DANH GIA HIEU QUA CUA CAC DOANH NGHIEP SAN xilAT THUOC TAI VIET NAM
Nguyen Trudng SoTi*, Nguyen Thi Hanh**
Ngaynhan: 2/10/2015 Ngay nhan ban sua: 31/12/2015 Ngay duyet dang; 25/01/2016
Tdm tat:
Bdi bdo ndy trinh bdy kit qud nghiin citu vi hieu qud ky thuat ciia cdc doanh nghiep sdn xudt thudc tgi Viet Nam. Qud trinh nghien citu dugc tiin hdnh theo hai giai dogn; sit dung md hinh phdn tich bao da lieu (DEA) di uac lugng hieu qud ky thuat cua doanh nghiip vd sie dung md Mnh Tobit di phan tich cdc nhdn td dnh hu&ng din hieu qud. Dit Ueu vi 148 doanh nghiip sdn xudt thudc trin todn qudc dugc lay tit kit qud Dieu tra doanh nghiip nam 2014. Kit qud nghiin cim cho thdy hiiu qud ky thuat thuan cua da sd cdc doanh nghiip sdn xudt thudc la thdp so vdn cdc doanh nghiip dgt Miu qud vd nguyin nhdn chu yiu la do cdc doanh nghiip ndy da cd quyit dinh quy md khdng hgp ly. Trinh dp lao dpng dugc xdc dinh la nhdn td quan trgng nhdt cd tdc dpng tich cue din hiiu qud cita cdc doanh nghiip sdn xudt thudc.
Tir khoa: Hieu qua kifa doafa, hieu qua ky thuat, DEA, doafa nghiep sfa xuat thudc, ngafa dugc Assessing the performance of drug production enterprises in Vietnam
Abstract;
This paper focuses on assessing the performance of drug production enterprises in Vietnam. In the two - stage process, a data envelopment analysis model (DEA) was used to estimate the efficiency of enterprises and a Tobit model was used to analyze the factors affecting the efficiency. Data of 148 drug manufacturing enterprises were collected from Business Survey in 2014. The findings show that majority of the drug enterprises have low CRSTE in comparing with the effective enter- prises, and the main reason is that they have unreasonable scale decision. Labor standard is the
most important factor that has a positive impact on the efficiency of drug enterprises.
Keywords: Business efficiency; technical efficiency; DEA; drug manufacturing enterprises; phar- maceutical industry.
1. Gidi thieu Heu, teang thilt bj y tl, chilm 10,49%) va 4.694 Theo EvaluatePharma (2015), giai doan 2014- doanh nghiep cd chto nfag thuong mai diigc (bfa 2020, ngafa dugc se cd mto tfag trufag trung bifa budn va bfa le thudc va teang thilt bj y tl, chilm 4,8% va doafa thu tieu thy tofa ciu nam 2020 se dat 88,68%). Sd doafa nghiep thuang mai dugc failu mto 1000 ty USD. 6 Viet Nam, tdng tiln thudc sit gap 8,45 lln sd doafa nghiep sfa xuit dugc cho dyng trong nam 2014 la 2.925 trieu USD trong dd ^ l y du Viet Nam dang la thj trutag hip din nhung tdng gia tri thuoc su dyng dugc sto xuit trong nude cac doafa nghiep sto xuit thudc trong nude phai la 1.352 trieu USD, chilm 46,2%. Theo kit qua dilu cafa teafa rit khd khto vdi thudc faap khlu.
tea doafa nghiep cua Tdng cyc Thdng ke nam 2014, Din 31/12/2013, ca nude cd 393 doafa nghiep tifa cho din 31/12/2013, Viet Named 5.293 doafa sfa xuit thuoc so vdi nam 2009 la 272 doafa nghiep kifa doafa dugc, trong dd cd 44 doafa nghiep, bao gdm ca doafa nghiep san xuit thudc nghiep trdng dugc lieu (chiem 0,83%), 555 doafa ddng dugc va tan dugc, doafa nghiep sfa xuit nghiep san xuat dugc (bao gdm sfa xuit thudc cho thudc cho ngudi va thuoc thu y. Trung binh moi nam ngudi, thudc thii y; ndng dugc; bda dugc va dugc Viet Nam cd them 30 doafa nghiep sfa xuit thudc,
'^^"^"so^^^oi^ 5 3 kinhle^J'liaUrien
Bang 1: Thong ke nang lu-c san xuit va kit qua kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep san xuit thuoc Vigt Nam Chi tieu
Sd lugng doanh nghiep dang boat ddng
Vdn sfa xuat kinh doafa bifa qufa hfag nam (ty VND) Tdng sd lao ddng tifa den 31/12/2013 (ngudi) Doafa thu thuto sto xuat kinh doafa (ty VND) Lgi fauto trudc thue (ty VND)
Ti suat lgi faufa (%)
2009 272 19081 34848 21780 2137 9,62
2010 289 24567 36306 28515 2888 9,94
2011 343 28355 38302 31148 2799 8,82
2012 369 33309 40879 38806 3348 8,47
2013 393 35948 43538 43056 3905 8,94 tdng sd vdn kifa doafa tfag 22,10%, va sd lao dfag
tfag 6,23%. Nam 2013, tdng doanh thu thuin san xuat kifa doanh cua cac doafa nghiep sfa xuat thudc la 35.948 ty VND, toe do tfag doafa thu thuin giai doan 2009-2013 la 24,42%. Tdng lgi fauto dat mto 3.905 ty VND, va tdc do tfag trung bmh nam la 20,68%.
