Y HOC VIET NAM T H A N G 12 - SO DAC BIET/2011
DAC OIEM TAM LY CUA NGlTOl HIEN MAU TINH NGUYEN
Nguyen Due Thuan'*\ Ngo Manh Quan^ \ Nguyen Van Nhu'^**>
I. OAC OIEM TAM LY CUA NGUdi HIEN hiln mau nhu boi hop, lo ldng, sg bai, vui
M A U T I N H NGUYEN 1.1. Khai niem
Dac diem tam ly cua ngudi hien mau la cac dac diem ve cam xuc, tinh cam, thai do, nhirng nhu cau, mong mudn va cac cir cbi, hanh ddng dugc hinh thanh. phat trien do boat ddng tham gia hien mau ciia hg tao nen va thudrng se mat di sau mdt thdri gian nhat dinh.
Nhiing ngudi hien mau thudc nhieu liia tudi, nghe nghiep, trinh do,... khac nhau vdri nhirng dac diem ve nhan each, phong each sdng khac nhau nen dac diem tam ly cua hg ciing rat da dang va phong phii. Ben canh dd,
mimg, ty hao,... vdi cac mirc do khac nhau de td chirc eae boat ddng va chia se vdi ngudi hien mau mdt each phii hgp vdi cam xiie ay.
Nhan biet duge thai do, niem tin eiia ngudi hien mau nbu san sang, trung thyc, tdn trgng, cdi md, cd trach nhiem, ty tin, tin tudng,... hoac ngugc lai de cd nhirng thai do, ldi ndi, cir chi hanh ddng pbii hgp vdi bg.
Nhan biet duge cac nhu eau, mong mudn cua ngudi bien mau va dap img dugc vdi cac nbu eau, mong mudn chinh dang cua hg nhu can dugc hudng dan, can dugc ddng vien hay giai thich, can duge ghi nhan va bieu duong, can duge nghi ngoi, can duge tu nhilu dac dilm dugc hinh thanh do tac ddng ^an ve nhirng van de ciia rieng hg,... Khdng bdi chinh cac nhan vien y te, tuyen truyen
vien, cac lanh dao cdng ddng,... nen nd lai cang trd nen da dang phong pbii. Cac dac dilm dugc dl cap trong tai lieu nay la cac dac dilm tam ly chung mang tinh phd biln d cac ddi tugng ngudri hien mau tinh nguyen.
1.2. Sir can thiet phai nhan biet cac dac dilm tam Iy cua ngiroi hien mau
Cac nhan vien tham gia vao dich vy truyin mau va cac tuyen truyin vien nhan
nen de ngudi hien mau budc phai ndi rd la hg cdn gi thi mdi dap iing nhirng nhu cau chinh dang ciia hg.
Nhiing sai sdt dan din khdng dam bao an toan truyin mau hoac ngudi hien mau se khdng hai ldng, phan nan ve chdt lugng phyc vy ciia cac nhan vien truyen mau, cac tuyen truyin vien thudng la do xuat phat tir viec thilu hilu bilt vl tam ly cua ngudi hiln mau.
1.3. Cac dac diem chung ve tam ly cua bilt duoc mdt each sau sdc dac dilm tam ly ng""*" hien mau
ciia ngudri hien mau dugc coi la yeu cau tdi thilu dl cd thi hoan thanh dugc nhiem vy cua minh trong cac boat ddng van ddng hien mau, td chiic cac dilm hiln mau, tuyin chgn ngudi hiln mau, tilp nhan mau, tu vdn va cham sdc ngudri hiln mau. Nhiing yeu cdu cy thi la:
- Nhan bilt dugc cam xiic cua ngudi
* Cdm xiic, thdi dp cua nguai hien mdu:
Hdi hop, lo ldng dan xen vdi niem vui, nilm ty hao khi lam mdt viec thien dh ciiu giiip ngudi khac. Ngudi hiln mau da phai vugt qua kha nhieu khd khan, vat va, ty dau tranh va chiin thdng vdi chinh minh trudc khi den dugc diem hien mau. Chinh dieu nay Cling gdp phan dem lai niem vui va ty hao
Hpl NGH! KHOA HQC TOAN Qu6c LAN THLT NHA'T Vg VAN DQNG H|£'N MAU T I N H NGUYgN
cho hg. Niem vui, niem ty hiio ay cung rat de bj tdn thuang khi chung ta td ehire diem hien mau, ddn tiep va phue \ u hg khdng chu diio tao sy that \ gng eho nguciri bieii miiu.
