TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN C(W - TRAP Pdt
^NHONG T5N m, THACH THIJC VA GIAI PHAP TANG ClidNG HI§U QUA
COA KHU W C THlidNG MiBJ 11/ DO ASEAN
LEMINHTieN*
Tom tat: Nhiing tdn tgi vd thdeh thdc hi^n nay ddi vdi Khu vuc thuang mai tydo ASE/iN (AFTA) chu yeu xudt phdt tic: nguyin tdc hogt dgng. thi chi phdp If, chinh lech khoang each phdt trien trong ASEAN, xu hudng "li tdm" trong lien ket kinh ti - thuang mgi ngogi khoi ciia cdc quoc gia thdnh vien trong mdi quan h^ vdi yiu cdu hgi nhgp AFTA, yiu cdu ddm bdo vai trd trung Igp vd trung tdm ciia ASEAN trong cdc tiin trinh khu vyc. Bdi viit tgp trung phan tich nhOng tdc dong tieu eye tir cdc van de ndy vd de xudt cdc gidi phdp tdng cudng hi^u qud cua AFTA.
Tirkhod: Gidi phdp; tdng cudng hi^u qud; tdn tgi; thdeh thiic; thuang mgi tydo.
Nhgn bdi: 28/10/2016 Hodn thdnh biin tgp: 10/01/2017 Duyet ddng: 17/01/1011 SHORTCOMINGS OF, CHALLENGES TO, AND SOLUTIONS T O ENHANCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ASEAN FREE TRADE AREA
Abstract: The shortcomings of. and challenges to the ASEAN Free Trade Area mainly arise from:
the operation principles, the legal institutions, the development gap within ASEAN, the "centrifugal"
trend in the external economic-trading linkages of member States with regard to the demand for the AFTA integration, and the requirement of ensuring the neutral and central role of ASE/iN in the regional integration processes. The paper focuses on analysing the negative impacts of those issues and suggests solutions to enhance the effectiveness of the AFTA.
Keywords: Solution; enhancing the effectiveness; shortcomings; challenge; free trade.
Received: Oct 25"", 2076; Editing completed: Jan 10'', 2017; Accepted for publication: Jan if". 2017.
K
hu vuc thucmg m ^ ty do ASEAN giam thue quan chung xudng miic 0-5% ddi (AFTA) dupe thanh l^p trdn co sd vdi hdu hit cdc loai hang hod giira cdc nude Hiep dinh khung v l tdng cudng hpp tdc kinh thdnh vien Uong ihdi han 10 ndm, k l tir ngdy le ASEAN vd Hiep dinh v l Chucmg trinh uu 01/01/1993 den 01/01/2003 vd ban chi hodc dai thue quan cd hieu lyc chung cho AFTA xod bd cdc rao cdn phi thue quan. Hai hiep (CEPT) dupe kf ngay 28/01/1992 tai Hpi dinh ndy da dupe sira ddi, bo sung bdng mdt nghi cap cao ASEAN Ian thu IV tai loat cdc nghi dinh thu sau dd (tfnh den nay Singapore. Trong dd, CEPT Id cdng cu phdp da cd 13 nghj dinh thu).*"If chfnh d l thyc hien ty do hod thucmg mai Vdi viec thdnh lap AFTA, ASEAN hang hod trong ASEAN vdi chuong trinh cdt mong mudn se thiic ddy tu do hoa thuang
* Giang vien, TririWig Dai hpc Lu^t Ha Noi (1). Nguon: hltp://www.aseansec.org/19801.htm, truy E-mail: [email protected] c|p ngay 10/6/2016.
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TAP CHf LUAT HOC s o 12/2016 NGHIEN cix - TRAO DOI mai hang hod trong khu vyc thdng qua han
che va xoa bd cac rdo can ddi vdi thuong mai hang hod giiia cac nuac thanh vien, tii do hd trp cac qudc gia thdnh vien day manh tang trudng, thay doi c a cdu, bd sung Idn nhau theo hudng trd thanh mdt the lyc canh Iranh cd uu the so vdi cdc thi trudng khu vuc khac. Ddng thdi, bang viec xay dung mdt khdi thi trudng chung thdng nhat, AFTA cung dupe ki vpng se tang cudng thu hut ddu tu nude ngodi vao khu vyc ciing nhu giup ASEAN thich nghi vdi nhiing dieu kien hpp lac trong xu the khu vyc hod va toan cau hod.
Ngdy 29/11/2004, Hiep djnh khung v l hpi nhap cac nganh uu lien (APIS) dupe ki nham xay dyng khung phap If cho lien trinh hdi nhap cac nganh uu tien trong ASEAN, bao gdm ca tu do boa va thuan Ipi hoa thuong mai ddi vdi cac nganh hang hoa dupe uu tien hdi nhap vdi muc di'cb tap irung ngudn luc cho cdc trpng lam, trpng diem irong hpp tac kinh le ASEAN, dong thdi cung de lao ra cac ITnh vyc hpp lac kinh le miii nhpn va la chat xiic tac de day nhanh hdi nhap kinh te ASEAN.'"'
Nham dap ling yeu cau xay dyng Cpng ddng kinh te ASEAN (AEC). Hiep dinh thuong mai hang hoa ASEAN (ATIGA) da dupe kl nam 2009 iren ca sd ke ihira va bd sung nhiing npi dung phap If mdi so vdi cac (2). 12 ITnh vuc uu lien hoi nhap dupe xac dinh iheo Hiep dinh va Ngh'i dinh thu bo sung den nay bao gom: San pham nong nghiep, cao su, go, dien Hi, xe hoi, del may va giay dep, e-ASEAN. danh bSl ca, >
II', du lich, hang khong va dich vu hau can logistic I\gii6n Hiep dmh khung cua ASEAN ve cac ITnh
\irc ITU lien nam 2004 va Nghi djnh thir ve hoi nhap mimh dich vu hau can nSm 2007).
hiep dinh dupe kf ket trudc day. Vai muc tieu dieu chinh todn dien va nang cap tat ca cac ITnh vuc hpp tac ve thuong mai hdng hoa trong ASEAN, ATIGA da quy dinh Ip trinh xod bd hoan loan thue quan (xudng 0%) ddi vdi phan Idn cac mat hdng, trir ndng sdn chua che bien va mdt sd ngoai le lien quan den an ninh quoc gia, Ipi fch cdng cpng.
Ngoai nhung ndi dung phap If ve xoa bd cdc rao cdn thucmg mai. cac vdn de khac hen quan den AFTA nhu quy tdc xuat xii, thuan Ipi hoa thuang mai, hai hod hda chfnh sach... deu da dupe tfch hpp trong ATIGA.
