•iSI/VN TDI KINH D D A N K :
MOT SO DAC DIEIVI CUA QUAN HE LAO OONG TRONG DOANH NGHIEP VIET NAM HIEN NAY
Nguyen Thj Minh Nhan *
^hue hien dudng Idi doi mdi cda Dang va Nha nude, nin kinh te Viet Nam chuyin tU ca ehe ke (y hoaeh hda tap trung quan lieu bao cap sang nin kinh te thj trUdng djnh hudng xa hdi ehu nghTa, quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam ra ddi va phat thin mang trong minh nhOng net rieng dd la: cd sU da dang va khae biet d mdi loai hlnh doanh nghiep: edn chju nhiiu sU dieu tiet trUc tiep eua Nha nUdc; va dang d trong thdi ky khd khan do eae yeu td ndi tai chua trudng thanh va mdi trudng quan he lao ddng chua hoan thien. Nhan dang va phan tich dugc nhUng diSm mang tinh "ban sac" eiia quan he lao ddng Viet Nam mat each cd ea sd khoa hgc khdng chl giup cho cac ehd thi lien quan cd nhOng Ung xd phu hgp ma edn ed y nghTa dd'i vdi viec hoan thien he thdng chinh saeh, phap luat cua Nha nude ve quan he lao ddng trong qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te dam bao nhUng nguyen tae can- ban ciia kinh te thj trUdng va phu hgp vdl eude sdng.
Dat vain de:
Quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep la he thd'ng tUdng tac giUa ngUdi sCf dung lao dpng va ngudi lao ddng (hoae td chUc dai dien cho hp) trong doanh nghiep xay ra khi hai ben hpp tae lam viec de dat Quae muc tieu kinh doanh cCia doanh nghiep va Ipi ich ca nhan ngUdi lao ddng. Xay dung quan he lao ddng lanh manh la muc tieu ma cac doanh nghiep can phai hudng tdi dac biet trong nen kinh te thj trUdng bdi nd se gdp phan quyet djnh sU tang trudng ben vung cCia doanh nghiep. Quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep cd anh hudng true tiep khdng ehi den ban than ngudi lao dpng, den ngUdi si!r dung lao dpng ma eon anh hudng den xa hdi.
ThUc hien dudng ldi ddi mdi cua Oang va Nha nudc, nen kinh te Viet Nam chuyen tU cd che ke hoaeh hda tap trung quan lieu bao cap sang nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng xa hpi ehCi nghTa, quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam mang trong minh nhCfng net rieng cd dd la: cd sU da dang va khac biet d mdi loai hinh doanh nghiep; chju nhieu can thiep cCia Nha nudc va dang d trong thdi ky khd khan do eae yeu td npi tai va mdi trUdng quan he lao ddng ehUa hoan thien. Phan tich va nhan dang Quae day dCi nhCfng diem mang tinh "ban sac" cCia quan he lao dpng
Viet Nam mpt each cd cd sd khoa hpc giup cho cac chCi the lien quan cd nhung Ung xCf phu hdp, dieu dd dac biet cd y nghTa dd'i vdi viec hoan thien he thdng chinh sach, phap luat cDa Nha nUde ve quan he lao dpng trong qua trinh hpi nhap, dam bao nhCfng nguyen tac can ban ciia kinh te thj trudng va phu hpp vdi eude sdng.
1. Quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep nudc ta cd s y d a dang va khac biet d mdi loai hinh doanh nghiep
Suda dang cCia quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam tdn tai la do sU da dang cua cae loai hinh doanh nghiep thupe cac thanh phan kinh te khac nhau. Su khac biet do cu the nhU sau:
Quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep nha nudc da cd suf chuyen ddi can ban ve chat thanh quan he thue mudn lao dpng vdi cac ndi dung phap ly va kinh te dich thufc ke tU khi chuyen sang kinh te thj trUdng. Budc chuyen dd the hien: Nha nude (chCi sd huu doanh nghiep nha nude) giao quyen cho tdng giam ddc hay giam .ddc - ngudi sd dung lao dpng thue ngudi lao dpng; ngudi suf dung lao dpng cd toan quyen trong thue mudn, siJdung, tra lUdng... cho ngudi lao ddng tuan thu
ThS., Trudng Dai hoc Thuang Mai
So 32/2009
_KHOA HOC " ^
Thuang Mai 47
QEAN TDI KIM DOAN1!
