Ghi nhan m6i ve da dang sinh hpc va nguon ldi sinh vat tai vung niTdc ven cac dao Bach Long VT, Con Co va Thd Chu
TrSn Dinh Lan', Nguyin Thj Minh HuySn, NguySn Thi Thu, Nguyin Ddng Ngdi V/pn Tai nguy§ti va Mot trUdng liien, Vien Han ISm KH&CN Viet Nam
Ngay nh^n bai 6.4.2015, ngay chuydn phan bi§n: 20.4.2015, ngily nhan phan bi§n 19.5.2015, ngay chap nh|n dang 22.5.2015
Qua dieu tra, khao sat ve sinh thai va moi trudng d cac vung bien xung quanh cac dao Bach Long VT (Hai Phdng), Chn Co (Quang Tri) va Thd Chu (Ki^n Giang) giai doan 2013-2014 trong khuon kho de tai KC09.08/11-15, mot so phat Men moi da dirg^c ghi nhan or cac vung bien quanh cac dao ve da dang sinh hoc va ngufin lgi sinh v^t cung n h v mot so hoat dong lam suy giam ngu6n tgi va suy thoai h | sinh thai. Tai viing bien quanh dao Bach Long Vi, da bo sung mdi 24 loai san bo cho quan xa san ho cirng cua dao Bach Long VT va loM sa sung Sipunculus nudus Avtac ghi nhan bo sung vao danh muc cac nguon Igi cua dao. Bo sung mdi 15 loM san h3 cirng va 11 loai san ho m i m trvd^c dSy chira dirg-c ghi nhan it vung bien Chn Co;
loai trai tai tirgng Tridacna crocea lan dau tien duvc phat hien phan bo a vung bien quanh dao nay; 8 loai san ho mem co tilm nang ve hoat chat sinh bgc ciing dirg-c ghi nhan 6* vung dao Con Co. Cf viing bien quae dao Tho Chu v^ Tay Nam, bo sung mdi 17 loai san ho va phat hien bo sung 01 loai hai sam thugc giong Actinopyga cd gia tri kinh te cao chua durg-c ghi nhSn trirdrc dSy va cung la doi tuvng dang bi khai thac bang cac c5ng cu cd the hiiy hoai cac he sinh thai bien trong vung.
JM- khoa: Bcich Long Vi, Con Co, da dang sinh vdt, nguon led, phdt hien mdi, Thd Chu.
Chi so phdn lofil L6
MffdSu
B^ch Long VT, Con Co va Tho Chu la cac dao tien tieu c6 vai tro quan trong tren vung bien ciia nuac ta Idiong nhung trong xac dinh ranh gidi cac vung lanh hai cua Yiet Nam ma con co gia tn cao ve bao ton va phat trien nguon gen sinh v^t bien, da dang sinh hoc va nguon lgi sinh vat. Gia tri nguon loi va da dang sinh vat a vung bien ciia cac dao nay da dugc quan tam dieu tra nghien curu trong nhiing nam gan dSy va la co so quan trpng de de xuat thanh l^p cac khu bao ton bi8n or cac quy mo khac nhau. Cac gia tri bao ton cua cac he sinh thai (HST) bi§n a cac viing dao nay cang dugc khSng dinh chic chan trong nhung ket qua dieu tra nghien ciiu cua dh tai cap nha nuac ''Luang gid /dnh te cac HST bien - ddo tieu bieu ph^c vu phdt trien ben vimg mot so ddo tieu bieu a viing bien ven ba Viet Nam ", ma so KC09.08/11-15 thupc Chuong trinh khoa hpc va cong nghe (KH&N) bign KC09/11-15.
