GIAO DUC TRUNG HOC O CONG HOA NAM PHI:
N H C T N G T I E N T R I E N \ A V A N D E DAT RA
Dd Due Hi^p'
TOM TAT
Tit khi chdm did che do phdn biel chung toe Apartheid ndm 1994. Nam Phi da quan ldm ddu In:
cho gido due noi chung, gido due trung hgc noi rieng. Tuy nhien. irong nhirng ndm gdn day. giao due Irung hge Nam Phi ddi mat vai mdi sd vdn de nan giai. lie do phdn ndo ldm gidm chdt lut/ng ngudn nhdn luc. gdy kho khan eho qud trinh phdl trien kinh le - xa hgi eua ddi nuoc.
Tir khda: gido due Irung hoc. Nam Phi
Nhgn bdi: 12/9/2019. Phan bien vd sua chica: 20/9'20}9: Duyet ddng: 5/10/2019 Giao due trung hoc keo dai 6 nim tu ldp 7 den idp 12, dupc chia lim hai giai doan gdm 1. Nhung tien trien mdi ve giao due
trung hpc d Cong hoa Nam Phi So vdi cic qudc gia khic d khu vuc chau Phi. Cdng boa Nam Phi la qudc gia phit trien nhit vdi nen kinh te vi chinh tri tuong ddi dn dinh ke tir khi gianh dupc ddc lap nam 1961.
Theo Hien phap Nam Phi nam 1994, mpi cdng din nudc nay khdng cdn bi che dp phan biet chiing tpc chi phdi, ma deu dupc hudng nhihtg quyen lpi co bin nhu nhau \e giao due.
/. L VI tri cua gido due trung hgc trong h e thong gido due chung
He thdng giao due ciia Nam Phi dupc chia ra thanh 3 cap dp co ban gdm:
Gido due lieu hoc (cip 1) bat dau tir ldp vd ldng (gpi la ldp R) ddn hdt ldp 6. Diy la giio dye bit budc. Giio due tieu hpc lai dupc chia thinh hai giai doan vdi 2 muc dp Ii giio due nen tang (foundation phase) va giio due trung gian (intermediate phase).
giao due trung hpc co sd (cap 2) bit diu lir ldp 7 den ldp 9 la giio due bat budc, tiep theo la giao diic trung hpc phd thdng (cip 3) tir ldp 10 den ldp 12 chuyen sang cac hoat ddng giio due chuyen biet (giao due lira chpn).
Gido due sau trung hge bao gdm dio tao trung cap. day nghe, du bi dai hpc, cao ding, dai hpc va sau dai hpc (dio tao thac sy va lien sy).
Nhu \ ay giio due trung hpc d Nam Phi bao gdm giio due trung hpc co sd (tu ldp 7 den Idp 9) va giio due trung hpc phd thdng (tu ldp
10 ddn Idp 12).
J. 2. Cdc dgo luat vd chtnh sdch moi ve gido due trung hpc
Sau khi chim dirt chd do diet chiing Apartheid, Nam Phi cdng bd "Sich tring ve giio due va dao tao tai Nam Phi: Budc di diu tien dd phat trien he thdng mdi" xuit bin
• Ti^n sT, Vi?n Nghien ciru Chau Phi va Trung Dong
Tap chi nghien cuu CH u PHI & TRUNG DONG S6 10(170) thing 10/2019^
Oo Dire Hiep Giao due trung hoc d Narn^F
thing 2 n3m 1995. Cudn sich dupc dinh g i i la Cam nang chinh sich giio dye co bin cua Bd Giio due Nam Phi liic b i \ ' gid.
Hien p h i p Nam Phi sua ddi n i m 1996.
C png hda Lien bang Nam Phi dupc ddi ten chinh thuc thinh Cpng hda Nam Phi bao gdm 9 tinh vdi thii dd hinh chinh li Pretoria Theo qu> dinh tai bin Hien p h i p sua doi niy. chinh quvcn trung uong phu trich. ban hinh cic hudng dan. chinh sich giio dye qudc gia chung cho ca nudc. cdn mdi tinh cd ca quan giio dye rieng vdi nhiem vy irien khai chinh sach giao due qudc gia tren co sd tu chu ciia tinh minh.
Trcn CO sd Hien phap mdi. Cdng hda Nam Phi d3 ihdng qua Luat chinh sach giao due qudc gia nim 1996 (National Education Policy Act - NEPA, cdn gpi la Luit 27 nSm 1996) \ a Luat irudng hpc Nam Phi nam 1996 (South African Schools Act - SASA. cdn gpi li Luat 84 nim 1996) nhim bao d i m cho til ca hpc sinh deu duoc binh dang ve giio due.
khdng phan biet sac tpc. dupc den trudng di hpc tir 7 den 15 ludi. Sau niy, Luit S.A.SA nam 1996 dupc sua ddi thanh Luai giao due sua ddi nam 2005 (Luat 24 n i m 2005) v i Luat giao due sua ddi nam 2007 (Luat 31 nam 2007). Cung lien quan den giio due cdn cd Lu^t khudn khd chit lupng qudc gia nam 2008 (National Qualification Framework NQI \ci. cdn gpi la Luat 67 nam 2008).