Cd che thda thuan, thUdng lupng va dam,bao tuan thu phap luat lao ddng, haeh toan chi phi lao dpng la mpt phan chi phi cCia doanh nghiep; Ipi ich cCia ngudi suf dung lao dpng phu thupe vao hieu qua kinh doanh
eon Ipi ich ciia ngudi lac ddng phu thudc vao sU thda thuan va nang sua't lao ddng.
Tai cac doanh nghiep ntia nudc, 100% td chUc cong doan Quae thanh lap va dUdc tao dieu kien thuan Ipi de hoat dpng nhUng vdi phan ldn can bp cong doan la can bd quan ly kiem nhiem; ta't ca ngudi lao dpng trong doanh nghiep nha nudc deu cd hpp ddng lao dpng bang van ban, dupe ddng bao hie'm xa hpi va bao hie'm y te; da sd doanh nghiep nha nudc da ky thda Udc lao ddng tap the;...
Mac dil vay, ldi ieh kinh te eiia ngudi lao ddng dat dupc tu qua trinh lao dpng va thda thuan vdi ngudi sif dung lao dpng d doanh nghiep nha nUde thudng khong cao.
Quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc la quan he chCi - thd, ngUdi suf dung lao dpng thudng la chCi doanh nghiep hoac la ngudi dUdc chu doanh nghiep iiy quyen. Doanh nghiep ngoai nha nudc d nudc ta phan Idn la cae doanh nghiep vUa va nhd, ngudn lUc han ehe nen chUa ehu trpng den viec dau tU phat trien quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep. Cae bieu hien lien quan de'n quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep thuoc loai hinh nay con rat ddn sd: hdp ddng lao dpng dupc ky bang van ban giua ngudi suf dung lao dpng va ngudi lao ddng chUa dupc ap dung day dCi; thda udc lao dpng tap the chUa dupc ky ke't d sd dong doanh nghiep; quyen va ldi ieh chinh dang hdp phap eiia ngUdi lao ddng ve tien lUdng, tien lam them gid, bao hiem xa hdi, dieu kien an
toan ve sinh lao dpng, thdi gian lam viec... bj ngudi siif dung lao dpng vi pham kha phd bie'n; d cac doanh nghiep nay hoat dpng cCia td chUc eong doan it dupc quan tam.
Hinh 1:S6 lugng cac eude dinh cdng d nudc ta tU nam 1995 - 2008
DNNN
CZIDNBTNN
CZHDNNNN
-Tdng so
TP. Ho Chi Minh
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 .
Ngudn: [4], ngoai con sd nam 2006 la tUbao Nhan Dan, nam 2007, 2008 tu Bd LDTB&XH. Sd lieu cudc dinh cdng TPHd Chi Minh ciia Sd LDTB&XH TPHd Chi Minh.
Quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep cd vd'n dau tu nude ngoai la quan he giCfa ngUdi sCf dung lao ddng - ngUdi nUde ngoai hoae la ngudi Viet Nam dupc thue de quan ly doanh nghiep vdi ngUdi lao ddng. 6 loai hinh doanh nghiep nay, quan he lao ddng chju anh hudng bdi su khac biet ve van hda, them vao dd nhieu ngUdi lao ddng Viet Nam lai ed tac phong lam viec qua khac biet so vdi ngudi suf dung lao ddng la ngudi nUdc ngoai (ngudi lao dpng Viet Nam mang nang tac phong san xua't cCia mpt nen ndng nghiep tie'u ndng, tuy tien ve gid giae, hanh vi, y thUe ky luat lao dpng.