Qua innh tu do hoa thuong mai hang hod ciing nhu thyc hien cac ndi dung ve thuan Ipi hod thuang mai hang hod trong .\FTA da vd 4ing lac ddng rat lich eye den thuong mai hang hoa ndi khdi ciia ASEAN. Ti le tdng irudng thuang mai ndi khdi giira cac nude ASEAN tham chf cao hon ca tang trudng tdng gia ui ihuang mai ciia ca khdi ciing nhu thuang mai ngoai khdi vdi ti le lang trudng hang nam d miic lO.S'vc, trong khi con sd nay ddi vdi long thuong mai ciia ca khdi va thuang mai ngoai khdi chi la 9.19c \'a S.9^ trong giai doan lir 1993 din 2013. K I lu khi AFTA dupe ihanh lap tdi nay. long gia tri thuong mai Ciia ASEAN da lang len 6 lan irong vdng 20 nam (1993 - 2013), lir 430 ti USD len tdi 2,5 nghin ti USD. trong dd ihuang mai npi khdi lang gap 7 Idn. lir 82 li USD. tuang duang 17*7^ GDP len tdi 609 ti USD. mang ling vdi 257^ GDP, thuang mai ngoai khoi tana5 lan. lir 34S ti len den 1.9n2hjnu USD.'"' (3) Xem: ASEA.N Economic Community Chanbook 201-1, p. 17. Nguon: hupV/www.asean.org/siorage;' images/2015/febnjarj'/asean_pubhcations_2014/12.'^
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TAP CHI LUAT H Q C S O 12/2016 NnWEN CVV-TRAO BOI
Vdi nhflng ket qua U'ch eye ndy, AFTA da cd vai trd rat quan trpng doi vdi cdc nen kinh te thanh vien trong nhiing ndm qua vd trd thdnh mdt trong cdc nen tang co ban xay dung Cpng ddng kinh tl ASEAN. Tuy nhien, xuat phat tCr nhiing van de npi tai cung nhu de dap ling cdc ydu can mdi dx)ng bdi cdnh hop tac khu vyc dang cd nhieu thay ddi (nhu sy hinh thdnh khudn khd the che hpp Idc mdi trong Cdng ddng kinh tl ASEAN, sy biing nd cua cdc hiep dinh thucmg mai ty do vd xudt bien cdc hiep dinh thuong mai ty do tiie he mdi, sy xoay true trong chfnh sdch doi ngoai ciia cdc cuang qudc ddi vai khu vyc chdu A - Thdi Binh duang...),''** ASEAN vd cac quoc gia thdnh vien cdn cd nhiing cdi each kip thdi nhdm tdng cudng hieu qua hoat ddng vd van hdnh AFTA sau gan 25 ndm ra dai, hoat ddng va phdt trien.
1. Ve nguyen tdc hoi^t dpng cua ASEAN Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 20 Hiln chuong ASEAN cung nhu cac hiep dinh chuyen ngdnh, qud Uinh ra quylt dinh cua ASEAN dupe thyc hien theo nguyen tdc ddng diuan.*^*
20December%202014%20-%20AEC%20Chartbook
%2020I4.pdf, truy c§p ng^y 10/9/2016.
(4). Xem them: Dili Trucrng Giang, Hudng tai chiin luuc FTA cua Vi^t Nam: Co sd li iu^n vd thuc tiin Dong A, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Npi, 2010; Hg Thj Thifiu Dao, Nguyen Thj Mai, "C6ng dong kinh te ASEAN: Kha nSng v^ hi?n thuc", Tgp chi Nhiing vdn di kinh ti va chfnh tri thi gidi, s6 11/2014; Duong Minh Tudn (chii bien), Sy hinh ihanh hi^p dinh ddi tdc xuyen Thdi Binh Duong vd tdc dgng ddi voi cdc nude Dong Bdc A, Nxb, Khoa hoc xa h^i, HS Ngi, 2016.
(5). Theo nguyen I5c ddng thuan, mpi quyll dinh chi dugc thong qua khi iSt ca c^c nuoc t h ^ h vien ASEAN nhat tri thdng qua. Quy^t dinh sg khdng dugc thong qua nau c6 m^l qu6c gia thanh vien phan d6i, dieu do ciing c6 nghTa lH mgi qu6c gia thanh vien
Mdc dii muc dfch ciia nguyen tdc ndy Id nhdm tao ra su thong nhat trong ASEAN, nhung do su khdc biet giiia cac thanh vien, ca vl phuong dien doi npi (nhu the che, trinh dp phat trien kinh tl...) lan phuong dien doi ngo^i (nhu trong viec theo dudi nhiing Ipi ich khdc nhau vcri cdc ddi tac ben ngodi) se ddn ddn nhiing khd khan trong viec dat dupe tiing ndi chung trudc nhiing van de quan trpng, ddc biet khi van de dd Iai cd khd ndng
"dung cham" den mdi quan he giiia mpt thdnh vien vai cdc cudmg qudc ben ngodi.
He qud tryc tiep ciia dieu ndy la se Idm chdm lai tien trinh lien ket ciia ASEAN, khdng chi ve kinh te ma ve Idu ddi con co the tao ra su ran niit trong mdi quan he gifia cac thdnh viSn vd dnh hudng den hieu qua ho^t ddng ciia td chiic ndy. Tuy dd ghi nhdn cdng thiic - X nhu mdt sy bii trir nhdm co thi khdc phuc mpt phan nhiing han chi cua nguyen tdc d6ng thudn nhung d khfa canh nhdt dinh, viec dp dung cdng thiic ndy trong thyc tl lai Idm cho qud trinh thuc hien nhiing cam ket cua AFTA bi keo dai do thdi diem hodn
±dnh nhiing cam ket chung ludn dupe quy dinh cham hon cho cac nuac ASEAN 4 (gdm Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia va Myanmar).* *
ASEAN deu co quyen phii quySt d6i vdi cic quyet djnh ciia ASEAN. Day la nguyen i3c bao triim mgi linh v\rc ho^it d6ng ciia ASEAN.
(6), M§c du cdc quyet djnh ciia AEC noi chung v^ doi vdi AFTA n6i riEng van dugc dua ra theo nguyen iSc d6ng Ihuan, trong nhung tnrtmg hg<p kh6ng d?t dugc d6ng thuSn ihl HOi nghj c i p cao sg quySt djnh cho tiing tnicmg hgp cy the. Tuy nhien. d6 tSng u'nh linh ho?t, nang dOng v^ day nhanh lien do hgi nh§p kinh 16, AEC ap dyng c6ng thuc - X trong q u i u^nh th^rc hien c5c vSn de kinh Ie. Theo cong thuc - X (hay ASEAN-X. 10-X), cfc qu6c gia chua du diSu kiSn hgi
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TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CW ' TRAO BOI Dieu nay cd thi cdng ddn tdi xu hudng "li
tdm" trong hop tac kinh te khi nhiing nude thdnh vien phat triln hem trong ASEAN cam Ihay "sdt rudf' vdi tien trinh tu do hod thuang mai bi cham vd keo dai nen se hudmg nhieu hon den nhiing moi quan he kinh tl voi ben ngoai. ' Do dd, ben canh nguydn tdc dong thudn nhu hien nay vdn duy tri, ASEAN cdn can nhdc d'nh den cdc hinh thiic ra quyet dinh linh hoat khdc trong truang hap cac thanh vien khdng dat duac su ddng thuan.
Trong khudn khd AFTA vd cdc lien kit kinh te khdc ciia ASEAN, cd the tham khao each gidi quyet cua Lien minh chau Au (EU) dong CO che ra quylt dinh ddi vdi "Chfnh sdch ddi ngoai va an ninh chung" cua EU.