Nam 2013, mot doafa nghiep sto xuat thudc Viet Nam trung bifa cd qui md vdn la 91 ty VND, sd lao ddng trung bifa la 111 ngudi. Doafa thu thuin trung binh gto 110 ty VND va Igi fauan bifa qufa la 9,9 ty VND.
Hifa 1 cho thay xu hutog bifa ddng ty suit lgi faufa cua cac doafa nghiep sfa xuit thudc, doafa nghiep che biln, chl tao va cua cto doanh nghiep Viet Nam ndi chung. Cto doafa nghiep sfa xuit thudc cd hieu qua kifa doafa rit cao. Nam 2013, ty suat lgi faufa cua cto doafa nghiep sto xuit thudc, hda dugc va dugc lieu la 8,94%, gip 1,93 lin so vdi cac doafa nghiep trong linh -vyc chl biln, chl tao va
Ngudn: Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2014 gap 2,29 lto so vdi mto chung cua doafa nghiep.
Tuy faien, teong khi cto doafa nghiep fain chung cd sy phuc hdi tdt sau giai doan suy thoai kifa te 2010-2012 thi d cto doafa nghiep sto xuit thudc, hda dugc va dugc lieu, ty suit Igi fauto cham phyc hdi ban. De dap tog fau cfa thudc dang tfag cao va thyc hien muc tifa thudc sfa xuit teong nude chiem 80%) tdng gia trj thudc tifa thy teong nam va dfa nam 2030 thudc sfa xuat trong nude ca bfa dap tog fau cfa sii dung thudc Chifa phu (2014) da de ra, Viet Nam cfa cd sy md rdng va phat trifa faafa chdng ca ve qui md va trifa do sto xuat thudc. Do vay, viec xem xet dafa gia hieu qua kifa doafa cua cto doafa nghiep dugc va phto tich cac fafa td afa hufag dfa hieu qua cua cto doafa nghiep nay lam co sd cho viec de ra cto giai phap kinh doafa hieu qua cho cac doafa nghiep va cto chifa stoh hd teg ta cac co quan quto ly la cd y nghTa thiet thyc. Day cfag la myc tieu chifa ciia nghien cto nay.
Hinh 1. Ti suat loi nhuan cua cac doanh nghiep giai doan 2009-2013
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
-Doanh nghiep san xuat thu6c Doanh nghiep noi chung -Doanh nghiep che bien, chi tao
2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 3
Ngudn: Tdng cue Thiing ki, 2014
SS 224 thdng 02/2016 54
De lam ca sd cho viec nghifa cto, bai bto sit dung kit qua dilu tea ta 148 doafa nghiep sfa xuat thudc, dfag phuang phap phto tich bao sd lieu (DEA) de udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat va ky thuat TOBIT de phfa tich cac fafa td afa hutag. Phfa mem STATA 13.0 dugc dfag cho viec xit ly va trifa bay sd lieu.
2. Cff sd ly thuylt, tdng quan nghien cihi, va phuffng phap nghien ciiu
2.1. Cff s& ly thuyet
Hieu qua ky thuat Ito dto tifa dugc gidi thieu bdi Farrell vto nam 1957 dya teen cto nghifa cto cua Debreu (1951) va Kopman (1951). Farrell (1957) dua ra y tatog ap dung dutog gidi han kha nfag sfa xuat Iam tifa chi dafa gia hieu qua taong ddi giiia cto cdng ty teong cfag mdt ngafa. Ong cho ring hieu qua cua mdt don vj sfa xuat bao gdm hai thafa phfa: hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phfa bd. Hieu qua ky thuat (TE) cd the dugc difa nghTa la kha ntog mdt don vj sfa xuat tdi da hda dfa ra vdi mdt tap hgp dfa vto va cdng nghe cho trudc. Hieu qua phto bd (AE) phto afa kha nfag don vj sfa xuit dd cd the sit dyng cto dto vto theo cto ti le tdi im vdi cto gia ca taong tog cho trudc. Hieu qua kifa te la sy ket hgp cua hai hieu qua thafa phfa nay.
Phuang phap dafa gia hieu qua cua Farrell thdi dd da fafa dugc sy quan tam mdt sd nha nghifa cto fau Afriat (1972). Din khi Chames & cdng sy (1978) gidi thieu phuong phap phfa tich bao du lieu (DEA) thi nd mdi thyc sy dugc md rdng va ngay nay da ted tbafa mdt tog dyng Ita trong phfa tich kifa te. Ggi la phuong phap phfa tich bao dii lieu vi DEA su dyng fatog bifa dto ra tdt faat tog vdi mto dto vto xto djfa de tao thafa mdt dufag bao bien va coi dd la gidi ban hieu qua ky thuat cua ngafa.
Mdt each don gifa, hieu qua (mang tifa ky thuat) ciia viec sit dung cto yfa td dto vto x^ de thu dugc yeu td dto ra y. cd the dugc do lufag theo cdng thiic:
TE = Tong dau ra _ EfaiPiy;
Tong dau vao I]y_ j Wyxy
Khi ap dung cho mdt doafa nghiep (hay ggi chung la DMU) cd k yeu td diu vto va sto xuit ra m kit qua dto ra, thi cto phai dya teen gia ca p. va w- cua cto ylu td diu vto/dto ra dd dl tinh toto.
