TAPCHiKHOA HQC PHAPLfSd8/20
MOT SO DE XUAT HOAN THIEN QUY DINH VE i
CAC TOI XAM PHAM s d Htru TRONG B O LUAT HINH Sy* NAM 2015
PHAN ANH TUAN*
Tdmlh
Nghien cdu cdc quy ^nhve Cdc 0ixdmphgms&hiiu trong Bg lugt Hinh sgndm 2015 vdDg thdo Lugt siia ddi, bo sung mgt sd Meu cua Bg bigt Hinh su ndm 2015 cho thay, quy dfnh ve mgt sd lgi phgm cua chuomg ndy cdn cd nhieu thieu sdt, bdi cgp. Hdu qud aia thieu sot, bat cgp ndy Idm cho vifc nhgn thiic, dp dgng cdc quy dfnh ve cdc tgi xdm
^ ^ H .scr hdu ggp rdt nhiiu hid khdn, lung tiing hogc thgm chi hinh su hda (tgi phgm hda) cdc quan hf ddn sg, kinh te. Tren ca s& do, tdc gid de xudt sua ddi, bd sung mgt sd dieu thupe Chuang XVI - Cdc tgi xdm phgm s& hOu cua Bg ludt Hinh su ndm 2015.
Tie khda: s& hOu, xdm phgm sd hOu, Igidgngtin nhifm.
Abstract
Researches on the regulations on the ownership of offenses against the 2015 Criminal Code and the Draft Law amending and supplementing some articles of the 2015 Penal Code showed that a number of provisions on crimes of this chapter has many deficiencies and shortcomings. The consequence of the deficiencies and shortcoming make the awareness and application of the provisions on Ihe offenses ofownership against faced many difficulties, embarrassing or even criminalize civil, economic relations. On this basis, the author proposes to amend and supplement some articles of Chapter XVI - Crimes of the offenses ofownership of the 2015 Criminal Code 2015.
B
g luft Hinh sy (BLHS) nam 2015 dugc ()udc hgi thdng qua ngay 27/11/2015 vi dy kien cd hifu lyc vio ngiy 01/7/2016. Tuy nhien, do cd nhiiu sai sdt, ngiy 29/06/2016 Quoc hgi ra Nghi quyit sd I44/2016/QHI3 vi vifc Ifli hifu lyc thi hanh BLHS. Hifn nay. Ban sogn thao (Bg Tu phip chfl tri) di xiy dyng vi cdng bd Dy thio Luft sfla doi, bd sung mgt sd diiu cfla BLHS nam 2015 de liy y kien Nhan din.Qua nghien cflu cic quy dinh tgi Chuang XVI Cic tgi xira phgm sd hiiu tiong BLHS nam 2015 vi Dy tiiio Luit Sfla ddi, bo sung ragt sd diiu cfla BLHS nim 2015, chflng tdi nhfn thay cd ragt sd vin de cdn cd nhiiu y kien khic nhau vi can trao ddi di cd sy thing nhit, qua dd ddng gdp cho Dy tfiio Lugt Sua ddi, bo sung mgt so dieu cfla BLHS nam 2015 dugc tdt hon. Trong bii viit, tic gii di xuit sfla ddi, bd sung mgt sd diiu diugc Chuong XVI Cic tgi xim phgm sd hihi cfla BLHS nim 2015.
1. Vl dau hifu djnh tgi cua Tgi lam dyng tin nhifm chiem doat tii san (Bieii 175)
Trong ciu thinh ca bin cfla Tgi Igm dyng
• TS. Luit hpc, Trudng Bp mon Luat Hinh su, Tmdng E>»i hpc Luit Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
tin nhifm chiem dogt tii sin, BLHS nim 2015 da them dau hifu "hogc din thdi hgn trd lgi tdi sdn mgc dii co diiu kifn, khd nang nhung eo tinh khong trd " vio diera a khoin
1 Dieu 175 vi Dy thio Luft Sfla doi, bo sung mgt so dieu cfla BLHS nam 2015' (Dy thio)
' Du thio Luit siia doi, bl sung mdt sl dilu ciia BLHS nim 2015:
"13. Sua doi,bo simg £em a khodn 1 £>ieu 175 nhu sau:
1. Ngu&i ndo Ihgc hien mgt trong nhiing hdnh vi sau day chiem dogt ldi sdn ctia ngu&i khde Iri gid tir 4.000.000 dong den dudi 50.000.000 ddng hogc du&i 4.000.000 ddng nhung da hi xu phgt viphgm hdnh chinh ve hdnh vi chiem dogi hogc dS bj kel dn ve lgi ndy hogc ve mgi trong cdc lgi quy dinh lgi cdc dieu 168,169, no, 171,172.173.174 va 290 cm Bg ludi ndy. chua dttgc xoa dn tich md con vi phgm hogc tai .sdn Id phurmg lifn kiem song chinh cita ngu&i bf hgi hogc Idi mn cd gid Irj dgc bi^
ve mgt tinh Ihdn ddi vdi ngu&i bi hgi. Ihi bjphgt cdi igo khong giam gia den 03 ndm hogc phgt tutii06 thdng den 03 ndm:
a) Vay, mugn, Ihue ldi sdn ciia nguai khde hogc nhdn dugc tdi sdn ctia ngu&i khde bdng cdc hinh thuc hgp ddng rdi diing Ihti dogn gian ddi knichiirin de chiem dogt tdi sdn do half c den thdi hgn nd Igi ldi sdn mgc di cd dieu Ufn, khd ndng nhung cd linh khdng nd ".
Nhir viy, Dv thio d i b i mng thim cym tu "hoichdnm de chiem dogt lii sdn do" via diim a khoin 1 Diiu 175 BLHS nim 2015. C<m tii niy khdng mdi ma ihwc tl di dupc quy dinh trong BLHS nim 1999 ve Tpi l^ni dung dn nhiim chiim dofit tii sin.