Cac kSt qua nghien cihi ve nguon lpi sinh vat viing nuac ven cac dao tien tieu duac phan tich dua vao tam quan trong cua nhom, loai sinh vat chu dao dong gop cho t6ng da dang sinh hpc cua dao cung nhu vai tro ve sinh thai, kinh ti trong cac HST bien. Cac k6t qua
nghien cuu da chi ra nguon lpi tai cac vung nuac ven cac dao dang bi suy giam va cac HST bi suy thoai do nhieu nguyen nhan khach quan va chu quan. Trong qua trinh thirc hien, mpt so phat hien da dugc ghi nhan b6 sung nang cao gia tri ve da dang sinh hgc va nguon lgi sinh vat a cac dao tien tieu nay. Cac ghi nh^n moi khong nhirng gop phan vao ngu6n tu lieu dSu vao quan trgng cho viec lugng gia kinh tk cac HST biSn a cac dao tien tieu ma con dong gop them cac tu lieu moi phuc vii cho viec thanh lap va quan ly, bao ve h? thong khu bao ton bien a \^et Nam.
Phuong phap nghien cuu
Cac phuang phap chu yeu dupc su dung trong dieu tra khao sat va nghien cuu bao gom: phuang phap va ky thuat thu miu, nghien cuu v6 cdu tnic HST, thanh phan, mat dp ciia cac nhom d6i tugng smh vat sinh s6ng trong cac HST vung trigu va ran san ho theo quy pham diSu tra t6ng hgp biSn cua Uy ban Khoa hgc va Ky thuat Nha nuoc (nay la Bp KH&CN) ban hanh nam 1981 va cua English S. et al. (1997) cho viing ^ trigu. Cac phucmg phap khao sat va thu mau da j i ^ UNESCO cong nhan cung cac tai li$u phan^o^i c
*Tacgii ciiinli: [email protected]
fcUd^E Viet Nam ^''°'^°-""
54NEW FINDINGS ON BIODIVERSITY AND LIVING RESOURCES IN WATER REGIONS
SURROUNDING BACH LONG VI, CON CO AND THO CHU ISLANDS
Summary
From surveys and analyses of tbe ecosystems and environments In the water regions surrounding the Islands including Bach Long VI (Hai Phong), Con Co (Quang Tri) and Tho Chu (Kien Giang) from 2012 to 2014 within the framework of the project KC09.08/11-15, some new findings had been recorded on biodiversity and living resources as well as human activities having negative Impact on living resources and degrading the ecosystems. In the water region surrounding Bach Long M island, 24 new coral species were added to hard coral community and one Sipunculus nudus species was firstly recorded, adding to the list of living resources of the Island. Fifteen species of hard corals and 11 species of soft corals were firstly found in the water region surrounding Con Co island. One Tridacna crocea species was at the first time recorded as a living resource in Con Co island, and 8 species of soft coral with the potentials of biological active substances were also recorded.
In the marine water region of Tho Chu island, tbe total 17 new coral species and one Actinopyga sp. species were firstly added to the list of living resources and being also exploited with fishing tools that may destruct the marine ecosystem.
Keywords: Back Long Vi, bio-diversity. Con Co, findings, living resources, Tho Chu.
Classification number 1.6
Ket qua nghien cuu
Ghi nh^n m&i ve da dg.ng sinh hgc vd nguon lgi sinh vat tai vdng nu&c ven ddo Bach Long Vi
Ket qua di6u tra khao sat d6n thang 4.2013 cho thay, khu he san ho a dao Bach Long VT kha phong phu va da dang vai t6ng s6 II8 loai thugc 3 2 gidng, 15 hp ciia bp san ho ciing (Scleractinia) va 1 hp, 1 giong, I 1 loai san ho mem (Alcyonidae). So vdi cong trinh ciia Lang Van Ken [3], k6t qua nghien ciiu mai ciia de tai KC09.08/11-15 b6 sung them 24 loai niia vao danh muc san ho Bach Long VT (bang 1).
I Bang 1. thdnh phdn hdl san ho phdt hien mdi. bo sung thim cho qudn xd san ko tai ddo Bgch Long Vi (nguon: KC09.08/11-15)
sau cua cac nhom d6i tupng khac nhau [1], Sir dung ky thuat thu mau, quay phim va chup anh tren can va day bien c6 su trg giiip cua thiet bi lan SCUBA [2].
Di6u tra ve nguon lgi dugc ket hgp giiia cac so lieu nghien ciiu khoa hpc trong cac HST bien va cac phuang phap dieu tra xa hpi hgc dua tren cac phieu phong vin t^i cpng dong dan cu, cac cap quan ly cua
^ ^ d a o nghien ciiu va tau thuySn Ichai thac thuy san trong vung.