va thuc hien cam ke't lao dpng tha'p) lam cho quan he lao dpng trd nen phUe tap. Trong cac doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tU nudc ngoai nhin ehung thu nhap eCia ngudi lao ddng cd mat bang cao hdn nhung sU phan hda thu nhap cung ro rang hdn;
hpp ddng lao dpng dupe ky ke't bang van ban vdi ty le cac song thudng khdng dung ve loai hpp ddng; viec thanh lap va hoat dpng eCia td chufc
KHOA HOC
48 Thuang Mai^ So 32/2009
QUAN TDI KINH DOANH
cong doan eon han che do quan diem va nhan thufc cCia ngudi sii' dung lao dpng cung nhU cCia ngudi lao dpng ve vai tro cong doan chua cao do dd ty le ky ket thda udc lao dpng tap the tha'p.
Nhu vay, quan he lao dpng trong khu vUc doanh nghiep nha nude ve cd ban v i n giu dupe SLf dn djnh, it xay ra tranh chap. Quan he lao dpng d doanh nghiep ngoai nha nude va doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai nhieu ndi d i l n bie'n phifc tap; tinh trang xung dot, tranh cha'p lao dpng, ngUng viec tap the va dinh cong t u phat ngay mpt tang (xem Hinh 1). TU dau nam 2003 den cudi nam 2007, ca nUde da xay ra 1.359 cupc dinh cong; trong dd doanh nghiep nha nude xay ra 18 cupc (1,3%), doanh nghiep ngoai nha nude xay ra 315 eude (23,2%) va doanh nghiep eo vdn dau tu nude ngoai xay ra 1.026 cupc (75,5%).
2. Quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam mang ban sac cua mpt nen kinh te chuyen doi van chju nhieu can thiep cuia Nha nudc trong viec giai quye't nhung mau thuan phat sinh trong quan he lao dpng
ThUe hien dudng Id'i ddi mdi cua Dang va Nha nudc, nen kinh te Viet Nam chuyen tU cd che ke hoaeh hda tap trung quan lieu bao cap sang cd che thj trudng djnh hudng xa hpi chCi nghTa. Trong su phat trien dd can cd sU dieu khien vT md cCia Nha nude la dai dien cho Ipi ich cCia dong dao nhan dan. Odng thdi vdi vai tro trpng tai trong quan he giCfa ngudi suf dung lao ddng va ngUdi lao dpng, Nha nUdc dam bao cho quyen ldi cua ca doi ben, vUa hda giai mau thuIn doi ben, khdng che xung dot hai ben trong pham vi trat tu xa hpi, giu vung djnh hudng xa hpi chii nghTa va duy tri sU phat trien dn djnh cua kinh te xa hpi.
Trong dieu kien hien nay, cae dd'i tac chinh cua quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep d nudc ta con nhieu han che ve nang life, phuong thUc thUdng lupng, thda thuan va ddi thoai, them vao dd vai trd cCia td chUc cong doan cac cap, dac biet cdng doan ed sd con ehua dupc phat huy. Chinh vi vay, trong thdi gian qua Nha nUdc cd nhCfng can thiep true tie'p vao quan he lao dpng, dac biet cac ed quan nha nude da tham gia true tiep vao viec giai quye't tranh chap lao dpng va thudng dupe gpi la "phuang phap tinh the" vdi hai each phd bien la:
ThU nhat, giai quyet thong qua vai tro hoa giai trung gian cCia mpt sd td chife, ca nhan nhu: can bp cong doan cap tren, nha bao, can bp phudng sd... con gpi la phuong thUc hoa giai tu nguyen.
