Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Nghie u Giao dye. Tgp 30, Sd 3 (2014) 22-30
Mdi quan he giua thuc trang giao due cua thanh nien nong thon va lua chon tiep can giao due cua hp gia dinh^
Tran Thi Thai Ha'', Ngo Thi Thanh Tung Vien Khoa hge Gido due Viet Nam, IOI Trdn Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem, Hd Ngi, Viet Nam
Nhan ngay 12 thing 6 nam 2014
Chinh siia ngay 29 thing 7 nam 2014; chap nhan dang ngay 29 tbang 9 nam 2014 Tom t3t: Nghien ciru "Mdi quan he giira thirc trang giio due ciia thanh nien ndng thdn va lua chon liep can giao due cua ho gia dinh" lam r5 thanh nien ndng thdn cd nhilu lua chpn trong giao due:
cac bac trong he thdng giao due chinh quy, giio due phi chinh quy, giio dye truyen thdng,... Tuy nhien, thyc tiln cho thay thyc trang hoc van ciia thanh nien nong thdn van cdn thap va chenh lech cao so vdi yeu ciu cua thi tnrdng lao dpng. Hpc van ay chua dii de ho tim kilm hay tao dung dugc mgi nganh nghe phi ndng nghiep va ngitpc lai, viec khd tim kiem viec lam phi ndng nghiep khien ho ngap ngirng khi tiep tuc dau tu hpc len b^c hoc cao hon. Giai phap dot phap cho vin dl neu tren la cai thien cdng tac djnh hudng nghe thanh nien nong thdn va gia dinh hp.
Tir khda Thanh nien, ndng thdn, tiep can giio dye, giio due ndng thon, ho gia dinh ndng thdn.
1. Boi ciinh nghien ciru
"Giao due ciia cac hp gia dinh d khu vyc ndng thon trong bdi canh chuyen ddi kinh le xa hgi d nude ta hien nay" la de tai nghien cuu do Vien Khoa hgc Giao due Viet Nam chii tri vdi sy tai trg ciia quy Naforsted. Muc lieu chinh cua de lai la lam rd vai trd cua cac hd gia dinh the hien d chiln luge giao due (each tilp can, djnh hudng, ke hoach), dau tu, quan tam cho giao due cua cac thanh vien d khu vyc nong thdn trong boi canh chuyen ddi kinh tl xa hpi d nude la hien nay; Phan tich moi lien he gifla vai trd, chien luge giao dye ciia hd gia dinh voi qua trinh chuyen ddi ca cau kinh te. chuyin ddi xa hpi d khu vuc ndng thon va cac ham y ve mat
Tac gia lien he. DT, 84-977554 880 Email; Hatran.vnes'ggmail com
Bai viel la san pham cua de tai nghien cuu VI2.3- 2011 12 dwgc tai tr^rbaiQu) phat trian khoa hgc vS cong nghe qu6c gia (Nafosied).
chinh saeh iCr ket qua nghien cim nay; Be xu3t cac giai phap (tir phia he thdng giao due, cpng ddng, ca chi chinh saeh) nham n§ng cao chat lugng va hieu qua giao due cua cac hp gia dinh d ndng thdn dap ung qua trinh chuyen doi kinh tl xa hpi trong giai dogn hien nay.
Trong qua trinh thuc hien nghien cuu, nhdm nghien cira da lam ro vai trd va cac chien lupc, dau tu cho giao dye ciia cac h^ gia dinh khu vuc ndng thdn ddi vdi cac ca nhan trong bdi canh chuyen ddi kinh - te xa hdi d nude ta hien nay thdng qua viec tra ldi mdt lo^t cau hdi: Cd hay khdng cac chien luge, ke hoach da dugc xac dinh ciia cac hg gia dinh ddi vdi vi^c hoc tap cua con cai? Cac chien luge, sy dau tu cho giao due cua cac thanh vien/con cai cd thich ung vdi nhu cau chuyen ddi ca cau kinh te - xa hgi d khu vuc ndng thdn hien nay hay khdng?