SIJ^A B 6 I , B 6 SUNG MQT S 6 BIEU CtA BQ LUAT HINH S^T NAM 2015 49 van giii nguyen quy djnh niy. Vdi quy dinh
nhu vay, BLHS nim 2015 di md rgng pham vi xfl 1^ hinb sy (tgi phgm hda) ddi vdi hinh vi Igm dyng h'n nhiem chiim doat tii sin so vdi quy dinh cfla BLHS nam 1999. Viec bd sung quy dinh niy giy khd khin ttong vifc phin bift giua hinh vi phgm tdi lam dung tin nhifm chiem dogt tii sin vdi hinh vi vi phgm hgp ddng din sy, kinh te ttong trudng hgp vi pham vi thdi hgn thanh toin. Vi du:
theo quy dinh tai Diiu 375 Bg luit Dan sy nim 2015 vi ttich nhifm do chfm thyc bien nghta vy tti tien:
"/. Trudng hgp bin cd nghia vu chdm trd tiin thi bin dd phdi trd ldi ddi vdi so tiin chdm trd tucmg ing vdi thdi gian chgm trd.
2. Ldi sudt phdt sinh do chdm trd tiin dugc xdc dfnh theo thda thugn eua cdc bin nhitng khong duge vugt qud mie ldi suat dugc quy dfnh tgi khodn 1 Diiu 468 cua Bp lugt ndy: niu khdng cd thda thugn thi thvc hifn theo quy dfnh tgi khodn 2 Diiu 468 cua Bp lugt ndy."
Hofc Diiu 306 Luft Thucmg mgi nim 2005 quy dinh ve Quyen yeu cau tien lii do chfm thanh toin:
"Trudng hgp bin viphgm hgp ddng chdm thanh todn tiin hdng hay chgm thanh todn thil lao dich vg vd cdc chi phi hgp ly khde thi bin bi vi phgm hgp dong ed quyin yiu cdu trd tien ldi trin so tiin chgm trd do theo ldi sual ng qud hgn trung binh trin thi trudng tgi thdi diim thanh todn tucmg ing vdi thdi gian chgm trd, tri tntdng hgp ed thda thugn khde hogc phdp lugt cd quy dinh khde "
Nhu vfy, khi dua dau hifu "hode din thdi hgn trd lgi tdi sdn mgc dd cd diiu kiin, khd ndng nhung co tinh khdng trd " vio ttong cau thinh ca bin cfla tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin (Diiu 175 BLHS nim 2015) thi nhi lim luft di tgi phgm hda cie quan hf phip luft din sy, thuang mgi. Bdi 16, ttong cic trudng hgp vi phgm vi thdi hgn thanh toin trong quan h? phip luft din sy, thucmg mgi neu tten, ngudi vi pham hgp dong hoin toin cd dfl khi nang, dieu kifn di thanh toin nhtmg hg chira tri vi chip nhfn
phat hgp ddng de vi tinh toin Igi ich kinh te cao hon.
Tren thyc te, cd nhieu trudng hgp chfl the chip nhfn phat hgp ddng niy de ttinh bi phgt mdt hgp ddng khae cao ban, de gifl mgt khich hing quan ttgng ddi vdi doanh nghiep, de nhanh chdng cd tien de thyc hifn mdt hogt ddng kinh doanh cd lgi nhugn cao bon sd tien bi phat; hoic niu tri lai tiin vay ngin hing nhung chua chic ngan hing cho vay lai thi doanh nghifp se ggp khd khin;
hoic chip nhan mit tii sin da thi chip...
Nhung diiu niy thudng xiy ra ttong thyc te khi cic chfl the kinh doanh chiem dyng vdn cfla nhau hogc khi hg vi phgm hgp ddng tin dung... Tuy nhien, ddi chieu vdi cic quy dinh cfla Diiu 175 BLHS nim 2015, cic hinh vi vi phgm hgp ddng din sy, thuang mai neu tren deu cd the hi xfl ly hinh sy ve tdi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiem dogt tai sin.
Diiu niy li khdng hgp ly.
v i mgt ly lufn, hinh vi chiim dogt tii sin cd dfc diem li phii lim cho chfl sd hiru, ngudi quin ly tii sin mat khi ning thyc te thyc hifn cic quyen chiem hiiu, sfl dyng, dinh dogt doi vdi mgt tii sin cy thi, dong thdi lim cho ngudi chiim dogt cd cic quyin niy. Ddi chieu vdi hinh vi vay, mugn, thue tii sin cfla ngudi khic hoic nhfn dugc tii sin cfla ngudi khic bing cic hinh thflc hgp ddng "den thdi hgn trd lgi tdi sdn mgc dd ed diiu kifn, khd ndng nhung eo tinh khdng trd " thi hinh vi niy khdng lim cho chfl sd hiru, ngudi quin ly tii sin mat khi ning thyc te thyc hifn quyin dinh dogt doi vdi mgt tii sin cy the. Bdi le, hg hoin toin cd thi bing cic bifn phip giii quyet ttanh chap theo lugt din sy, thuang mgi... lay Igi dugc tii sin.
