m
DIEN DAN PHAT TRIEN GTVTDe eir<mg dinh hir^g phat trien van tai hanh khach coi^ coi^
d d o thi Viet Nam
1. s u can thiet nghien cufu Hien nay, d Viet Nam chua cd chien luoc phat trien van tai hanh khach cdng cong (VTHKCC) dd thj. Tuy nhien, da ed nhieu nghien cUu d dang quy hoach tdng t h i (chung, viing) hoac quy hoach chung ve phat triln GTVT (Thu dd Ha Npi, TP. Hd Chi Minh TP.
HCM) va mot sd d l tai, de an ve phat triln VTHKCC, han c h i phuong tien ca nhan (PTCN), chuyen tU sd dung PTCN sang phuong tien VTCC. 6 2 thanh phd Idn da cd chinh sach han c h i xe may do da ed sU biing nd ve PTCN nhung sau da bi bai bd (hien Ha Npi, TP.HCM mdi gia dinh cd 2 xe hoac 1 xe may -H 1 xe 6 td) gay tai nan, lin tac giao thdng, d nhidm moi trudng (ca nude da tren 35 trieu xe may). VTHKCC blng xe buyt da phat triln d tren 30 tinh, thanh phd nhUng chUa cd loai phUdng tien khdi Idn (dang xay dung dudng sat dd thj - metro, BRT d Ha Npi, TP.HCM). Do vay, viee nghien cUu phat trien VTHKCC dd thj la caip thilt, can dUde ehii trong trong giai doan hpi nhap sau rpng vao WTO, hien nay.
2. Hifn trang VTHKCC 2.1. Hi^n tr^ng do thj Vi^t Nam Hien nay, nUdc ta cd khoang 700 dd thi, vdi 2 dd thi loai dae biet (Ha Npi, TP.HCM); 3 dd thj loai I cap qud'c gia, 8 dd thj loai I cap tinh, 12 dd thj loai II, 31 dd thj loai III, eon lai la dd thi loai IV, loai V.
Den 2020, se ed ~i .000 do thj cae loai. Ty le dd thi hoa cua Viet Nam kha cao, dan sd dd thi se tang theo cap sd nhan trong cac thap ky tdi, dudi kip dan sd dd thi hien tai cua Trung Qud'c vao nam 2020, chiem -45%; nam 2030 -60%, nam 2050 -70 - 75% dan sd. De giai quylt
<z/v,u yrua^ yvu,. yri:'i
TS. LY HUY TUAN
Vi$n Chien lupe va Phat trien GTVT van de giao thong dd thj, can phat
trien VTHKCC, nha't la phuong tien dudng sat dd thj, chuyen 1 phan td sd dung phuong tien ea nhan (xe may, xe d td con) sang sd dung phuong tien VTHKCC, nhat la phat trien GTVT carbon tha'p.
2.2. Hl$n trang sit dijng phuang tien VTHKCC, PTCN
Tren mang ludi tuyin VTHKCC dang cd cae loai xe buyt Idn, hang trung va nhd. PhUdng tien da dang ve ehiing loai, nhan mac xe, gid hoat dpng cd loai thdi gian hoat dpng dai (>12 - 18 gid), trung binh (8-12 gid) va ngan (<8 gid). Cd ve chuyen lUpt, ve thang. Gia ve xe buyt phu hdp vdi mUe thu nhap cua ngUdi dan. Chat lUdng djch vu tdng budc bao dam an toan, tien Idi, an ninh tren tuyln.
2.3. H$n che, nhu<fc diem cua PTCN so vdi xe buyt
Ty le chiem dung Idng dUdng
cao han: Xe may cao hon 6 Ian (xe may 12m^/ngUdi; xe buyt 2mVngUdi;
xe eon 24 - 30mVngUdi); giao tlidng tTnh cao gap 2 Ian, gay un tac giao thdng. Von dau tU cho phuang tien gap -2,84 Ian. Chi phi cho 1 chuyen di gap 2,14 Ian. Gay nhieu tai nan giao thong, do xe may -50
60%, nha't la d khu vuc ngoai thanh; phUdng tien VTHKCC <2%.
Gay 6 nhiem moi trUdng cao han, ngudi di xe may gay d nhilm cao hdn 35 - 40 Ian; ngoai ra cdn bj anh hudng d i n sUc khde nhieu hon.
Tieu hao nhien lieu cao han 85 - 95 Ian so vdi di xe buyt. Di PTCN phai ed chd dd xe, phai chi tra tien (mua xe, sda chiJa, nhien lieu...); di xe may eon d l bj tai nan giao thong.
