<3lu hanh phift. Iu4l 86 5(254)-2013
RtT s i BKT CAP mONG QUA IRlHH HP DUNG NlN PHJiP CU9NG C H ! KHAI IHAC TAI S ^ N
I eiNH TH! THANH MAI *
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u§t Thi hdnh an dan sy: ra dai thfi hi?n s\r quan tam cua Dang va Nha nuoc dfii vai cong tac thi hanh an dan su, t?o ra hdnh lang phap ly trong qua trinh tac nghiep thi hanh an, quy dinh chi tilt cu thfi quy trinh thu t\tc tbi hanh an, cac ban an, quyfit dinh dupc dua ra thi hanh, cac bien phap cuong chfi thi hanh an... Luat Thi hanh an dan sir duac ban hanh tren co so kfi thua va phat trifin cac quy dinh tai Phap l?nh Tbi hanh an dan sir nam 2004 da duac trien khai th\rc hien 5 nam, co nhieu npi dung mdi, phu hop vai yeu cau cdi each tu phap, dfing thai, dap ung doi boi cap thiet cua thuc tifin cong tdc thi hanh an trong giai doan hien nay.Cuong che khai thac tai sdn cua nguori phai thi hanh an la mpt trong sau bien pbap cuong che thi hinh an, nham dam bao thi hanh nghTa vu tra tifin ciia ngudi phai thi hanh an, dupc quy dinh cu the tai khoan 4 Difiu 71 va Difiu 107, 108, 109 Ludt Thi hanh an dan s\r. Tuy nhien, voi kinh nghiem mpt can bfi lam cdng tac thi banh an, toi nhan thay qua trinh trifin khai dp dung bien phap cuong che khai didc tai san cua ngucri phai thi hdnh an CO mpt so bat cap nhdt dinh, rdt it chap hanh vifin ap dung, chang ban nhu fif noi toi cong tac, so lupng thu ly hang nam gan 3.000 viec, nhung chua cd mpt viec thi hanh an nao ap dung bifin phap cuong chfi khai thac tai sdn de thi hanh.
Bien pbap cuong chfi khai thac tai san la bien phap CO tinh nhan dao, tac dpng den tai san cua
nguoi phai thi bdnh an voi tinh chat khai thac, ma khong anh huong nhieu den cupc song cua nguai phai thi hanh an, dam bao thi hanh nghTa vy theo ban an, quyet dinh. De bifin phap cuoTig che co tinh kha thi, dupc cac chap hanh vien ap dung trong qua trinh tac nghiep, chung toi xin nfiu ro difiu kien dp dung bifin phap cuong che khai thac tai san, phan tich mpt sfl bat c^ip va dfi xuat kifin nghi.
1. Dieu kien ap dyng
Cung nhu cac bifin phap cuong chfi khac, khi ap dung bien phap cuang chfi khai thac tai san phai dam bao cac difiu kifin sau:
- Ngudi phai thi hanh an phai thi hanh nghTa vu tra tien theo ban an, quyet dinh, trong cac truang bap: Boi thuong, tra ng, cap duang, thanh toan tien theo hop dong, an phi,... trfl trudmg hop duong sir cd thoa thuan khac. Vi du: Nguoi phdi thi hanh an co nghia vu tra vat, nhung qua trinh thi hanh an, cac bfin duang su cd su thda thuan trd tien, hoac vat phai tra bi hu hdng, giam hoac khong con gia tri su dung theo Dieu 114 Luat Thi hanh an dan su cung cd co so ap dung hipn phdp cuong che khai thac tai san ciia ngucri phai thi hdnh an de to chuc thi hanh.
- Chi dp dpng bien phap cuong chfi sau khi bet thai gian tu nguyen thi hdnh an.
- Nguai phai thi hanh an phai co dieu kifin thi hanh an la co tai san cd thfi khai thac dupc. Vi du:
Co nha xuong dang san xuat van ep, co quyen su
* Chi cue Thi hdnh an ddn su qugn Thanh Khe. TP. Dd Nang Q d n ChO & P h d p I U $ t |
^ki kdnhpkdpluM 86 5 (254)-2013
dung ddt CO the cho thue, c6 xe oto tai cho hang thue,... Trong trucmg hpp nguoi phdi thi hanh dn CO dieu kipn tbi hanh dn, nhung khong khai thac dupc, nhu chi co nha hipn dang o (chi du dipn tich cho cac thanh vien trong nhd d)..., thi khong the ap d\mg bipn phap cuong che khai thdc tai san dfi thi hanh an.