Sy ngd ngang dan xen \ di e ngai a noi ddng ngudi, phai tieji xuc \ai nhung ngucri la. Dieu nay tao cho ngucri hien mau su lung timg, nhieu khi e then, xau hd nhat la khi dugc nhac den tren loa phdng thanh hg ten, dja chi cua hg d noi ddng ngudi. Cam xiic nay rat de dugc xda bd hoac giam thieu dang ke ve mire do neu dugc tiep xuc vdi eae nhan
\ien, tuNcn truyen vien ed ky nang giao tiep tdt. Ngugc lai, nd se tang len khi nguin bien mau mdt minh budc chan vao diem hicn mau dudi sy cham cbii quan sat cua nhieu nhan vien va tuyen truyen vien hoac cac diem hien mau khdng cd noi ddn tiep, khdng cd hudrng dan quy trinh de hg tham gia hien mau.
* Nhu cdu, mong muon cua ngudi hien mdu:
Nhu cau dugc ghi nhan, bieu duong va tdn vinh: ngudri hien mau mong mudn viec hien mau ciia minh phai dugc cac nhan vien truyen mau, cac tuyen truyen vien ndi rieng va xa hdi ndi chung ghi nhan, bieu duong va tdn vinh. Ngay ca nhung ngudri hien mau ndi ra la bg khdng can nhiing dieu ay nhung thyc te hg ciing rat vui khi nhan dugc giay chiing nhan hien mau bay sy tdn trgng, Idri cam on cua cac nhan vien truyen mau va tuyen truyen vien.
Nhu cau dugc quan tam, dgng vien, cham sdc: ngudri hien mau tbudiig xac djnh ngay dugc vj tri ciia hg la "ngudri dugc phyc vy" va "ngudi phuc vy" bg khdng ai khac chinh la nhan vien truyen mau va tuyen truyen vien. Hg rdt cdn thai do cdi mo, tran trgng, than thien cua nhan vien truyin mau va tuyen truyen vien.
- Nhu cau dugc hudrng dan, giai thich va tu vdn: da sd ngudri hiln mau khi din dilm
bien mau deu cd nhu'iig ban khoan, nhirng eiiu hdi ma giai dap nd phai can den nhan vien truyen mau hoae tuyen truyen vien.
- Nhu eiiu dam bao an toan ve sire khde eiia hg: ngucTi hien mau ludn ddi bdi cac quy trinh, eae trang thiet bi va dung cy lay mau cho hg phai dugc dam bao an toan cho sire khde ciia hg. Nhirng mong mudn chi hien 250 ml mau hoac phai kham tuyen chgn that ky cho hg dcu do xuat phat tir nhu cau dam bao an toan sire khde ciia bg.
Nhu cau dugc biet ve tinh hinh sire khde eiia ban than: ngudi hien mau dugc kham lam sang, dugc xet nghiem bdi cac nhan vien y te do vay hg mudn biet la cac nhan vien y te danh gia the nao ve siic khde ciia hg. Khi bg khdng du dieu kien hien mau neu khdng dugc tu van chu dao thi bg se cho rang la vi bg "ed benh" Suy nghi nay nhieu khi am anh hg rat lau \ e sau.
Nhu cau nhan dugc Idri cam ket la mau cua hg pbai dugc diing de ciiu ngudri neu mau dd an toan, khdng bj lgi dyng tir viec bien mau ciia hg.
- Nhu cau dugc bao mat thdng tin ca nhan va dugc thuan tien, it tdn kem ve thdi gian, tien bac ciia bg kbi tham gia hien mau.