2.4. H^n che, yeu kern cua VTHKCC
Tren mang lUdi tuyln chUa c6 loai khdi Idn (dUdng sat dd thj) hoat dpng; cd loai phuong tien nhd tham
_ Y ^ ^ 1 H 6 A - XA HQI Tdp Chi GTVT 1+2/2014
Q
Lang Co, song Han, Pa Uon, Rach C h i l e , Nen nude, T r i l u DUdng, Tan D e , Ta Khoa...
De d o i bd s o n g me l i e n l a i trong udc mong
Ndi d e n e a u bac qua s d n g Hdng doan qua Ha Npi kh6ng I h l khdng ke d i n c a u ChUdng DUdng ngay giOa trung tam Ha Npi nPi cd cot ddng hd ndi tieng mpt thdi p h d Hang M i m . C h i l e e l u nay chOa dyng n h i l u n i l m t u hao. V d i c h i l u dai 1213 met g d m 8 nhjp d a m , 21 try kien c d , eau ChUPng DUPng dupe xay d u n g ehi trong hOn mdt nam linh tO ngay k h d i e 6 n g 10/10/1983 d i n ngay khanh thanh 30/6/1985 trong d i l u kien n I n kinh l l nude l a cue ki k h d k h a n giQa thdi m u d n u d n g c d e bia hoi phai mua kem gdi lac, bat canh c a i . T u d n g q u a n s u d a n h t r a m Iran D d n g ST N g u y e n giO chOc Bp trodng Bd G T V T d a o d d t h u o n g cho cay c a u L o n g B i e n gia nua o I n minh m p t n g a y tai hdn 3 0 0 0 lupl xe, 15000 lupt n g u d i . Lo sU di lai cua dan n h u n g v d i ban khoan eiia con nha n g h e o d n g eO Iran trd mai giOa "ciu eOng" hay "cau treo mUa XuarT. C i u vTnh cOu ChUdng DUdng ra ddi la k i t qua c u a tri tue, c6ng sOe cOa kTsU, ngudi thp Viet Nam to t h i l t ke d e n thi c o n g . Thanh tUu c i i a each xay e l u eua nen kinh t l lieu n 6 n g khi tan d u n g bang h i t nhOng gi c d n d u n g dupe to cdng trinh e l u T h a n g Long, d i n cac eong trinh e o n g n g h i e p khac tren k h I p da't n u d e ta. C a u ChUdng DUdng ra d d i he 16 m p t myc tieu tuy c d n mP h d nhung b i t
d a u lde len ve m p l sU phat trien kinh l e V i e t Nam Irong giai doan mdi. TO nam 1985 d i n 2010, sp ra ddi trong cOng m p t nam hai cay eau eau Idn la T h a n g Long, ChUPng DUdng.
Ha Npi eon cd them e l u Phu D d n g , Thanh Tri (cay e l u be tdng d u Ung lOc d a i , rpng nha't V i e t Nam), e l u VTnh Tuy... v a chi trong v d n g ba bdn nam nOa th6i tren s d n g Hdng, Thii do l a se ed them h a n h loat e l u da n I m trong k l hoach d u l o a n . C i u day v a n g Nhat T a n cho v a n h dai 2. C i u H d n g Ha, e l u M l Sd eho vanh dai ddi ngoai, e l u d d thj TO Lien eho du Ijch. T r e n s 6 n g D u d n g s d n g nhanh c u a sdng Hdng khu vOc Ha Npi se t h e m dam e l u nOa. C i u D u d n g m d i , e l u Phu D d n g 2, e l u D d n g Tru eho d o d n g 5 keo d d i , e l u Hd cho QL38, eau Thjnh Cau...
dua eon s d eau dUdng bd qua s d n g H d n g , s d n g D u d n g l a i Ha Npi vUpt eon s d m p l chye...