TT
1 2 3 4
5
6 7 g 9 10 11 12
Ten loai
HpAcroporidae Acropora aspera Aavpora monticulosa Acropora rosana Astreopora Men
HoPoritidae Goniopora stulchburyi
Hg Faviidae Favia Uiardems Favia vewm Faviles compliata Favites haiicora Favttes penlagona (Esper) Gortiastrea australiensis Gomastreu edwardsi
TT 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21
22 23
24
Teo Mi
Goniaslreafavultis Platygyra pmi Ch Platygyra camosus Montastrea cuna (Dana) Montastrea magnislellala Hg Mussidae Acanthastrea echinala (Dana) Acantkastrea hillae Lobopkylliafiabeltiform is Symphyllia agancia
Hp Merulinidae Hydnophora microconos (Lam.) Hydnophora exesa (Pallas)
Hg Dendrophylliidae Tubastrea aurea (Quoy & Gairaard)
Ket qua khao sat cua de tai ciing cW ra dp phii ran san ho phia Tay Bac dao Bach Long VT da bi suy giam nghiem trpng so v6i 20 nam trudfc day. Theo tai lieu [3], CO 2 mat cit: phia Bac - Dong Bac dao c6 dp phu san ho song den 94% va phia Bac dao dp phu khoang 59%, thupc bac 4 va 5 - rit cao. Kit qua khao sat danh gia vao thang 4.2013 cho thay, tai cac mat cat nay dp phli san ho chi con lai bac 2 va 3. Nhu vay, cac ran san ho a Bach Long Vi da suy giam dang ke, khong con ran rit tot. Ran co d6 phu cao nhat thupc bac 3 nam trong khoang 31-50%, ro rang dp phu ciia ran n^y da bi suy giam khoang 50% so vai truac day (hinh 1).
Cac ran phia Dong Nam va Nam khong con nua do da bi pha huy d8 xay dung au tau, so con lai phan b6 thua that khong tao thanh ran. Tinh trung binh, do phu
8S!2SgStVietL^'—= 55
san ho cua dao Bach Long VT la 28%, den nay con Iai cac chuyen khao sat, cho thiy su phong phii va da dang khoang 15-20%, giam khoang 1/3. quin xa san ho cung nhu ti^m an nhieu loai mdi chua
dugc phat hien.
Bdng 2 • danh muc lodi san hd mdi bd sung cho qudn xa san ho a vdng bien dao Cdn Cd (ngudn: KC09.08/H-15)
•
Hinh 1: san hd bj suy gidm da nhudng cho cho cde lodi rong phdt tnen tgi Bgch Long Vi (ngudn: KC09 08/11-15) Ngoai ra, loai sa sung - Sipunculus nudus (hinh 2), dugc phat hien phan bo tai viing trieu cat - vun san ho ven ba phia Dong - Dong Bac dao Bach Long VT (chua timg dugc phat hien trong cac nghien ciiu truoc day), b6 sung mdi loai nay vao danh sach cac loai dpng vat day c6 gia tri kinh te 6 Bach Long VT (hinh 3). Ket qua nay da gop phan lam tang them tu lieu da dang loai va nguon gen cua khu h? sinh vat vung trieu a ven dao.^ Sipuncub d viing trieu phia Ddng Bdc ddo (nguon: KCQ9 08/11-15)
Hinh 3 • sd sung Sipunculus nudus dupc khai thdc vd sa che de bdn
tgi Bgch Long VT (nguon: KC09.08/11-15)
Ghi nhgn mdi ve da dgng sinh hgc vd nguon lgi sinh vgt tgi vdng nir&c ven ddo Con Cd
