien tot hdn ve sfle k h d e va ve s i n h . Cu thd, xe'p h a n g cao hdn d cae t i e u ehi: m d t dp bdc si, so gifldng benh; xd'p h a n g eao h d n Inddndxia song
tha'p h d n T h a i L a n d eac chi sd': tid'p can ve s i n h mdi trfldng dfldc cai t h i e n , tidp cdn n g u d n nfldc dfldc cai t h i e n .
• lfu tien cho phdt triin du lich U u t i e n cho p h d t t r i e n du lich eung ed mpt t a e ddng q u a n t r p n g t r o n g viec t a n g k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h t h d n g q u a viec e h i n h p h u flu t i e n n g a n saeh cho eac dfl an d a u tfl d u lich t r p n g diem. Dieu ndy eung cd t h e ed h i e u flng l a n tda tich cflc nhfl t h u h u t ddu tfl tfl n h d n vao l i n h vfle du lich.
Mfle dp ma c h i n h p h u flu tien cho p h a t t r i e n du lieh dflde p h a n a n h t h d n g q u a : flu t i e n cua C h i n h p h u eho n g a n h cdng n g h i e p du lich; chi tieu cua chinh p h u d d n h eho du lieh; h i e u q u a eiia m a r k e t i n g vd xay dflng thfldng hieu de t h u h u t k h a c h du lich; t i n h todn didn cua dfl lieu du lich h a n g n a m ; t i n h kip thdi cua cung cd'p dfl lieu du lieh h a n g t h a n g / h a n g quy. Viet N a m h a u hd't bi d d n h gia xe'p h a n g c a n h t r a n h tha'p d eac chi sd' ve flu t i e n p h a t t r i e n du lich. O ehi s d "flu tidn cua c h i n h p h u d d n h cho n g d n h edng n g h i e p du lieh", Viet N a m dflng vi t r i 70/140, t r o n g k h i T h a i L a n Id 24/140, Inddnexia d vi t r i tha'p t r o n g 3 nfldc vdi thfl bdc Id 88/140. Cae chi sd' cdn lai t r o n g n h d m n a y Viet N a m d e u xe'p s a u T h a i L a n vd Inddnexia.
1.2 Moi trudng kinh doanh vd ca sd hatdng
Theo Bao cao canh t r a n h t r o n g l i n h viie du lich n a m 2013 cua W E F , n a n g lfle e a n h t r a n h vd mdi trfldng k i n h d o a n h va cd sd h a t a n g cua Viet N a m t r d n g l i n h vflc du lieh hi d a n h gia rd't thd'p (94/140) t r d n g k h i T h a i L a n l a (44/140), Inddnexia c u n g cd thfl h a n g thd'p xong v l n dflng t r e n Viet N a m 10 bdc (84/100).
Bd t i e u chi mdi trfldng k i n h d o a n h va cd sd h a t d n g bao gdm: cd sd h a t a n g giao t h d n g dfldng k h d n g ; ed sd h a t d n g giao t h d n g m a t dd't; cd sd h a t d n g du lieh; ed sd h a t a n g cdng nghd t h d n g tin; k h a n a n g c a n h t r a n h ve gia t r o n g du lich va lfl h a n h .
r^hiSn cOu Kinh iff sff 438 - ThAng 11/2014 73
Nang life canh tranh quae gia
BANG 3: X e p h a n g n a n g life c a n h t r a n h q u o c g i a t r o n g l i n h vtic d u l i c h , Ifi h a n h c u a V i e t N a m , T h a i Lan, I n d d n e x i a : m o i t r i i d n g k i n h d o a n h v a ctf sof h a t a n g
Viet Nam Thai Lan Inddngxia
Moi trudng kinli doanh va
CO so ha tang 94/140 44/140 84/140
1. Cor SOT ha timg giao thong duJmg
khong 79/140 21/140 54/140
2. Ctf sd ha tSng giao thong mfit
dat 98/140 62/140 87/140
3. C o Stf ha tang du lich 112/140 31/140 113/140
4. Ctf sd ha t^ng cong nghg thong
tin 68/140 90/140 87/140
5. Kha nang canh tranh v^
gid trong du lich va 10* hanh
18/140 25/140 9/140 Ngudn: Tdng hop theo Bao cao Canh tranh du lich vS lfl hanh nam 2013, Di6n d ^ Kinh te'thSgiiSi.