C u n g la mpt s u linh cd khi mdt lan sang Pari nam 2003, hai lan d i n Se Un nam 2006 va 2009, 161 phat hien sdng Han va s6ng Sen chay qua 2 thu dd nay ed c h i l u dai x e m x e m v d i doan s d n g Hdng chay qua thu dd la nhung s d lUpng e l u b l e qua Se Un va Pa ri len d i n 28 va 29 c h i l c . Lai them ddi bd hai con s d n g nay dupe nep, dupe ke, xay theo nhu e l u lam dep, thuan Ipi eho con ngUdi. Cd le vdi s d e l u , va edng trinh c i i a ddi b d hien dai do khach bd hanh d Pari, Se Un va ca Matxdcdva...
khong cam tha'y s u ngan each bdi
d d n g sdng. C d n d Ha Npi, vao nhOng nam dau c i i a thap ki dau eiia I h l ki 21 nay, la v i n ay nay tha'y ddng Hdng Ha than quen giO nguyen la vet c I t giOa hai p h l n Ha Ndi. Phai chang doi bd sdng Me ngay giOa Thu do nghin tudi dOdng nho chOa cd sy lac dpng bdi ban tay con ngOdi vdi linh yeu IhOPng va so Iran trpng ma ehi cd sy pha phach luy lien nen v i n giO nguyen so hoang so, bOa bai, bdi Id nguyen thuy 10 van ed ben canh nhOng cao do, "bin dinh", eung nhOng d d n g chay hdn don c u a giao thdng dd thj. Phai chang thanh phd song Hdng bien dai v i n nam trong tranh cai va y tudng cua nhOng so dd qui hoach. NhOng xa lan eat khai thac bOa bai ngay ngay nang n l trdi tren ddng Hdng Ha.
....Rdi day sO hdn l a p , luy lien ay se d i n d i n mat di. T a m cay e l u vUPn qua ddi bd sdng Cai trong Idng Ha Npi (sap tdi lai them cay eau cap treo Nhat Tan ra ddi) va nhOng cay e l u Van Phu (Yen Bai), Y e n Lenh, Tan De, Viet Tri...
VUOn qua sdng Hdng lai Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Phu Thp, Hung Yen, Thai Binh... se thanh nhOng day dan du sOe eat len nhOng cung bac eua khue hat v l s d n g Me trong sU nghiep k i l n qude mang am hUdng Iha t h i l t tram hung nhu Van Cao, D d N h u a n , N g u y i n Dinh Thi...
lOng hat hao sang v l sdng Hdng, sdng Lo thdi ve qude...
"Hong Ha ai Ta nhd mua Thu xUa nUdc ve nhu sdng tran dem khuya quan ve... Thu dd"U
DE Clf0N6 DINH HtffiNG...
(Tiep theo trang 23) qude gia, dOdng s i t ngoai 6 va dudng s i t d d thj; phat t h e n eac dau mdi giao t h d n g trung c h u y e n , lien k i t cae phUdng IhOe van l a i .
Phat trien ben vdng van tai dd thj: LOa chpn loai phoong lien hpp ly phu hpp vdi loai, quy mo, sd dan dd thj. P h a t t r i l n v a n tai dd thj:
P h i t trien V T H K C C , nhat la loai khdi Idn; b a n che sO d u n g PTCN CO gidi. Phat t r i l n m a n g ludi V T H K C C mpt each hpp ly vdi cac phUPng thOc v a n tai khac nhau, t h u a n lien cho viec di lai. K h u y i n khich s d u n g loai phuong tien khdng ^^iiing " ^ " 9 ' ^ " ' " 9 hda thach.
than thien vdi moi Irudng, carbon thap, t i l n tdi van tai xanh.
4. Ket l u f n
Viec xay d o n g djnh hudng c h i l n lupe phat t r i l n V T H K C C k i t hpp vdi c h u y i n 10 PTCN sang phOdng lien edng c d n g , phat then G T V T carbon thap la yeu e l u cap t h i l t , la d i l u kien khong the bd qua trong giai d o a n hien nay. Viee nghien cOu d l xua't djnh hodng phat t r i l n , bao gdm chinh sach kha thi cho tOong lai lau dai, ed y nghTa ea v l mat ly luan va thye t i l n de cae dd thj Idn iipi nhap sau rdng vdi kinh l e t h i gidi. Viec xay d y n g djnh h u d n g phat t r i l n V T H K C C e I n phai kem theo cae chinh sach kha thi, giai phap lau dai, trung va
n g I n ban phu hpp vdi dieu kien kinh t l - xa hpi va qua trinh do thj hda vdi Id trinh cy I h l , trach nhiem ro rang •
T a i li#u tham k h i o
[1 ]. Ly Huy Tuan (2013), Chuyen tdphddng tien ca nhan sang phuang tien VTHKCC (Bao cao tai hpi nghj N h d m cdng lac "Nghien cOu v l nang cao hieu qua sO d u n g nang lupng trong GTVT thdng qua phat t r i l n cong d d n g v a n minh va cai thien GTVT d cae thanh phd", Gia- cae-la, 26/11/2013).
