Nguon von con nguoi va cai each giao due ^^et Nam:
dinh hinh triet ly giao due Viet Nam
Nguy&i Mgnii Cu6ng Khoa Quoc te hoc, Trudng Dai hgc Ha NOi
Bai nghien ciru eho rang cai each giao due Vidt Nam dang hong qud trinh dinh hinh triet ly gido due. Mdt tridt ly gido dye mdi khdng chi don thudn la su lua chgn mdt ehieu, ma la sg ket hgp ed chgn Igc cua tmyen thdng gido due Vldt Nam vdi cac tinh hoa giao due thd gidi nhu gido due khai phdng, giao due thuc hanh, dan chu hda trong giao due... nhdm tao ra mdt thd hd mdi ciia cac cdng dan tu do, suy nghi ddc Idp, phan bien thuc ddy su thay ddi xa hdi va dan chii hda xa hdi, trdn co sd eac tmydn thdng van hda va dgo diic dan tdc.
1. Mo dau
Gido due ludn la mdt ndi lo thudng true cua tdt ca mgi ngudi, cua mgi gia dinh eung nhu ciia tat ca cae hi^u dai phong kidn hong lich sii Wdt Nam. Giao due la Uiudc do sg phat hidn cda mOt qudc gia. Nd cQng ddng thdi phan anh he tu tudng ciia he thdng ehinh tri va chinh la ndn tdng quan trong trude khi mdi cdng ddn phdt tridn hdch nhidm nghia vu ciia ban thdn, dgo dire, ky nang va tii thiie. Tuy nhidn, nen giao due cua Viet Nam hien nay edn tdn tai nhidu mat han chd cd the kd ddn nhu: bdng cdp gid, gian ldn trong thi eir, ky nang dao tao edn yt.. kem cung nhu cac chinh sdch thuc ddy phdt tridn Pf.udn nhan Igc cdn ngheo nan.
Tat ca chflng deu U''- thanh rao can ciia Viet Nam hong qud trinh hdi n^ ' o qudc td ciia minh.
Chu tjch Hd Chi U>nh da tCmg ndi sau Cdeh mang thang Tdm nam 1945; .vidt dan tgc ddt la n.ot dan tdc ydu. VI v^y tdi dd ngh' rria mgt chidn dich dd chdng ngn mu chu". Ngdy ddu Jdn eua ndm hgc, ngay mung 2 thang 9 nam 1945, Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh da giii buc Uiu tdi BO Giao due va Lho tgo vdi ndi dung nhu sau:
"Sau 80 nam gidi nd Id lam cho nude nhd bi yeu hdn, ngay nay ehung ta cdn phdi xdy dgng Igi eo do ma td tien da dd lai cho chung ta, lam sao cho chung ta theo kip cac nude khac hdn hoan cdu. Trong cdng cude kidn thidt dd, nude nha hdng mong chd dgi d cdc em rdt nhi^u. Non sdng Viet Nam cd trd ndn tuoi dep hay khdng, dan tdc Vidt Nam ed bude tdi ddi vinh quang dd sanh vai vdi cdc cudng qudc nam chau duge hay khdng, chinh Id nhd mdt phdn Idn d edng hgc tap cua cac em".
Tridt IJ giao due cOa Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ehu ydu chinh la sg kd tiiua nhung tu tudng eua n^n gido d;-"
ed huy^n vd ddng ttidi dp dgng hd tu tudng phu hgp cho viec hdi nhap vdi the gidi
2. Nhimg han che cua nen giao due Viet Nam Didu ddu tidn, ndn giao due Vidt Nam la mdt n^n giao due chua hieu qua vdi chdt lugng cdn thdp, dac biet la giao due dgi hoc va giao due nghe. Don cii nhu viec, Viet Nam cd hon 9.000 giao su, 24.000 tidn si va 100.000 thgc sy nhung viec xudt ban eae cdng trinh nghidn eiiu, tdi lieu mang tdm ed qudc td thi lai rat han chd. Tdng sd cdng trinh nghien ciiu hong giai dogn 1996 - 2001 chi ed 13.172. Con sd nay chi bang 1/5 sd cdng trinh ciia Thai Lan (69.637 cdng trinh), chi bang 1/6 sd cdng trinh cua Malaysia (75.530 edng trinh), vd chi bdng 1/10 sd edng trinh eiia Singapore (126.881 cdng trinh). Mdc du, ddn sd cua Viet Nam thi gdp 17 ldn dan sd ciia Singapore, gap ba ldn dan sd eua Malaysia va gdp 1,5 ldn dan sd ciia Thai Lan. Ngoai sg han ehe trong cac cdng trinh nghien cthi, cac chi sd ve siic anh hudng cua eac edng trinh nghien euu ciia cac hgc gia Vidt Nam eung la thdp nhdt trong khu vue.