De d i p img nhung nhu ciu mdi ngav cing ting cua nen giio due, tir ngav 10 thang 5 nam 2010. Bp giio due trung uong Nam Phi duoc tich thinh hai bp: Bd G i i o due co bin (phu trich cic Imh vuc giao due co ban). \ a Bd Giao due va D i o lao dai hpc (tip trung v i o cic hoat dpng giio dye sau phd thdng v i dai hpc). Theo qu> dinh. hpc sinh hpc trung hpc
CO sd d Nam Phi bit d i u nhgp hpc tir 12 l"^
hoic 13 tudi. Chuong trinh hoc com mpt "^*^
ngiJ bin dja (nim trong sd 11 ngdn nS^*-"^'"^^
thuc ciia Nam Phi la tidng chiu Phi. "^"^
Anh. ti^ng IsiNdehcie. IsiXhosa, IsiZulu. B Sotho. Sesolho. Setswana. SlS^^at'•
Tshivenda \ a Xilsonga)'. mpt ngdn ngir khac.
loan, khoa hpc tu nhien. khoa hoc va hpi- 7 thuat. khoa hpc kinh td v i quan i\. dinh huong ngh^ nghiep. nghe thuat v i \ a n hda. Day ^ chuong trinh g i i o due bit bupc den het ldp 9.
N h i m dua c i c dao luat da ban hanh cimg nhimg dir i n vd cii c i c h bp may g'io '^^^ "^^^
thuc lien. Nam Phi da dd ra v i thuc thi nhieii kd hoaeh hanh ddng, d i e biet ia viec thay the Ke hoach hinh ddng nam 2014 bSng Ke hoach hanh ddng n i m 2019, hudng tdi hien thirc hda nhutig dir djnh mdi ve su nghiep giao dye vao nam 2030, b i o dam tat ca hpc sinh deu dupc tiep can vdi sich giao khoa va sich bii tap theo yeu c i u ciia chinh sach giao due quoc gia, N g o i i Ke hoach hanh ddng nam 2019 phuc vu chung cho t o i n bp he thdng giao due qude gia, Nam Phi cdn trien khai rieng Chucmg trinh cai thien trudng trung hpc (Secondary School Improvement Programme - SSIP) hudng trpng t i m vao viec dao tao ning cao trinh dp g i i o vien de d i p ung nhu cau cua chuang trinh g i i o due mdi, tao didu kien thuan lpi cho hpc sinh Idp 12 dupc hoc them v i o c i c n g i y thu b i y hoac trong cac ky nghi de nang cao chat luong giio due phd thdng trung hpc.
1.3. So lupfng hgc sinh trung hgc CJ Nam Phi. de dupc tiep nhin vao trunp hoc phd thdng, bpc sinh phii tdt nghiep trun hpc CO sd. tuc la phai cd chimg chi hoin thanh ldp 9. Thdi gian hpc trung hpc phd thong m-- tuan keo dai 27.5 gid hpe tren ldp. Trung h
Tgp chi nghien cuu < ii "M PHI & TRI \i. DONG S6 10(170) t h i n g lO/2oio
Giao due trung hpc 6 Nam Phi... Oo Dure Hiep
phd thdng duoc coi la he giio due chuyen biet, theo dd hpe sinh cd 3 lua chpn khi bit diu nhap hpc ldp 10, dd la: 1- hpc kien thue (academic); 2- hpc ky thuat hay cao dang giio due; va 3- dao tao ning cao (Further Education and Training - FET). Chuang trinh trung hpe phd thdng gdm cd tit ci 7 mdn, trong dd 4 mdn bit bupc Ii 2 ngdn ngir chinh thuc (tieng Anh va lieng ehiu Phi/Afrikan), toan, dinh hudng nghe nghiep, va 3 mdn tu chpn. Rieng vdi nhung mdn tu chpn, hpc sinh trung hpc phd thdng dupc hudng din, tu van hpc mdn ma minh yeu thich, cd nang luc, de cd the thi vio dai hpe hoac hpc chuyen nganh nhim phuc vu cho cdng viec thirc te sau khi ra trudng. Tdt nghiep phd thdng trung hpc phy thupe vio ket qua ky thi cudi ciing ldp 12 vdi chung chi tdt nghiep qudc gia dinh cho hpc sinh Idn tudi (National Senior Certificate -NSC), hay chung nhin dupc luyen vio dai hpc (Matriculation - Matric). Ddi vdi nhung hpc sinh phd thdng trung hpe khdng dti diem dd tdt nghiep cip 3 thi cd the hpc them 1 nim dubi(ldp 13).
Hpe sinh d dp ludi tu 7 den 15 tudi bat budc phai den trudng day du. Sd hpc sinh da den nhap hpc d dp tudi niy da ting gap bdn Ian trong 15 nam qua. Nim 2015, tdng sd hpc sinh tning tuyen trung hpc d Nam Phi dat 108.3%
(cao hem h'- le dang ky thi). Tinh Limpopo cd ty le hpc sinh trung tuyen trung hpc dat cao nhit Ii 132.1%, tidp theo Kwwzulu-Nalal dat 117,5%; Mpuma!anga:I10,9%; Free State:
108,4%; Gauteng: 103.3%; North West:
101.4%: Eastern Cape:100,5; Northern Cape:
93.2%; thip nhit li Western Cape: 85.3%^.