Ve nguydn tdc, nhiing vdn dl hen quan din an ninh va ddi ngoai cua lien minh chdu Au dupe thong qua theo nguyen tdc ddng thuan.
Tuy nhien, de trdnh tinh trang tri tre, cd thi anh hudng ddn hieu qud hoat ddng chung cua Lien minh thi ddng thdi voi viec duy tri vai tro chu dao ciia nguyen tdc ddng thuan, EU con ket hpp dp dung hai each thiic khac.
Mot Id dp dung nguyen tdc "da sd chdt luong" hay "da sd phieu kep" ("quahfied majority voting") trong mdt sd truong hpp, die Id khdng doi hdi phdi dupe tdt cd thdnh vien ddng y nhung sd thanh vidn tan thdnh phdi thoa man ddng ±di ca tieu chf ve sd lupng thdnh vien (55%) va tieu chf ve tdng
nhap c6 th£ thyc hi^n cAc cam k€t kinh te ch^m hon so voi Id trinh chung nhung khdng dugc hudng c&c uu i£ii md cua (u cac qudc gia th^c hien iheo Ig Irinh dumg.
(7).Xem: Kazushi Shimizu, ASEAN Economic Imegration in the World Economy • Toward the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - Econ. J. of Hokkaido Uni.,Vol. 39,2010, p. 77 - 88.
ddn sd nhiing thdnh vien ndy phai dai dien ft nhat 65% dan sd cua todn Lien minh (Dieu 16 Hiep udc ve cbiic nang ciia LiSn minh chau Au - TFEU 2009) thi quylt dinh mdi dupe thdng qua. Hai la ddi vdi nhimg van de bdt budc phdi thdng qua tfieo nguyen tdc ddng thudn, TEU 2009 cho phep bat cii nudrc thanh vien nao ciing cd the khdng tham gia bieu quyet mpt cdch hpp le ("qualified abstention") neu nude do dua ra tuyen bd chinh thiic khdng tham gia bieu quyet vd khi do qud trinh thdng qua quyet dinh vIn dien ra binh thudng giiia nhiing nude cdn Iai, tni khi "cdc thanh viin khong tham gia bieu quyet hap 10 dgi di0n cho ft nhdt mpt phdn ba tong so edc nuac thdnh vien chiem ft nhdt mpt phdn ba ddn so ciia Lien minh thi quyet dinh dd khdng duac thdng qua" (Dieu 23 TEU 2009). Thu tuc ndy duoc gpi la thu tuc
"khong tham gia bieu quyet mang d'nh xay dung" ("eonstmctive absleadon"). Trong ttuong hpp nay, nude khdng tham gia bieu quyet s6 Ididng cd nghTa vu phdi thuc hien quyet dinh cua Hdi ddng chdu Au hay Hdi ddng bp trudng nhung van phdi thua nhdn rdng Lien minh bi rang budc bdi quyet dinh dd. Tuy nhien, de ddm bao sy lien ket trong Lien minh thi nude thanh vien do phdi diing mpi hanh ddng cd the gay xung dpt hodc ngdn chdn hdnh ddng ciia Lien minh dupe thuc hien theo quylt dinh. Cd thi thdy thii tuc khdng tham gia bilu quyet mang d'nh xdy dung {"constructive abstention") Id cdch lam hay ciia EU, mpt mat nd giup cac thdnh vien gidi quylt dupe flnh d ^ g "khd xu" khi roi vao tinh hudng bupc phai lya chpn giiia mot ben Id td chiic qudc tl md minh la thanh vien vdi mdt bdn Id ddng minh than can ben ngodi
59
TAP CHi LUAT HQC so 12/2016 NGHIEN ciru -TRAQBOl bdng cdch thdnh vien do cd the lya chpn
khdng tham gia vdo qud trinh bd phieu, nhung mdt khdc, van ddm bao dupe d-ach nhiem cua qudc gia dd trong td chiic qudc te khi qudc gia nay se khdng dupe c6 nhihig hanh ddng di ngupc lai quylt djnh chung cua td chiic neu quylt dinh dd da dupe thdng qua.
Mac dii cd nhilu diem khdc biet giiia hai td chiic, nhung ASEAN cd thi van dung cd hai each thiic ndy tii kinh nghiem ciia Lien minh chdu Au. ASEAN cd the quy dinh nhBng trudng hpp thdng qua quyet dinh chi ddi hdi sd lupng thdnh vien da sd (qua bdn hoac 2/3...) nhung phai dai dien ft nhdt bao nhieu phan tram ddn sd cua cd ASEAN.
ddng thoi cho phep qudc gia thanh vien tuyen bd khdng tham gia bd philu nhung khdng dupe cd nhihig hdnh ddng chdng lai hodc mdu thuan neu quyet dinh d6 dupe ASEAN thdng qua. Trong dordng hop dp dung cd hai each thiic ndy thi quan trpng la ASEAN phdi tfnh todn dupe nhiing ti le hpp If de vira dSy nhanh dupe qua trinh ra quylt dinh nhung vSn phdi dam bao dupe Ipi ich cho hdu het thdnh vien.
2. Ve thi chi phap If ciia ASEAN Cd the Ihay, dudi gdc dp phdp If, cac npi dung vl lu do hoa vd thuan Ipi hoa thuang mai hang hod, gdm: tu do hod tiiue quan, xoa bd hdng rao phi thue quan, quy tdc xudt xii, Ihuan Ipi hod thuang mai... trong ASEAN da dupe the chi hod ddy dii d^ng he thdng hiep dinh ciia AFTA. Tuy nhien, Uen thyc te, hieu qud thuc thi nhirng quy dinh nay van cdn cd nhiing ban che. Mot uong nhimg nguydn nhdn chu yiu ddn din tinh trang nay Id do ASEAN chua cd co chi dam bdo thyc Ihi, tuan thii phap luat tiiyc su hieu qud.
Tha nhdt, thdm quyin giam sat thuc thi phdp Judt ciia ASEAN quy dinh qua ddn trdi.
Theo dd, tdt cd nhihig co quan chi'nh ciia ASEAN diu cd thdm quyin ndy. gdm Cdp cao ASEAN, Hdi ddng diiu phdi, cdc hdi ddng Cdng ddng, cdc ca quan chuyen ngdnh cdp bd trudng. Ban thu ki... Nhung thyc chat, ngodi Tdng thu ki vd Ban thu ki la nhiing co quan true tiep thyc hien hoat dpng gidm sat thuc thi cac thoa thudn cua ASEAN thi boat ddng giam sat cua cdc co quan con 1^ chi mang tfnh gidn tiep, thdng qua viec xem xet cdc bao cdo do nhihig ca quan khac de trinh.
Cy the, Cdp cao ASEAN xem xet bao cdo ciia Hdi ddng didu phdi, Hdi ddng dieu phdi xem xet bao cdo ciia Tdng thu kf, cac h d i ^ ^ g Cpng ddng va cac co quan chuyen nganh cap bp yudng. Ddi vdi AFTA, Hdi nghi bd tiudng kinh te (AEM), mpt irong nhihig ca quan chuyen ngdnh cap bd dirdrng cua AEC se xem xel bdo cao tinh hinh thyc hien AFTA do Hdi ddng AFTA (mpt dx)ng nhiing thilt che phdp Ii cua AFTA dupe thdnh lap theo cdc hiep dinh ciia AFTA) true tiep de trinh, sau dd /VEM se lap bao cdo va de trinh cho Hdi dong Cdng ddng kinh tl xem xet.