S\r da dang ciia san ho dao Con Cd da dugc dieu tra trong khuon kh6 cua mgt so de tai cap nha nuoc nam 1993, nam 1996, 2006-2010 vai 114 loai san ho ciing (Scleractinia) thugc 41 gidng, 14 hp; khoang hon 10 loai san ho m6m (Alcyonacea) va mpt loai thuy tiic san ho (Hydrozoa) la Millepora platyphyllia da dugc phat hien. K^t qua di8u tra nghien ciiu frong hai nam 2013-2014 da bd sung mdi 15 loai san hd ciing va II loai san hd mem cho danh muc san hd dao Cdn Cd (bang 2), nang tdng sd len 150 loai san hd. Nhu vay co th^ thiy, mac du trong pham vi nhd vung bien quanh dao, sd loai san hd vin tiep tuc dupc phat hien hong
TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11
12
13
14
15
T r a U u b M Sii IM Ju d « g S d m o r n i HgAcnfundae Acmpma £gil^ini (Daa) Acmpom Jhuncou (Dana) Acwpani moamiliaa (Bnigg.) Acn^xm spic^tra (Dana) .JiTDfnmni/iikfDaDal MosBpora cnsssiBilxmikla Bmari iloiiliporadaMciE.&H\
Moittpara BapsansBemii Monapora vteacnmis Veron
HvPontidae Ponies bchendaia Ponies na if aiM]
HD Sidcrasircidae Psanmecora i^iliaiingiik j U m n t t )
HoAganciidae PawMdmdmi\sa^
Hp Mussidae Aaaihasliai hai^riclui (Ehirabog)
HgDtndrqili^lndw TaiimniimsmlfnmOjmiA]
rr
1 2 3 i 5 6 7
8 9 10
11
T H k l M h f c BfiaUmimAjtmcii
HpAk^ouidM Lelxipkim auTDTKuliinB Taicr.Diiiwili Sam^vm^eimttm TeDa-Omvadl S m u k u h u m u M i ) ' SavlmacaiifimDsa JimiLmit JenM Whitdqgc 5imJiinii cnaeia Tcun-Dunvanh Snalanafaale Tma-Dunvanh
HpNcphihndic tkah'Kpllifa sp KuekmiliLl Ntphiiieaspkviom Stermnepklhfii sp Kukeiubal
H^iEUistUidae Juceellolreplis9i&ty
Ket qua khao sat nghien ciiu trong cac nam 2013 va 2014 cho thay, do phu ciia san ho cirng kha cao dao dpng trong khoang 20-30%, do phu san ho mem a mpt s6 diSm len dSn 70-80%. Dp phii cao nhit la cac mat cat phia Tay Bac va phia Dong cua dao. d do san ho mem phat tnen rat manh xen ke voi nhirng tham san ho cung. Cac mat cJt con l^i dju c6 dp phu trong khoang 20%. Dien tich phan bd cua san ho mSm ven dao dupc phat hien len toi gin 100 ha. Trong do chijm uu thS nhSt la cac gidng Sinularia, Sarcophyton (hinh 4), Lobophytum tori 64 ha va dp phu tcri 80%, nhiSu cho chiing tao nen nhiing tham don loai rpng hang tram met vuong. Su phat hien va b6 sung cac loai moi cho vung biSn ven dao Con Co da lam tang gi4 tri da dang sinh hpc ciia HST rjn san ho tai day. Mat khac, HST ran san ho ven dao nSm trong khu Bao t6n biSn cua dao
SlSSISStVietNam^'''"^"-^''^'
Cdn Co nen dugc bao ve kha tot.
Trong danh sach cac loai san hd mem thu dugc trong dgt khao sat nam 2013-2014 tai vungbi&i quanh dao Cdn Cd, cd mpt sd loai cd tiem nang chiia cac chat boat tinh sinh hpc (bang 3) va la ngudn dugc lieu cd gia trj [4].
Bdng 3: cde lodi san hd mem phdn bo a ven ddo Con Cd cd tiem ndng chua cac chat co hogt tinh sinh hoc [4]
do, 17 loai san hd tao ran dugc bd sung vao danh muc san ho bien Tay Nam (bang 4).