Cic quy dinh cfla phip luft hifn hinh cung dim bio cho vifc thyc thi ket qua giii quyet ttanh chip de lay Igi tii san cho hg (ching hgn, hinh vi khdng chap hinh bin in cfla tda in cd the bi xfl ly hinh sy ve Tgi khdng chap hinh in ...). Dieu dd ciing cd nghta li hinh vi vay, mugn, thue tii sin cfla ngudi khic hoic nhin dugc tii sin cfla ngudi khic bing cic hinh thflc hgp ddng "din thdi hgn trd lgi
50 TAPCHiKHOA HQC PHAP LY sd 8/2
choifl
tdi sdn mgc dii co diiu kiin, khd ndng nhitng cd tinh khdng trd " khdng phai li hanh vi chiim doat tii sin. Do dd, nd khdng the dugc quy dinh li diu hifu dinh tdi cua tgi lam dung tin nhifra chiem doat tai sin (lam dung tin nhiem chiem doat tai sin li mdt ttong biy hinh thuc chiim dogt tai sin). Ndi cich khae, vifc quy dinh trudng hgp nay li tdi phgm li trii vdi bin chat cfla tgi lam dung tin nhifm chiem dogt tii sin; khdng phan bift dugc tdi niy vdi cic hanh vi vi phgm phip lugt din sy, kinh te.
Ngoii ra, viec hinh su hda cic quan hf phap luft din sy kinh te niy se dan den cic hgu qua xiu cho xi hdi nhu: (1) tao rfli ro vi mat phip ly hinh sy cho cic chfl the kinh doanh, dan din tinh ttang hg khdng yen tim kinh doanh; (2) de bi Igm dyng tten thyc te khi CO quan tien hinh td tyng xem xet mdt hinh vi vi phgm phip din sy, thuang mai cd bi coi li tgi phgm hay khdng vi cd khi ning cic ca quan niy se giy khd khan cho doanh nghifp. Chang hgn, chi cin ca quan tiin hanh to tyng radi len lim vifc xet mgt trudng hgp vi pham hgp ddng kinh ti, din sy vi thdi gian thanh toin cd phii hinh vi phgm tgi lam dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tai sin hay khdng ciing di giy tim ly bit dn cho cic chu doanh nghifp. Trong khi niu khdng cd quy dinh niy, ca quan tiin hinh to tyng cd the ngay tfl diu ket lufn ngay day chi la cic quan hf phip luft din sy, kinh te.
Nhumg hau qui xau nhu tten di di ngugc vdi chfl truomg khuyen khich sy ty do kinh doanh cfla Ding vi Nha nude, di ngugc vdi chfl truong khdng binh sy hda (tgi phgm hda) hogt dgng kinh doanh cfla cic td chuc kinh te mi Chinh phfl da de ra.
Tdm tai, vdi cic lip lufn neu tren, chflng tdi kien nghi bd diu hifu "din thdi hgn trd lgi tdi sdn mgc dit ed dieu kifn, khd ndng nhung CO tinh khdng tra " ttong tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm tii sin tgi Diiu 175 BLHS nira 2015 vi Dy thio Luft sfla ddi, bo sung mgt so diiu cfla BLHS nam 2015. Diiu niy cd nghta li gifl nguyen diu hifu dinh tgi cia tgi Igm dyng tin chiem dogt tii sin nhu quy
dinh tgi Dieu 140 BLHS nam 1999 (sua ( bd sung nim 2009). Cy thi la. diem a khoi 1 Diiu 175 BLHS nam 2015 vi Tgi Igm dung tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin sua lgi li:
"a) Vay, mugn, thui tdi sdn eua ngudi khde hogc nhgn dugc tdi sdn ciia ngudi^^^
bdng cdc hinh thic hgp dong roi dUng thii dogn gian doi hogc bd tron de chiem dogt tdi sdn do;"
2. v i tii sin die bift l i diu hifu djnh tfi trong mft so tgi xam pham sd hihi
BLHS nam 2015 quy djnb diu bifu dinh tgi ttong trudng hgp ddi tugng tic dgng la tii sin die bift li cic dau hieu dinh tgi la
"tdi sdn Id phucmg tiin kiim song chinh eiia ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp ", "tdi sdn Id ky vgt, di vgt, do thd ciing eo gid tri dgc bift vi mat tinh thdn ddi vdi ngudi bf hgi" tgi cic tgi: Tgi cdng nhien chiem dogt tii san (Diiu 172), Tgi ttgm cip tii sin (Diiu 173), Tgi lua dao chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 174), Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiem dogt tii san (Diiu 175), Tgi hfly hogi hogc co y lam hu hdng tai sin (Diiu 178). Quy dinh niy se gay khd khan trong vifc xic dinh mgt tii san nao dd la "phuorng tifn kiim song ehinh ctia ngudi bf hgi vd gia dinh hp " hogc tai sin li
"ky vgt, di vdt, do thd ciing cd gid trf dgc bift ve mgt tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bf hgi"
Ngoai ra, quy dinh niy cd the dan den sy tfly tifn khi ip dyng BLHS nim 2015; khdng dim bio yeu ciu cua nguyen tic thugng tdn phip lugt trong vifc quy dinh vi ip dyng cic quy dinh ciia phip lugt hinh sy. Trong trudng hgp ngudi phara tgi cd sy sai lam hoac khdng the biet dugc gii tri tinh than cfla tii sin ddi vdi bi hgi rai ip dyng tinh tiit niy thi cd hgp ly khdng? Thara khio quy dinh cfla phip luft binh sy cic nude ve cic tfi xim phgm sd hiiu nhu BLHS Lien bang Nga,^ BLHS Cgng hda nhan din Trung Hoa,' chung tdi nhfn thay khdng luft nude nio cd quy dinh tuang ty nhu cic dicu luft
' Trudng D?i hpc Lu* Hi Ndi (dich), Bg lugt hinh sg Lien bang Nga, Nxb. Cdng an nhin din. Hi Ndi, 2011.
' Dinh Bich Ha (dich). Bg lugt Hinh sg ciia nirdc Cgng hoa nhdn ddn Trung Hoa. Nxb. Tu phip, H4 Ndi. 2007.