Thu hai, co che thuc thi vd tuan thu phap ludt cua ASEAN thilu vdng cdc bien phdp dam bao thyc thi phdp lu^it hieu qua, Thdm quyen dam bdo thyc thi phdp luat ciia cdc ca quan ASEAN, kl ca cdc co quan cd thdm quyen chung hay cdc co quan chuyen ngdnh nhu Hdi ddng AFTA dupe quy dinh chi dimg lai d viec giam sat, theo ddi tiln dp hodc rd soat qud trinh thyc hien cdc hiep dinh. Ndi mpt each rdng hem, todn bd co chi ddm bdo thuc thi vd tuan thii phap ludt cua ASEAN chi bao gdm cdc ndi dung dupe quy 60
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CW - TRAO BOI dinh mdt cdch chung chung ve theo ddi,
gidm sdt viec thyc hi?n cdc thoa thu^n.
Trong Hien chuong ciing nhu tdt ca cdc hidp dinh ciia ASEAN, khdng cd diiu khoan ndo ghi nhdn thu luc vd cdc bien phdp ddm bdo thuc thi, tuan thii phap ludt tuong tu nhu cdc bien phdp kinh tl vd phi kinh te do Hdi ddng bao an ciia Lidn hpp qudc hay U^ ban chdu Au dp dung ddi vdi qudc gia thdnh vien khdng ihyc thi diing thda thudn hoac khdng tuan Ibu nhiing khuyen nghj, khuyen cdo ciia cae ca quan cd ihdm quyen dua ra trong qua trinh gidm sat, theo ddi viec thyc thi cdc cam kel ciia cac qudc gia thdnh viSn.^ '
De khdc phuc nhiing han che vd idn tai ndy thi ASEAN cdn thiet ke lai co che dam bao thyc thi phap luat ciia minh. Mot Id thay VI quy djnh chung chung va ddn trai nhu hien nay, ASEAN can quy dinh chiic ndng dam bdo Ihyc Ihi phap ludt cho mdi ca quan cu the boat ddng thudng tryc vdi Iham quyen dupe quy dinh mdt cdch rd rdng, tir gidm sdt qua Irinh thyc hien cdc thod thudn cua m5i qudc gia, dua ra nhihig khuyen nghi, yeu cau can thiet nhdm dieu chinh khi cd hdnh vi vi pham cho den dp dung nhiing bien phdp cudng che bdt budc u-ong trudng hpp qudc
(8). Mac dii ASEAN c6 Ca chi %ik\ quySl tranh ch^p kinh le - thucmg mai dugc quy djnh t^i Nghj djnh ihu ve tang cudng ca che giSi quyel tranh chip cua ASEAN 2004, luy nhien ban ch^t ciiii co che nSy Ihuan luy i^ co che giai quyet tranh chap quoc it giUa cac chu the ciia lual quoc le. Theo do, thti tuc va cdc bien phap giai quyet tranh chSp theo co che nay chi dugc khdi dgng khi vii chi khi mot irong cac quoc gia Ihanh vien khdi kien quoc gia thanh vien khdc. Cdc thiet che phdp li ciia ASEAN, doanh nghiep v& ngudi dan ASEAN khong c6 tham quy^n khdi dgng thii t\ic va cdc bien phSp iheo co che nhy, k l ca khi c6 vi pham ciia cdc nude ih&nh vien.
gia lidn quan khdng tudn thu theo nhihig ydu cdu va chdm diit hdnh vi vi pham... Hai Id can quy djnh cu the ve thu tuc dp dung, hinh thiic khuyen nghi, cdc yeu cau cua co quan dam bdo thyc thi phdp luat, bien phap cudng che ddi vdi cdc qudc gia khdng thyc hien hodc thyc hien khdng diing, khdng day dii cac cam ket ciia minh. Ve dieu nay cd the tham khdo cdch quy djnh ciia EU ve chiic ndng ddm bdo thyc thi phdp luat ciia Uy ban chau Au khi cd vi pham cua cdc quoc gia Ihanh vien (dpc lap vdi chiic ndng gidi quylt tranh chap ciia Tod dn chdu Au).
3. Ve chSnh lech khoang each phdt trien trong khu vuc
Sy khdc biet vd phdt tridn khdng ddng dIu ve chi'nh iri, kinh te, vdn hod vd xa hdi giiia cac nuac thdnh vien dd vd dang trd thdnh rdo can ddi vdi lien ket kinh te ciia ASEAN ndi chung vd hoat dpng cua AFTA ndi ridng, Su chenh lech giiia cdc qudc gia thanh vidn dnh hudng rat Idn den qud trinh thyc hien tu do hod thuong mai hang hod cd ve miic dd vd pb^m vi.
Theo cdc quy djnh hien nay ciia AFTA, viec thyc hien cac nghia vu ciia AFTA cd su phan biet giiia cdc nude ASEAN 6 vd ASEAN 4 khi quy dinh Ihdi han thyc hien nghTa vu ddi hon cho cdc nude ASEAN 4.
Dieu ndy t?io dieu kien cho mpi thanh vien thuc hien cdc cam ket phii hpp vdi trinh dd phat trien ciia minh nhung ngupc lai se lam cham lai qud trinh ly do hod cua todn khdi do Ihdi gian de hoan thdnh ly do hod hoan toan ddi vdi lat cd cdc thanh vien se bi keo dai de nhihig nude cd nin kinh tl kem phdt diln ban cd the thyc thi dupe nhiing nghia vu cua minh. Nhung nlu ddy nhanh tiln
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN cWjJR^O^^
trinh ty do hod uong AFTA Ihi co the chi phii hpp vdi nhiing nIn kinh le phai trien trong ASEAN 6 ma khdng phii hpp vdi nhimg thanh vien cdn lai. Ndi each khac, chenh lech phai triln khien cho cac chucmg trinh lien kit gap rdt nhilu khd khan trong viec phdi hop va hai hoa hoa cac the che lien quan den hdi nhap cung nhu khd khan irong viec ihuc hien ddng bd cac bien phap.
Ngoai ra. su chenh lech ve ngudn nhan luc, CO sd ha tdng va dac biet la the che kinh te con khiln cho ban than cac nude ASEAN khdng phai la Ihi irudng hap dan cua nhau.
Dilu nay dupe minh chirng bdng ti le thuong mai hang boa npi khdi giira cac nude ASEAN rdi khiem Idn, chi ban 20%.'^' Hem nii-a, sy phat iriln khdng dong deu se khien cho cac nude cham phai irien hem do ban chi vl nang luc canh tranh nen Ipi fch ma nhung nude nay nhan dupe lir qua trinh hdi nhap se khdng dupe phan bd ddng deu so vdi nhimg thanh vien phat trien, tir do khien cho vice irien khai cac cam kel Ird nen khd l<han hon. VI vay, chenh lech khoang each phat trien khdng chi la khd khan doi vdi ban than cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach ma con can ud rat !dn den qua trinh ly do hoa Ihuang mai hang hoa ciia ASEAN iren ca phuong dien phap li va hieu qua ihyc tien irien khai.