* Cdc bieu hien vc hdnh via ngudi hien mdu:
Quan sat ky cac nhan vien truyen mau va tuyen tru\ CMI \ ien: day la bieu hien thudng thay d da sd nguiri hien mau. Cach td chiic lam vi^c, trang phyc, thai dg, cir chi hanh ddng the hi?n trinh do va tinh chuyen nghiep cua cac nhan vien truyen mau, tuyen truyen vien la tieu diem quan sat cua ngudri hien mau.
- Quan sat nhirng ngudri hien mau khac:
dl tra ldi cau hdi "hg phai lam nhiing gi?",
"dilu gi da xay ra vdri hg?", "khi din minh thi cdn phai lam gi va dieu gi se xay ra vdi minh day?" Chinh vi dieu nay ma rdt de gay
Y HQC VIET NAM THANG 12 - S O D A C BIET/2011
"phan img lan truyin trong tam ly nhdm" d ngudi hien mau tai cac dilm hiln mau nhu:
nhilu ngudi xiu, ciing tim each dl khdng
"phai" hiln mau, bd vl khi thdy cd ngudi hien mau bj xiu,...
cac cir chi hanh ddng bieu hien sy hoi hop lo lang nhu: ve mat cang thdng, thd nhanh, thd gdp, va md bdi, di di lai lai lien tiep, hanh ddng hap tap, xin biln \di lugng mau it hon quy djnh,...
Cac cir chi banh ddng bieu hien sy e ngai, xau hd: tra ldi khdng trung thyc vao phieu dang ky bien mau hoac kham iam sang, dd mat khi dugc hdi hoac tra ldi, chd dgi dl ciing kham, ciing nam tren ghe lay mau vdi ngudri than quen,...
- cac hanh vi the hien sy ty tin, thoai mai hoac ngugc lai khi hien mau, hanh vi sg dau khi chgc ven hoac nit kim khdi ven, cac hanh vi ngo ngang tham chi sg hai khi cd nhiing phan iing iam sang khdng mong mudn klii hien mau,...
cac cir chi, hanh vi the hien sy hai ldng hay khdng hai ldng vdi chat lugng phyc vy khi hien mau.
1.4. Cac dac diem tam ly dac trung ot cac giai doan trong quy trinh hien mau
* Truac khi den diem hien mdu:
- Ngudi hiln mau phai trai qua "giai doan ty lya chgn" tiic la ty ddu tranh giiia viec "cd" hay "khdng" tham gia hien mau vao thdi dilm nay. Nhilu khi cau tra ldi chi don gian la "cii di din diem hien mau rdi quyet djnh!"
- Ngudri hiln mau thudng se tudng tugng ra toan canh cua budi td chiic hien mau. Cac hinh anh ma hg da dugc xem qua dai bao, md ta hoac qua tai lieu tuyen truyen va dac biet la ldi kl cua ngudi da hiln mau hoac tuyen truyen vien cd tac ddng rdt Idrn toi tudng tugng cua hg. Chinh vi vay, trong van ddng hiln mau
hoac tu van trudc hien mau thi viec chii ddng xay dyng eho ngudi hien mau nhirng sy tudng tugng sat vdi thuc te nhat la rat quan trgng.
* Khi hdi ddu den diem hien mdu:
Ngudi hien mau se quan sat toan canh tir trang tri diem bien mau, bd tri sap xep diem hicn mau, tinh than, khi the eiia mgi ngudi d dicMii hien mau,... trong dd viee trang tri diem va am nhac tai diem hien mau cd vai trd quan trgng trong viee nhanh chdng tao trang thai tam ly tich eye eho ngudi hien mau.
Nhu cau duge ddn tiep, hudng dan quy trinh bien mau, giai thich cac bat thudng (neu ed) dang xay ra tai diem hien mau. Neu td chirc ddn tiep tdt thi sy e ngai, hdi hop hay ngo ngang d ngudi hien mau se nhanh chdng dugc giai quyet.
* Khi ddng ky hien mdu:
Sy liing tiing trudc mdt sd cau hdi dat ra trong phieu dang ky bien mau rat de lam cho ngudi hien mau tra ldi khdng chinh xac, nhat la khi d ban dang ky bien mau cd nhieu ngudi quen, hoac trudc sy thiic ep hay ggi y ciia nhieu ngudi khac.