[2]. V i e n C h i l n lupe va Phat t r i n G T V T (2013), De an "Phat trien hdp ly cac phUdng thdc van tai tai cac thanh phd Idn Viet Nam, Ha Ndi".
A^utW ,^Myf yX},.- 2014
DIEN DAN PHAT TRIEN GTVT
Tap Chi GTVT 1+2/2014 1 1
gia VTCC nhu xe 3 banh, xe dm gay_ mat an toan giao thdng, d nhilm, trd taxi; mot sd tuyln tan xuait tha'p, thdi gian chd dpi, di xe keo dai, an ninh chua dupe bao dam; gid cao diem xe chay vdi tdc dp tha'p, tren xe ddng due, chen Ian; chat lupng djch vu tha'p, chua dat chuan qud'c t l . ChUa tien Ipi, khd chuyin phuong thdc; phUdng tien chua tien nghi, gay d nhilm;
mot sd xe cu, chUa thuc sU la xe buyt (ehi cd chd ngdi, khdng ed chd ddng, tay vjn); y thdc tu giac eua ngudi dan chua cao, chua cd thilt bj ban ve hien dai, lien thdng.
2.5. Bung nd ve phuong tien ca nhan t$l cac thanh phd Idn
0 cac thanh phd chau A thap ky qua, tang trUdng v l xe may 10 - 30%/nam; xe d td con ca nhan la 11%/nam. 6 Viet Nam, ve xe may 16,4%/nam; ve xe d td eon ea nhan 11%/nam. Rieng eac thanh phd Idn Ha Npi, xe may 10,97%
(11,2%)/nam, xe d td con 16,91 (17,23)%/nam; TP.HCM, xe may 9,79%/nam, xe d td eon 14,88%/nam;
Da N i n g , xe may 10,97%/nam, xe d td eon 19,57%/nam; Hai Phdng xe may 12,36%/nam, xe d td con 15,14%/nam; Can Tho xe d td con 10,77%/nam.
Ty le PTCC/PTCN (xe dap + xe may %) nam 2002 (2009 ddi vdi HP, DN, CT)/2012. Ha Ndi la 84/90,4; TP.HCM la 88,12/92,45;
Hai Phdng la 95,6/97; Da Ning la 97/96,9; Can Tho la 97,5/98,6.
Sd lupng phuong tien VTHKCC /ty le dap Ung (sd xe buyt/ty ledap dng nam 2011): Ha Ndi la 1.254/10;
TP.HCM la 2.951/6,5; Hai Phdng la 121/1; Da N i n g Ia108/1; Can Tho la 140/1,2.
2.6. Cac chinh sach da ap dung thdi gian qua
Han c h i dang ky xe d ndi dd khdng bao trUde; VTHKCC chUa phat trien bude ngUdi dan tu lo mua s I m phuong tien di lai; di lai blng phUdng tien VTHKCC khdng re hdn xe may nhieu nhUng thdi gian keo dai, dp tin cay ehua cao.
Xe d td ea nhan gia cao, khd tim ndi dd xe, gay mat dp giao thdng cao (la ed hdi tdt d l chuyin phUdng thdc); khdng cho xe taxi hoat ddng tren mdt sd tuyln cd phUdng tien VTHKCC; han c h i hoat ddng d ndi dd ddi vdi 1 sd loai xe tai cd trpng tai Idn; khdng cho xe may di tren dudng cao tdc; sd
dung phuong tien ca nhan gan vdi tap quan mua sam tren via he, Idng dudng (thuc pham, mot sd dd dung khac) khd bd.
3. De xuat djnh hUdng phat trien VTHKCC
3.1. De xuat chien luoc, chinh sach trung han
Phat trien VTHKCC: Xay dung mang ludi tuyln VTHKCC (phu khap, cd tuyln vanh dai, hudng tam, tuyln chinh, phu) vdi tan xua't chay xe cao, k i t ndi thuan tien d l phuc vu di lai cua ngudi dan; nang cao chat lupng VTHKCC nhu dau tu xe mdi, tien nghi, nang cao chat lupng dich vu, tan xua't chay xe, chuyin tilp tien Ipi; nhanh ehdng phat triln dudng s i t dd thj loai khdi Idn (metro) di ngam, tren cao, d mat da't; cd chinh sach khuyin khich, uu tien, hd trp VTHKCC (Uu dai dau tu, trd gia true tiep, gian tilp); Tuyen truyin, van ddng can bd, vien ehde, ngudi lao ddng di lai bang phuong tien VTHKCC, han c h i sd dung PTCN.