Do do. ihu hep khoang each van phai dupe coi la van de uu lien trong cac hoat dpng ciia .'XSEAX neu mudn thyc hien ihanh cdng qua trinh ty do hoa thuang mai ciia minh
De giai quyet van de nay, irudc mdt (9)-Xem ASEAN Economic Commumly Chartbook 2015, tr !0.ngu6n hltp//a.seanorg/slorage/2016/06/12 -April-2016-ASEAN-Economic-Commumty-AEC- Charibook-2015 pdf, iruy cap ngay 22/11/2016
ASEAN cdn tap tiung ddy manh viec dien khai nhiing chuong trinh thu hep khoang each phat triln hien tai yong ca Cdng dong kinh le va Cdng ddng van boa - xa hdi (ASCC).
Ddi vdi AEC, viec phat triln kinh te ddng deu lien quan din viec thyc hien nhirng bien phap v l hpp tac va phat irien cac doanh nghiep vira vd nhd (SMEs) vd ihyc hien cac Sang kiln lien kit ASEAN. Doi vdi ASCC, thu hep khoang each phdt triln chii yeu lien quan den khia canh xa hdi thdng qua viec Idng ghep cac van de xa hdi vao Sang kien lien ket ASEAN de moi nude ASEAN deu CO thi phat huy tdi da liem lyc, mdi ngudi dan ASEAN se cd dupe mire sdng Idl, binh dang Irudc nhirng co hdi phai irien nhu y le, giao due va khoa hpc kT Ihual lien lien.
Ben canh dd, can limg budc ihyc hien hai hoa hoa chfnh sach, Ihe che giiia quoc gia va khu vyc. Viec hai hoa giiia chinh sach, the che ciia khu vyc vdi cdc nude thanh vien se vira la ca sd, vira ho trp cho qua trinh hinh Ihanh the che lien kel khu vyc Irong bdi canh ma the che ciia cac qudc gia Ihanh vien vdn rai da dang va khac biet trong qua irinh hen ket. Bdi le, irong mdt sd irudng hap, the che khu vyc trong qua Irinh lien ket cd the kiem che nhu-ng chfnh sach ciia cac thanh vien cd the gay bat Ipi cho qua irinh hdi nhap.*' ' Dong ihdi, sy lien ket chat che d cap dp khu vyc cung lam gia lang sy lien ket va hai hoa chi'nh sach, phap lual giiia cac nude Ihanh vien, lir do, dan hinh thanh nhimg nguyen Edc, the ihirc va lieu chudn chung cho ca khu vyc. Ngupc lai, sy phdi hpp, hai (10}.Xem- Nguyin Van Ha (Chu bien), Hicn thuc hoa Cdng ddng kinh li ASEAN va tdc ddng ddn Viet Nam.
Nxb. Khoa hgcxa hgi, Ha Noi, 2013, ir 155.
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TAP CHi LUAT HQC s o 12/2016 .\GHIEN cut- TRAO DOI hod boa chfnh sdch, ludt le gi&a cac thanh
vien cung giiip cac qudc gia tim ra nhimg diem chung, loai bd nhinig khdc biet trong qua trinh hudng idi cac the che chung khu vuc,
4. Ve xu h u d n g "li t a m " trong lien ket kinh te - thuong mai ngoai khoi cua cac quoc gia thanh vien trong moi quan he vol yeu cau hoi nhap AFTA
Su be lac cua Vdng dam phan Doha (DDA - Doha Developmenl Agenda) va mot sd han che ve khudn khd ihe che da lam cho muc tieu "thuang mai ngay cang ly do" ciia he thong ihuong mai da phuang toan cau trong pham vi WTO dudng nhu dang gap qua nhieu thach ihirc. Trong bdi canh do, cac thoa thuan ihuong mai khu vuc (RTAsi hien dang ngay cang phat huy dupe vai trd va the manh do tfnh uu viet vdn cd so vdi ^^'T0 khi thdi gian dam phan ngan, ITnh vyc dam phan rong va cac thanh vien de dang um dupe sy nhat iri hon. Nham giai quyel nhu cdu npi tai ciia cac nen kinh le, viec dam phan, ki kit cac hiep dinh thuang mai ty do (FTA) khu vuc va song phuong hien dang ngay cang dupe day manh iren khdp cac chau luc.
ASEAN va cac thanh \ien ciia id chiic nay cung khdng nam ngoai xu hudng dd. 6 cap dp khu vuc, md hinh phd biln nhdt ddi VOI td chirc nay la cac FTA iheo cdng thiic ASEAN + 1, tire la ki kk cac hiep dinh thuang mai lu do giua ASEAN \ d i lirng ddi lac thuong mai ben ngoai. D:}n thai dilm nay, ASEAN da ki 05 FTA thanh lap Khu vyc thuang mai tu do vdi 05 ddi tac ihuong mai ciia khdi gdm Trung Quoc. Han Qudc.
Nhat Ban. An Dp va AusUalia - Newzealand.
Trong tuong lai. con sd cac FTA ma .ASEAN
ki ket vdi cac ddi tac ben ngoai chdc chdn se Idn ban con sd 05 do ASEAN dang ngay cang y d nen "hap dan" hon ca tren phuang dien kinh le Idn chfnh tri, dac biel la ddi vdi nhimg cudng qudc tren ihe gidi ciing nhu khu vyc. it nhal tfnh den thdi dilm hien lai, ASEAN dang yong qua trinh dam phan FTA vdi Lien minh chau Au va dang lim kilm FTA vdi Hoa Ky. Ben canh md hinh ASEAN + 1, PTA Iheo cdng thiic ASEAN + 3 cung dang cd kha nang ird thanh hien thyc khi tai Hdi nghj Cdp cao .ASE.AN + 3 tai Lao nam 2004, nguyen thu qudc gia 10 nude ASE.AN va 3 qudc gia Ddng Bac A la Han Qudc. Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban da nhat Iri v l ifnh cdn ihill ciia mdt khu vuc ihucmg mai lu do loan Ddng A (EAFTA) va da giao cho bp irudng kinh i§
ciia 13 qudc gia td chiic nghien ciru, sau dd scan Ihao Bao cao \ l viec xa\ dyng EAFTA Uong Ihdi gian Idi. Ngoai ra. kha nang v l mpt FTA theo md hinh .ASEAN + 6 giira 16 qudc gia uong khudn khd Cap cao Ddng A gdm 10 nude ASEAN, 3 nude Ddng Bdc A (Han Qudc, Trung Qudc, NTiai Ban) va 3 qudc gia cdn lai la Australia, Newzealand va An Dp ciing dang dien bien kha nhanh \ a da cd dupe nhirng nen tang kinh tl. chfnh tri nhSt dinh ' ' ' ' 0 cap dp qudc gia, hien rat ca cac nude thanh vien ASEAN dIu da tham gia ki kit cac FTA vdi nhimg thyc the khdng phai la Ihanh vien ciia Hiep hpi. dac biet la Singapore dang cd xu hudng ddy nhanh cac hiep dinh song phuong. Trong sd nay, dieu dang luu y la cac thanh vien ASEAN va ca chinh ASEAN deu da kl ket hoac dang dam phan cac FT.A
d I) Xem Bill Truong Giang. sdd ir. 249
TAP CHI LUAT HOC s o 12/2016 SGIIIEN CUV -TRAOJiOl vai nhung doi tac thucmg mai chu chot nhu
Trung QuSc, Han Qu6c, Nhat Ban, An Do, Hoa Ky va EU.