Thii nhat, gido due la tieu ehudn cho chi sd canh tranh eua mdt qud'c gia. Tuy nhidn, theo bdo eao ciia Didn dan Kinh td Thd gidi ve "Chi sd eanh tranh nam 2017-2018", miic do hieu qua ciia nen gido due Vidt Nam chi dung thii 84//138 qude gia tren thd gidi la nhan td giam khd nang canh tranh ciia Viet nam 2017- 2018 (Viet Nam xep 55 tren 137 nude).
Thir hai, phuong phdp cung nhu ndi dung gidng day cdn tdn tai nhieu han che: i) Vide dao tao ky ndng mdm chua dugc chu trgng; ii) Giao dgc ehua dap irng duac nhu cdu cOa doanh nghidp, edng ty va thj trudng lao ddng; ill) Cac bdi thi, kidm tra deu khdng thuc tidn va di nguoc lai so vdi the gidi; iv) Giao due cdn thien ve ly thuyet hon thuc hanh.
He qua eua tdt ca nhung didu tren la ddo tgo nghd dat 40%, tuong duong 23,5 tridu ngudi vao nam 2015 (hong dd trinh dd TCN, CDN chiem ty Id 20%, du kidn 55% vao ndm 2020,tuang duong 34,4 trieu ngudi (honij
19
NGHIEN CUU
do binh do TCN, CDN chidm ty le la 23%)., cdc cdng ty deu phai dao tgo Igi sd sinh vien da tuydn dung va mdt rdt nhieu thdi gian de ddo sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep. Then gian dao tao thdng thudng keo ddi hi mgt ddn hai nam.
37% sinh vien tim duge viee lam lai khdng the dap ling duge ydu cau cdng viec. Nhin chung, chdt lugng eiia ngudn nhdn lugng cdn thap. Dong thdi, sd lugng sinh vien dai hge eflng tdng hong sudt thdi gian dd nhung chat lugng dao tgo vdn cdn thap va chua ddp ling dugc nhu eau eua lue lugng Iao ddng. Cdn rat nhieu sinh vien ra tiirdng dang trong tinh trgng that nghidp.
Thir ba, viec qudn ly gido due dao tao cdn nhieu Idng leo tren ede khia eanh sau:
- Chat lugng eflng nhu sd lugng cua ddi ngfl giang dgy cdn thdp. Nhidu giao vien va gido su ehua ddp ling diigc nhu eau eua viec giang dgy - ddo tgo va cd nhirng vi phgm dgo due nghe nghiep
- Chua cd su hgp tac phdi hgp giiia eae cdp gido due - Khung chinh sach hd trg va tai ehinh eho giao due ehua tuong xting. Co sd vat chdt phuc vu cho giao due tgi nhidu khu vuc, vung mien edn Igc hdu
- Mirc dd gian lan trong Uii cii cdn d miic cao.
Ngudn nhan lue ehua dap img duge nhu cdu phdt trien kinh td ciia ddt nude, hgc sinh, sinh vien edn thu ddng, thie'u su sang tdc vd hen bd.
3. Sir he ttiua cac tmyen ttiong giao due cua Viet Nam Dau tidn, viec hge tap sudt ddi la mdt tmydn thdng cua ddn tdc Vidt Nam. Nghe nha giao ludn cd duge dia vi rat eao hong xa hdi. Ngudi ngudi deu ludn kinh trgng nhung gia dinh cd con cai dd dat cao. Ngucri dan Viet Nam ludn mang trong minh kha nang tu hgc, vugt khd rat tdt dd theo dudi con dudng hoc vdn eao hon.