Tuy faifa, viec xto djfa gia ca cua ttog ylu td diu
vto/dfa ra thutag rat phiic tap, do vay, de don gifa, cd the gia thiet la mdi DMU se sii dung fatog tegng sd faat djfa Uj va v. sao cho diem hieu qua TE ciia nd la cao faat, ndi ctoh khac, u^ va v- la fatog trgng sd giiip cho DMU dd tien gfa den dutag gidi han kha nfag sto xuat PPF faat. Vi vay, Uj va v. dugc ggi la "gia to" de phfa biet vdi p^ va w- la gia ca thyc va ddng vai trd fau gia ca trong viec tifa tofa hieu qua ky thuat TE.
Mot each tdng quat, voi bai tofa cd n DMU, mdi DMU sit dyng k yfa td dfa vto -x.^, de tao ra m yfa td dfa ra -y^, viec xto djfa hieu qua TE^^ cita mdt DMU^ bat ky se dugc tifa tofa fau sau:
max„_,TE„
Trong dieu kien:
Lj=lVQjXoj
TE„=ffi"'"^'''<l,a=l,...,n
Ui,Vj>0,i=l,...,m,j= 1, ...,k Chames & cdng sy (1978) da ap dyng phuong phap tdi uu hda tayfa tifa phi tham sd (non-para- metric linear optimization) vto viec giai quyet cdng thto tdng quat trfa vdi gia thiet bieu qua khdng ddi theo quy md (CRS). Sau do. Banker va ctg (1984) da phat trien bai tofa nay cho trutag hgp hieu qua thay ddi theo quy md (VRS). Cho dfa nay, faifa md hifa DEA khto da dugc phat trien fau Malmquist DEA, network DEA, SBM DEA,...
Nhtog uu diem ndi bat cua DEA la cho phep phfa tich hieu qua trong trutag hgp khdng the tiep cfa nghien cto edng nghe sfa xuat; cho phep phfa tich mdt sd lugng Ifa cac yfa td dfa vto va dto ra khdng cung don vj tinh; cd the dugc ap dung vdi cto mto nghifa cto nhd, khto vdi phuong phap phfa tich hdi quy thutag yeu cto co mto Ita;... Tuy nhien, DEA ctog cd nhifa faugc diem. Trong DEA khdng tdn tai yeu td mto y nghTa hay do tin cay nfa sai sdt trong do lutag va nhifa thdng ke cd the afa hutag dfa hinh dang va vi tri dufag gidi ban kha nfag sfa xuat. Viec loai bd cto yfa td dto vao hoac dto ra quan tegng ra khdi md hinh cd the dfa den ket qua sai lech. Khi so safa gia trj hieu qua cua hai nghien cto cd mto khto faau se khd khto vi cto gia trj trung bifa phfa afa phuang sai cua gia tej udc lugng hieu qua bfa trong mdi mto.
Vi dfah gia hieu qua ky thuat chi cho biet mdt doanh nghiep cd dat hieu qua hay khdng so vdi
SS 224 tiling 02/2016
d u t a g bifa hieu qua ky thuat cua ngafa ma chua chi ra dugc fatog fafa td nao quylt djfa d i n hieu qua ky thuat cua doafa nghiep, do vay trong faieu nghifa c t o dafa gia hieu qua ky thuat, cto tto gia t h u t a g xay dyng md hifa kinh t l lugng de udc lugng xem hieu qua ky thuat phy thudc vao fafag biln n t o va m t o y nghia cua cto bifa. Do bifa phu thudc TE bj chto trong doan [0,1] nen md hifa hdi quy thdng t h u t a g khdng phii hgp, mdt sd tto gia da lya chgn md hifa Pooled OLS, Tobit,... de khac phyc faugc diem dd.
2.2. Tdng quan nghien ciru
Sit dung DEA trong udc lugng va dafa gia hieu qua ngay ctog dugc quan tam va dugc tog dung teong failu nghifa c t o phto tich kifa t l trong va ngoai nude. Vi dy, mdt sd nghifa c t o quan tegng tefa thi gidi fau nghien c t o cua Serrano-Cinca &
cdng sy (2005) teong dafa gia bieu qua cua cto cdng ty intemet; Min & cdng sy (2008) do l u t a g bieu qua ciia cac khtoh san bang sang cua Hfa Qudc, Delis & Papanikolaou (2009) trong ngafa ngfa hfag.
Trong nude cfag da cd faifa nghifa c t o dafa gia hieu qua sit dung vdi tog dyng ciia DEA fau ve dafa gia ntog suat va hieu qua cua mdt sd ngafa sfa xuit d Viet Nam cua Nguyfa Khto Mifa va Giang Thafa Long, dtoh gia hieu qua ngafa det may Viet Nam cua Vii Hofag Dat (Nguyen Khto Mifa, 2006), dafa gia hieu qua ciia cac ndng hd (Quan Mifa Nhyt, 2011); dafa gia hieu qua kinh doafa cua cto doafa nghiep cd lgi the xuat khfa cua Bifa Djfa (Nguyen Thi Hanh, 2015).