S6 Iirong cac FTA cac niroc ASEAN kf ket vol cac doi tac ngoai khoi Quoc gia
Singapore Thii Lan Malaysia Indonesia Viet Nam
Sd lupng FTA
38 29 27 22 19
Qudc gia Brunei Philippines
Lao My an mar Campuchia
So luong FTA
18 16 14 13 12 Su bimg nd cua cac FTA nham Ihiic day ty do hoa thuong mai ciing da cho ra ddi the he cac FTA mdi, dien hinh nhu Hiep dinh ddi tac xuyen Thai Binh Duang (TPP) hay Hiep dinh Ihuang mai ty do Viet Nam - Lien minh chau Au (Vietnam - EU Free Trade Agreement - EVBTA). So vdi cac FTA taiyen thdng, Ciic FTA the he mdi cd ba diem khac biet CO ban. Thic nhdl. ve miic dp ly do hoa, cac FTA the he nidi nham lien tdi ihiei lap moi khu vuc thuong mai ly do loan dien vdi miic dp ty do hoa cao, ''liem can" vdi irang thai "thuang mai ty do hoan loan" doi vdi t3t ca cac yeu to co ban cua mot ihi truong va CO s(t san xuat thdng nhal: hang hoa, dich vu, dau tu va lao dpng Ddng thai cac v^n d^ \h thuan lai hoa, nhu cat: bien phap \ e sinh dich ic, rao can kT thuat, giai qu>et tranh chap., duac thyc hien vdi cac ca che hpp tac mdi, siet chat han ve cac ycu cAu; cac thii tuc cd hen quan dupe thuc hien mot each minh bach hon. Thic hai. ve pham \ i cam
12] Xem Ha Thi Thi^u Dao. Ng:
kSl, cac FTA the he mdi khdng chi gidi ban irong cac ITnh vyc thuong mai truyen thdng vd hdng hoa va djch vu ma cdn bao gdm^ ca cac linh vyc hay khfa canh phi truyen thdng nhu cac khfa canh ciia lao ddng, van de mdi Irudng, mua sdm cdng, ihuang mai dien lir, khuyen khfch sy phai trien ciia doanh nghiep vira va nhd..., nhat la cac npi dung ve lao ddng ihudng dupe ghi nhan chi tiet trong cac FTA ih^ he mdi, gdm: Quyen ty do lap hpi, giai quyet Iranh chap, Idn trpng cac quyen lao dong c a ban trong cac cdng udc qudc le, quy dinh ve quyen tap hap va dam phan chung cua ngudi lao ddng, cam sir dung mpi hinh thirc lao ddng cudng birc, cam khai thac lao dpng tie em, khdng phan biet ddi xir doi vdi ngudi lao ddng... Thic ha, cac FTA the he mdi quy dinh rat nhieu ve cac van de lien quan den the che ciia cac qudc gia thanh vien, khac vdi cac FH^A tnrdc day chu yeu quy dinh ve chinh sach thue quan tai bien gidi, cac FTA the he mdi sap tdi co nhieu cam kel anh hudng Iryc tiep va Idn den the che. chinh sach phap luat ndi dia...
Sy biing no ciia FTAs va xuat hien cac FTA the he mdi tren the gidi ndi chung va trong khu vuc noi rieng vdi hai chieu song song khac nhau, mot Id each tiep can FTA tap the ciia ca khdi theo phuang thirc ASEAN+, hai Id phuang ihirc liep can FTA song phuang va dd phirang ciia rieng tirng nuac thanh vien ASE.AX dan dOn linh trang trung lap va chdng cheo cac FTA khi rdt nhieu nude ASEAN vira (hue ihi cac FTA vdi Trung Qudc, Hiin Qudc hay Nhat Ban...
vdi tu each la mpt thanh vien cua .ASEAN trong Khu virc thuong mai tu do ASEAN -
TAP CHI LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CVV - TRAO BOI Trung Qudc, ASEAN - Hdn Qudc, ASEAN -
Nhdt Ban... vira vdi tu each Id mpt ben doc lap trong cdc kfau vyc thuong mai tu do song phuong hanh thdnh giOa tiing nude ASEAN vdi nhihig doi tdc thuang mai nay. Mdt khac, trong sd muoi thdnh vien cua AFTA thi cac thdnh vien ciing dong thoi tham gia cdc FTA th4 he mdi chidm sd lupng khdng nhd. chdng ban nhu trudng hpp ciia TPP, cd tdi 4 trdn tdng sd 12 nude tham gia TPP tfnh den thai diem hien tai Id thdnh vien cua AFTA, bao gdm Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia va Viet Nam. Thuc te nay cd the dan den he qua Id sy phdn biet ddi xu giiia cdc thanh vien vd hieu ling chdng cheo "spaghetti"*'^' vd uu ddi vd quy tdc xuat xii.""**
Ngodi ra, thuc trang xu hirang FTA tai ASEAN dang cho thdy hai tac dpng khd trai ngupc nhau. Mpt m ^ cac FTA d cap dp khu vyc giua ASEAN vdi cdc ddi tac ngoai khdi
(13). Nam 1995, Bhagwati da dira ra khai niem "Hieu img bal mi Y - Hi?u ling Spaghelli" dS mo ta nhthig t^c dgng tieu cur ciia cac thoa thuan thucmg mai ini dai doi voi khu6ti kho t^ do hod thuong mai da phuong. Ong cho ring, de iranh hien tiignng gian l^n thuong mai, cdc FTA thir&ng dua ra nhihig quy dinh ve quy tic xu^t xil h^ng hoa (ROO) &h xic dinh nhihig hang hoa nko se dugc huong nhting uu dai cua FTA, nhung cdc ROO nay l^i khdc nhau din Ain mot mo hon dpn nhihig quy djnh uu dai chong ch£o cSn cti theo xuat xii h ^ g hod. He qua la nhihig chi phj giao djch irong mang luoi cac FTA sg tSng len, trd th^nh rao can doi vdi hoat dong ciia doanh nghi|p (Xem: Jagdish N. Bhagwati, A Stream of Windows:
Unsettling Reflections on Trade, immigration, and Democracy, MassachuseUs Institute of Technology, 1998, tr. 290).
(I4).Xcm: Batligalli, Pierpaolo and Giovanni Maggi.