Nhu cau dugc giai thich ve myc dich ciia phieu dang ky hien mau, dugc tu van, dugc tiep nhan mdt each tran trgng phieu dang ky hien mau va hudng dan quy trinh tiep theo.
* Khi khdm Idm sdng vd xet nghidm truac khi hien mdu:
Cam xuc hdi hop dugc diln ra d da sd ngudi hien mau. Nhieu ngudi lo lang khdng
r f \
biet nhan vien y te se nhan xet gi ve siic khde ciia hg. Hanh vi va cam xiic cua hg liic nay thudng la quan sat ti mi trong sy liing tiing va e ngai.
- Sg dau khi ldy mau xet nghiem, sg phat hien la minh bi benh.
Hpl NGH! KHOA HQC TOAN QU6c LAN THLT NHA'T VJ V A N D Q N G HIS'N M A U TINH NGUY$N
Ngudri hicn mau rat mong mudn dugc giai thich ve mue dich va nhfrng ket qua kbi kham iam sang \a xet nghiem, mong mudn duge ddng \ien \a bieu ducmg. Da so hg rat cang thang khi chd dgi ket qua xet nghicMii vii vui mimg kbi biet la dii dieu kien hien miiu.
Ngugc lai, nhirng ngucVi bj loai lai to ra budn va lo lang ngay ca kbi da duge tu van chu dao.
* Trong khi hien mdu:
Sg dau la cam xiic bay gap nhal la nhirng ngudi hien mau lan dau. Cam xiie sg dau tang len rat nhieu neu thieu sy dgng vien cua nhan \ ien lay mau.
Quan sat thai dg, banh \ i eua nhan vien lay mau va cac dyng cy lay mau. Sy liing tiing hoac ddng tac thd bao bay dyng cy khdng sach s6 deu lam cho ngudri hien mau lo lang tham chi sg hai.
- Mdt sd ngudri hien mau cd bieu hien "ty am thj" nhu cam thay minh dang "met ddn", cam thdy "dang khd thd",... Nhiing bilu hien nay cd the iam cho ngudri hien mau cd nhiing phan ling iam sang khdng mong muon. Mdt sd sg khi nhin thay mau chay. Do vay, sy ddng vien va chia se cua nhan vien lay mau la rat can thiet. Tuy vay, da sd ngudri hiln mau lan dau deu cam thay kha bdt ngd vi "khdng nghi la viec hien mau lai don gian nhu vay!"
* Sau khi hien mdu:
- cam xuc vui ve, thdy nhe nhdm kit hgp voi cam giac lang lang vi da hoan thanh viec hien mau ciiu ngudri. Ngay sau khi biln mau ngudri hien mau thudng mong mudn nghi them mdt thdi gian tai ghi ldy mau, so it mudn dimg day ngay. Luu y viec mgt sd ngudri gap khuyu tay lai dh giir bdng, mgt sd td md lat bdng noi chgc ven lam mau chay ra nhilu gay sg hai cho chinh hg va nhilu ngudri khac.
Mudn ndi chuyen, chia se vdri ngudri khac, dugc can dan, hudng dan chu dao nhung
vi?c can Iam tiep theo. Mudn dugc ghi nhan va bieu duong, dugc quan tam, cham sdc chu dao.
Nhfrng ngay sau kbi bien mau, ngudi hien mau a giai doan "tir kiem djnh" tire la so siinh nhiing thay ddi xay ra vdi hg vdri nhirng gi hg dugc biet trucVc dd. Ngudi hien mau rat lo lang neu cd nhirng bat thudng xay den vdi hg va de lien tudrng nhiing bat thudng d ho la do viec hien mau. Do vay, td chirc tu van sau khi hien miiu la rat can thiet ddi vdri ngudi hien mau.
II. cAc YEU T 6 TAC O O N G Tdi oAc
OIEM TAM LY CUA NGUdi HIEN MAU
T I N H NGUYEN
2.1. Cac yeu to thuge ve ngiroi hien m^u:
Nhan thiic ve hien mau tinh nguyen cua ngudi hien mau: nhung ngucri cd nhan thire day dii tbi cac dac diem tam ly cua ho tich eye hon so \a\ nhirng ngudri cd nhan thiic khdng day dii.