- Thupc mpt trong cdc truang hpp ap dyng quy dinh tai khodn I Dieu 107 Luat Thi hanh dn dan sir:
" 1. Chap hanh vien cuong chfi khai thdc tai san cua nguoi phai thi hanh an trong cdc truong hpp sau day:
a) Tdi sdn cua nguoi phdi tbi hdnh an co gia trj qua lon so vdi nghTa vu phai thi hdnh va tai san do CO the khai thac dfi thi hanh an;
b) Nguoi duac thi hanh an dong y cuong chfi khai thac tai san de thi hanh an neu viec khai thac tai sdn khflng anh hudfng den quyen, lpi ich hop phap ciia ngucri tbu ba".
2. IVong qua trinh trien khai a p dyng, bien phSp cv&ng che khai thdc tai san da bpc lp mpt sd bat cap sau:
Thur nhat, bien phap cuong chfi nay thfi hifin quyfin Iuc cua chap hanh vien khong cao, vi khi dp dung hipn phap cuang chfi ndy, chap hdnh vifin khong difiu chmh dupc tai san cua ngu6i phai thi hanh an, ma yfiu cau ngudi phdi thi hanh an phai thuc hipn hanh vi, n g u ^ phdi thi hdnh an thi hanh nghTa vu tra tien, nhung bifin phap cuong che lai yfiu cau thuc hien cong vipc, nbu nfiu dang khai thac thi tiep tuc khai thdc hoac ky hpp ddng khai thac tai san vai ca nhan, to chflc co nhu cau. Vi vay, CO truo'ng hop ngucri phai thi banh an khong ky hpp dong khai thac tdi sdn vi ly do khong ai c6 nhu cau khai thac tai sdn, vific ngudi phai thi hanh an tiep tuc tu khai thac tai sdn, se dan dfin vipc lpi tuc thu dupc tu viec khai thac tai san khong ro
rdng, khflng ai co the quan ly.
Trong trufimg hpip nguoi phai thi hanh an ky hpp ddng khai thac tai san vai nhihig to chuc, ca nhan c6 nhu cau khai thac tai san, thi se dan den vi?c c6 s\r thong dong vfi gia trj khai thac tai san giiia nguoi phai thi hdnh an va nguoi khai thac tai sdn, anh huong den quyen lpi cua ngudi dupc thi hdnh dn.
Thur hai, thu tuc dp d\ing bipn pbdp cuong ch^
qud ruam ra, tir khau xac minh, tb^rc hi?n quyfit dinh cuang che, theo doi quyet dinh cudng che,... tuy theo tung truong hpp ap dung, ma chap banh vifin tifin hanh xac minh, dam bao diing quy dinh, trucmg hpp tdi san chua dupc khai thk, thi tim ngudi co nhu cau khai thac; quyet dinh cuong chfi ban banh cac hinh thuc khai thac; theo doi quyfit dinh cuong chfi c6 thuc hien khong, cd chuyen dtmg du so tien thu dupc tii viec khai thac tai san cho co quan thi hanh an dan su khfing?
Trudng hpp khai thac khong hieu qua, can trd viec thi hdnh an hoac ngudi phai thi hanh an khong thuc hien yeu cau cua chap hanh vien, thi chap hanh vifin ra quyet dinh cham dflt va ap dung bifin phap kfi bifin, xu ly tai san de dam bao thi hanh an...
Thar ba, trong trudng hop tai san ciia ngirdi phai thi hdnh an la tai san chung vdi ngucri khac, nfiu thupc mpt trong cac trudng hpp theo quy dinh, thi so tifin thu dupc tii vific khai thac tai san dupc thuc hifin voi chu so huu chung nhu the nao? Co the can cu vao Difiu 74 Lu^t Thi hanh an dan s\f quy dinh vfi cuong che doi vdi tai san chung de thi hanh dn. Trudng hpp nay, chap hanh vifin thuang khong dp dung hoac to chiic cho cac bfin ducmg sir vd nguoi co tai san chung vdi ngudi phai thi hdnh an thoa thuan viec phan chia sfi tien thu dupc tu vific khai thac tai san de dam bao thi hanh nghia vu thi hanh an.
KEI Ddn chO & Phdp lu$t
7hi hdnh phdp, iu4i 86 5 (254)-2013
Thir tlf, thuc te, trong qua trinh ap dung cac tnrcmg hpp quy dinh tJii khoan 1 Difiu 107 Luat TM hanh dn dan su nhu trfin chua dam bao vai qua trinh thuc hien.