Dd da trd thanh mdt tmydn thdng bat rd tir xa xua trong lieh sir dan tdc va trd thanh mdt phdn trong phong each sdng cua mgi gia dinh va eua ca edng ddng.
Thii hai, ddo tgo nhan tai ludn la uu Udn hang dau cua Nha nude ttr thdi phong kien cho ddn nay. He thdng giao due thdi phong kien ludn dat le giao, Idl sdng va ehudn muc ldn hang ddu khi ddo tao nhan tai.
cac quy tdc dao diic duae thgc hien rat khdt khe dudi thdi phong kidn va didu do eflng giup Nha nude ddo tao cde quan lai dai than thdi bdy gid.
Thu ba, ngudi Viet Nam ed mdt khd nang hgc hdi tdt tir cac nen van hda Idn va tir cac qudc gia khac nhau. Thai ky phong kien cd the ke den nhu trieu dgi nha Dinh (968-980), nha Tien Le (980-1009), nha Ly (1009-1225), nha Trdn (1226-1400),... deu lay Phat giao la qud'c gido eiia dat nude. Rdt nhieu vi cao tang da trd thanh nhung ngudi cd vdn cho vua qua tung trieu dai ttr cd dja phuong Ian hung uong.
Thii tu, tu tudng efla chu tich Hd Chi Minh ve ndn gido due cung ddng then chi ra rdng: giao due phdi dugc dat len hang dau hong cdng cude Caeh mgng nam
1945: (1) Xda ngn mu chu: chi sau 6 thdng, ddt nuoc Viet Nam dd xda bd duoe 95% ngn mil chu. (2) Cdng ddn deu ed hge tiiirc va cd ti^ch nhidm. (3) Chien dich phd cdp hd hi hrdng: Hge tap de phge vg nhan dan, de phung su Td quoc (4) Tuydn dgng nhdn tai d^ lam viec hong cdc CO quan cua chinh phfl nhdm mue 6ich phuc vu ngudi ddn. Thue hien cac chinh sach de hd trg nhiing nhdn tai phge vu eho dat nude va day chinh la chia khda thanh edng eiia mdt qude gia.
Thii nam, tmydn thdng giao due tap tmng vao hgc hdi nhiing bai hgc tir cac qudc gia khae. Theo nhu chu tich H6 Chi Minh ttmg ndi, cd rat nliieu nhirng nha hiet hge ma hd tu tudng efla hg ve giao due rdt khac nhau.
Tuy nhidn hd tu tudng chd yeu la gido due la de mang lai hgnh phfle cho con ngucri va giao dgc mang Igi edng bang va binh ddng eho xa hdi. Hgc tap chinh la qua trinh tg hgc hdi tim tdi va hge tap la d^ phuc vg eho nhan dan.3-'
4. Anh hirdng cua tir hrong Nho giao trong nen giao due cua Viet Nam
Triet hge giao due Nho giao van cdn tdn tai U-ong tam cua ngudi dan \^et Nam va Tmng Qude. Nhiing hinh anh cua dng vd ngudi thay v! dgi nhat mgi thdi dgi, nha tridt hgc vl dgi nhat trong lich su Tmng Qude va Vidt Nam va tdm anh hudng cfla dng ddi vdi tuong lai va 2.000 nam qua efla nen van minh Viet Nam da khidn tu tudng cfla dng trd thanh tinh hoa trong nen van hda cua Vidt Nam.
Ong dy cung ludn khuyen khieh cac hgc trd cua minh kham pha nhimg dieu mdi me dd hgc tap nhung muc dich cfla Phucmg phap day hge trong Nho giao la ihig dung thuc tien va duge tgo ra nhdm muc dieh giflp con ngudi trau ddi nhan each va nhan phdm va cd thd la ehudn bi hanh trang eho su phat trien cfla xa hdi.