Thuc t i l n clio tha'y, giai quyet tranh chap lao dpng va dinh cong theo phUdng thUe hoa giai nay kha hieu qua. Tuy nhien, phUdng thifc nay chUa dupe quy djnh trong phap luat hien hanh. Bp luat Lao dpng mdi chi de cap den thu tuc hda giai tai tda an trong dd ngUdi ddng vai trd trung gian hda giai la tha'm phan dupc phan cong giai quye't cudc dinh cong. PhUdng thUe giai quyet dinh cong ngoai tda an, vdi vai tro trung gian ciia mpt hoac vai ca nhan dupc cac ben tin tudng va lUa chpn hien Quae ap dung kha linh hoat trong thuc te da dat ra van de can xem xet bd sung cac quy djnh ve hoa giai tu nguyen trong qua trinh giai quye't dinh cdng va cd ed che dam bao viec thufc hien nhCfng cam ket hda giai trong thufc t i l n .
ThU hai, giai quyet dinh cong dudi suf tham gia eCia cd quan lao dpng dja phUdng phdi hpp vdi cd quan quan ly nha nUdc ve lao dpng, cong doan cac cap, cd quan cdng an, vien kiem sat nhan dan. Cd quan lao ddng dja phUdng chCi tri thanh lap mdt "to cdng tae lien nganh". To cdng tae ed traeh nhiem tri/c tiep theo doi va giai quyet eae vu tranh chap lao ddng tap the xay ra trong khu vUe dupc phan cong va bao cao ket qua cho ThUdng true - Ban Thudng vu Lien doan Lao ddng thanh phd. Mac dil "fd' cdng tac lien nganh" theo quy dinh cCia phap luat khdng cd tham quyen gi^i quyet dinh cong nhufng da dem lai nhUng hieu qua nha't djnh: giai quye't dinh cong nhanh chdng, kjp thdi dn djnh trat tu xa hpi tai dja phUdng, binh dn quan he lao dpng, bao ve quyen Ipi hpp phap ciia cac chu the quan he lao ddng, dac biet bao ve ngUdi lao dpng.
NhCfng each giai quye't tren la chua dung vdi thCi tuc luat djnh va tU khi Bp luat Lao dpng dupc thuc thi den nay chUa cd vu tranh chap lao dpng tap the nao dUdc dUa ra giai quyet theo quy trinh phap luat quy djnh. Tham ehi eo khong it cupc dinh eong trai luat, dupe xii' ly khong theo luat nhung dieu dang ehu y la ngUdi lao ddng v i n dat dupc yeu sach. Thuc te nay da tao nhCfng mat trai, dien hinh nhU nguy cd "tai d i l n " dinh gdng hay tranh chap lao dpng ludn tiem an, hien tupng ca ngudi lao dpng va ngudi suf dung lao dpng deu
So 32/2009
.KHOA HOC ' ^
ThuangMai 49
QUAN TDI KINH DOANH
"phd mac" cho cd quan quan ly nha nudc khi xay ra tranh chap, ngUdi lao ddng lam dung, sif dung tuy tien cong cu dinh cdng... Ta't ca nhCfng bieu hien dd "bdp meo" qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien tu nhien cua quan he lao ddng.
Cung vdi sU phat trien kinh te da't nUdc, eiia thj trudng lao dpng va "dp chin" eua cac chii the quan he lao dpng, vai tro cua Nha nUde Viet Nam dd'i vdi ITnh vufc quan he lao dpng da cd su thay ddi theo hudng ngay cang giam sU can thiep true tiep, tuy con rat cham. Ke't qua khao sat cCia Tdng Lien doan Lao dpng Viet Nam la minh ehufng djnh lupng cho dac diem nay: 85,28% sd ngUdi lao dpng va 87,38% sd ngudi suf dung lao dpng dUdc hdi cho rang muc dich cua dinh cong la gay sUc ep vdi ngudi sCf dung lao dpng de dat cae quyen ldi kinh te xa hdi va cac dieu kien lao ddng. Oac biet ed de'n 72% ngUdi lao ddng Quae hdi cho rang cd qugifi quan ly nha nUdc ve lao dpng la chCi the tich cue trong viec tham gia giai quye't cac cupc dinh cdng.
3. Quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam dang trong thdi ky kho khan do cac ye'u td npi tai chua chin muoi ya mdi trudng quan he lao dpng chua phat trien
Trong mdt thdi gian kha dai, Viet Nam d trong nen kinh te ke hoaeh hda tap trung tren cd sd che dp cdng hUu ve tU lieu san xua't vdi su thdng trj cCia kinh te qud'c doanh va kinh te tap the. SUe lao dpng khong phai la hang hda nen quan he lao dpng cung mang dam net gia trj tinh than, chUa ed dieu kien bpc Ip day dCi ta't ca nhCfng dac diem tu nhien vdn cd cua quan he hang - tien.
TU nam 1986, Viet Nam chuyen ddi cd che quan ly kinh te. Cupc cai each ve chinh sach phat trien kinh te xa hpi da d i l n ra mpt each toan dien va sau sac tren ta't ca cae ITnh vuc.
Dien mao kinh te xa hdi Viet Nam ed nhieu thay ddi vdi su xua't hien va phat trien manh me eua eae quan he kinh te va lao dpng. Nhung phai den nam 1994, khi Bd luat Lao dpng dupc thdng qua, quyen tuf do lUa chpn viec lam, ndi lam viec cCia ngudi lao dpng; quyen tuye'n chpn, sap xep, bd tri lao dpng, dieu hanh lao dpng theo yeu eau san xua't cua ngUdi suf dung lao dpng trong cac thanh phan kinh te mdi Quae phap luat ghi nhan.
Ben canh dd, Nha nUde cdn cd nhUng quy djnh ve quan ly lao ddng de viee luan chuyen lao
dpng giua cac thanh phan kinh te co the d i l n ra d l dang ma v i n bao toan dupc lpi ich cCia ngUdi lao dpng. Cung vdi suf thay ddi cCia mdi trUdng phap ly, quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep 6 Viet Nam cung dan b)ie'n chuyen theo hudng ngay cang nang dpng va thuc chat hdn.
Sau hdn 20 nam thuc tiien cPng cudc Odi mdi da't nudc, dac trUng kinh te Idn cCia Viet Nam eung mang nhung dang vdc tUdng tuf nhU thdi ky tien cong nghiep hda d cae nUdc phat trien, ty trpng nganh tham dung lao ddng cao (sU phat trien nganh det may, giay da, che bie'n... la mpt minh chUng ro rang). Trong bdi canh toan cau hoa thi su djch chuyen ciia nhCfng doanh nghiep loai nay tU cac nudcphat trien sang nhi/ng nUde nhu Viet Nam Iai eang diln ra nhanh chdng. Cung vdi su dich chuyen dd, trong npi bp nen kinh te cung tdn tai sif djch chuyen lao dpng Idn tU khu vifc ndng thdn ra thanh thj, tU nong nghiep sang cdng nghiep. Life lupng lao dpng tham gia vao sU djch chuyen thudng cd tay nghe tha'p, tien lUdng tha'p, dieu kien lao dpng khd khan - hp trd thanh chCi the tham gia quan he lao dpng. Tuy nhien, cac chCi the nay chUa phat trien chin mudi (vj the, nang life) de dam traeh dupc vai tro vdn cd trong quan he lao dpng. Nang lufe yeu, vj the khap khiing keo theo hang loat nhCfng khd khan khac trong van hanh quan he lao ddng (xem Hinh 2).
Them vao dd trong giai doan nay, he thd'ng phap luat va cac the che ve quan he lao dong cung chua phat trien ddng bp. Nhung dac diem neu tren d i n de'n mpt thue te ta't ye'u la se tdn tai mpt Qg chenh giCfa nang lufe xuf ly van de vdi sU nay sinh mpt each tuf nhien cua quan he lao dpng. Su "chenh" dd s§ lam cho quan he lao dpng d nUde ta trong giai doan nay luda d tinh trang khdng dn djnh. Day la giai doan khdng the tranh khdi trong qua trinh chuyen ddi cd ehe. 6 cae nude cong nghiep phat trien, trUdc khi cd quan he lao dpng dn dinh nhu hien nay eung da tUng trai qua giai doan phat trien vdi nhCfng "trac trd" nhu vay. Op dai cCia giai doan nay dUde quyet djnh bdi suf s i n sang va nang luc cCia ban than cac chCi the, nang luc quan |y dieu hanh cuia Nha nudc ddi vdi ITnh vuc quan i)e iao ddng, cung nhu cac yeu td thupe moi trudng quan he lao dpng.