Nim 2015. ty le hpc sinh da den tning tuydn trung hpc cao nhit. dat 112.1 %, sau li hpc sinh da tring: 99,7%; hpc sinh gdc An/Chau A:
85.9%; cudi ciing li hpe sinh da miu: 82,8%^
Tdng sd cic trudng trung hpc d Nam Phi nam 2016 li 5.661.163 trudng, trong dd cic trudng trung hpc d dd thj li 2.895.572 trudng chiem hon mdt nua; cic trudng trung hpc d bd lac Ii 2.583.820 trudng; vi 181.816 trudng trung hpc d ndng thdn. Ngoii ra. cdn cd trudng giio due vi dao tao k\ thuit (Technical X'ocational Education and Training - TVET) bao gdm ci cao ding tu nhan (735.392 trudng) vi cic cao dang khic (273.053 trudng)''. He thdng giao due ciia Nam Phi bao gdm ei trudng cdng vi trudng tu. Cac trucmg niy khic nhau d chuc ning.
quy md, chit lupng giao due, khi ning tii chinh. Trudng cdng duoc nhi nudc hd trp kinh phi, cdn trudng tu chii yeu thu tir ngudn hpc phi ciia hpc sinh va su hd trp ciia cic td chuc trong vi ngoii nudc. Xet ve sd lupng, trudng cdng chiem im the; nim 2016 d Nam Phi ty le hpc sinh trung hpc hpc trudng cdng la 94,3%, trong khi trudng tu chi chiem 5,7%-\
Sd lupng hpc sinh trung hpc tren 15 tudi hoan thanh chucmg trinh ldp 12 va hpc dai hpc ngay cang ting. Theo cac eudc dieu tra din sd cua Nam Phi nim 1996, 2001, 2011 vi 2016.
thi nam 1996. sd lupng hpc sinh tdt nghiep phd thdng trung hpc tren 15 tudi la 3,7 trieu hpc sinh, den nam 2016 Ii 11,6 trieu hpc sinh, ting 211 % trong 20 nam. die biet tang nhieu tir nam 2001 ddn nam 2011 vdi tde do ting 69%^
Theo cude dieu tra cdng ddng nim 2016 d Nam Phi. trong sd 10 hpc sinh phd thdng trung hpc d dp tudi tren 15 chi cd khoing 6 hpc sinh tdt nghiep, chidm ty Id 55AVo\ Ty le cao nhit la d tinh Gauteng vdi 59,9%, tiep theo la KwaZuIu-Natal. Hai tinh Northenn Cape \ a Eastern Cape cd ty le hpc sinh khdng tdt nghiep phd thdng trung hpc cao nhat tuong duong \di 52.4% va 51.9%. Trongdd. tir nim 2000. ty Id hpc sinh da trang vi gdc An/chau
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAU PHI & TRING DONG sfi 10(170) thing 10/2019-
Do Pile Hiep Geo rtiirtninahOCONamP A toi nghidp pho thong tmng hpc co b ^ g cii
nhan co xu hucmg tSng. con t> le hpc sinh da mau va da den lot nghiep pho thong trung hpc CO bang cij nhan co xu huong giam. T> 1? hpc sinh da trang tang cao nhat so voi hpc sinh lot nghi?p pho thong trung hpc co bang cir nhan goc An hoac chau A. da mau va da den (xem
Ilinh 1. IS Ic hpc sinh tot nghidp pho th theo sic tpc
Hinh 1). Mpt vin Ai d?t ra la sau nam i W khi che dp Apartheid chim diil lpi '^•"" ^^'•
s6 lupng hpc sinh da den lot nghiijp pho thong trung iipc CO bang cir nhan da co thoi diem tang cao hem hoc sinh goc An hojic chau A ya da mau Ihi den nam 2000 bat diu co chieu hucmg SUN giam.
ong trung hpc co bang ctr nhiin o' Nam Phi (nam 2016)
.\^n6n SliitiMii V of South .Africa 1.4. Chdi lirpng gido due irung hgc Niiin chung. chat lupng giao d\ic trung hpc o Nam Phi dupc \ep hang ihap. Hpc sinh trung hpc \am Phi thuemg xep thir hang kem nhal trong cac k\ thi loan hpc va khoa hpc quoc ic. Cu the. trong k\ thi loan quoc le lop 8 nam 201 ,^. hpc sinh lop 9 ciia Nam Phi xep thli hang gan cuoi ciing. chi Uen Saudi .•\rabia. \'oi 621 diem, hpc sinh lop 9 ciia Singapore da gianh \i tri dimg dau trong ^h.
hpc sinh lop 9 ciia Nam Phi chi gianh dupc 371 di^m. Con irong k> thi khoa hpc quoc te lop 8 nam 2015, hpc sinh Icrp 9 cua Nam Phi
\cp thap nhat sau ca .\i C^p, Botswana.
Morocco\
Tuy nhien. xu huong nghien cim khoa hpc va loan hpc quoc le (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study - TIMSS) cua Nam Phi dang dan din dupc cai thien. Tit nam 2003 din nam 2015, diim loan trung binh ciia hpc sinh lop 8/9 da tang len 87 diim.