Cd hay khong sy khac biet ve each tiep c?in ^ao dye, dau tu cho giao due cua cac hd gia dinh
T. T.T. Hd. N. TT Tung / Tgp chi Khoa hQc DHQGHN- Nghien cuu Gido due. Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 22-30
qua cac bien sd nhu viing miln, van hda, trinh dp nhSn thiic, hgc van, quy md va kilu lorn gia dinh, dilu kien kinh ll? Giio dye cua cac hd gia dinh d nhiing miic do khac nhau cd anh hudng den hieu qua (kinh tl, xS hdi) mang lai tir giao due hay khdng? Hien nay xu hudng "ung xii"
ciia cac hg gia dinh vdi vi?c hgc tap ciia con cai/cac thanh vien nhu thi nao.
Mdi quan he giua lya chpn tiep can giao dye ciia hp gia dinh vdi thuc trang giao due ciia thanh nien ndng thon la mgt phin kit qua nghien ciru cua nhdm.
2. Quan diem tiep c^n v^ phurong phip nghiSn ciiu
Nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien tren quan diem tilp cgn lien nganh ciia Giio due hpc, Kinh tl hpc, Xa hgi hgc, Tim li hgc, NhSn khau hpc.
- Tiep c§n Kinh tl hoc: tim hilu mdi quan he giiia trinh dp giio dye vdi thu nhap ciia ho gia dinh, xem xet viec dau tu cho giio dye ciia hO gia dinh cho cic thanh viSn nhu la mgt hinh thuc dau tu trong kinh te; tim hieu ve cac chi phi cho giio dye: loai chi phi, muc chi phi, kha ning chi tra, cic ngudn ho trg, v.v...
- Tilp can Xa hoi hpc: tim hieu nhiing khd khin trong tiep can cac ngudn lyc, tiep cgn giio dye ciia hd gia dinh d ndng thdn; li giai cac nguy6n nhan vl diu tu giio dye; sy bit binh ding giiia cac nhdm miic song, dieu kien gia dinh trong tiep can giio due; li giai vai trd cua gia dinh trong viec giio dye cac thanh vien, cac ylu Id truyin thdng cua gia dinh, ddng hg va dja phuang din viec cac chien luge diu tu cho hgc tip; gia dinh la mpt thilt che xa hgi ddng vai trd trong kiln tao vdn nhan luc cho phit triln kinh tl xa hdi.
Tiep can Giao dpc hpc: xem xet khi ning hgc tap, kit qua giao dye trong mdi quan he vdi dac dilm va sy quan tam cua gia dinh.
- Tiep cgn Tam li hpc: xem xet cic nhu ciu/ mong mudn hgc tap cua cac ca nhan/thanh
vien ciia hd gia dinh; nhu ciu nang cao vi the xa hgi lien quan den trinh do giio due.
- Tiep cgn Nhan kh^u hgc: nham tim hieu sy khic biet vl chiln luge diu tu cho giao due giiia cic loai hinh hg gia dinh (sd Iugng nhan khau, gidi tinh, dan tgc, tdn giao, sd con cii...).
Hp gia dinh dugc nhdm nghien cuu coi la ddi tugng nghien ciiu da dang va phiic tgp vl cac mat van hda, giao dye, tam li va nhan khau hgc. Vi thi, phuang phap nghien euu dugc lya chpn la su kit hgp giiia nghien ciiu dinh tinh va nghien ciru dinh lugng, nhim giam thieu cic ban che ciia timg phuong phip, ddng thdi nang cao hieu qui phit hien van de va thu th^p thdng tin. Cac phuang phip dugc nhdm nghien ciiu sii dung bao gdm:
- Phirong phap hoi cihi tir li£u: nghien ciru cic tai lieu san cd lien quan den chii dS nghien ciiu irong va ngoai nude, cic chinh saeh, vin ban ve giio dye vi dao tao va chuyen ddi kinh te xi hpi d ndng thdn de cgp dSn giio dye va vai trd ciia cac hd gia dinh.
- Phmmg phip nghien cuu dfoh lugng:
sir dyng cic bing hdi dugc soan sin danh cho cac ddi tugng la ngudi dai dien ciia hp gia dinh.
Phucmg phip nghien ciiu nay nhim danh gii, tim hieu vai trd ciia cac hg gia dinh the hi?n d cac ke hoach, chien luge, khi nang va miic do dau tu, quan tam cho giio due cua cac thanh vien: hinh thiic, phuong thiic, thii do, cic hanh dgng, ngudn luc, v.v...
Mau khao sal dugc chgn theo phuang phap ngau nhien cd he thong, lay hg gia dinh li dan vi nghien ciiu, khao sit. Cic linh dugc lua chgn dai dien cho cac viing kinh te - xa hdi tren ci nude.