Nho gido tin rdng, ban chat cfla con ngudi la luong tlilen va cd thd dugc mai dua de ed due hanh tdt neu ed su giao due. Do do, gido due chinh la co sd eho su phat tridn b6n vung eua nhan logi. Tre nhd dugc day vd bdn phan chu hieu ddi vdi cha me va cdng dong de ehudn bi eho chflng nhan thuc dugc vl tri ciia bdn thdn hong eac cdp bac cua xa hgi eflng nhu de cu xu dung muc. Nhung diia tre dugc giao due tdt se dgt dugc mdt dia vi cao hem trong xa hdi.
Tai Ha Ndi vao nam 1070, viec xay dung Van mieu Qudc Tii Giam - ngdi tixrdng tap hung vd giang day Nho giao, ddng tiidi la tiudng dai hgc dau tien cfla Viet Nam da danh ddu sg phat trien efla Nho giao nhu mdt dgo gido. Xu hudng lich sir nay da gdp phdn lam xudt hien nhirng net van hda huyen thdng ciia Viet Nam ttmg dugc ggi la "Qudc gia van minh", Vidt Nam dac biet coi hgng nhCmg nhan tai va nhung nhan tai dang duge tmydn day do hg ehinh la nhiing tinh tfl eua Viet Nam.
Phong each sdng efla Nho giao ma nhirng hge trd
20
<,NH T± C H A U A •gido vidn hge theo ly tudng dd la mdt qua trinh khdng ngung vd nhdn thiic cua bdn than. Gia tri cdt Idi quan hgng nhdt cfla Nho gido Id viec bao todn ddy du cdc Id nghi chinh Id bude ddu Udn trong qud canh dgt dugc ednh gidi dgo due cao hem. Dd la didu ma ngudi sang Idp ra Nho gido tin rdng ndm hong nhan tinh - gid tri cdt Idi cua mdi con ngudri. Dd hgc theo, sdng theo ly tudng ludn de gia dinh trong tdm tri cung nhu trai tim chinh la cdch de vugt ldn tren cai tdi ed nhdn.
Nho giao ludn ddng mdt vai hd rdt quan hgng nhu mdt bien phdp ciiu ednh cho cac trieu dgi phong kien ttr sudt nhung ndm 1070 cho den het 1883 (Khi ma Hiep udc Quy MOi do tridu Dinh nhd Nguydn tai Hud ky ket vdi Phdp dd cdng nhan sg bao hd cua Phdp trdn toan lanh thd \^$t Nam) qua mgi thang hdm cua lich sii nude nha. Tmy^n thong nay gdn lien vdi viec xdy dung ngudn luc con ngudi tai Vidt Nam khi md mgi bdc sinh thdnh hdn khdp ddi Vidt Nam nhdn dinh rdng nhimg gid tri dao diic vd gido due nhan tai la nen tang trong cdng cude phdt trien con ngudi vd xa hgi nude Vidt Nam.
5. Nhimg de xuat tai dinh hinh lai triet hoc giao due ciia Viet Nam
Tridt ly giao due khai phdng la ndn mong ciia kinh td, khoa hgc va cdng nghd- Do dd, chflng tdi dd xudt:
Ddu tidn, giao due khai phdng la mdt bude thay ddi ldn trong phuong phdp gido due: vai trd cfla hgc sinh cung dang dugc eoi hgng bdn canh vai trd cua ngucri gido vien. Cd gido vien ldn hgc sinh ddu cd thd hge tap tu nhau eflng nhu dao tgo cho nhau. Vide gidng day se trd thdnh nhu mdt cude trao ddi trod chuydn giiia giao vien va hgc sinh. Hgc sinh sd trd Uianh tmng tdm cua mdt Idp hgc, ehflng cd thd dugc tu do bay td quan diem cfla minh eho dfl nd cd ddi lap so vdi giao vidn.
Thir hai, hgc tap, dao tgo phdi di ddi vdi thgc hdnh.
Vide gido due toan dien eho hge sinh, sinh vien la dieu quan trgng hon so vdi ndi dung dao tgo. Hge tap la qud trinh chu ddng cfla mdi hgc sinh eflng nhu hg phdi dugc quy^n quydt dinh nhflng gi md hg mudn theo dudi hgc.