So hpc sinh dat diem nSng luc lii thiiu (400 diem) tang tir 11% nam 2003 ien gin 33%
nam 2015. Klioang each giua cac hoc sinh dat diem cao nhal va hpc sinh dai diim thip nhit CO xu hirong thu hfp lai. Voi Ki hoach phat tnen quoc gia den nam 2027, Nam Phi phin dau mpc tieu dat ket qua TIMSS 430 diim va mpt nua hpc sinh Irung hpc co so dat diim nang Ipc toi thieu.
Tgp chi nghien cuu CII u Pill & TRI M. IKIV, ./, i n r n m ihino 10/2010
Giao due trung hpc 6 Nam Phi. Oo Oirc Hiep
Bang I. Ty If that nghiep phan theo cap hoc giai doan 2008 - 2015 if Nam Phi Danvr%
Trinh dp eido due Khong din tnrang Hpc lieu hpc Hoan Ihanh lieu hpc Hpc trung hpc Hoan thanh Irung hpc Sau Irung hpc (dai hpc/cao dang) Khac
2008 15.0 21.6 23.4 28,8 23.7 7,6 15,4
2009 16,9 22.2 23.2 30,2 25.4 8,3 17,2
2010 16,6 24,3 24,1 31,3 26.7 9,1 16,8
2011 17,4 21.9 25.5 31,5 27.0 8,7 14,3
2012 16,7 22,8 25,0 31,7 26,3 9,4 14,7
2013 16,8 20,9 23,4 31.9 26.3 9,9 15,6
2014 16,9 22,9 26,5 32,1 25,8 10,8 14,4
2015 17,1 22,8 26,1 32.1 26,3 11,7 12,5 Nguon: Quarterly Labour Force Survey. 2008-2015. Slatistics South Africa. Education Series Volume III: Enrolment and Achievement. 2016/ Statistics South Africa. 2017, p. 44
Chu thich: Ty /p thai nghidp tinh rieng theo limg nhom trinh dg gido due do Iuoi lie 15 den 64 tuoi Trong giai doan 2008-2015, d Nam Phi, ty
I^ thit nghiep thip nhat ddi vdi dan sd d dp tudi tit 15-64 tudi cd trinh dp sau phd thdng trung hpc thap nhat, trong khi ty le that nghiep cao nhal la ddi vdi din sd d dp ludi 15-64 khdng hoin thinh chuang trinh phd thdng trung hpe.
Cy the nim 2015, ty le that nghiep ddi vdi din sd Nam Phi d dp tudi 15-64 hoin thanh chuang trinh phd thdng trung hpc li 26,3% (theo dieu tra. trong tdng dan sd Nam Phi d dp tudi tir 15- 64 tudi hoin thinh chuang trinh phd thdng trung hpc thi cd 26,3% bj that nghipp), cao hon so vdi ty le thit nhiep ddi vdi dan sd Nam Phi d dp tudi 15-64 cd trinh dp sau phd thdng trung hpc (trinh dp dai hpc/cao ding). Xu hudng nay cd chieu hudng gia ting. Neu nhu nam 2008, t> le thit nghiep ddi vdi dan sd Nam Phi tudi 15-64 khdng hoan thinh chuang trinh phd thdng trung hpc li 28.8%> thi den nim 2015 da ling len la 32,1%. Ciing theo Cude dieu tra ngudn lao ddng giai doan 2008-2015, ty le tham gia lao dpng sau phd thdng trung hpc (dai hpc/cao ding) eao nhat vdi 86,7%, xep thir hai la ty le tham gia lao dpng hoan thanh chuang trinh phd thdng trung hpc vdi 69,7%, tiep den la ly le tham gia lao dpng chua hoan thinh chucmg trinh phd thdng trung hpc 49,0%. Didu dd cd nghTa Ii giio dye trung hpc d Nam Phi
cd vai trd rit ldn. neu khdng mudn ndi li vai trd quyet dinh, ddi vdi ngudn nhin luc ciia Nam Phi. Rd ring, vi?c tdt nghi?p phd thdng trung hpc va vao dai hpc/cao ding gdp phin quan trpng lam giam ty le that nghiep d Nam Phi do thj trudng lao ddng d Nam Phi ngiy cing ddi hdi ngudn lao dpng chat lugng cao (Bang 1).
/. 5. Ddu tu cho gido due trung hgc Nam Phi dupc coi li mdt trong nhiJng qudc gia chu trpng dau tu cho giio due, chi tieu eho giio due chiem gin 5,3%) GDP, chiem tu 18 den 20% tdng chi tieu ciia chinh phu. Ddi vdi bic trung hpc, Nam Phi dimg d vi tri thu 74/123 qudc gia ve dau tu cho giio duc^. Theo Bang 2. muc chi cd chidu hudng di xudng, cao nhit li hai n5m 2004, 2003 vdi 35,63% va 35.28%, thip nhit la nam 2012 vdi 30,26%.