SU^A B 6 I , B 6 SUNG MQT S 6 BIEU CUA BQ LUAT HINH S^T NAM 2015 51 tten ttong BLHS nim 2015.
Theo chung tdi, vifc quy dinh cic loai tii sin tten li diu hifu dinh tgi ttong mdt sd tdi xim phgm sd hiru li khdng hgp ly, bdi cic ly do sau:
(i) Thi nhdt, quy dfnh ndy mdu thudn vdi ly lugn vd quy dinh ctia BLHS (tpi phgm Id hdnh vi nguy hiim ddi vdi xd hpi); mdu thudn vdi bdn chat eua cdc tpi xdm phgm sdhiu
v i mat ly lufn, tgi phara li hinh vi nguy hiim cho xa hgi (chfl khdng phai nguy hiem cho bi hgi). Thdng thudng, hinh vi nguy hiem cho bi hgi thi ciing nguy biem cho xi hgi. Tuy nhien, cd ragt sd hinh vi dugc ragt ci nhin, td chfle dinh gii la nguy hiera cho hg, nhung Igi khdng nguy hiem cho xa hgi.
Chinh vi viy, Diiu 8 BLHS nam 2105 quy dinh ve khii nifra tgi phgm: "Tpi phgm Id hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hpi dugc quy dinh trong Bp lugt Hinh sv-.-
Chflng ta quy dinh mgt hinh vi xim phgm sd huu li tgi phgm ttong BLHS bdi hai ly do: (I) hinh vi xim phgm sd hiiu den mgt mfle dg ding ki di xfl ly bing bifn phip hinh sy; (2) hinh vi dd neu xfl ly bing cac bifn phip hinh chinh, din sy... se khdng cd hifu qui do ngudi cd hinh vi xim phgra sd hflu cd nhin thin xiu (da bi xfl phgt hinh chinh mi cdn vi phgm, cd in tich mi cdn vi phgm...).
Ve mft xa hgi, cic logi "tdi sdn Id phucmg tifn kiim song ehinh cua ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp " hogc "tdi sdn Id ky vgt, di vdt, do thd Cling cd gid tri dgc bift vi mgt tinh thdn ddi vdi ngudi bi hgi" deu li tii sin nhu cic logi tii sin khic cd the quy ddi vi mgt tri gii bing tiin, khdng phan bift tiin cfla ngudi niy cd gii tri ban hay tien cfla ngudi khic cd gii tri ban. Diy li dgc diem chung cfla nin kinh ti hing hda, tinh binh ding trong quan hf xi hgi cfla nen kinh ti hang hda.
Do vfy, ddi vdi "rdi sdn Id phuang tifn kiem sdng ehinh cda ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp " hofc "tdi sdn Id k\- vgt. di vgt, dd thd cung ed gid tri dge bift ve mat tinh than doi vdi ngudi bi hgi", vi quyin sd hihi bi
xim phgm li nhu nhau ddi vdi mgi ngudi dudi gdc do xa bgi. Tuy nhien, ve mgt ci nhan, binh vi tren ttong chiing myc nio dd cd the gay thiet hai tinh than cho tiing ca nhan sd hflru tai sin vdi cic mfle dg inh hudng ve tinh than la khic nhau vi dieu niy cd the lim tang tinh nguy hiem cho xi hgi cfla hanh vi dd. Tuy nhien, ve mat xa hgi, nd khdng the lim tang muc do nguy hiem cho xa hdi nhu nhau de trd thinh diu hifu dinh tdi, bdi le neu dugc quy dinh li dau hifu dinh tgi thi ttong mgi trudng hgp nd deu phii lim ting tinh nguy biem cho xi hgi.
Vi du: Mdt ngudi hinh nghi xe dra cd chiic xe gin miy lim phucmg tifn kiim sdng chinh, khi bi ttgm cip xe gin miy tri gii dudi 2 trifu ddng (xe Trung Qudc da sfl dyng liu ngiy nen gii tti xe dugc dinh gii dudi 2 trifu ddng) thi anh ta cd the thay the bang mgt chiec xe gin miy khic bing tien cfla minh dinh dym hofc vay mugn ngudi khic. Ddi vdi anh ta, vifc mit ttgm xe miy cung nhu vifc mat ttgm tii sin duiM 2 trifu ddng khic. Hoic mgt dng chfl chuyen nghe cho thue xe dudi 2 trifu dong (xe xich Id, xe ba gie ...) thi vifc mit ttgm mgt chiec xe li
"phugng tifn kiim sdng chinh cua ngudi bf hgi vd gia dinh hp " khdng cd y nghta gi qui Idn doi vdi anh ta ve mat sd hiru. Hogc khi mgt chiec nhan cudi (ky vgt - tr\ gii dudi 2 trifu ddng) hi ttgm cip thi raoi ngudi cd inh hudng tinh than khic nhau, cd ngudi cho li bi tdn thit tinh thin nghiem ttgng, cd ngudi cim thiy gidng nhu mit cic tii sin cd tq gii du(!ri 2 trifu ddng khic.
Han nfla, ttong nhieu trudng hcjip, ngudi phgm tgi khdng the biet dugc y nghta tinh thin cfla tii sin ddi vdi bi hgi. Vi dy: ngudi phgm tgi trgm cap tii sin khdng cd khi ning biet duge mgt chiic nhan nio dd li ky vft, di vit "cd gid tri dgc bift vi mgt tinh than ddi vdi ngudi bi hgi" Niu hg khdng huge phii biit hogc khdng thi biit dugc tii sin
"ed gid trf ddc bift vi mat tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bi hgi" thi khdng thi huge hg phii chiu trich nhifm hinh sy ve diu hifu niy.