Cd sd ha t a n g giao thdng dfldng khdng va giao thdng m a t da't eua Viet Nam deu xep sau Thai Lan vd Inddnexia. Dae bidt, vd ed sd ha t a n g du lich, thfl h a n g eua Viet Nam xd'p t h u a xa Thai Lan tdi 81 bde. Didu nay a n h hfldng khdng nhd den k h a n a n g ddn khaeh eung nhfl ehd't Ifldng dieh vu cua du lich Viet Nam ndi chung vd du lieh bien Vidt N a m ndi rieng. N a n g Iflc canh t r a n h ve gia cua Viet Nam dddc xep hang eao hdn so vdi Thai Lan song thd'p hdn Inddndxia. Ddng Itiu y la trong nhdm nay, Vidt Nam dfldc danh gia vfldt trdi hdn so vdi Thai Lan va Inddnexia ve cd sd h a t a n g edng nghe thdng tin.
• Cd sd hg tdng giao thdng dUdng khdng Cd sd giao thdng dfldng thdng thuc ddy sfl di lai t h u d n tien, r u t ngdn thdi gian di lai gifla cae qud'c gia, gifla cdc vung trong qud'c gia. Day dfldc xem la dieu kien cdn thid't de phdt trien du lieh, dae biet la t h u h u t khaeh du lich nflde ngoai.
O ta't ea cae ehi sd' do Ifldng n a n g Iflc canh t r a n h ve cd sd ha t a n g giao thdng dfldng khdng (bao gdm: chd't Ifldng cd sd h a tdng giao thdng dfldng khdng, mdt dp san bay, so' Ifldng cac h a n g hdng khdng, mang Ifldi giao thdng hdng khdng qudc te), Viet N a m deu dflng d vi tri xdp h a n g tha'p nhd't trong ba qud'e gia so sdnh, dting dau Id Thai Lan, thfl hai la Inddnexia. Dieu nay h a n chd r a t nhidu de'n vide ddn khaeh du lich, dac biet la khach du lich qud'e te de'n Viet Nam.
• Cd sd hg tdng giao thong mat ddt 74
N a n g lfle eanh t r a n h vd ed sd h a tdng giao thdng m a t da't dflde do Ifldng thdng qua cac chi so: ehd't Ifldng dfldng sa, cd sd h a tdng dfldng sdt, ehd't Ifldng ed sd h a t a n g cang, ehd't Ifldng eua m a n g Ifldi giao t h d n g m a t dd't, mdt dp dfldng sa. Trfl m d t dp dfldng sa, t a t ca eae ehi sd' cdn lai Vidt N a m ddu xep thfl hang thd'p hdn so vdi T h a i L a n va Indonexia. Dac biet, "chd't Ifldng cd sd h a t a n g cang" eua Viet N a m t h u a Thai L a n den 55 bdc (Viet Nam:
111/140, Thai Lan: 56/140), day la mdt trong nhflng h a n chd ldn cua Viet N a m so vdi Thai L a n trong viec p h d t tridn du lich bien noi chung va du lieh t a u bidn ndi rieng.
• Cd sd hg tdng du lich
Cd sd h a tdng du lieh la yeu t d quyet dinh triie tiep de'n k h a n a n g t h u h u t khaeh du lich.