- Phuong phap nghien cihi dinh tinh: tien hanh cac phdng van sau, thao luan nhom nhim tham van cic nhi quin li giao dye, quan li dia phuang va tim hieu ngudi dan ve vai trd cua cac hO gia dinh trong tao dieu kien tiep cgn, thuc hien cic chien luge, ke hogch giio due cho cic thanh vien. Phuang phap nay nhim tim kiem cac nguyen nhan, y nghia ciia cac chien
T. T. T Hd. N T T Titng / Tgp chi Klioa hoc DHQGHN Nghie. u Gido due. Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 22-30
luge ^ao due d cap hg gia dinh thuc hien vdi cac thanh vien ciia minh nhim tra ldi cac cau hdi nhu: Cd hay khdng cac chien luge dau tu giao due, tai sao? Cha me dau tu, quan tam cho con cai nhu thi nao? The hien d cac ke hoach, chien luge nao? Tai sao? Dau la nhiing yeu td anh hudng den cac viec thuc hien vai trd ciia cic hg gia dinh ddi vdi viec tiep can va ca hgi giao due ciia con cai cimg nhu thyc hien cic chien luge dau tu, quan tam, v.v...
Nghien ciiu dugc thuc hien tai 05 tinh, bao gdm: VTnh Phuc, Thai Binh, Quang Ngai, Tp.HCM va Can Tho. CJ moi tinh, chgn 01 huyen, tai moi huyen, 02 xa va 03 tnrdng dugc lya chgn kliao sat. Tdng cpng, 450 phy huynh hpc sinh va 450 hgc sinh da dugc khao sat bing bing hdi soan san. 45 can bg quan li cap phdng (phdng giio dye), 75 can bd quan li cap so (sd giao dye va dao tao), 105 phy huynh hpc sinh, 105 hgc sinh, 45 dai dien ban giim hi^u va 105 dai dien lanh dao xi di tham gia trong cic cugc phdng van va tga dam.
Dudi day la mdt sd ket qua nghien cihi dugc chilt xuit tir kit qua khio sit, ban sau hon ve mdi quan he giira lya chgn liep can giao due cua hp gia dinh vdi thyc trang giao due cua thanh nien ndng thdn.
3. Moi quan he giua lua chpn tilp can giao due cua h6 gia dinh vdi thuc trang giao due cua thanh nien ndng thon
3.1 Tliuc trgng gido d\ic cua thanh nien nong thon 3.1.1, Giao due chinh quy
Theo chuang trinh giao dye phd thdng thi nhimg ngudi din 15 tudi da co thi hgc hit THCS va den 18 tudi cd thi hpc xong THPT, sau do hg co thi hgc bac TCCN hoac hgc cao ding, dai hgc. 6 ndng thon, hiu hit thanh nien chi hgc xong bac THCS, mpt sd hgc hit bgc THPT la rdi bd he thdng giio dye chinh quy.
Cd it thanh nien ndng thdn hgc len dai hpc hay
cao ding. Ti le thanh nien chua biet dgc, bilt viet cdn kha cao. Theo sd Heu thdng k6 ciia Tdng cue thdng ke, nam 2010, sd lao ddng thanh nien (15-35 tudi) mil chu la 150.000 ngudi, trong do 90% la thanh nien ndng thon miln niii, vung sau, vung xa. Ti le nay frong nam 2011 la 87% va h-ong nam 2012 la 85% [5].
Tinh trgng giio due ciia thanh nien ndng thdn trd nen rd net ban khi dat trong sy so sanh vdi thanh nien dd thi, thi hien d sy cich biet r6 rang vl trinh do hgc vin. Trinh do hgc vin cua thanh nien ndng thdn thip hon nhieu so vdi thanh nien dd thi. 0 iiia tudi cang cao thi su chenh lech cang Idn. Theo sd lieu nam 2011, s6 lao dgng chua tdt nghiep tieu hgc d nong thon nhilu gap ddi d dd thi (18,11% so vdi 9,51%), Irong khi 37,96% lao dgng d dd thi tdt nghiep THPT thi d ndng thdn, con sd nay chi cd 11,40%. Sd lieu cua cic nam 2010 va 2012 ciing cho kit qua tucmg tu, cang ISn bac hgc cao, su each biet nay cang Idn. Xet vl mat co hdi thi d ndng thdn, ca hgi hgc tap ciia Ihanh nien han che nhieu so vdi thanh thi nhu dilu kien kinh tl, trudng ldp, mdi irudng xa hgi. Do trinh dp dan tri, miic sdng va trinh do phat triln kinh te cao hon nen da sd thanh nien do thj cd ging hgc het phd thdng dl cd the tilp tyc hgc cao Ien va tim kilm dugc viec lam on dinh.