Hg chi cd the nhfn biet hinh vi cfla minh li
52 TAPCHiKHOA HQCPHAPLfsd 8/2016 xim phara quyen sd hiiu cfla ngudi khic v i
nguy hiem cho xa hgi. Tuy nhien, Nhi nude Jbdng thi bit bg phai biit va chiu ttich
nhifm ve "gid tri dgc bift vi mat tinh thdn
^ • v e n ngudi bi hgi".
' c i c lip luin tten cho thay, viec quy dinh cic loai "tdi sdn Id phugng tiin kiim song chinh eiia ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp " hoac
"tdi sdn Id ky vgt, dl vdt, do thd ciing cd gid tri dgc bift vi mat tinh thdn ddi vdi ngudi bi hgi" li diu hifu dinh tdi khdng phfl hgp vdi nguyen tic tgi pham li hinh vi nguy hiem ddi vdi xi hdi va miu thuin vdi bin chit cfla cic tgi xam pham sd hiru.
(ii) Thi hai, viic quy dinh cdc logi tdi sdn trin Id ddu hifu dinh tpi se khd ching minh vi mgt td tung, di bf Igm dung trin thuc te
Mgt ttong cic yeu ciu cfla tgi phara hda li cic dau hifu cfla tgi phgm phii cd the chflng rainh dugc vi mgt td tyng. Tuy nhien, khi quy dinh cic loai "tdi sdn Id phuong tifn kiim sdng chinh cua ngudi bf hgi vd gia dinh hp " hogc "tdi sdn Id ky vdt, di vgt, do thd cung cd gid trf dgc bift vi mgt tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bf hgi" thi rit khd cd the chflng minh ragt logi tii sin cd phii li ''phuang tifn kiem song chinh eua ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp " hay khdng? Hogc li "ed gid trf dgc bift vi mgt tinh thdn ddi vdi ngudi bf hgi"
hay khdng?
Vifc chimg minh dugc mgt ky vft, di vat li "CO gid trf ddc bift vi mat tinh thdn doi vdi ngum bi hgi "Ik rit khd khin. Ching hgn, cd the ttong giai dogn dieu tta - bi hai khai ring ky vft, di vft dd "cd gid trf dge biel vi mgt tinh thdn ddi vdi ngudi bf hgi"
nhung tgi giai doan xet xfl, bi hgi niy hoin toin cd the thay ddi ky vft, di vat dd Iflc niy khdng 'cd gid trf dgc bift ve mat tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bi hgi". Do dd, vifc hoin toan dya vio y chi chu quan cfla bj hgi doi vdi tii sin lim chflng cu li cyc ky rfli ro, de thay ddi theo thdi gian vi khd chirng minh vi mat td tung.
Ben cgnh dd, vifc coi ragt hinh vi xira phgra sd hitu nio dd li tgi phgm hay khdng hoin toin dya vio y chi chfl quan cfla bi hgi
doi vdi tii sin li khdng lim rd ranh gidi giua tgi phgm vi khdng phii la tgi pham, vi phgm nghiem ttgng nguyen tic thugng tdn pbip lugt.
v i mgt thyc ti, quy dinh tten cung de hi lam dyng vi tgo ra cac rfli ro cho ngudi (:d hinh vi chiim dogt tii sin vi ca quan ti6n hanh to tyng coi ngudi nio do cd hinh vi xam pham sd hiiu cd phgm tgi hay khdng bing each tic dgng vio ldi khai cua bi hgi la tii sin dd cd phii li "phugng tifn kiim song chinh cda ngudi bf hgi vd gia dinh hp "
hogc "co gid tri dgc bift vi mgt tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bf hgi" hay khdng. Diiu niy rit nguy hiim cho xa bgi vi nd khdng dim bio sy an toin vi mat phip ly cho mgt so ci nhan cd hinh vi chiim dogt tii sin duiM hai trifu ddng.
(iii) Thi ba, mdu thudn vdi quy dfnh vi cdc tpi phgm khde trong Chuang Cdc tpi phgm xdm phgm sd hieu, Cdc tpi phgm ve chue vu
Dau hifu dinh tgi li "tdi sdn Id phuang tifn kiem song chinh ciia ngucri bf hgi vd gia dinh hp; tdi sdn Id ky vgt, di vgt, do thd cdng CO gid trf dge bift ve mgt tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bf hgi" chi dugc quy dinh li dau hifu dinh tgi ttong mgt sd tgi xam pham sd hiru nhu: Tgi cdng nhien chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 172); Tgi ttgm cip tii sin (Dieu 173);
Tgi Ifla dio chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 174);
Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin (Diiu 175); Tgi hfly hoai hoac co y lam hu hdng tii sin (Dieu 178) cho nen nd khdng dong bg vdi cac tgi phgm khic ttong chuang cic tgi xam pham sd hihi vi cic tgi phgm cd tinh chit chiem dogt trong chuang cic tgi pham ve chfle -vy. Cy the, vi mau thuan ttong chuang cic tgi xam phgra sd huu: dau hifu dinh tgi "tdi sdn Id ky vgt, di vgt, do thd Cling CO gid trf dge bift vi mgt tinh thdn doi vdi ngudi bf hgi" khdng cd tuang img trong Dieu 175 (Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tii san). Vi miu thuan vdi cic tgi phgm cd tinh chit chiem dogt ttong chuang eic tfi phgm vi chfle vy: Dau hifu dinh tgi "Tdi sdn Id phuang tifn kiem sdng chinh ctia ngudi bf
SU'A B 6 I . B O S U N G MQT S 6 BIEU CUA BQ LV^T HINH S^T NAM 2015 S3 hgi vd gia dinh hp; tdi sdn Id ky vdt, di vdt,
do thd cung cd gid tri dge bift vi mat tinh than ddi vdi ngudi bi hgi" khdng dugc quy dinh dong bg ttong Tgi Igm dung chuc vu, quyin batx chiim doat tii sin (Dieu 355)*
mac du tgi niy diu cd the dugc thyc bien bing hinh thuc cudng dogt tii sin, lira dio chiim dogt tii sin hoic Igm dung tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin.