So vdi nhieu qudc gia Chiu Phi khic, chi tieu cdng cho giio due trung hpc ciia Nam Phi thap hem vi ehi bang gin 1/3 tdng chi cdng cho giio due. Cu the, chi tieu edng cho giio due trung hpc cua Mauritius n5m 2015 li 64,14%; Rwanda nim 2016 li 52,83%, Nam Phi nam 2014 li 30,72%.'" (Chi tidt xem Bang 2). Nguyen nhin mpt mat do di sin Ijch sir de lai it quan tam den giao due, mit khic do dau
Tgp chi nghien cuu CHAV PHI & TRI \c DONG sfi 10(170) thing 10/2019-
Do Dirt Hiep Giao due trung hoc d Nam P}^
lu cho giio due trung hpc doi hdi nhidu ngudn cac mdn khoa hpc tu nhien can dau m phdng lire hon so vdi giio due tidu hoc. die biet li thi nghipm, dyng ey thi nghiem...
B a n g 2. C h i tieu c o n g cho giao due I r u n g hpc ci N a m P h i g i a i d o a n 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 M ( % ) _
_. - ^^^^ I ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ : ( ) i : " l i H 7 ] i ^
:003 2004 2005 2006 ehl cho
I giio dgc irung hoc irnnpiing chl cho giAo
due ( lu\lu.
pko d\ic I Irong long I chl ngdn I sdch I Chl eho I giio due I irong tong
CiDl' •
31 33 31 i : 31 :ft 35 : s
1 I"" 20.1 IV.Sy 19.93 1992
5.44 5.16 5-05 4 8.< 5.05 5 05 5 07 4.97
.S'gutin Jong hgp cua ldc gui lir hllps./M »>» /"
eilucalion
2 . M p t so \an d e d$t ra cho giao d^c t r u n g hpc cua C p n g hda N a m P h i
2.1. Bdt binh ddng trong gido due trung hgc
Van de diu tien mi Nam Phi \ap phai la hgc sinh da den vd da mau vdn chju nhieu ihi^i ihdi trong giio dye trung hpc cijng nhu trong toin nganh giio dye ndi chung. mic dii dat nudc di chinh thuc tuyen bd chim dut che dp phin bict chung loc Apartheid tir hon 20 nim trudc vi cd nhieu nd lyc nhim cai ihi?n didu kipn hoc lap cua hpc sinh da den, da miu.
nhit la Ding Dai hpi Din idc Phi (.ANC) cim qu} en ludn lich cyc lim giai phip de giim bdt hU cich bi^t giua cac hpc sinh khac mau da d N.ini Phi.
Tu khi chuyen sang che dp mdi cho den nay. chinh phu Nam Phi di dau tu nhieu vio cac trudng hpc edng d cic khu vuc cd ddng ngudi da den, da miu sinh sdng nhim giim Kn sy cich bidt trinh do giira hpc sinh da den.
da miu \ m hpc sinh da tring. nhung \V.\ic le
i'Miiwitli cimi fuels .soiirli-africa/puhlic-spemlmg-on-
hpc sinh da den. da mau van chiu nhieu thipt thdi nhat khi co sd vit chat cic trudng hpc cdn yeu kem, chat luong giang day v i hpc tap chua dupc cai thien nhieu nhu mong dpi. Cy the. cac trudng noi cd phin ldn tre em da den, da mau theo hpc deu dupc trang bi co sd ha tang kem hon, ldp hpc ddng ban so vdi cic truimg cd nhieu con em da tring hpc tap. Tinh trang trudng hpc xay bing biin dit van kha phd bien. dac biet tai nhung khu ciia ngudi da den sinh sdng.
Hiu hdt tre em da den, da mau ddu xuit than tir nhihig gia dinh ngh6o, trinh dd giio due thap, khdng sii dung thanh thao tidng Anh - ngon ngii dupc sii dung chii ydu trong cac truong hpc 6 Nam Phi. Chi phi dinh cho giio dye cua cua hp gia dinh da den la 1 656 Rand/n5m. tuy da cao hon trudc. nhung thin hon 4 lan so vdi hd gia dinh da tring la 8 069 Ran^nam. Ihap hon cahp gia dinh da "^^^
3.236 Rand/nSm vi cua hp gia dinh eftr An'chiu A 6.731 Rand/nim'^ Hon th| ^ a Irinh dd giao due cua bd me hpc sinh da de^'
Tgp chi nghien ctru CHAI PHI & TR' . i n / n n \ t h n n n 10/2019
Giao due trung hoc d Nam Phi... Do Difc Hrep
da mau ddu thip hem nhieu so vdi bd me hpc sinh da tring, goc An hoic chiu A. Thirc te chi cd 15,7% bd me hpc sinh da den vi 17,8%) bd mp hpc sinh da mau tdt nghiep phd thdng homg hpc so vdi 41,9%> bd mp hpc sinh da tring vi 40,9% bd me hpc sinh goc A. Ty le bd m? hpc sinh da tring cd irinh dp dai hpc li 33,3%, cao hon gip 5 lin so vdi ty le bd me hpc sinh da den (la 5,9%o), vi da miu (li 5,5%), gdc A (11,7%).