Xet vd tdng thd, cd sd h a t a n g du lieh cua Vidt N a m dflng b vi tri k h a thd'p trong tong sd 140 qude gia t h a m gia xd'p h a n g (112/140), dflng t r e n Inddndxia mot bae song hi Thai Lan bd xa 81 bde. Cu t h e la: s o l u d n g khach s a n (Vidt Nam: 92/140, Thdi Lan: 41/140, Inddnexia:
97/140); sfl hidn dien cfla cac h a n g vdn tai du hch (Viet Nam: 111/140, Thai Lan- 66/140 Inddnexia: 111/140), s d l u d n g may ATM ehdp n h a n t h e visa (Viet Nam: 93/140 Thai Lan- 20/140, Inddnexia: 95/140). Didu n a y cho thd'y didu k i e n eung ed'p dich vu l u u t r u va dieh vu vdn ehuydn du lich cung nhfl dich vu t h a n h todn cua Viet N a m cdn n h i d u b a t cdp.
• Cd sd hg tdng cdng nghi thong tin
NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 438 ^Th^^^^Ti^^
Nang IUc canh tranh quoc gia ,
Ndng lfle e a n h t r a n h ve cd sd h a t a n g edng n g h e t h d n g t i n dfldc d a n h gia t h d n g qua cac ehi sd: sfl d u n g cdng n g h e t h d n g t i n de giao dich k i n h doanh, sfl d u n g i n t e r n e t dd giao dieh vdi k h a e h h a n g , cd n h a n sfl dung i n t e r n e t , dfldng day dien t h o a i ed dinh, so t h u e bao i n t e r n e t b a n g t h d n g rdng, sd t h u e bao di ddng, s d t h u e bao di ddng bang thdng rdng.
Ddy la ehi sd' hie'm hoi Viet N a m cd thfl hang eao (68/140), dflng t r e n T h a i L a n 22 bdc (90/140) va t r e n Inddnexia 19 bdc (87/140).
• Ndng lUe cgnh tranh vigid trong du lich Nang lfle canh t r a n h vd gia trong du lieh Id ydu to' q u a n trpng t r o n g k i n h doanh du lich, cd a n h hfldng dang kd dd'n quye't d i n h Ifla chpn diem de'n cua k h a c h du lich dae bidt ddi vdi t h i trfldng la eae nfldc d a n g phat trien, cae nfldc ed mfle t h u n h a p tha'p bode t r u n g binh, trong dieu kien n e n k i n h td k h u n g hoang, suy thoai.
Ndng lfle c a n h t r a n h ve gia trong du lieh dflde do Ifldng q u a eae k h o a n t h u e ve vd phi sdn bay, sfle m u a tfldng dfldng, mfle do vd a n h hfldng c u a thud', mfle gid n h i e n l i e u , chi so gid k h a e h s a n .
Theo ddnh gia cua W E F n a m 2014, Viet
t r o n g linh vflc du lich t r o n g tdng sd' 140 nflde t h a m gia xe'p h a n g , eao hdn so vdi T h a i L a n t u y n h i e n tha'p hdn so vdi Inddnexia (Viet N a m : 18/140; T h a i L a n : 25/140; Inddnexia: 9/140). Day la ldi t h e ldn t r o n g t h u h u t k h a e h du lich, ddc biet Id t h i trfldng k h a e h de'n tfl eae nflde ed mfle t h u n h d p t r u n g b i n h vd t h i trfldng khdch ndi dia.
1.3 Con nguaif vdn hoa vd tdi nguyen thien nhien
Con ngfldi, v a n hda va t a i nguyen thien n h i e n la cd sd de p h a t t r i e n du lich. Vidt N a m la qud'e gia ed nhieu tiem n d n g de p h d t trien du lich, vdi n e n v a n hda lau ddi, giau tdi nguyen n h a n van, vi t r i dia ly, dia h i n h , k h i h d u t h u d n ldi, tdi nguyen t h i e n n h i e n phong phfl. Tuy nhien, so vdi nhidu nflde t r o n g k h u vfle, triic tiep la T h a i L a n va Inddnexia t h i n a n g lfle eanh t r a n h eua Viet N a m vd nhdm chi sd' con ngfldi, v a n h d a vd tdi nguyen t h i e n n h i e n edn khiem td'n, xe'p thfl h a n g 43/140, sau T h a i L a n 20 bac, s a u Inddnexia 8 bdc.