Riguiity. Discretion and the Costs of Writing Contracts [J), American Economic, Review Vol. 92 (04), 2002. p. 798.
cho thay ASEAN ciing voi 16 trinh AFTA cua minh dang tra thdnh mpt thi trudng hSp dan doi voi cac nuoc ^ i tdc chu chat Idwng chi tren phuong dien kinh t^ md ca vd chinh tri trong cupc dua canh tranh anh hudng ^ a - chien lucre ciia cdc cuong quoc nhu Tnmg Quoc, Nhat Ban hay M^. Nhung ngupc lai, cac FTA song phuong cua tung thdnh vien ASEAN dang dupe trien khai rieng le, thieu vang mpt ca che phdi hpp cbung^ dang cd nguy CO phan ra nhiing no !uc tdng cuong hdi nhl^ npi khdi ASEAN, khien mot so
±anh vien c6 chieu huong "li tdm" khdi tien trinh hdi nhdp sdu rong hon cua ASEAN.*'^*
Bdi vi ben canh cdc yeu td ve quy mo nen kinh t& va thuong mai, kha ndng trd thdnh
"tam true" cua ASEAN trong mang luoi cac FTA doi hdi phdi cd mpt co che phdi hpp vd thdng nhdt hieu qua cac Id trinh FTA song phinmg va khu vuc ma ddi tac dd chii tri hodc tham gia. Tuy nhien tren thuc te, lieu ASEAN cd thue sy dii manh vd gan ket de ddng vai trd "tdm true" hay khdng vdn Id van de khdng de thuc hien. Bdi Ie, ngodi viec chua cd mpt eo che phdi hpp giCra cac FTA thi quy mo kinh te va thuong mai cua ASEAN con kha khiem tdn so vdi cac ddi tdc. Mat khdc, viec mdi thanh vien trong ASEAN theo dudi nhiing FTA song phuong vdi cac ddi t ^ ben ngoai ciing cho thay su
"thieu kien nhdn vai nhung tiin triin chgm chap ciia qud trinh hoi nhap va hap Idc khu
(15)Jfem: Kazushi Shimizu. ASEAN Economic Integration in the World Economy - Toward the ASEAN Economic Conununity (AEC) - Econ. J. of Hokkaido Uni..Vol. 39. 2010, p.77 - 88; Bui Tnrtmg Giang. sdd, U. 200.
65
TAP CHI LUAT HOC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CVIJ-TR^OJ^
vuc hien co"."^* Cudc khiing hoang kinh te nam 1997 da bdc Id nhirng diem yeu yong CO cau kinh te cua limg thanh vien ciing nhu nhirng ban ehg trong co che hop lac. Trudc yen cau phai ddy manh cai each ndi bd yong timg ihanh vien va lang cudng lien kel kinh te ngay cang y d nen birc bach, nhieu nude ASEAN da tim Idi thoai rieng cho minh thdng qua viec kf kh cac FTA song phuang.
Do dd, ihach thirc chung ddi vdi cac thanh vien ASEAN chfnh la hpi du quyet lam chinh iri nham lim ra mdt cu che dieu phdi va tfch hpp hieu qua cac Id trinh FTA qudc gia don le de lang cudng siic manh tap the ciia ASEAN, neu khdng, khdng nhirng khdng the trd thanh trung lam ciia lien kel kinh te Ddng A nhu ki vpng ma ASEAN cdn dirng trudc nguy ca bi xe le do siic manh ciia cac FTA song phuang ciia lirng* thanh vien vdi cac ddi lac thuang mai chii chdt ben ngoai.
5. Ve \eu cau dam bao vai trd trung lap va trung tam cua ASEAN trong cdc tien trinh khu vyc
Bdi canh dia - chien lupc ciia khu vyc cung khien qua trinh lien kk cua ASEAN ndi chung va lien kel trong ITnh vyc kinh i^, trong dd cd AFTA trd nen phirc lap do su can dy sau ca ve ddi ngoai, quan sy lan kinh te ciia cac tac nhan ngoiii khu vuc, nhu sy troi day ciia Trung Quoc vdi chien lupc md rdng sy tham gia viio ca kinh i^ lan chinh In hay chfnh sach xoay true ciia My sang chau A - Thai Binh Duang. Ben canh mat tich cue la thuc day quan he thuong mai ngoai khdi giua cac nuac ASEAN vdi ben nsoai
Ihl ngupc Iai, sy quan tam dac biet danh cho chau A - Thdi Binh Ducmg. trong do cd Ddng Nam A ciing khiln ASEAN rai vdo lam diem ciia sy canh tranh quyen lyc giiia cac cudng qudc Idn trong viec Idi keo ASEAN Cling nhu thd hien siic manh ciia minh trong cac van de ciia khu vyc. Chi xet d gdc dp kinh te thi viec thiet lap cac hiep dinh thuong mai ty do ngay nay khdng chi la Vi Ipi ich kinh le ma cdn xuat phai tir nhieu tfnh loan chien lupc. Lan sdng kf Jcel cac FTA ngay cang gia lang irong thdi gian qua la mdt trong cac bang chiing phan anh mdt thyc te la ASEAN dang trd ihanh lam diem ciia cudc dua dia - chien lupc trong khu vu".
Mac dii Trung Qudc va Nhat Ban rdi u'ch eye irong viec ki kel cac FTA song phuang nhung cd the thay. ASEAN mdi la chii ih^
dupe nhieu ddi lac "san ddn".*'^' Sau ddng thai 'Vupl Irudc" ciia Trung Qudc vdi viec kf ket hiep dinh thanh lap Khu vyc ihuong mai ly do vdi ASEAN 'hi Nhal Ban, Han Qudc, An Dp ciing da ki ket FTA vdi td chuc nay.
Cimg vdi xu the dd. My cung dua ra sang kien "doanh nghiep vi ASEAN" lam nSn tang cho viec ki ket cac FTA song phuang vdi mdt sd thanh vien ASEAN vii sau do cd Ihe la vdi ca khdi ASEAN Thyc ii nay bao hieu mdt cudc canh tranh dia - chi£n lupc va dia - kinh te hudng vao ASEAN. Di^u nay se gian tiep gay ra sy chia re sau sdc irong ndi bd ASEAN khi cd su phan hod thanh
(llS)Xeni BiJ] Truoiig Giang. sdd, tr 161.
66
(17)-Xeni ihcm: Xenia VVicKeil. John Nilsson-Wriofit, T,n, Summers, The A.iu-Pcu,fu Pan^r Balance Beyond Ihe US-China Narrative. The Royal In.st.tuie of International Affairs Chaihani House ''015
TAP CHi LUAT HQC SO 12/2016 NGHIEN CW ' TRAO DOI nhieu nhdm nude vdi sy chi phdi va chiu anh
hudng tir nhiing cudng qudc khac nhau.