Trucmg hop 1: Tai san cua nguoi phai thi hanh an cd gia tri qua lon so voi nghTa vu phai thi hanh va tai san do co the khai thac de thi hanh an, Luat Thi hanh an va cac van ban huang dan thi hanh khfing quy dinh the nao Id "qua ldn", dan dfin vipc ap dat y chi chu quan cua chap banh vien trong qua trinh tac nghipp. Ben canh dd, trucmg hpp nay, ben dupc thi hdnh an khong dong y, hp cho rang ban an tuyen ro so tien np dupc thi hanh 01 lan, nhung neu dp dung bifin phap cuong chfi nay, sfi tien ciia bp se dupc trd ddn hdng thang tucmg ung vdi sfi tifin khai thac tai san, nhu vay se lam mat gid tri, hp vien dan Difiu 8 Nghi dinh so 58/2009/ND-CP ngay 13/7/2009 quy djnh: "Viec ap dung bien pbap bao dam, bifin phap cuang chfi phai tuong ung vdi nghia vu thi hanh an va cac chi phi can thiet khac. Trudng hpp nguai phai tbi hanh an chi co mot tai san duy nhat ldn hon nhieu lan so vdi nghia vu phai thi hdnh an ma tai san do khfing the phan chia duac hoac vific phan chia se lam giam dang kfi gia tri cua tai san thi chap banh vien van co quyen ap dung bien phap bao dam, bien phap cuong chfi de tbi banh an" de yeu cau ccr quan thi hanh an ap dung bien phap cuong chfi ke bien dfi dam bao tbi hdnh nghTa vu. Vi vay, trong thirc tfi de co thfi dp dung bifin phap cuong chS khai thac tai san trong truong hpp nay, chap hanh vien thuong thuyfit phuc bfin dupc thi hdnh an dfing y ap dung.
Truang hap 2: Nguoi dupc thi hdnh an dflng y cuong che khai thac tai san dfi thi hanh an nfiu vi?c khai thac tdi san khong anh hudng dfin quyen, lpi ich hap phap ciia nguoi thfl ba, viec quy djnh nhu vay cung khong dam bao thuc bifin.
vi bfin canh vific nguoi dupc thi hdnh an ddng y, thi ngucri phai thi hanh an phai co tai san co thfi khai thac dupc. Nfiu khong dam bao dieu kien nay thi khong the ap dung.
Thu ndm, khoan 1 Difiu 107 Luat Tbi hanh an dan su quy djnh: "Vice thuc hifin giao dich, cbuyen giao quyfin scr huu tai sdn dfli vd'i tai san dang khai thac phai dupc su dong y cua chap banh vifin", quy dinh nay nham tranh trudng hpp duong su tau tan tai san, song thuc chat, ca quan thi hdnh an chua to chiic ke bien, cuong che khai thac tai san, con tai san van thupc sd hiiu cua ngudl phai thi hanh an, nham dam bao thuc hien nghia vu cho ngudi dupc thi hanh an theo ban an, quyet dinb da tuyen. Vi vay, quy dinh trfin the hien y chi chu quan cua chap hanh vien, dong thdi quy dinh khong ro viec rang bupc do dupc thirc hien bang hinh thuc gi.
Thu sdu, Difiu 109 Luat Thi hanh an dan su quy dinh: "Chap hdnh vifin ra quyfit dinh cham dut vice cuong che khai thac tai sdn trong cac trudng hpp sau day:
a) Vific khai thac tai san khong hifiu qua hoac lam can trd dfin vific thi banh an;
b) Ngudi phai thi hanh an, ngudi khai thac tai san thuc hien khong dung yfiu cau cua chap hanh vifin vfi viec khai thac tai san;
c) Ngudi phai thi hanh an da thuc hifin xong nghTa vu thi hanh an va cac cbi phi vfi thi hanh an;
d) Co quyet dinh dinh chi thi hanh an".
Trong qua trinh ap dung phap luat, quy dinh vice kbai thac tai san khong hifiu qua hoac lam can trd viec thi hanh an, ngudi phai thi hanh an va ngudi khai thac tai san khong thirc hifin dung yfiu cdu ciia chdp hanh vien vfi vice khai thac tai san khong ro, gay khd khan cho co quan thi hanh an trong qua trinh tac nghifip thi hanh an. Vi du: Tai san dang do ngudi phai thi hdnh an khai thac,
Ddn ChCi & Phdp lu$t KEI
^hi hdiih phdp. UiM 86 5 (254)-201;
thang 1 kliai thac thanh cong thi ngudi phai thi hdnh an nop du s6 tifin khai thac theo quyfit djnh, nhung thang thu 2, do difiu kien thdi tifit lam vific khong hieu qua, npp khong dii so tien, thi c6 ra quyet djnh chdm dut hay khong? Nhu the nao la quy djnh ldm can trd vice thi hdnh an hoac khong thuc hien diing yfiu cau cua chap hanh vicn,..?