Tdm lai, vdi cic lip luin neu tten, chflng tdi kiin nghi bd diu hifu dinh tgi: "Tdi sdn Id phucmg tifn kiim sdng chinh ciia ngudi bi hgi vd gia dinh hp; tdi sdn Id ky vdt, di vdt, do thd Cling ed gid tri ddc biit vi mat tinh thdn dot vdi ngudi bf hgi" tai cic tgi: Tgi cdng nhien chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 172);
Tgi trgm cip tii sin (Dieu 173); Tgi Ifla dao chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 174); Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin (Dieu 175);
Tgi buy hogi hogc cd y lim hu hdng tii sin (Diiu 178).
3. Ve cic dau hifu djnh tgi tiep tyc diryc sir dyng lim tinh tilt djnh khung ting nfng trong mgt si tfi xam ph^m sd hihi
BLHS nim 2015 di quy dinh mgt logt diu hifu dinh tgi thinh diu hifu dinh khung ttong trudng hgp tii sin bi xam phgm dudi dinh khun^ nhun^ cd cic diu hifu dinh tdi niy. Cy the, cic diu hifu: a) Da bi xu phgt vi phgm hinh chinh ve hinh vi chiem dogt tii sin ma cdn vi phgm; b) Da bi kit in vi tgi niy hofc ve mgt ttong cic tgi quy dinh tgi cac dieu 168, 169, 170, 171... cfla Bg luit niy, chua dugc xda in tich mi cdn vi phgm;
c) Giy inh hudng xiu din an ninh, trft ty, an toin xi hgi; d) Tii sin li phuang tifn kiem song chiidi cfla ngudi hi hgi vi gia dinh hg;
tii san li ky vgt, di vgt, dd thd cflng cd gii
' Dilu 3.^5. Tdi lam dung chiic vvi, quyen han chiim do?t tii san
"/. Ngwdi mdo Igm difng chitc *v. quyen hgn chiim dogt lai sin cua ngu&i khic tri gia tit 2.000.000 dong den du&i 100.000.000 ddng hogc dudi 2 000.000 ddng nhung dugc mgt trong cdc trwmg hgp sau ddy. lhi bi phgt tii tir 01 nam den 06 ndm.
a) Da hi xuly ki' lugt ve hanh W ndy md con vi phgm:
b) Dd In krl dn ve mgt trong cic tgi quy dfrnh lai Mgc I Chuang nd\. chua dirge xoa in lich mi con vt pham ".
tri die bift ve mat tinh thin ddi vdi ngudi hi hai mdt mat dugc nhi lim luit sfl dyng lim diu hieu dinh tgi, mat khic l i dau hifu dinh khung ting ning ttong trudng hcrp tii sin hi xim phgm dudi dinh lugng ciia khung d cic khoin 2, 3,4 cic tdi: Tdi cdng nhien chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 172); Tdi ttgm cap tii sin (Diiu 173); Tdi lua dio chiim dogt tii sin (Dieu 174); Tdi hfly hoai hogc cd y lim hu hdng tii sin (Dieu 178).
Ching ban: diem e khoin 2 Dieu 173 BLHS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Trpm cdp tdi sdn tri gid ti 2.000.000 ddng din dudi 50.000.000 ddng nhung thupe mot trong cdc tntdng hgp quy dinh tgi ede diim a, b, c vd d khodn I Diiu ndy " cd nghta li cae tnrdng hgp quy dinh tgi cie diem a, b, c vi d khoin I Dieu 173 (diu hifu dinh tgi) cd the dugc sfl dyng lim diu hieu dinh khung d khoin 2 Diiu 173 thay vi chi bj xfl ly d khoin I Dieu 173 neu khdng cd nhiing tinh tiet niy. Ve ky thuft Ifp phip, diy la sy ke thfla quy dinh cfla Tdi cd y giy thuong tich hogc giy tdn hgi cho sflc khde cfla ngudi khic (Diiu 104 BLHS nim 1999) di ttinh Igp Igi cic tinh tiet dinh khung ting ning lim cho dieu luft edng kenh. Tuy nhien, vifc quy dinh cic tinh tiet dinh khung ting ning niy cd phin inh diing tinh nguy hiim cfla hinh vi phgm tgi khdng, cd triing lip hoic miu thuan vdi cic tinh tiet dinh khung, dinh tgi khic khdng?
Tic gii cho ring quy dinh niy khdng hgp ly, bdi cic le sau:
Thi nhdt, khdng diing vdi cdc gid trf tinh nguy hiim ciia cua ede tinh tiit ndy
Khio sat dg ting raflc hinh phgt cfla cic tinh tiet niy ttong cic tgi xim phgm sd hihi dugc quy dinh ttong BLHS nim 2015, chflng tdi nhfn thiy cic tinh tiet niy da lira ting tinh nguy hiem cfla hinh vi pham tgi len den mfle thip nhit li 4 nim tfl (so sinh mfle hinh phgt giira khoin 2 vi khoin 1 cic tgi neu ttSn) vi cao nhat li den 10 nim tfl (giua khoin 4 vi khoin 3 Dieu 178). Vfy cic tinh tiet neu tten cd thft su cd gii tri lim ting tinh nguy hiem the hifn qua dg ting mure hinh phgt tfl 4 nim tfl din 10 nim tfl hay khdng?