2.3. Phuffng phdp nghien ciru
Viec dafa gia hieu qua kifa doafa cfa cac doafa nghiep sfa xuit dugc teong nghifa c t o nay dugc thyc hien theo quy b i f a 2 budc: Budc 1- Udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat cua doafa nghiep bfag ky thuat DEA; Budc 2 - Phfa tich cto fafa td a f a h u t a g din hieu qua cita doafa nghiep vdi md hifa Tobit.
2.3.1. Md Mnh uac lugng hieu qud
D I udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat cua cto doafa nghiep sfa xuit dugc, tac gia sit dung cto gia hi thyc t l v l tdng sd vdn (ky hieu la vonkd, don vj tinh la trieu VND), tong sd lao dgng (ky hieu la tld, don vj tifa la ngudi), lam cac b i l n d t o v t o cita md hifa.
Cto biln d i u ra bao gdm doafa thu thufa nam 2013 (dtthuan2013) va chi sd lgi faufa rdng 2013 (chslta2013), chi sd tdc do tfag tin-fag 2013/2012 (chisotangtruong), thj p h i n taong ddi teong so stoh vdi DMU cd doafa thu thuin tifa thy cao faat (thiphantd). Trong do, cto chi sd Igi faufa, chi sd tdc do tfag t r u t a g dugc tifa theo cdng thto:
IDMUI = (Gi^ tiri thyc tlo^^ui - Gia tej cyc tilu) / (Gia tri cyc d a i - Gia tri cue tieu) Hieu qua ky thuat dugc tinh tofa va so stoh giiia cto doafa nghiep teong m f a nghifa c t o nfa viec sit dyng cto chi sd thay cho gia trj thyc te cua cto bien sd ndi trfa la phu hgp va qua do giiip thda mfa cto rtog budc gia tri bifa khdng am cua md hifa.
2.3.2. Md hinh xdc dinh nhdn td dnh hu&ng din hiiu qud
Sau khi udc lugng hifa qua ky thuat cua cac doafa nghiep, tto gia sit dung md hifa hdi quy kiem
Bien sd
Bang 2. Dien giai va ky vong ve tac dong ciia cac bien doc lap trong md hinh hoi quy
Dien giai Ky vgng
Tuoidn Tudi doafa nghiep, la thdi gian boat ddng thyc te cua doafa nghiep -i- Tdlaodong Trifa do lao ddng, la ti le lao ddng cd trifa do cao tren tdng lao -i-
ddng
mdtbkt M t o do trang bj ky thuat tefa lao dgng, btog gia tri TSCDATdng sd + Lao ddng
sdktrenvon Mfa do thanh cdng trong R&D, la sd dtog ky thudc trfa vdn
tanduoc Sto pham chu yeu la tan dugc (Bien gia), fafa gia trj bfag 1 neu + tren 50% sd sto pham cto doanh nghiep la tfa dugc, bfag 0 neu la
ddng dugc
qmlon Qui md cua doafa nghiep la Ita (Biln gia), fafa gia trj + btog 1 dfag; btog 0 neu khdng dfag
Cogmp Nha may cua doafa nghiep cd chfag fato GMP, fato gia trj bfag 1 -I- neu la cd, btog 0 neu la khdng
Coken Nha may d trong khu cdng nghiep (Biln gia), fafa gia tri btog 1 + neu la cd, btog 0 neu la khdng
Ngudn: Khdo sdt cua cdc tdc gid
SS 224 tiling 02/2016 56
duyet Tobit dl xto djfa cto fato to toh hutag dfa chi sd hieu qua nay. Md hifa dugc md ta fau sau:
CRSTE = a„ -1- a,taoidn a, tdlaodong Ojmdtbkt -I- a^ sdktrenvon + ajtanduoc -i- a6 qmlon -I- a^ cgmp + a^ ckcn + E
Trong dd, CRSTE la hieu qua ky thuat khdng thay ddi theo quy md, ai (i=1^8) la cto he sd taong fag vdi cto bifa ddc lap la todi doafa nghiep (taoidn), trifa do lao ddng (tdlaodong), mto do teang bj ky thuat teen lao ddng (mdtbkt), sd dfag ky thudc tefa vdn (sdkteenvon), va cto bien gia la doafa nghiep sto xuat tfa dugc, doanh nghiep cd quy md Ita (qmlon), doafa nghiep ed chfag fato GMP (cgmp), doafa nghiep cd faa may sfa xuat d khu cdng nghiep (ckcn), va s la nhieu ngfa faifa.
Cac bien tadi doafa nghiep, trifa do lao ddng, mto do trang bi ky thuat, quy md doafa nghiep dugc sit dyng faieu trong cto nghifa cto trong nude fau cua Nguyfa Khto Mifa, Giang Thafa Long, Vii Hofag Dat (Nguyfa Khto Mifa, 2005).
Tit fatog nghifa cto thyc te cua tto gia va theo y kien cua cto chuyen gia ve dto thu cua ngafa dugc, cto bifa sd dtog ky thudc trfa vdn, doafa nghiep sto xuat tfa dugc, doafa nghiep cd chtog nhto GMP (cgmp), doafa nghiep cd faa may sto xuat d khu cdng nghiep (ckcn) dugc dua vto phto tich.