Trong khi dd, ddi vdi thanh nien ndng thdn, do bl tac trong viec tim kiem viec lam phi ndng nghiep nen ciing khdng nhit thilt hgc hit phd thong vi xet den cimg ciing chi lam ndng nghiep.
Tinh trang lap lai tuang tu trong ITnh vuc hgc nghl, trong nam 2010 cd din 89,90% lao ddng ndng thdn khdng cd chuyen mdn ki thuat, ti le nay trong nam 2011 va 2012 tuong iing la 86,7% va 83,5%. Xet tren co sd nhu cau ciia nen kinh tl thi tinh trang tren khdng phai la ding lo ngai do d ndng thdn, hoat ddng kinh le chii yeu la ndng nghiep quy md nhd va lao dpng thii cdng la chii yeu. Tuy nhien, xet tr6n quan diem phat trien thi vdi trinh dp nhu viy, thanh nien ndng thdn khd co the nang cao dugc kha nang ty tao viec lam phi ndng nghiep.
TT.T. Hd. V T T. Titng / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: - u Giao due, Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 22-30
Bang I: Trinh dg hoc van eua nhan khiu tir dii 15 tudi trd Ien dang boat ddng kinh ll thudng xuyen
Trinh do hoc van Khong bilt chiJ
Nam 2010 Thanh
thi
1,28 Ndng thon
5,43
Nam 2011 Thanh
thi
1,07 Ndng
thdn
4,35
Nam 2012 Thanh Ndng
thi thdn
0,91 3,87
Chua tdt nghiep tiiu hoc Tot nghiep tieu lioc Tot ngliiep THCS Tot ngliiep THPT
25,22 29,84 33,36
31,72 34.01 9.24
23,53 27,93 37,96
31,99 34,15 11,4
30,78 35J 24,1
32,6 29,9 19,5
Ngudn: Sd li?u thdng ke Lao ddng - Vi?c lam d Viet Nam. Bp Lao ddng - Thirong binh va Xa hgi, cac nam 2010,2011 va 2012 [2].
Tham khao cic kel qui nghien cihi cho thay sd dT thanh nien ndng thdn khdng thi vio cic trudng day nghe, trudng trung hgc chuyen nghiep la vi:
- Phin Ion cic trudng nay diu nim d dd thj, hoac gan dd thi.
- Cac nganh hpc hau hit deu hudng tdi phuc vy dd thj, it nganh hgc phyc vy san xuat ndng nghiep, hoac cic nganh thiet thyc vdi ddi sdng ndng thdn.
- Thdi gian hpc keo dai.
- Chi phi hgc cao.
- Khdng dim bao cd viec lam sau Idii ^t nghiep.
Giira cdc vung nong thon khdc nhau ciing CO su cdch biet khd lan trong phdt trien gido due. Ching han. trong nam 2010, 16,05% lao dpng tren 15 tudi d ndng thdn ddng bang sdng Hdng da tdt nghiep THPT thi con sd nay d nong thdn miln mii phfa Bic chi la 3,96%. Trong khi 8,08% lao dgng nong thdn Ddng Nam Bg vi 16,12% lao dgng d Ddng bing sdng Ciru Long dugc dao tgo cdng nhan kT thugt thi d Tay Nguyen, con sd niy la 3,57%. Trong nam 2011 vi 2012, sy cich bi?t viing mien nay van chua CO nhilu cai thien. Ngoii ra cdn sy khic biet rit
lan ve truong ldp, ca sd vat chat, chit lugng giio vien, dieu kien giang day va hgc tgp...
Bang 2 Co cau lao ddng ndng thdn chia theo trinh dg hpc van
Dong bang s6ng Hong Dong B3c Tay Bdc Bac Tmng bo Duyen hai Nam Tning b$
Tay Nguyen Dong Nam bo Dong bang song Cuu Long
2010 16,05 10,95 3,96 16,88 9,31 7,54 11,41 5,47
2011 19,3 15,6 9,7 18,1 12,0 13,4 18,1 11,8
2012 24,2 22,1 16,2 22,8 19,4 16,8 20,1 16,6
.Vguon: So lieu thdng ke Lao ddng - Viec lam d Viet Nam. Bg Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi,
cac nam 2010, 2011 va 2012.