Thu ba, gido due la d^ dao tgo Idp lanh dao tre tudi phuc vu cdng cude tai cdu hue cua xa hdi. Ldp lanh dao h6 kd can nay sd cd vai trd xay dung mdt xa hdi binh ddng va edng bang; hg eflng sd giflp giai quyet nhung thach thuc ca vd mgt xa hdi cung nhu kinh te cfla ddt nude. Cdi edch xa hdi chinh Id mgc tidu ciia gido dgc. Dugc tidp cdn vdi gido due Id mdt trong nhimg quydn Igi co bdn eua mdt con ngudi, ddc biet ddi vdi cdc nhdm nhd Id bao gdm ngudi ngheo va ngudi dan tdc thidu sd.
Thii tu, eflng cdn thdng qua gido dgc cdn hge tap cdc hudng phdi hidt hge gido due vd hdnh vi, ndn tar^, vd qui ehudn dd sao cho hoc vidn sau khi ra hudng cd thd hdi nhdp hodn toan vdi giao due thd gidi. Nhu vdy gido due mdi thflc ddy dugc tinh qudc te
hda ngay tgi Vidt Nam.
Thii nam, gido due can phdi tuan theo nhung tidu chuan co ban. Mgc dieh cua Giao due chinh Id dd giup hgc sinh, sinh vidn hidu rd cac ndn van minh tren the gidi. Mgi ngudi deu cd kha nang hgc tdp, tiep thu va chinh phge dinh eao tri thiie.
Thu sau, tu tudng Nho gido dugc coi nhu mdt ndn mdng cho triet hgc gido due cfla Vidt Nam nhdm thflc ddy nhOng tinh each dgc hung eua hgc sinh Viet Nam
— thu da hd thanh mdt "gia tri vdn hda" eua tdt ed nhung ngudi dan trdn khap dat nude Viet Nam. Vi Uid, cai each nen gido due cua Viet Nam can chat ige dugc nhirng gid tri tinh tfly dd trong Nho giao xuyen sudt qud trinh phdt tridn.
6. Ket Iuan
Bai nghidn cdu trinh bay ve nhung hgn che trong ndn gido due cfla \^et Nam cd thd ke den nhu: chdt lugng ddo tao edn thap, tham nhflng tidu cue trong gido due vd sg xudng edp dao dire trong ngdnh.
Tmydn thdng giao due cua Viet Nam trai qua hang nghin nam vdn ehua dugc ap dung hong thdi dai hidn nay. Nhiing tmydn thdng dd cd thd kd den nhu: trdn trgng vai trd eua nha giao, eac chinh sdch hd trg hgng dgng ngudi tdi, dp dgng nhiing kinh nghiem quy gia cfla cac ndn giao due qud'c td, vide thuc hanh Phat giao va tu tudng cua ehu tich Hd Chi Minh vao trong giao due. Tdt cd nhirng didu kd tren se Id nen tdng viing ehde cho qud tiinh dao tgo Idp tre ke can vdi tu tudng tu do./.
Tai lieu tham khao
Dien dan Kinh td The gidi (2018), Bao edo nang Igc cgnh tranh thd gidi 2017-2018, Thuy Sy.
Hd van Hoanh (2014), "Hi^n tai, nhan tdi - Chia khda vang de phdt trien ben vimg", tu website:
hHp://baodientu.chinhphu.vn/Gop-y-Hien-ke/Hien-tai- n h a n - t a i - C h i a - k h o a - v a n g - d e - p h a t - t r i e n - b e n - vung/192453.vgp
Hoang Tuy (2014), Kien nghj v^ chan hung giao due, tir website: http://vietbao.vn/Giao-due/Kien-nghi- v e - c h a n - h u n g - g i a o - d u e - c u a - G S - H o a n g - Tuy/20344262/202/
Nghi quyet sd 29-NQAW cfla Ban Chdp hanh Tmng uong khda XI ve ddi mdi can ban, todn dien gido due va dao tgo, thang 10/2013
Tdng cue Dgy nghd (2012), Bao eao Dgy Nghd Vidt Nam 2012, Ha ndi: Nha xudt ban Lao ddng- Xa hdi.