Ve giio vien, cic thay cd ngudl da den chua dupe dio lao mpt cich bai bin, kien thuc chua sau, nhung van phii chiu trach nhiem giing day, thdi gian dung ldp nhieu hon ci giio vien da Iring. Trong ky thi toin hpc nim 2008, chi cd 39% hpc sinh da den vuprt qua ky thi so vdi 98% so hpc sinh da tring, tdi 28% hpc sinh da tring gianh dupc diem gidi trong khi chi cd 2%
hpe sinh da den dat diem gidi. Ty le dd dai hpc
cua hpe sinh da den chi la 1/10, trong khi hpc sinh da tring dd ban mdt nua'-'.
2.2. Chdt luong gido due trung hgc thdp kem
Theo sd lieu do chuyen gia giio dye cua Ngan hing Phit trien Nam Phi Graeme Bloch cung cap, gan V2 hpc sinh bd hpc trudc khi kdt thiic k\ thi cudi cip. chi khoing 15% hpc sinh trung hpc du diem de hpc dai hpc. Chit luong giao due trudng edng d Nam Phi thip kem mdt phan bdi sd luong irudng cdng qui ldn cd muc hpc phi cao, va trang thiet bi hpc t^p ldi lin. 25% sd trudng trung hpc d Nam Phi khdng day toin cho hpc sinh tir Idp 10 den ldp 12. Day li ly do giai thieh tai sao trong cac ky thi toin vi khoa hpc qude te nim 2014,2015, Nam Phi xep hang cudi trong sd 140 nudc tham gia tren the gidi'''
Bang 3: T^ If ving mit giao vien trung hpe nam 2011 va nim 2017 tai 9 tinh cua Nam Phi
(Don vj tinh- %)
Tinh
Dong Cape Nha nuoc Ttr do (Free State) Gauteng KwaZulu-Nalal Limporo Mpumalanga B5c Cape Tay Bac (North West) Tay Cape Nam Phi
Ty 1^ vang m£it giao vien trung hoc
trung binh ngay nim 2011
9,1 5,6 6,7 14,2 9,7 7,1 6,7 5,7 4,7 9,0
T>' If cac tru giao vien van Vang mat
<S%' 31,6 43,0 41,1 52,6 61,7 48,2 40,0 42,1 50,4 47,5
Vang mat S-9%'
15,8 26,2 20,5 17,2 16,5 25,5 19,0 24,3 18,0 19,1
ang trung h^c Z mat nam 2017
vang m^t
>10%
48,2 29,0 33,0 28,4 20,9 24,5 37,0 31,8 26,1 30,5
Thieu gido vien
4,4 1,9 5,4 1,7 0,9 1,8 4,0 1,9 5,4 2.9 Ngudn: hltps://businesslech.co.za
Ngoii nhtmg nguyen nhin neu tren, giao vign cung chiu mpt phin trach nhipm vd tinh trang ydu kem cua nen giao dye Nam Phi ndi
chung, giao due trung hpc ndi rieng. Chi cd 18%) giio vien cd bing cap dat chuin. Hau het cac giao vien chi d trudng nua thdi gian quy
Tgp chi nghiin ciru CHAD PHI & TRIAG DONG sfi 10(170) thing 10/2019-^
Do Oirc Hiep Giao due tnino hoc 0 Nam P J ; ^
dinh (6,5 tieng). thai gian con l^i hp kiem \ iec lam them. Tien Itjcmg giao vien Ihap khong khuyen khich cac hpc sinh gioi theo hpc nganh su pham'-. Giao an giang day cua giJo vien Cling khong dupc giam sat, kiem u^ mpt each CO h? thong.
Thuc te cho thay. trong giai doan 2008- 2015 o Nam Phi, t\ I? that nghidp doi voi dan so o dp tuoi tir 15-64 khong tot nghi?p pho thong trung hpc la cao nhat, con l> 1? that nghidp dpi \ ai dan so a dp tuoi tu 15-64 co trinh dp d^i hpc/cao dang la thap nhat. Cy the nJm 2015. t> Ic that nghidp doi vcri so dan N .im Phi o dp tuoi 15-64 tot nghi?p pho thong trung hpc la 26.3%, cao hon so vdi t> It that nhi^p 6 dp tuoi 15-64 co trinh dp dgi hpc. cao dang. Tinh trang na} co chieu huong gia tang, neu nhu nSm 2008, ty Ic that nghi?p doi \ ai s6 dan \:im Phi tuoi tir 15-64 chua tot nghi?p ph6 thong trung hpc la 28,8% thi den nam 2015 d§ tang len 32.1%. Cung theo so liju Cupe dieu Ira nguon lao dpng Nam Phi trpng giai doan 2008-2015, ly 1? tham gia lao dpng cua nhimg nguoi co trinh dp d^ hpc, cao dang c.io nhat ia 86.7°o. xep thii hai la ty le tham gia lao dpng co bang tot nghi?p pho thong trung hpc 69.7° o, tiep den la t> 1? tham gia lao dpng chua tot nghi?p pho thong trung h>H:
4').o"i (Chi tiC-i xem Bang I).
Cac nha tuyen dyng thuong than phien ve su khan hiem nguon nhan luc trinh dp cao trong khi 1.3 dan so Nam Phi that nghi?p.