KHOA HOC
50 ThuangMai' So 32/2009
QUAN TDI KINH D 0 A N | |
Hinh 2:
NhUng bleu hien cija quan he lao ddng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien nay
Q i n . f ) TRO.VG rx^.VMI .VfJiriftP M f i l N.VM
< i n I H F n ( ) N < ; T \ ( SU)Ulni,lieu SLD) VII .\SI)LD Viet .\iim lUiiig
fo iiiiii!' life va vi llif yen vti "klujpkliieiig"
r o r i i i : j i D M ; r v ( C •(> ilie liiii hen itii xiiiir
hien o \'iei .%>//«, vun liiuih chii yen d i n/i D.X vi)i hien qua lliap
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l l l N H r i H (•
rvasG iwc
• Doi Ihoai, thuong lifo'ng a mile so' khai.
- TCIJ) Mn lien iliiili rdng rlihi ra lit phdt
Tren day la mdt sd dae diem nd'i bat cCia quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep nUdc ta hien nay. NhUng dae die'm nay se etii phdi tien trinh thuc hien muc tieu lanh manh hda quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Vdi thdi die'm ra ddi mupn so vdi cac nudc cong nghiep phat trie'n hang the ky, su non tre cCia quan tie lao dpng trong doanh nghiep Viet Nam d thdi die'm nay la khong the tranh khdi. Vi vay, nghien cUu kinh nghiem cCia cac mo hinh quan he lao dpng tien tien tren the gidi va thong le qudc te la can thie't, nha't la su tac dpng manh me cua qua trinh chuyen ddi sang nen kinli te thj trudng va cua xu the hpi nhap qudc te tdi xu hudng phat trie'n eCia quan he lao dpng trong doanh nghiep nUde ta thdi gian tdi. Trong xu hudng dd tap trung nang cao nang lUe, vj the cua cac chu the cua quan he lao dpng va dieu chinh, tien tdi hoan thien moi trudng de quan he lao dpng d i l n ra lanh manh la nhung van de vUa cd tfnh ca'p bach vUa ed tinh lau dai.4
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Chang Hee Lee (2006), Quan he lao ddng va glal quyet tranh chap lao ddng tai Viet Nam, van phdng ILO tai Viet Nam.
2. Nguyen Manh Cudng (2009), Bao cao nghien cUu - Hgp phan vi Quan he iao ddng va mdi trudng phap ehe trong thj trudng lao ddng, Du an do IDRC tai trd.
3. Tdng LOLO Viet Nam (2000), Bao cao khao sat tlnh hlnh dinh cdng trong cac doanh nghiep. Ha Npi.
4. Simon y ^- - ^ Clarke, The
C h a n g i n g
Character of Strikes in Vietnam, Post-Communist Economies, Vol. 18, No. 3, September 2006
5. Vu Phap che - Bd Lao ddng ThUdng binh va Xa hpi (2008), Duthao Bao cao tong hop nghien cUu vi quan he lao ddng tai Viet Nam, Ha Ndi.
Summary
Under the renewal policies of the Party and Government, Vietnams economy has been trans- formed from centrally-planned into socialism-ori- ented market economy. In this transitional period, the labor relationships in Vietnamese enterprises possess their own distinctive features: the rela- tionships vary in each corporate model; operate under the direct regulations of the State; and are in the difficult time as the internal factors have not been fully grown up and the environment not mature. Identifying these distinctive features of the labor relationships will not only help relevant enteties have appropriate behavior but the State ean aslo complete its policies and legal system on labor relationships in the international economic integration process so as to ensure the basic prin- ciples of the market economy.