De giam ihi^u nhirng tac ddng tieu eye til nhiing thyc te nay, ASEAN can thiet phai giii viing dupe djnh hudng "trung lap" Irong cac quan be hpp lac ngoai khdi vdi cac ddi tac khac nhau tren the gidi ma ASEAN da khang dinh ngay lir nhirng nam 70 ciia the ki XX ciing nhu hoan thien, tang cudng the che phap li, nang cao irach nhiem ciia mdi Ihanh vien trong mdi quan he vdi Id chiic, khdng dupe dat Ipi I'ch rieng re ciia mdi thanh vien cao hem Ipi fch ciia ca Hiep hpi, neu mudn nhiing lien kel kinh le, chfnh tri ma ASEAN dang xay dyng ngay cang ben chat va mang iai nhirng hieu qua ihyc chat. Ben canh do, ASEAN can phai day manh lien kel khu vyc, tir do nang cao hon niia vi ihe ciia Hiep hdi trong quan he qudc le. nhal la mdi quan he vdi cac cudng qudc Ircn the gidi. Dieu nay da dupe Thii ludng Singapore Ly Hien Long nhan manh trong dip ki niem 40 nam Ihanh lap ASEAN (1967 - 2007): "litrng su nc hicn dim mot cdch gdn ket. chiing ta se lu chiing to khd ndng iheo duOi lai ich ciia chung la va can die vai ihe giai. Chiing ta co the ihtiyC'i phuc nguai khdc rdng chimg ta co the duac tin cdy de dong iiiol vai trd tich cm;
Irung thicc vd xdy dung trong viec cung cdp mo! nen lang cho ,uf Im/ng lac cua ho viri chdu A Chi khi do, cdc cuong quoc khdc mdi nhin nhdn chiing la mot cdch nghiem liic. Chi Uu do ASEAN mdi ihiei lap duac chi) dimg vd vi tri chinh ddng cua no trong khu vm-"," ' Mat khac, mdi thanh vien ciia
[181 Xem- speech by Prime Minisier Lee Hiicii
ASEAN cung phai ty than no lyc, thyc hien cac chfnh sach qudc gia mdi each phii hpp nham dat dupe nhuiig muc lieu dd de ra.
Muc lieu cudi cimg ciia moi qudc gia la bao ve ddc lap, chii quyen va phat trien kinh le - xa hdi, duy iri hoa binh an ninh irong khu vyc va hpi nhap ihanh cdng, Trong di8u kien phiic tap ciia nhiing mdi quan he qudc le va su chang cheo ve Ipi fch dan xen giiia cac qudc gia, cac nude thanh vien ASEAN phai tiep tuc dieu chinh chfnh sach ddi ngoai mpt each chii ddng, khdn kheo va mem deo de vira dat dupe nhirng muc lieu ctia minh nhung khdng duac lam anh hudng den Ipi i'ch chung ciia ca Hiep hdi."'^'
Lien kel kinh le, hien nay va ca trong tuong lai, van la xuang sdng trong loan bp lien ket ciia ASEAN, trong dd Khu vyc thuang mai lu do ASEAN (AFTA) van se dupe coi la hon da tang irong loan bp tien trinh lien ket kinh le ciia Hiep hoi. Mdi minh chirng rat rd cho dieu nay la thuong mai hang hoa van chiem li le cao nhal trong loan bp li Irpng ihuong mai npi khdi ciia ASEAN. Mac dii vay, d l cd thd dat duoc nhung muc lieu dat ra khi thanh lap AFTA, ddi hoi ASEAN phai tiep tuc giai quyel nhirng van de ca vc kinh ik va chfnh In npi
Loong at ihe ASIiAN Day Lecture, Singapore, 7 August 3007, nguon hllp //www aseansee org/20S20 htm, truy cap ngay 08/7/2016
(19)-Xem ihem. Tr5n Xuan Hiep, Sir ird: dd\ <.ua Trung Qudc va ninrng vdn di ddi ra doi vm khu vuc Ddng Nam A trong hoi cdnh hien nay Ngui3n litlp://kxhnv.duyUn.edu.vn/Home/Art]cleDelail/vn/10 3/1432/su-lroi-day-cua-lrung-quoc-va-nhung-van-de- dat-ra-doi-voi-khu-vuc-dong-nam-a-lrong-boi-canh- hicn-nay-lran-xuan-hiep, truy cap ngay 10/7/2016
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TAP CHI LUAT HOC s o 12/2016 NGHIEN cirv-T^^£I£L bd ciia minh. Mdt khac, trong bdi canh
khdng the dirng ngoai hay ban che xu the hdi nhap, tham gia cac lien kel kinh le "md"
ciia mdi thanh vien hay chi'nh td chiic, ASEAN cdn phdi cd nhiing dieu chinh thich hpp ddi vdi AFTA nhu mpi phan irng chi'nh sach dk dam bao vi trf irung lam ciia ASEAN irong cac lien kk "md" vdi cac ddi lac ben ngoai. Mdt trong nhiing dieu chinh nay cd the la mdt chfnh sach thuong mai chung (chang han nhu chi'nh sach thue quan chung ciia ASEAN) vdi nhirng ihyc the ben ngoai, nhung khdng ap dung ddi vdi loan bd nen kinh te ciia cac thanh vien nhu md hinh ciia Lien minh thue quan ma chi ap dung ddi vdi nhirng nganh, nhirng linh vuc kinh te trpng diem. Dieu nay la kha thi doi vdi ASEAN hien nay, nham tao ra mpi ASEAN thdng nhat ve kinh le trong mdi quan he ddi vdi ben ngoai./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. ASEAN Economic Community Charlbook
2014, ngudn: hllp://www.asean.org/slorage/
images/20 l5/february/asean_publications_2 014/12.%20December%202014%20-%20 AEC%20Chartbook%202014.pdf 2. ASEAN Economic Community Chartbook
2015, ngudn: hltp://asean.org/.storagc/2016/
06/I2.-April-2016-ASEAN-Economic- Communily-AEC-Charlbook-2015.pdf 3. Ha Thi Thieu Dao, Nguyen Thj Mai,
"Cong ddng kinh l£ ASEAN: Kha nang va hien thyc", Tgp chi Nhimg vdn dc kinh te vd chinh tri tht' gidi, sd 11/2014.
4. Biti Trudng Giang, Huang toi chien luac FTA ciia Viet Nam: Ca so li ludn vd thuc
tiin Dong A, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Npi, 2010.
5. Nguyen Van Hd (chii bien), Hien thuc hda Cong ddng kinh ti ASEAN vd tdc dgng den Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, H a N p i , 2013.
6. Trdn Xuan Hiep, Su trdi day cua Trung Quoc vd nhung vdn de ddt ra doi v&i khu vuc Dong Natn A trong boi cdnh hien nay, ngudn: http://kxhnv.duytan.edu,vn/
Home/AriicleDetail/vn/103/1432/su-troi- day-cua-lrung-quoc-va-nhung-van-de- dal-ra-doi-voi-khu-vuc-dong-nam-a- trong-boi-canh-hien-nay-lran-xuan-hiep 7. Jagdish N. Bhagwati, A Stream of Windows:
Unsettling Reflections on Trade, Immigration.
and Democracy, Massachusetts Inslilule ofTechnology, 1998.
8. Kazushi Shimizu, ASEAN Economic Integration in the World Economy Toward the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) - Econ. J. of Hokkaido Uni.,Vol.
39, 2010.
9. Duong Minh Tuan (chu bien), Su hinh thdnh hiep dinh doi tdc xuyen Thdi Binh Duang vd tdc dong doi vdi cdc nude Dong Bdc A, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2016.
10. Xenia WicketL John Nilsson-Wrighl, Tim Summers, The Asia-Pacific Power Balance Beyond the US-China Narrative, The Royal Inslilule of International Affairs Chatham House, 2015.
11. Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the ASEAN Day Lecture Singapore, 7 August 2007. http://www.
aseansec.org/20820.hlm