Bang 4: thdnh phdn lodi san ho cung bo sung eho danh mgc san hd bien a vung bien ddo Tho Chu vd Tdy Nam [5J
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fciansirawn JinuloriimuU Wvujblf Suhu^itim MmsiMi keelhlm^k
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Hinh 4. lodi san hd mem Sarcophyton sp. pho bien tgi vung
nu&c phia Tdy Nam ddo Con Cd (nguon. KC09.08/1!-15)
Hinh 5: trai Tai tuang Tridacna crocea (ngudn: KCQ9.08/1!-15)
Ben canh 15 loai san hd ciing va 11 loai san hd mem dupc phat hien bd sung cho thanh phSn loai san hd tai ddo C6n Cd, loai trai tai tupng Tridacna crocea dupc phat hien mai, bd sung vao danh sach loai than mem hai manh vd (hinh 5). Day la mdt loai cd gia tri kinh te cao trong cung cap thuc pham, my nghe chua dupc de cap den trong cac nghien ciiu truac day tai Cdn Cd.
Ghi nhdn mdi vi da dgng sinh hgc vd nguon lgi sinh vgt tgi vitng nudc ven ddo Tho Chu
YJX qua khao sat nghien ciiu cua de tai KC09.08/11 - 15 ghi nhan dugc 202 loai san hd cung thugc 52 gidn^
va 13 hg phan bd quanh dao Thd Chu, chiem 49% sd lo^i san hd ven ba Viet Nam. Ddi chi6u vai danh sach thdnh phan loai san hd bien Tay Nam, sd lupng loai san hd dao Thd Chu chiem 75% tdng sd loai. Ben canh
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SekracSiiia marlal Slfn l q i u j M i i « e ) > u b KlinziDgo, IIT9
Su phan bd ciia cac loai hai sam trong HST ran san hd va viing trieu cung dugc ghi nhan qua khao sat nghien cuu trong nam 2013-2014. Dac bi?t, mpt loai sinh vat cd ten ggi dia phuang la banh long tai vung bien Thd Chu (hinh 6) ciing lan dau tien dugc phat hien. Theo nhan dinh ban dau cua cac chuyen gia nghien ciiu ddng vat day, day la mdt loai sinh vat thupc ldp hai sam Holothuroidea, bd Aspidochirotida, hp Holothuriidae, gidng Actinopyga. Hien do chua cd dii can cu khoa hpc va tai lieu de dinh loai chi tiet den loai, nen tam thdi xac dinh loai hai sam nay cd ten la Actinopyga sp.
Hinh 7 cdo sdt dung de khai thdc banh long (hdi sdm) (ngudn: KC09.08/n-l5) Hinh 6: dnh chgp
Actinopyga sp duac khai thdc.
sa chi a Thd Chu (ngudn. KC09.08/11-15)
Loai hai sam cd ten ggi dia phucmg la banh long nay chua thiy dugc ghi nhan truac day trong cac ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hgc 6 ven dao Thd Chu [6] cd the do chiing thudng phan bo d viing biln sau va vui minh dudi bun cat sau tu 20-40 cm, rit khd thu miu trong nghien ciiu. Hien nay, loai nay dang la ngudn Ipi dupc khai thac rat mgnh d l xuat khiu sang Trung Qudc. Cd nhirng thdi dilm (thang 1.2014) loai hai sam nay tra
IftNGNGHfiVietNam^
57thanh ddi tugng "ndng" dugc khai thac ngay dem bang nhieu each, tham cbi la bang nhiing dung cu khai thac cd tinh buy diet nhu cao sat cd gan gai dinh (hmh 7).
Theo thdng tin dugc cung cap tir ddn bien phdng tren dao Thd Chu, trung binh hang thang cd khoang 150 tau den khai thac va danh bat thuy san tai vung bien quanh dao, chu yeu la cac tau den tir Binh Dinh va Kien Giang. Viec khai thac banh long bua bai ngay tren cac HST ven dao, pha hiiy nen day va cac HST cua dao, dac biet la HST ran san hd, lam giam ngudn lgi ciia cac nhdm ca kinh t l (KC09.08/11-15).