2.3.3. Md td sd lieu
Ngudn chifa cita dii lieu dugc lay ta Tdng cue Thdng ke (2014), teong dd, tap trung vao cto thdng tin chifa nhu cto ngafa nghe, cto loai hinh doafa nghiep, vdn va tai sto, lao ddng, cto boat ddng sto
xuat kinh doafa cua nam 2013 cua 178 doafa nghiep sfa xuat thudc cho ngudi tefa toan qudc. Khi thyc hifa khto sat thu thap sd lieu phyc vy cho nghien cto, dii lieu dugc lam sach va tdng sd quan sat cdn lai 148. Qua trinh xii ly sd lieu dugc thyc hien vdi sy teg giup cua phfa mem STATA 13.0.
Thdng ke co bfa cua 148 doafa nghiep sfa xuat thudc dugc teinh bay d Bfag 3. Vdn trung bifa cua mdt doafa nghiep la 197 ty VND, quy md lao ddng trung bifa la 234 ngudi cho thay quy md cua cac doafa nghiep san xuat thudc la Ita. Doafa thu thufa tieu thy thudc nam 2013 trung bifa la 243 ty VND. Chi sd toe do ttog trutag trung bifa (nam 2013 so vdi 2012) la 0,029, va chi sd lgi fauin rdng nam 2013 trung binh la 0,116 deu rat thip, do lech chufa cua hai chi tieu nay cfag thap cho thay cac mto tfag trufag va lgi fauto thyc te eua cto doafa nghiep da phto tap trung d phia gia tri thap.
3. Ket qua va thao luan
De udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat, tac gia sit dyng phuong phap phto tich bao sd lieu (DEA) chay trfa phto mem Stata 13.0. Btog 4 thdng ke ket qua udc lugng bieu qua cua cto doafa nghiep va Btog 5 teifa bay phto fadm cto doanh nghiep theo ket qua udc lugng hieu qua.
Cd 13 doanh nghiep dat hieu qua hieu qua ky thuat thay ddi theo quy md (VRSTE = 1). Mto trung bifa cua cto doafa nghiep khto sat la kha cao 0,717 va vdi do lech chuto 0,198 cd the thay faifa doanh nghiep tap trung ve phia cac doanh nghiep dat hieu qua. Tuy faien, bieu qua phfa bd cua cto
Cac bien vonkd (trieu VND) tld (ngudi) dtthuan2013 (trieu VND)
chisotangtmong thiphantd (100%) chsfa2013
Bang Sd quan
sat 148 148 148 148 148 148
3: Thdng ke cac bien sd Trung binh
196679 234 242977 0,029 6,91 0,116
Do Ifch chuan
329736 340 430862 0,084 12,30 0092
Nhd nhit 605 2 10 0 0 0
Ldn nhat 2700000
2830 3500000 1 100 1 Ngudn: Cdc tdc gid thuc Men vai so lieu ciia Tdng cue Thdng ki (2014) trin STATA
Hieu qua crs te vrs te Scale
Bang 4:
So quan sat 148 148 148
Thdng ke ket q Trung binh
0,168 0,717 0,198
ua irdc luffng hi Do lech chuan
0,253 0,198 0,246
en qua Nho nhat
0,017 0,084 0,031
Ldn nhat 1 1 1
SS 224 thing 02/2016
Ngudn: Cdc tdc gid thuc hiin v&i kit qud tit DEA trin STA TA
57
kinlileJIiHUrien
Bfag 5: Phan nhom cac Mu-c hieu qua
Cdhieu qua(TE=l)
Miic hieu qua kha (0,7<TE<1) M t o hieu qua trang bifa (0,4<TE<0,7) M t o hieu qua thap (0<rE<0,4) Tdng cdng
doanh nghiep theo mii-c dat hieu aua CRS-TE
S d D N 8 4 130 6 148
Ti trong
5,41 2,70 87,84 4,05 100,00
VRS-TE S o D N
13 63 7 65 148
Ti trgng
8,78 42,57 4,73 43,92 100,00
SCALE Sd
DN 8 4 130 6 148
Ti trong 5,41 2,70 87,84 4,05 100,00 Ngudn; Cdc tdc gid thuc Men v&i kit qud tit DEA tren STATA doafa nghiep lai rat thap, miic trung bifa chi dat
0,198 va do lech chuto la 0,246 cho thay cto doafa nghiep hfa het tap tmng d mto trung bifa va thap ve bieu qua phfa bd (chilm 91,89%). Chifa do sy khdng hgp ly teong phto bd nay ma hieu qua ky thuat khdng ddi theo quy md cua cac doafa nghiep giam di dfag ke, trung bifa la 0,168, va chi cd 8 doafa nghiep dat hieu qua kmh tl (CRSTE =1).
Ket qua udc lugng hieu qua cfag cho thiy cd 94 teong sd 148 doafa nghiep dugc khao sat (chilm 63,51%) cd hieu qua giam theo quy md, 19 doafa nghiep (chiem 12,84%,) cd hieu qua tfag theo quy md, va 35 doafa nghiep (chilm 23,65%,) cd hieu qua khdng ddi theo quy md. Nhu vay, nlu dya teen kifa nghiem cua doafa nghiep va quan sat ciia bg tefa thj trutag thi nhieu doafa nghiep se khdng mto ma vdi cto quyet djfa md rdng quy md kinh doafa teong taong lai.