N a n g lfle eanh t r a n h ve eon ngfldi, vdn h d a va t a i nguyen t h i e n n h i e n dflde do Ifldng t h d n g q u a eac chi sd: ngudn n h a n Itic;
cac md'i q u a n h e t r o n g p h d t t r i e n du lich;
t a i n g u y e n t h i e n nhien; tai n g u y e n v a n hda.
Nam cd ldi t h d c a n h t r a n h k h d eao ve gia
BANG 4: X e p h a n g n a n g Iflc c a n h t r a n h q u o c g i a t r o n g l i n h viJfc d u l i c h , lit h a n h c u a V i d t N a m , T h a i L a n , I n d o n e x i a : c o n n g f l ^ , v a n h o a v a t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i d n
Viet Nam Thdi Lan Inddn€xia
Con nguiyi, vdn hoa, va tai nguyen thien nhien
43/140 23/140 31/140
1. Nguon nhan lilc 77/140 70/140 61/140
2. Cac moi quan he trong phat trien du lich
108/140 18/140 114/140
3. Tai nguyen thien nhien
50/140 23/140 6/140
4. Tai nguyen van hoa
28/140 36/140 38/140 NgutSn: T6ng hdp theo Bao cao Canh tranh du lich va Iff hanh nam 2013, Di6n dan Kinh t^ th^ gift.
• Ngudn nhdn liic
N a n g lfle eanh t r a n h ve ngudn n h a n Iflc cua Viet Nam ed vi tri danh gia xep hang thd^p hdn so vdi Thai Lan 65 bdc vd t h u a Inddnexia tdi 75 bde (Viet Nam: 114/140, Thai Lan:
49/140, Inddnexia: 39/140) eho thay day la mdt h a n che r a t ldn trong phat trien du lieh Viet N a m ndi chung va du lieh bidn ndi rieng.
Mdt so' ehi sd do Ifldng trong nhdm nay dang lflu y la: mfle dp sdn sang eiia dia
t^hiSn aiu Kmh tff sff 438 • ThAng 11/2014 7 5
Nang Itfc canh tranh quo'c gia ,
phfldng trong nghidn eflu va dao tao du lich (Viet Nam: 125/140, Thai Lan: 56/140, Inddnexia: la 66/140); mfle dp dao tao can bp (Viet Nam: 114/140, Thai Lan: 49/140 va Inddnexia la 39/140); mfle dp d l dang thue lao ddng nfldc ngodi (Viet Nam: 80/140, Thai Lan la 68/140 va Inddndxia la 74/140).
• Cdc mdi quan hi trong phdt trien du lich Cac mdi quan he p h a t tridn du lich do Ifldng mfle dd cdi md ma mdt qud'c gia va xa hpi dang md r a cho du lieh va du khach nfldc ngodi. Sfl edi md cua ngfldi ddn di du lieh va du khach nfldc ngodi ed tac dpng quan trpng den k h a nang canh t r a n h trong linh vflc du lieh.
Thfl h a n g nang Iflc canh t r a n h vd cdc md'i quan hd trong phdt trien du lich cua Viet Nam (108/140) t h u a Thai Lan ddn 90 bdc (18/140), va cao hdn so vdi Inddnexia 6 bae (114/140). Trong nhdm nay, didn h i n h Vidt Nam hi danh gid r a t tha'p ve Thai dp cua ngfldi dan dd'i vdi khaeh nfldc ngodi (Vidt Nam: 108/140, Thai Lan: 13/140, Inddnexia:
114/140); sti md rpng eua eae ehuyen di thfldng mai (Viet Nam: 115/140, Thai Lan:
25/140, Inddndxia: 85/140); va mfle dd dinh hfldng khach hang (Viet Nam: 115/140, Thai Lan: 21/140, Inddnexia: 72/140).