Theo nghien cuu gan day ciia Cong i> Tu van loan cau Accd\isor. gan 6 trieu vi^c lam 6 Nam Phi CO kha nang roi vao nhom bi nguy CO mat \ icc (chii yeu la nhiing nguoi chua toi nghiep pho thong trung hpc) trong 7 nam toi do ly dpng hoa. Neu tinh trang nay khong dupc cai thien thi giao dye Nam Phi noi chung, giio dye trung hoc noi rieng, khong
th^ cung cip du so lao dpng co ky nang *P img nhu cau ciia ndn kinh iij dang phat trii"
nhanh. Dieu do co nghia la, giao due tru"?
hpc 6 Nam Phi la khau tijn d^ dong ^Ji ^^
quyei djnh doi voi ngudn nhan lire chit 'i"?"8 cao ciia Nam Phi. \icc nang cao chit ^"V^
giao due trung hpc va dai hpc/cap ding vu^
gop phin giam ty le thit nghi jp vira thiic day phat trien dit nuoc trong thai dai each mang cong nghiep 4,0 a Nam Phi.
2.3. Bao luc hpc du&ng vd xdm li(ti tinh dtic gia tUng Igi cdc tru&ng Irung hgc
Tren the giai hien dang n6i Ien mpt van de nhdc nhoi, do la bao luc o trucmg hpc. Theo so lieu do To chirc Van hoa Giao due Lien hpp qu6c - UNESCO eung cip n5m 2017, moi nam the gicri c6 khoang 246 trieu tre em bj anh huong boi bao luc hpc duimg. Tai Nam Phi. do cQng dang la mgt van de nan giai. Mac dil Hien phap Cpng hoa Nam Phi nam 1996, Dieu 108, da ghi ro mpi hpc sinh deu co quyen
"dupc dam bao ty do va an ninh \'i con ngucri, trong do CO quySn dugc bao ve khoi tit ca cac hinh thiic bao luc...", tuy nhien tinh trang bao lyc hgc duong, dac biet la tai cac truang trung hpc 6 Nam Phi dang c6 hien tucmg gia tang, vi pham cac quy^n ciia hpc sinh va giao vien, anh huong tieu cue din nang luc giang day cua giao vien va kha nang hoc tap ciia hoc sinh, tac dpng xiu dSn cpng d6ng xung quanh lam tang chi phi kinh tk va y tj, gay he luy den myc tieu phat trijn ciia dit nuoc.
Theo Bunon va Leoschut, nam 2013,22%
hgc sinh trung hpc la nan nhan cua bao luc hpc duimg Mo, nghien cim khac cua Trung tam Tu phap va Phong ch6ng tgi p ^ , ^ (Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention .- CJCP) tien hanh sau do 4 nam cung du^
mgt ty 1? tuong ty vS bao luc truong hgc"^^
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAI PHI & TPI * i v f M 10(1701 t h i n o 10/2019
Giao due trung hoc 6 Nam Phi... Oo Out Hiep Nam Phi, do la 22,2% trong long so mau
nghien cim diSn hinh gom 5.939 hpc sinh, 239 giao vien \a 121 hieu truong trung hpc tren pham vi ca nuoc". Cong trinh nghien cira nam 2016 cua mpt tp chirc phi Igri nhuan co try so tgi Cape Tov^^n nhan thay. han 1/5 hpc sinh trung hpc 6 Nam Phi da trai qua moi de dpa ve bao luc, tan cong, cucrp boc hoac hi tan cong tinh dye tai truong hpc trong giai doan 2011-2012".
Theo nghien cuu bao lyc hgc ducmg quoc gia (National School Violence Study NS VS) nam 2012, ty le hpc sinh nil bi bao luc la 24,3%, cao han so voi ty Ip hpc sinh nam la 19,7%, trong do xam hgi tinh dye doi voi hpc sinh nii la 7,6%, hpc sinh nam la 1,4%. Viec xam hgi tinh dye d6i vdi hpc sinh trung hgc 6 Nam Phi ii lai nhihig hgu qua nghiem trpng, d^c bi$t no da lam gia tang cac benh truyen nhilm qua ducmg tinh due nhu HIV, mang thai ngoai y muon (Quy vi phy nu va Quy Ford, 2014 va B4o cao ciia UNESCO, 2014).
Nhom hgc sinh la ngn nhan cua bao lyc tru&ng hgc cao nhat la nhom o dp tuoi 15-16, trong d6 nhom bj trgm cip chii ylu d dp tuoi 12-14. hien tupng bit nat tro nen thuang xuyen han. chii yeu 6 nhom hpc sinh Idp 8 hpac Idn hon. Cao han nira, theo News 24. cac trudng hgc d Nam Phi da chimg kiln mgt logt cdc cupe tin cpng bgo luc dac biet nghiem trpng vgo hpc sinh trong nhihig thang gan day, lam it nhit 2 hpc sinh bi bgn cimg Idp dam chet trpng thang 6, va 4 em khac bi dam lir dau nam. Tai trudng trung hgc Mabusabesala, thj trin Weltevred, theo truyin thong dja phuong, ngay 4/6 khi nhimg hpc sinh Idp 11 viet bai thi lugn \ I du lich trong phdng thi cd canh thay giao cim sung trong thi. Dieu nay chimg td tinh trgng mit an
ninh tai cac trudng trung hpc d Nam Phi da gia tang den mirc nao.