TAPCHiKHOA HQCPHAPLfsd
8/20mk
t V i f c nhi lim luft quy dinh cic tinh tiit
^ k t t e n lim dau hifu dinh tgi (khoin 1 cic
^ ^ n u a t ) khi tii sin bi xim phgm dudi dinh 1^^H(2 trieu dong) thi kit hgp vdi cic tinh l ^ ^ l y mdi nguy hiem ding ke cho xa hdi;
hogc khi cic bifn phip xfl ly khic khdng cd hifu qui ddi vdi ngudi cd nhan than xiu (di bi xfl phgt hinh chinh mi cdn vi phgm, chua dugc xda an tich) thi can phii ap dung bien phip hinh sy. Tuy nhien, cic tinh tiet niy khdng cd ca sd ve tinh nguy hiem de chuyin khung hinh phgt tfl khoin nay sang khoin khic nhu quy dinh tgi cic dieu luft neu tten. Ching hgn, cic tinh tiet: (1) da bi xfl phat vi pham hinh chinh ve hinh vi chiim dogt tii sin mi cdn vi phgm; (2) di bi kit in ve tgi niy hogc ve mdt ttong cic tgi quy dinh tgi cic dieu... cfla Bd luit nay, chua dugc xda in tich mi cdn vi phgra khdng cd gia tri lim ting tinh nguy biem cfla hinh vi phgm tgi len den muc 4 nim tfl (thap nhat) hogc den 10 nim tfl (cao nhat).
Ndi cich khic, vifc quy dinh cic tinh tiet niy lim tinh tiit dinh khung khi kit hgp v(5ri gii tri tii sin dudi raflc dinh lugng cua khung li khdng cd ca sd vi tinh nguy hiim cho xa hgi, khdng bcyp ly.
- Thi hai, vifc quy dfnh cdc tinh tiit ndy ddn din mdu thudn npi tgi giua ede khung trong mpt diiu lugt
Ching hgn, tgi khoin 2 Dieu 173 BLHS nim 2015 (Tgi ttgm cip tii sin) niu chiim dogt tii sin cd gii tri tfl 50 trifu ddng din dudi 200 ttifu ddng (diim c) vi cd ci tinh tiit tai phgm nguy hiim (diim g) thi chi bi xu ly d khoin 2 Diiu 173 BLHS nam 2015.'
' Dieu 173. Tpi trpm cip tii sin
"2. Phgm tgi thuge mgt trong ede truong hgp sau day, thi bij>hgl tii tir 02 ndm den 07 ndm:
e) Chiem dogt tdi sdn ni gid tir 50.000.000 dong den dudi 200.000.000 dong:
e) 'ngm cdp tdi sdn tii gid tir 2.000.000 dong den dudi 50.000.000 dong nhung thuge mgt trong ede tntdng hgp quy dinh tgi cdc diem a, b, cvd d khodn 1 Dieu ndy:
g) Tdi phgm nguy hiem.
••..3. Phgm lgi thuge mgt trong cdc tnt&ng hgp sau
«
'hi biphgt tii tir 07 ndm den 15 ndm:Chiem dogt tdi sdn tii gid tic 200.000.000 dong den du&i 500.000.000 ddng:
Tuy nhien, khi da tii phgm nguy hiem (vi dy ngudi niy da cd in tich nhung chua dugc xda) tbi Igi cd thi thda man diu hifu d diem b khoin 3 Diiu 173 BLHS nim 2015. Trong trudng hgp niy, neu i p dyng khoin 3 Diiu 173 BLHS nam 2015 thi khdng hgp ly vi tinh tiit "tii phgm nguy hiem" Iflcniy lgi c6 gii tri lim tang tinh nguy hiem thap ban cic tinh tiit xiu vi nhin than nhu: (1) da bi xfl phgt vi pham binh chinh vi hinh vi chiem dogt tii sin m i cdn vi phgm; (2) da bi kit in ve tgi nay hogc ve mgt ttong cic tgi quy dinh tai cic diiu 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 vi 290 cua Bg lugt niy, chua dugc xda in tich ma cdn vi phgm.
- Thi ba, vifc quy dfnh ede tinh tiet ndy ddn den mdu thudn npi tgi giua cdc diiu lugt trong Chuang Cdc tgi xdm phgm sd hiu ciia BLHS ndm 2015
Do cic tinh tiit neu tten chi quy dinh cho mgt so tfi xam phgm sd huu nhu Tfi cdng nhien chiem doat tai sin (Dieu 172), Tfi ttgm cap tii sin (Dieu 173), Tgi Ifla dio chiim dogt tii sin (Diiu 174), Tgi hfly hogi hofc cd y lim hu hdng tii sin (Diiu 178) mi khdng quy dinh cho cic t$i xam phgm sd huu khic nhu Tgi eudp tii sin (Dieu 168), Tgi bat cdc nham chiem dogt tii sin (Dieu 169), Tgi cudng dogt tii sin (Dieu 170), Tgi eudp gift tii sin (Diiu 171), Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tii sin (Diiu 175)...
cho nen chic chin dan din sy khdng dong bg gifla cic diiu luat ttong chuang cic tfi xam phgm sd hiiu.
Ching hgn, cudng dogt tai sin cd tn gii tfl 50 trifu dong din dudi 200 trifu dong dfl them cic tinh tiit (1) da bi xfl phgt vi phgm hinh chinh vi hinh vi chiim dogt tii sin rai cdn vi phgm; (2) di bi kit in vi tgi niy hogc vi mgt ttong cic tgi quy dinh tgi cic dieu 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 vi 290 cua Bg luft niy, chua dugc xda in tich mi cdn vi phgm; (3) giy inh hudng xiu din
b) Trgm cap tdi sdn hi gid tit 50.000.000 dSng den du&i 200.000.000 dong nhung thuge mgt tiong cdc tru&ng hgp quy dinh tgi cdc diem a, b,cvdd khodn I Dieu ndy ".