• Tdi nguyin thiin nhien
Tdi nguyen thien nhidn la mpt ye'u td' canh t r a n h quan trpng cua du lieh, la bp phdn cd't ldi tao nen tinh dpc dao, ha'p ddn eua san pham du lieh ndi ehung vd san phdm du lich bien ndi rieng. Nang liic canh t r a n h ve tdi nguyen thien nhien dfldc do Ifldng thong qua eac chi so': sd' Ifldng di san thien nhien the' gidi, cha't Ifldng mdi trfldng tti nhien, tdng sd' loai (ddng vdt cd vu, chim, dpng vat Ifldng cfl), bao vd quan xd sinh vdt t r e n can, k h u bao tdn bien.
So vdi Thai Lan vd Inddnexia, theo d a n h gia xd'p h a n g n a n g Itic canh t r a n h qud'e gia n a m 2013 cua WEF, t h i Vidt N a m ed n a n g Iflc eanh t r a n h kem hdn h a n (Viet Nam:
50/140, Thai Lan: 23/140, Inddnexia: 6/140).
Cu thd la: ve s d Ifldng eac di san thidn nhidn t h e gidi (Viet N a m xep eung thfl h a n g vdi Thai L a n Id 25/140, trong khi Inddndxia Id 10/140); ve chat Ifldng mdi trfldng tfl nhien (Viet Nam: 135/140, Thai Lan: 82/140, Inddnexia: 89/140; ve k h u bao tdn bidn (Viet Nam: 97/140, Thai Lan: 55/140, Inddnexia:
49/140).
• Tdi nguyen vdn hda
Tai nguyen v a n hda gdp p h d n q u a n trpng tao ndn sfl phong phfl, da dang, t i n h hd'p ddn, dde dao cua s a n p h d m du hch. N a n g liic eanh t r a n h ve t a i nguyen v a n hda dfldc phan dnh thdng qua: sd' lfldng di san v a n hda the gidi, sd' Ifldng s a n vdn ddng, so' Ifldng hdi ehd va trien lam qud'e te, xua't k h a u eae san p h d m sang tao.
d nhdm ehl so' nay, Viet N a m cd thfl hang cao hdn vdi so vdi Thai L a n 8 bdc va hdn Inddndxia 10 bde (Vidt Nam: 28/140, Thai Lan: 36/140, Inddnexia: 38/140). Dac biet, Vidt N a m ed ldi t h e hdn h a n vd sd' Ifldng di san van hda t h d gidi (Viet N a m : 25/140, Thai Lan: 74/140, Inddndxia: 27/140) t u y nhien lai xd'p thfl h a n g thd^p hdn d vd sd' Ifldng san van ddng vd so' Ifldng hpi ehd va tridn lam qudc td'.
2. D i d m m a n h , d i d m y e u v e n a n g Iflc c a n h t r a n h q u o c g i a t r o n g l i n h vflc d u l i c h c u a V i e t N a m
2.1. Diem manh
Mot la, Viet N a m la mot didm de'n an toan ve an ninh, dn dinh ve chi'nh tri, n a n g Iflc kidm soat tdi p h a m , bao Itic, k h u n g b d eao.
Hai Id, eae yeu cau ve visa t h u d n ldi, t h u tuc xud't nhdp canh ddn gian, t h u a n tidn. Ba la, ed sd h a tdng t h d n g t i n p h a t t r i e n n h a n h chdng, rpng k h a p t a o t h u d n ldi eho k h a c h du lich trong vide tiep cdn mdt each chinh xac, kip thdi, hieu q u a cac thdng tin lien q u a n ddn du lieh. Boh Id, ldi t h d canh t r a n h ve gia tfldng ddi eao. Ndm Id, sb hflu mdt kho t a n g di san v a n hda nhidu ve s d l u d n g , da d a n g ve h i n h thfle, t i n h dae sdc, h d p ddn cao. Sdu Z' nhidu ldi t h e vd tai nguyen tfl nhien, dac biet
76 NghiSn cdu Kinh tff sff 438 - Thsii^^Ti)^
Nang luc canh tranh quoc gia
la tai nguyen bien phuc vu cho p h a t trien du lich.