Khoan 2 Difiu 109 Luat Thi hanh an dan s\r quy dinh: "Trudng hpp vice cudng chfi khai thac tai san cham dfl't theo quy dinh tai diem a va difim b khoan 1 Dieu nay thi chap hanh vien tifip tpc kfi bifin va xu ly tai san dd dfi thi hdnh an.
Trudng hpp vipc cudng che khai thac tai san cham dirt theo quy dinh tai diem c va diem d khoan 1 Difiu ndy thi trong thdi ban 05 ngay lam vice, kfi tu ngay cd quyfit dinh, chap hanh vifin ra quyet dinh giai toa vice cudng chfi khai thac tai san va tra Iai tai san cho ngudi phai thi hanh an".
Vific khai thac khong thuc hien dupc de dam bao thuc hien nghTa vu thi hanh an, vi vay chap hanh vifin dp dung bifin phap cudng che ke bien, xu ly tai san cua ngudi phai thi banh an dfi xu Iy la hpp ly. Tuy nhifin, trong trudng hap da thi hanh xong ngbia vu thi hanh an hoac cd quyfit dinh dinh chi thi hanh an, tbi chap banh vien c6 quyfit dinh cham dut vific khai thac tai san la dam bao quyfin va lpi ich hpp phap cua ngudi phai thi hanh an, khong can thifit phai ra quyet dinh giai tda vific cudng chfi khai thac tdi san va tra lai tai san cho ngudi phai thi hanh an. Vi thuc chat bap dong khai thac do ngudi phai thi hanh an ky, co trudng hpp ngudi phai thi hanh dn true tifip khai thac tai san, chap hanh vien khong giir tai san cua ngudi phai thi banh an de phai lam thu tuc tra lai tai san.
3. De xuat, kien nghi
Thu nhat, tai Difiu 107 Ludt Thi hanh an dan su, cac trudng hap ap dung bien phap cudng che khai thac tai san nfin sua doi, bo sung nhu sau:
- Tdi sdn cua ngudi phai thi hanh an cd gia tr qua ldn so vdi nghTa vu phai thi hanh va tai sar do c6 thfi khai thac de thi hanh ma van dam bac quyfin Ipi cua ben dupc thi hanh an;
- Ngudi phai thi hdnh an c6 tai san co the khai thac dupc vd ngudi dupc thi hanh an dong y cudng chfi khai thac tai sdn dfi thi hanh an neu vipc khai thac khong anh hudng dfin quyfift, Ipi ich hop phap cua ngudi thu ba.
Thu hai, quy dinh "vific giao dich, chuyen giao quyen sd hihi doi vdi tai san dang khai thac phai dupc su dong y cua chap hdnh vifin" nfin siia doi thanh: "Ngudi phai thi hanh an khfing dugc tbpic hipn cac giao dich, chuyfin giao quyfin so hiiu ddi vdi tdi san dang dupc khai thac trir trucmg hpp cd thda thuan giua cac duong su".
Thu ba, bd khoan 3 Difiu 108 Luat Thi hanh an dan su vdi npi dung: "Trong thdi ban 30 ngay, kfi tu ngay yfiu cau ma ngudi phai thi hanh an khong ky hop dong khai thac vdi ngudi khac thi chap hanh vien ke bien, xii Iy tai san do de thi banh an". Vi quy dinh nhu vay se trflng vdi diem b khoan 1 Difiu 109 Luat Thi hanh an dan su quy dinh vfi chara dflt cudng chfi khai thac tai san.
Thir tu, cac trudng hap cham dirt khai diac tai san nen quy djnh cu thfi ban viec khai thac khfing hieu qua hoac lam can trd vific thi hanh an; ngudi phai thi hanh an, ngudi khai thac tai sdn thuc hien khdng dung yfiu cau cua chap hanh vien ve viec khai thac tai san.
Thu ndm, bd npi dung: "Trudng hpp viec cudng che khai thac tai sdn cham dut theo quy dinh tai difim c va diem d khoan 1 Difiu nay thi trong thdi han 05 ngay ldm vific, kfi tu ngay co quyfit dinh, chdp hanh vifin ra quyet dinh giai toa vific cudng chfi khai thac tai sdn va tra lai tai san cho ngudi phai thi hanh an" dupc quy dinh tai khodn 2 Difiu 109 Luat Thi hanh an ddn su •