Ket qua nghien ciiu sa bg cua de tai KC09.08/11-15 cung cho thay, dao Thd Chu cd gia tri ngudn lgi thuy san rat ldn. HST ran san hd d khu vuc Hdn Tir va Hdn Cau Cat dang cd cac dau hieu phuc hdi sau su tim pha ciia tran bao nam 1995 (hinh 8). Vice khai thac cua cac phuang tien danh bat huy diet se cd the lam gay nat san hd, mat di cac ncri cu tni cua cac ngudn lgi ca bien va cac sinh vat bien cd gia tri kinh te, cung nhu mat di cac bai gidng, bai de, noi uam nudi con non cua hang ngan cac loai sinh vat bien khac.
san hd viing biln dao Cdn Cd dugc bd sung 15 loai san hd Cling va 11 loai san hd mim, trong do cd 8 loai cd kha nang cd cac boat chat sinh hpc, ddng thdi phat hi?n sir phan bd cua loai trai Tai tupng Tridacna crocea tai viing nuoc ven dao nay. Phat hien them 17 loai cho danh muc loai san hd bien d viing bien dao Thd Chu va Tay Nam, dong tbdi phat hien bd sung 01 loai hai sam thupc gidng Actinopyga cd gia tri kinh te cao cho vung dao nay.
Tuy nhien, cac tac dgng do khai thac su dung tai nguyen d cac vung dao dang de dpa nghiem trgng den gia tri bao tdn. Nhirng phat hien liSn quan den nhiing de dpa tir cac hoat ddng nhan sinh d cac viing bien nay Cling da kip thdi dugc thdng bao tdi cac ca quan chiic nang thudc thanh phd Hai Phdng, tinh Quang Tri va tinh Kien Giang de cd nhirng giai phap ban che nhung tac ddng xiu, lam tdn hai den gia tri bao tdn ciia cac HST bien tai cac dao tien tieu dupc nghien cuu.
Led cdm cm
Tap the tdc gid xin cdm an de tdi "Luang gid kinh te mot so he sinh thdi bien cua cde ddo tien tieu ven bd Viet Nam " (ma S6KC09.08/11-15) dd hS trt; thuc hien cde noi dung nghien cuu ndy.
Tai lieu tham khao
Ket luan
Cac ghi nhan mdi neu tren trong khudn khd dieu tra, khao sat va nghien cuu trong hai nam (2013-2014) cua d l tai cap nha nudc cd ma sd KC09.08/11 -15 da bd sung va cho thiy tilm nang da dang sinh hpc va ngudn lgi a cac vung bien quanh cac dao tien tieu. (3 Bach Long Vl, 24 loai san hd mdi dugc bd sung vao quan xa san hd cirng va phat hien them loai sa sung Sipunculus nudus cd gia tri kinh tl. Danh muc loai thudc quan xa
[1] Vi^n Tai nguyen va Moi tmcmg bien (2014), Quy trinh dieu I. khdo sdt tdi nguyen vd moi tmdng biin • Phdn sinh hqc vd hda mdi truong, NXB Khoa hpc T^ nhien va Cong ngh?, 291tr.
[2] English S, Wilkmson C, Baker V (1997), Survey manual for tropical marine resources, Aust, Inst, Mar, Sci, 368p.
[3] Lang Van Ken (1996), "San ho ciing (Scleractinia) va ran san ho dao Bach Long Vy", Tuyen tap Tdi nguyen vd mdi tntdng bidn, tap III,lr.308-319.
[4] Dau Van Thao (2014), "Din li?u moi ve, thanh ph4n loai va tiSm nang dugc lieu san ho mdm (Bg Alcyonacea) d ven dao Cdn Co, Quang Tri", Tgp chi Khoa hoc cdng nghe bien, 14(3A), tr.230-237.
[5] Thai Minh Quang, Phan Kim Hoang va Vo SI Tuin (2014),
"QuSn xa san ho ciing xung quanh dao Th6 Chu", Tuyin tap HQI ngh]
Khoa hoc todn quoc ve smh hgc biin vd phdt tnen ben vimg ldn thir hai,tr.m-\M.
[6] D6 Van Khuong (2011), "Kit qua nghien ciiu di£u ki^n moi truong, da dang smh hpc, ngu6n \gi hai san va kinh tk - xa hpi dao Th6 Chu", Bdo cdo Tdng kit tiiu du dn 12 vi "Diiu tra tdng thi hien trgng da dgng sinh hoc edc HST rgn san hd vd vung ven dda a viing biin Viet Nam phue vu phdt trien bin vung". luu Vi?n Nghien cuu hdi san.