Sd ian hien mau: nhirng ngudi hien mau ian dau cd nhung dac diem tam ly bieu hien ro rang hon so vdri ngudri bien mau nhdc lai.
Nhirng ngudri cd nhan each yeu de co nhirng bieu hien "ty am thj" nhu cau dugc quan tam, cham sdc \a dugc ghi nhan cao hon so vdi ngudri binh thudng.
- Dgng CO va hoan canh hien mau:
nhirng ngudi hien mau tinh nguydn khdng vi vy lgi cho ban than se cd tam ly tich eye hom nhiing ngudri hien mau cd vy lgi hoac chju siic ep khi tham gia hien mau.
2.2. C^c yeu to thuoc ve to chirc hien mau:
- Bien phap sir dyng de can thiep chuyen ddi hanh vi: can thiep chuyen ddi hanh vi tryc tiep thudng tao cho ngudri hiln mau co nhiing bieu hien ro rang hon so voi can thiep gian tiep.
Y HQC VlfT NAM T H A N G 12 - SO DAC BlgT/2011
Td chiic diem hien mau: trang tri, sap xep quy trinh, cac trang thiit bj va thai do cua nhan vien, tuyen truyen vien cd anh hudng rat Idn tdi tam ly ciia ngudi bien mau.
2.3. Cac yeu to khach quan: thdi tiet, hoan canh hien mau (nhat la khi cd tham hga xay ra hoac ngudi than can truyen mau cap cim) cd anh hudng tdi tam ly cua ngudri hien mau.
TAI UEU THAM K H A O
1. Ngo Manh Quan, (2004), "Van dgng cho mau nhac lai: bien phap dam bao an toan truyen mau cd hieu qua", Yhgc thuc hdnh ('so 497/2004), HaNgi, 187 190.
2. Ngo Manh Quan, (2010), "Khao sat sy hai long cua ngudi hien mau ddi vdi cdng tac to chiic hien mau tai Ha Ngi nam 2009", Y hgc Viet Nam (Thdng 9 - 5d 2/2010), Ha Ngi, 477 -451.
3. Nguyen Birc Thuan, (2008), "Can thifp chuyin ddi hanh vi trong van dgng hien mau rinh nguy?n", Y hgc Viet Nam (Thang 3 So 2/2008), HaNgi, 8 9 - 9 8 .
4. Nguyen Dire Thuan, (2008), "Khao sat nhan thiirc, thai do va hanh vi ve hiln mau tinh
nguydn cua thanh nien tai Ha Noi, Bac Giang va VTnh Phuc", Y hgc Viel Nam (Thang 3 S62/2OO8), HaNgi, 629-637.
5. Nguyen Du-c Thuan, (2010), "Khao sat nhan thirc, thai do va hanh vi vc hien mau tinh nguyen d ngudi hien mau thay the tai Ha Npi nam 2008", Y hgc Viet Nam (Thdng 9 So 2/2010), Ha Npi, 427-430.
6. Nguyin Dire Thuan, (2008), "Tim hieu dac diem tain ly cua ngudi hien mau khi tham gia hien mau tinh nguyen", Y hgc Viet Nam (Thang 3 So 2/2008), Ha Ngi, 638 - 645.
7. Nguyen Anh Tri, (2004), "An toan truyen mau va nhirng bi?n phap de dam bao truyen mau an toan", Mpl sd chuyen de Huyet hgc - Truyin mdu (tap I), NXB Y hgc, 87- 93.
8. Pham Quang Vinh, (2010), "Ngudi cho mau nguy ca thap", Mpt so chuyen de Huyet hgc - Truyen mdu Tap 3, NXB Y hgc, Ha Ngi, 95 101.
9. To chirc Y te the giffi (WHO), (2001), Cho mdu an todn, NXB Y hgc. Ha Ngi.
10. AABB, (1998), Motivating Donors in Today's World: Recruitment and Retention, Bethesda, Maryland.