SU^A BOI, BO SUNG MQT S 6 flifeU CUA BQ LUAT HINH SV NAM 2015 55 an ninh, trit ty, an toin xa hdi; (4) tii sin
li phuang tifn kiim sdng chinh cfla ngudi bi bgi vi gia dinh hg; tii san li ky vft, di vgt, dd thd ciing cd gii tri die bift ve mat tinh thin ddi vdi ngudi bi hai thi cflng bi xfl ly d khoin 2 Diiu 170 BLHS nam 2015 cd khung hinh phgt tfl tfl 3 nam den 10 nim.
Tuy nhien, neu ttgm cap tii sin cd tri gia tfl 50 trieu ddng den dudi 200 trieu ddng rai kit hgp vdi cic tinh tiit neu tten tbi hi xfl ly d khoin 3 Diiu 173 BLHS nim 2015 cd khung hinh phgt tfl tfl 7 nim din 15 nim, cd nghta li nghiem khic ban so vdi tgi cudng dogt tii sin, cho du tgi cudng doat tii sin (Diiu 170 BLHS nim 2015) cd tinh chit nguy hiem cao ban tgi ttgm cip tai sin.
Tren ca sd cic Ifp lugn neu tten, chflng tdi di xuit bd cac tinh tiet: a) da bi xfl phgt vi phgm hinh chinh ve hinh vi chiem dogt tii sin mi cdn vi phara; b) da bi ket in ve tgi niy hogc ve mgt ttong cic tgi quy dinh tgi cic diiu 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175 vi 290 cfla Bg luft niy, chua dugc xda an tich mi cdn vi phgra; c) giy inh hudng xau den an ninh, ttgt ty, an toin xa hgi; d) tii sin li phuang tifn kiim sdng chinh cfla ngudi hi hgi va gia dinh hg; tii sin li ky vft, di vft, dd thd cflng cd gii tri <lic bift ve mft tinh thin ddi vdi ngudi bi hgi khi ket hgp vdi cic dinh lugng tii sin lim tinh tiet djnb khung hogc chuyen sang khung cao hon d cic khoin 2, 3, 4 cic Diiu 172, 173, 174, 178 BLHS nim 2015. Ddng didi quy dinh tinh tiet "Gdy dnh hudng xdu din an ninh, trgt tg, an todn xd hpi" li tinh tiet dinh khung d khoin 2 cic Diiu 172, 173, 174, 178 BLHS nam 2015 cho ddng bg vdi cic tgi xam phgm sd hum khic.
Ddi vdi Tgi Igm dyng tin nhifm chiim dogt tai sin (Diiu 175 BLHS nim 2015), nhi lim luft nen chuyen diu hifu dinh khung "gdy dnh hudng xdu din an ninh, trgt tv, an todn xa hpi" tfl khoin 3 sang khoin 2 cho dong bg vdi cic diiu luit trong Chuang Cic tgi xim phgm sd hiiu. Vifc quy dinh diu hifu dinh khung niy d khoin 3 Diiu 175 BLHS nam 2015 li khdng cd ca sd vi ttong cic
tdi phgm xim phgm sd huu khic nhu Tgi eudp tii sin (Diiu 168 BLHS nim 2015), Tgi bat cdc nhim chiem doat tii sin (Dieu 169), Tdi cudng dogt tii sin (Diiu 170 BLHS nam 2015)... thi dau hieu "gdy dnh hudng xdu din an ninh, trgt tv, an todn xd hpi" dugc quy dinh d khoin 2 cfla cic dieu luat tuang irng. Tuy nhien, Tgi lam dyng tin nhifm chiem dogt tii sin Igi quy dinh tinh tiit dinh khung tang nang niy d khoin 3 Diiu 175 BLHS nam 2015. Trong khi tdi eudp gift tii sin cd tinh nguy hiem cao ban tdi Igm dyng tin nhiem chiem dogt tii sin thi hinh phat dugc BLHS quy dinh doi vdi ngudi phgm tgi eudp gift tai sin cd tri gii tfl 50 trieu ddng den dudi 200 trifu ddng vi
"gdy dnh hudng xdu din an ninh, trgt tv, an todn xd hpi" (khoin 2 Dieu 171 BLHS nim 2015 quy dinh khung hinh phat tfl tfl 3 nim din 10 nim) lai nh? hem hinh phgt dugc BLHS quy dinh ddi viri ngudi phgm tgi Igm dyng tin nhiem chiem dogt tii sin cd hai cic dau hifu tren (khoin 3 Dieu 175 BLHS nim 2015 quy dinh khung hinh phgt tfl tfl 5 nam din 12 nim). •
Tii lifu tham khio
[1] Bp lu^il hinh sy nim 201S. [trans: 2015 Criminal code]
[2] Bp Tu phip, Dg thdo Lugl siia ddi, bd sung mgt sd dieu cua BLHS ndm 2015, http://www.moj.
gov.vn/dtvb/pages/chi-tiet.aspx?itemid=314, truy c|p 15/8/2016. [trans: Ministry of Justice, The Draft Law amending and supplementing some ariieles of the Penal Code 2015, http: www.moj.gov.vn/dtvb/pages/chi-tiet.
aspx?itemid=314, accessed 15 / 8/2016]
[3] Dinh Bich Hi (djch) (2007), Bg lugl Hinh sg eiia nu&e Cgng hda nhdn ddn Trung Hoa, Nxb.
Tu phap. Hi Npi, 2007. [Uans: Dinh Bich Ha (translation). The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Judicial Pub, Ha Noi, 2007]
[4] Trudng Dai hpc Lu|t Hi Npi (djch), Bg lugt hinh su Lien bang Nga, Nxb. Cdng an nhin dan.
Hi Npi. 2011. [trans: Hanoi Law University (Translation), The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, People's Public Security Pub, Ha Noi, 2011]