Chinh sach han che si} dung PTCN: Han che xe may, taxi hoat ddng tren mot sd tuyln cd VTHKCC, vao i sd gid nha't djnh (6h30 - 8h30; 16h30 - 18h); thu phi cao hon ddi vdi xe may, xe d to eon ea nhan, nha't la vao khu vUe npi thanh dd thj Idn; kiem djnh xe may;
cam sd dung xe eu d TP. Ha Npi, TP.HCM, sau dd den cac thanh phd khac; cam xe 3 banh hoat dpng d Ha Npi, TP.HCM; van dpng ngudi dan khdng sd dung loai phuong tien nhd nhu xe dm, xe 3 banh chd khach do y thdc lai xe thap, kem an toan; hd trp chu xe chuyin sang loai xe chd khach nhd khac an toan hdn nhU taxi, buyt nhd.
3.2. De xuat chien luoc, chinh sach lau dai
Dam bao ty le hap ly gia a phuang tien VTHKCC va PTCN:
Xac dinh cd ca'u phUdng tien hpp ly tai cac thanh phd Idn; ty le phUdng tien khdi Idn/xe buyt; ty le VTHKCC/PTCN (PhUong tien VTHKCCC gdm dudng s i t dd thj (metro), xe buyt va xe buyt nhanh (BRT), taxi; PTCN gdm xe may, xe eon ea nhan va xe dap).
Phuang phap tiep can lien ket:
Lien k i t cac ehiln lupe phat trien KCHTGT, ehiln lUpc phat t r i l n VTHKCC dd thj vdi chien lupe phat
triln dd thj; lien k i t v l the che (phdi hdp giiJa cac co quan, doanh nghiep VTHKCC, sd dung he thdng ve chung, hpp tac cong - tu);
md hinh lien k i t la khai thac kinh doanh, quan ly, tien ich, phUdng tien thd so (phi ed gidi), di bp.
Tong hap cac chien luac hUd'ng tdi he thdng giao thong do thj ben vQng la khuyin khich cac khu dd thi nen; gan k i t cac phuong thdc van tai theo he thdng phan cap cd thd bac, cd tinh ddng bd cao (van tai khdi lUpng Idn + xe buyt + di bd -I- di xe dap hoac van tai khdi lUpng Idn + xe may hay xe d td con - gdi rdi di tilp phuong tien VTHKCC).
Khuyin khich phat triln cac khu vUc dd thj dUa tren nen tang VTHKCC; kiem soat va quan ly viee sd dung xe may, xe d td con ca nhan; nang cao nhan thdc cua ngudi dan v l ATGT va sd dung dudng bd; tang cUdng nguyen t i e ngUdi sd dung dudng phai tra phi (phi b i n bai, phi un t i e , han che phuong tien, phi ra vao khu trung tam gid cao dilm); dudng bd phai dupe tao thanh mang ludi.
LUa chon phUong tien van tai hap ly: Muc tieu cua phat trien ben vOng van tai dd thj la phat triln hdp ly mang ludi VTHKCC vdi cae phuong thUe van tai khac nhau, cd xet d i n tac dpng cua VTHKCC dd thj ve cac mat kinh t l , xa hpi, mdi trudng va tai chinh, t h i c h i . Viee quyet djnh lua chon loai hinh phuong tien VTHKCC phu hdp vdi tUng loai dd thj, dat dUdc muc tieu cua quy hoach phat trien GTVT thudng dUa vao quy md dan sd dd thj d l dua ra cac phUOng an lUa chpn loai hinh phuong tien phu hpp vdi quy md dd thj.
Phat trien tien vUng ket cau ha tang giao thdng (KCHTGT) dd thj:
Phat triln KCHTGT hien dai, ddng bd, dap Ung nhu cau giao thdng tang cao phu hpp vdi eau true dd thj phat triln va eau true quy hoach xay dung vung. Thilt lap he thdng giao thdng dap dng nhu cau phat trien VTKHCC, giai quylt van d l Lin tac, tai nan giao thdng va d nhiem mdi trudng. Xay dung mang ludi KCHTGT khdi Idn, tao ddng luc phat trien dd thi: Xay dung cac tuyln dudng s i t dd thj, tuyen buyt nhanh k i t hpp vdi phat triln dd thj;
k i t ndi lien thdng giOa dUdng s i t qude gia, dudng s i t ngoai d va (Xem tiep trang 109) .\i^fU-^ f^uiv) y^*\y 2C