Nhung van nan tren day ngay cang phat trien da trd thanh nguyen nhan chu ylu lam cho nhieu hpc sinh phai \ ing mat tren Idp, bd hpc, di theo tham gia cac cac bang dang tpi phgm, sir dyng vii khi, siing dan tran lan, khien tinh hinh trudng Idp noi cac em dang hgc tap ciing cgng ddng xa hpi noi cac em sinh sdng, \ a rgng han la tinh hinh dit nudc Nam Phi trd nen bat dn, tir dd tac dpng ngupc trd Igi lam cho cac em trd nen that hgc, khdng dupc trang bj kien thirc day dii de tim kiem viec lam, lo toan cupe song, dan den that nghidp, ngheo ddi gia tang.
Ket luan
Trong tiln trinh xay dyng xS hpi mdi thay the che dp phan bi?t chiing tgc Aparthied trudc day, Cgng hda Nam Phi da cd nhilu no lyc de dua giao dye trd thanh mpt trong nhihig try cdt ddng vai trd to Idn cho sy nghidp phat triln qudc gia, trong do cd vai trd quan trpng cua giao dye trung hpc phd thdng. Vdi nhimg nd lyc ngay cang tang nhu thdng qua cac dgo lugt, xay dyng va thyc thi cac ehinh sach, chiln lupc, chucmg trinh hanh ddng, cimg vdi viec dam bao sy cdng bing trong hpc tap cho tit ca hpc sinh trung hpc phd thdng, khdng phan biet doi xir ve mau da, sac tpc, ddng thdi tang cudng dau tu co sd vat chat, nang cap sach giao khoa, cai thien ddi sdng giao vien, hd trp hpc sinh. Nam Phi da nang cap dupc vj thl ciia giao due trung hpc trong he thdng giao dye chung tren toan quoc, nhd dd hpc sinh trung hpc khdng chi tang vl so lupng, ma cdn nang cao chit lupng, tao nln tang tot cho sy phat trien con ngudi de hgc Ien cac cap cao hon, cd vi?c lam tdt hon.
Tgp chi nghlln ciru cii,u piti * TRIVC DONG so 10(170) thang 10/2019-
Oo Dire Hiep Giao due hTing hoe 6 Nam^Pr^^
Tuy nhien, trong tiln trinh tiln len do, gu ting, ehit lupng giao dye mmg hpc ' W Njm Phi cung vip phai khdng it nhimg vin kem... Day la nhitag van de ma NJin ""' de nan giai dat ra cho giao dye tning hpc nhu dang tilp tyc khac phye de tSng cuimg It""
di san bat binh ding mau da, sic tgc van ci^n nira vai trd quan trpng cua giao dye trung hC' keo dai. bgo lyc hpc ducmg, xam hgi tinh dye pho thdng.
Chu thich:
nJ.May ' NulTic. Education S\ stem South Africa described and compared with the Dutch system, version 4 2015.
'•"•'Stelislics South Afnca Education Series lolume III: Enrolment and Achievement. 2016/Statistics South Africa, 2017, p. 48-51
" Stalislicb South Atrica. Ediicaiion Seru\ \ olume III. Eiirolmeiil and Achievement. 2016/ Statistics South Africa. 2017. p 8
' Communil; Suncv 2016. Statistics South Afnca. Eiliiciilion Series Volume III. Enrolment md Achievement. 2016' Slalistics South Africa. 2017
' TIMSS (2015). Statistics South Airicx Educ.uum Series Volume 111: Enrolment and Achievement, 2016 Sialistics South Africa, 2017
' Dan Kinh tc, Dau t u cho giao dye 6 Nam Phi.
'" L'M.SCO Institute for Statistics
" Knocma, South Africa - Expenditure per student in secondary education as a share of GDP per capita, W orld Data Atlas
'•' LJ\ mg Condition SUA e>, 2014 2015, Statistics South Africa, Education Series Volume III: Enrolment and Achievement. 2016/' Slatistics South .\frica, 2017. p.67.
" Biio The gioi va Viet Nam. Giao dtjc d Nam Phi: Birc Iranh loi mau, 28/02/2010.
'^ Carrie Robinson, Ending the South African Education Crisis, Borgen Project '' Bao The gicri \a Viet Nam, Giao due 0 Nam Phi Birc tranh toi mau. 28/02/2010.
"• Saferspaces. Addressing \'iolciiccs in South African Schools.,
'' Lao dong. Giao \ icn Nam Phi lam lam siing trucmg trong tay khi coi thi, 11/06/2019.
Tai lifu tham khao
1. Montfort MLichila, Tihale/anf: Moelesli. Sirugling to Malie the Grade: A Review ofthe Causes and Consequences ol ilw Weak Outcomes of South Africa S Education System, IMF, June 2019.
2. L. M.iJdock. W. Maroun. Exploring the Present Slate of South African Education: Challenges and Recommendations, South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol 32 2018
3. Statistics South Africa. Education Series Volume III: EmolmenI and Achievement. 2016/ Statistics South .\frica. 2017.
4. S. J. llou IC. Renewal of Secondary Education Curricula and Asseismenl in South Afi-ica 5. South Africa Yearbook 2015/2016: Education.
6. NL.t1ic, Education System: South Africa Described and Compared mlh the Dutch System. Versi„„ 4
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