Sau khi udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat, cto tto gia sit dyng hfai hdi quy kilm duyet Tobit teen STATA 13.0 de dafa gia mto do afa hutag cua cto biln sd tadi doafa nghiep (taoidn), trifa do lao ddng (tdlaodong), mto do teang bj ky thuat trfa lao ddng (mdtbkt), sd dtog ky thudc teen vdn (sdkteenvon), va cto biln gia la doafa nghiep sfa xuit tan dugc (tanduoc), doafa nghiep cd quy md Ifa (qmlon),
doanh nghiep cd chtog fafa GMP (cgmp), va doafa nghiep cd faa may d khu cdng nghiep (ckcn).
Theo ket qua thdng ke, mot doafa nghiep sto xuat thudc tnmg bifa cd gfa 13 ntoi kifa nghiem, cd 22,87%o lao dgng cd trifa do ta dai hgc ted len, mto do teang bi ky thuat la 236 trieu VND/lao dfag, va cii trung bifa mdi nam, mot doafa nghiep cd 0,28 so dfag ky thudc teen 1 ty VND vdn kinh doafa. Sd trung bifa cua cto bifa gia cho thay 66%
sd doafa nghiep dugc khto sat sfa xuat tan dugc, 46% doafa nghiep cd quy md Ita, 66% doafa nghiep cd chtog fafa GMP va 28% doafa nghiep cd faa may teong khu cdng nghiep.
Bang 7 cho ket qua udc lugng ta md hifa Tobit.
Tit thdng fa tdm tat ve dii lieu kilm duyet cho thiy cd 8 quan sat bi kiem duyet phai, khdng cd quan sat nao bj kiem duyet teai. Gia tri hgp ly (Log likelihood) tifa dugc bing 11,347157 la fad, md hifa udc lugng kha phu hgp.
Vdi mto y nghia 5%, md hmh Tobit cho kit qua cd 3 chi tieu cd fah hutag din hieu qua ky thuat khdng ddi theo quy md, gdm cd trifa do lao ddng, quy md doafa nghiep va -viec doafa nghiep cd chtog fafa sto xuat thudc tdt.
Cac ket qua nay cho bilt:
Bang 6: Kit qua thdng ke biln sir dung tronp mo hinh Tnhit Cto bien so
crs te Tuoidn Tdlaodong Mdtbkt Sdktrenvon Tanduoc Qmlon Cgmp Ckcn
Sd doanh nghiep
148 148 148
Trung binh 0,168 12,92 22,87 148 1 236.13 148 0 2 8 148 0.66 148 0,46 148 1 0.66 148 0,28
Do lech chuan 0 ^ 5 3 11,40 14,01 246,59 0,60 0,48 0,50 0,48 0.45
Nhd nhit 0,017
1 0,52 1.20 0 0 0 0 0
Lffn nhat i 1 : 54 91,87:
1717.78 5 25 1 1 1 1 Ngudn: Cdc tdc gid thuc Men v&i sd lieu cda Tdng cue Tlidng ki (2014) tren STA TA
SS 224 thdng 02/2016 58
KinhlfAttrieo
Tobit regression
Log likelihood = 11.347157
Bang 7: Ket qua u-dc lugng tir md hinh Tobit Number of obs = LR chi2(8)
Prob > chi2 Pseudo R2
148 76,51 0 1,4217 crs te
tuoidn tdlaodong mdtbkt sdktrenvon tanduoc qmlon cgmp Ckcn cons /sigma
Coef.
-0,00209 0,06848 -0,00004 -0,03096 -0,02911 -0,10151 -0,13067 -0,03371 0,21958 0,20433
Std. Err.
0,00168 0,00126 0,00008 0,03094 0,04553 0,04759 0,05242 0,04395 0,04923 0,01245
T -1,24
5,44 -0,44 -1,00 -0,64 -2,13 -2,49 -0,77 4,46
P>t 0,216 0,000 0,660 0,319 0,524 0,035 0,014 0,444 0,000
[95% Conf.
-0,00542 0,00436 -0,00020 -0,09214 -0,11913 -0,19561 -0,23431 -0,12060 0,12224 0,17942
Interval]
0,00124 0,00933 0,00013 0,03021 0,06091 -0,00742 -0,02702 0,05317 0,31691 0,22864 Obs. summary:
Ngudn.
0 left-censored observations 140 uncensored observations
8 right-censored observations at crs_te>=l
Cdc tdc gid thuc Men v&i sd lieu ciia Tdng cue Thdng ki (2014) trin STATA - Khi ty le lao ddng cd trifa do cao tang Ifa !%>
teong dieu kifa cto yfa td khac khdng thay ddi, hieu qua ky thuat cua doafa nghiep la tfag Ifa 0,0055.
- Khi mdt doafa nghiep la cd quy md Ifa teong dieu kifa cto yeu td khto khdng ddi, hieu qua ky thuat eua doafa nghiep la thap ban 0,0803 so vdi doafa nghiep khdng phai quy md Ifa.
- Khi mdt doafa nghiep cd c h t o g fato sfa xuat thudc tdt teong dieu kien cac yeu td khto khdng thay ddi, hieu qua ky thuat cua doafa nghiep la thap hon xap xi 0,1074 so vdi doafa nghiep khdng cd c h t o g fato sto xuat thudc tdt.