2.2. Diem yeu
Mgt Id, t i n h minh bach, t h u d n ldi ve ehinh sach trong t h u h u t d i u tfl nflde ngoai vao linh vtic du lieh cdn chfla eao.
Hai Id, cd sd h a t d n g ndi chung va ed sd h a tdng du lich ndi rieng edn thieu ddng bd, chfla tfldng xflng vdi tiem n a n g p h a t trien du lich, gay can trd, kim h a m h o a t ddng du lich.
Ba Id, mfle dp quan t a m eua n h a nflde doi vdi dau tfl du lich trong dd dae bidt la dao tao ngudn n h d n Iflc phue vu du lich ehfla thda dang.
Bdn la, t i n h ben vflng eua mdi trfldng t h e hidn qua sti nghiem n g a t eua eae quy dinh vd mdi trfldng, mfle dp thflc thi cdc quy dinh ve mdi trfldng, t i n h ben vflng eua p h a t trien du lieh r a t thd'p. N a n g lfle xfl ly cac vi p h a m ve mdi trfldng cdn b a n chd.
Nam Id, eae md'i q u a n hd trong phdt t r i e n du lich thdng qua mfle dp cdi md eua du lieh, thai dd cua ngfldi dan dia phfldng dd'i vdi khaeh du lieh, mfle dp dinh hfldng k h a e h hdng edn nhidu b a n chd'.
3. Ket l u a n
Vidt N a m sd hflu ngudn t a i nguyen tfl nhidn da dang, dac sdc, vdi nhieu ldi the' dd ed thd p h a t tridn m a n h vd du lich, dde biet la du lieh bien. Tuy nhien, hidn n a y n a n g lfle canh t r a n h vd du lieh eua Viet Nam cdn
nhidu h a n ehe, dae biet la khudn khd phdp ly, cd sd h a tdng va ngudn nhdn lfle.
De trd t h a n h cfldng qudc so' 1 ve du lieh bien d khu vtic Ddng Nam A, vfldt t r e n Thai Lan vd Inddnexia, ddi hdi ngdnh du lieh Viet N a m phai p h a t huy hdn nfla nhflng diem m a n h , n h a n h chdng tim r a nhflng giai phap, khde phuc hidu qua nhflng diem ye'u, n a n g eao ndng lfle eanh t r a n h . Trflde tien can giai quye't gd'e re 3 bai toan: ehinh sach, cd sd h a tang, ngudn n h d n lfle bdi le day la nhiing vah dd md'u ehdt de n a n g eao n a n g lfle canh t r a n h qud'e gia ctia Vidt Nam trong linh vflc du lich ndi ehung va du lieh bien ndi rieng./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ban Chip hanh tmng uong (2007), Nghi quyft H6i nghi lin thii W Ban ChlCp hanh trung Ucfng kh6a X vi Cta€n lucre bien Viet Nam d^n nam 2020, Van kien HOi nghi ldn thii 4 Ban Chafp hanh trung irong khoa X, Nxb Chinh tri qu6'c gia.
2. BO v a n hoa, th^ thao v^ du lich (2012), Chid'n lugc phat tri^n du lich Vifit Nam &^n nam 2020, t ^ nhin den nam 2030.
3. Nguyen Van Dinh, TrSn Thi Minh H6a (2009), Giao tnnh Kinh t6 du Ijch, Nxb Dai hgc Kinh t6 qu6c dan.
4. Ddng Nggc Minh, Vucmg L6i Dinh (2001), Kinh t£ du lich va du lich hgc, Nxb Tre.
5. Mark Grams (2002), Marine Tourism: Development, Impacts and Management, Routledge.
6. Worid Economic Forum (2013), The. Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013.
NghiSn aiu Kinh tff sff 438 - ThAng 11/2014 77