4. Ket luan va goi y giai phap
Bai b t o da dafa gia mdt each khai quat tinh hinh boat ddng sto xuat kifa doafa cita cto doanh nghiep ngafa dugc Viet Nam va tap trung vao dafa
gia hieu qua ky thuat cua cto doafa nghiep s t o xuat thudc cho ngudi. Udc lugng hieu qua ky thuat vdi phuong phap tiep cfa phfa tich bao sd lieu DEA va phfa tich cac fafa td afa h u t a g bfag md hifa Tobit, cto tac gia dugc da nit ra n h t o g ket qua quan trgng sau:
Trong 148 doafa nghiep khto sat (chiem 82.68% sd doafa nghiep sto xuat thudc cho ngudi) chi cd 8 doanh nghiep kifa doanh cd hieu qua ky thuat (crste = 1). Hieu qua ky thuat trang bifa rat thap, chi dat 0.168. Nguyfa fafa chii yeu lam giam bieu qua la do cd tdi 91,89%) doafa nghiep chgn quy md khdng hgp ly lam hieu qua phfa bd thap. Phfa l t o cto doafa nghiep cd hieu qua giam theo quy md nfa ta quan sat thj t r u t a g va kifa nghiem kifa doafa cac doafa nghiep se thfa trgng hon trong cto quyet djfa d t o ta md rdng va phat trien sto xuat.
Bang 8: Ket qua phan tich anh hudng can bien ciia cac bien cd y nghia thdng ke Marginal effects after tobit
y = E(crs_te*|crs_te>0) (predict, ystar (0,.))
= 0,19401064 variable
tdlaodong qmlon cgmp
dy/dx 0,00547 -0,08030 -0,10739
Std. Err.
0,00102 0,03725 0,04412
Z 5,36 -2,16 -2,43
P>z 0 0,031 0,015
[ 95%
0,00347 -0,15330 -0,19386
CI. ] 0,00747 -0,00731 -0,02092
X 22,8655 0,45946 0,65541 (*) dy/dx is for discrete change of dummy variable from 0 to 1
Ngudn: Cdc tdc gid thuc Men vai so lieu cua Tdng cue Thong ke (2014) tren STATA
SS 224 thdng 02/2016 59
kinh leJhal trien
- Trinh do lao ddng la fato td tto ddng tich cyc fait tdi hieu qua sfa xuat kinh doanh ciia doafa nghiep sfa xuit thudc. Cto doafa nghiep cfa ttog cufag diu ta phat trien va khai thto cto ngudn faan lyc chit lugng cao bfa trong va ca ben ngoai phyc
•vy cho cto boat ddng nghifa c t o phat trien va sfa xuat thudc de ntog cao hieu qua.
- Cto doafa nghiep cd quy md I t a va cd faieu nam kifa nghiem t h u t a g cd vj the cao tren thj t r a t a g dugc. Tuy faifa, sd nam kifa nghiem theo kit qua khao sat khdng cd y nghTa thdng ke teong viec afa h u t a g dfa hieu qua kifa doafa. Bfa cafa do, he sd afa h u t a g am cua bien quy md I t a den bieu qua cho thay fatog vfa de yeu kem trong qufa ly va khai thto cto ngudn lyc d fatog doafa nghiep cd quy md Ita, hoto cd faieu nam kifa nghiem.
- Cto doafa nghiep s t o xuat t t o dugc t h u t a g cd vj the tdt hon tren thj t r u t a g faung viec cd sto xuat t t o dugc hay khdng lai khdng cd tac ddng d mite cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hieu qua cda doafa nghiep. Do vay, sto xuat tto dugc hay ddng dugc deu cd the dat hieu qua neu cd fatog quyet djnh d t o ta va thyc hafa sfa xuat kifa doafa phii hgp.
- Tfag c u t a g mite trang bj ky thuat tren lao ddng ve mat ly thuyet se giiip tang nfag suat lao ddng, tfag doafa thu va lgi faufa va qua dd tfag hieu qua ky thuat cua doafa nghiep. Tuy faifa, kit qua nghifa c t o khdng phii hgp vdi ky vgng khi mite teang bj ky thuat/lao ddng khdng cd tto ddng d m t o cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hieu qua cua doafa nghiep.
Vi vay cto doafa nghiep sto xuat thudc d n xay dyng chifa luge d t o ta tai sto cd difa hgp ly, cto
ddi giiia d i u ta cho co sd ba ting va cho may mdc thilt bi, lya chgn va mua s i m cdng nghe phii hgp ban.
- Doafa nghiep cd c h t o g fafa sfa xuat thudc tdt GMP la doafa nghiep da dap fag cto yeu d u v l fafa sy, thiet ke va xay dyng faa x u f a g , lap dat thilt bj, kiem soat ve sifa faa x u t a g va mdi truang, kilm soat qua trifa c h l bifa, qua teifa b t o quto va phfa phdi sfa pham. Tuy faifa, dfa ta faieu cho faa may GMP nhung chua khai thto het tiem ntog sfa xuit cua faa may cd the da lam giam hieu qua kifa doafa cua doafa nghiep. Cto doafa nghiep GMP vi vay cin cd cac chien luge d t o ta va kifa doafa ddng bg hon.
Viec doafa nghiep cd faa may d khu cdng nghiep khdng cd tto dgng d m t o cd y nghTa thdng ke tdi hieu qua cua doafa nghiep tay khdng dat ky vgng nghifa c t o faung phfa a f a d f a g thyc teang la cto khu cdng nghiep dang dfa mat di s t o hap dto ddi vdi cto doanh nghiep dugc. Cac co quan chto n t o g cfa nghifa c t o va cd bien phap difa chifa phu hgp de tfag hieu qua khai thto cto khu cdng nghiep, ban che fatog vfa de ve quy hoach phat trien va mdi t r u t a g .
- Ket qua nghien c t o va phat trifa cua cto doanh nghiep cd the dugc do l u t a g qua sd dfag ky thudc.
Tuy faifa, ket qua nghifa c t o thyc te cho thay sd dfag ky thudc bifa qufa tren vdn khdng cd tto ddng d m t o cd y nghTa dfa hieu qua kifa doafa ciia doafa nghiep, do vay cto doafa nghiep cto quan tam tifa hieu qua cfa chinh boat ddng nghifa c t o va phat trifa cto sfa pham thudc. •
Tai lieu tham khao
Afriat, S.N. (1972), 'Efficiency estimation of production tanctions', International Economic Review, 13 (3), 568-598.
Banker, R.D., Hames, A. & Cooper, W.W. (1984), 'Some models for estimating technical and scale efficiencies in data envelopment analysis', Management Science, 30, 1078-1092.
Chinh phil (2014), Quyet dinh sd 68/QD-TTg Phe duyet Chiin luge qudc gia phdt triin ngdnh Dugc Viet Nam giai dogn den nam 2020 vd tam nhin din nam 2030, ban htoh ngay 10 thtog 01 nam 2014.
Chames, A., Cooper, W.W. & Rhodes, E. (1978), 'Measuring the efficiency of decision making units', European Journal of the Operaiiona Research, 2(42), 29-44.
Debreu, G. (1951), 'The Coefficient of Resource Utilization', Econometrica, 19, 273-292.
Delis, M.D. & Papanikolaou, N.I. (2009), 'Determinants of bank efficiency: evidence from a semi-parametric methodology', Managerial Finance, 35(3), 260-275.
EvaluatePharma (2015), World preview 2015, outlook to 2020, London.
Farrell, M. (1957), 'The measurement of productive efficiency', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120(25), 3- 28.
SS 224 thdng 02/2016 60
Koopmans, T.C. (1951), 'An analysis of production as an efficient combuiation of activities', In Koopmans, T. C , editor. Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation, Jhon Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York.
Min, H., Min, H. & Joo, S.J. (2008), 'A data envelopment analysis - based Balanced Scorecard for measuring the comparative efficiency of Korean luxury hotels', Intemational Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 25(4), 349-365.
Nguyin Khac Minh (2006), Phdn tich dinh lugng dnh hudng cita tien bp cdng nghe din tdng truang mpt sd ngdnh cdng nghiep cita thdnh phd Hd Npi, NXB Khoa hgc Ky thuat, Ha Ngi.
Nguyen Tmdng Son & Nguyen Thi Hato (2011), 'Dtoh gia ato hufag ciia R&D doi vdi ket qua kinh doafa ciia doanh nghiep btog md hinh DEA', Tgp chi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghe Dgi hgc Dd Ndng, (42), 166-173.
Quan Minh Nhyt (2011), 'Sii dung cdng cu metafrontier va metatechnology ratio de md rdng fag dung md hinh phto tich mtog bao dit Ueu teong danh gia ntog suit va hieu qua sto xuat', Jap chi Khoa hgc, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha, 18a, 210-219.
Serrano-Cinca, C , Fuertes-Callen, Y. & Mar-Molinero, C. (2005), 'Measuring DEA efficiency in intemet compa- nies', Demio« Support Systems, 38(4), 557—573.
Shephard, R.W. (1970), Theroy of Cost and Prodution Functions, Princeton University Press.
Tong ciic Thdng ke Viet Nam (2014), Tdng dieu tra doanh nghiep nam 2014, Ha Ngi.
Thdng tin tac gia:
*Nguyen Tru&ng San, Gido su, Tiin sy
- Td chiic tdc gid cdng tdc: Tru&ng Dgi hgc Kinh ti Dd Ndng, Dgi hgc Dd Ndng - LTnh vuc nghiin cim chinh: Qudn tri kinh doanh
- Mpt sd tgp chi da ddng tdi cdng trinh nghiin cim; Tgp chi Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi, Tgp chi Kinh ti vd Phdt triin; Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law - Malaysia; Eurpean Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences.
- Dia chi EmaU: [email protected]
**Nguyin Thi Hgnh, Thgc sy, Truang Dgi hgc Quy Nhan
- Linh vuc nghiin citu chinh: Qudn tri hgc, qudn tri chiin luge, qudn tri nghiin citu vdphdt trien (R&D) - Mpt so tgp chi dd ddng tdi cdng trinh nghien cim: Tgp chi "Khoa hgc vd Cdng nghi " cita Dgi hgc Dd Ndng,
-Dia chi Email: nguyenthihanh(g),qnu.edu.vn