Ket qua phdng van sau va trao ddi vdi dgi dien chinh quyIn xi, dgi dien linh dgo cic phdng va sd giio dye va dao tgo, dgi dien nha h-udng va cha me hgc sinh diu cho thiy giao dye - dao tao d khu vyc ndng thon da dat dugc nhieu thanh tyu quan trgng:
- Trinh do dan tri dugc ning cao.
TTT. Hd. N T T Tung / T^ chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN: Nghtei V Gido due Tap 30. So 3 (2014) 22-30
- Quy md giio due tang nhanh.
- Cdng tic xa hdi hoa ^ i o dye dgt hieu qui cao. Cac cap chinh quyen. doin the quan tam hon den cdng tic giio dye - dao tgo. Ti le tre dugc huy dpng den trudng tang nhanh thdng qua viec md rdng cic loai hinh giio due - dio tao. Nhieu tnrong ngi tni cho ddng bao dan tgc dugc xay dung, tgo dieu kien cho con em dan tdc den ldp, den trudng. Ngudn lyc cho giao dye - dio tgo tang nhanh, udc tinb cic ngudn ngoai NSNN chiem 25% ngudn tii chinh ciia giao dye - dao tgo. Trong cac tang ldp nhan dan dang cd phong trao hgc tip rdng rai nhat la tin hpc, ngoai ngu:.
Tuy nhien, ben cgnh nhimg thanh tuu da dat dugc, giao due va dao tao d ndng thdn con mgt sd van de: Giao due giira thanh thi va ndng thdn cd mdt sy each biet dang ke; Ddi ngy giio vien vira thieu ve so lugng, vira yeu ve chat lugng;
Tinh trgng tre em that hgc hoic bd hgc sdm ciing mdt phin bat ngudn tir su thieu hieu biet, hogc chua hieu bilt cua cha m? va cgng ddng ve vai trd ciia giao due; Cic ca sd dio tao d ndng thdn, dac biet mien niii. viing sau vimg xa, nhieu nam khdng dugc dau ty diing vdi yeu ciu: irudng Idp igm bg, thiet bi thyc hanh it;
Nhieu hgc sinh tdt nghiep bac hgc cao ra trudng khdng mudn ve ndng thdn cdng tic, khdng mudn tryc tiep tham gia lao ddng san xuat ma chi mudn thoat Ii khdi ndng thon; Nhu ciu dao tao, bdi dudng ciia dgi ngii lao dgng khoa hgc kT thuat va cdng nghe cho ndng thdn rat cao nhung con cd nhieu khd khin ve dieu kien an, d, di lai, hgc tap; Ti le lao d^ng cd trinh do chuyen mdn. ki thugt va nghiep vu thip.
3.1.2. Giao dye phi chinh quy
Die tnmg d ndng thdn li su tdn tai cua ^ao dye phi chinh qi^ va chinh h? thdng nay tao nen cac dac trung ciia giao due vi dao tgo d nong thdn.
3.1.2.1. Day nghl truyen thdng Day nghe truyen thdng la hinh thiic dgy nghe, truyen nghl dugc td chiic tai cac gia dinh
hogc cac co sd cd nghe tieu thii cdng n^i^p truyen thdng. Hinh thiic nay dac biet phat biln d nhiing viing ndng thon cd nghe, tgi cac lii^
nghl. Chinh vi die trung nay ma day nghl truyen thdng chi thu hut luc lugng lao dgng thanh nien tai chd hoic cac viing lan can, rat it thaidi nien di hgc nghe d noi xa do viec mang mgt nghe mdi ve ling khdng phai viec dl dang.
Tai cic ca sd day nghe, thanh nien ndng thdn dugc truyin day tiing ky nang cu the cua nghl.
Thdi gian hgc phy thudc vao kha ning thgo viec ciia timg ngudi va yeu ciu ciia timg nganh nghl. Phin Idn trudng hgp, sau thdi gian hpc viec va thii viec, ngudi hgc d Igi lam cho cic co sd san xuat nay. Mdt sd it trd ve gia dinh md co sd sin xuat ddc lap.
Thanh nidn cd lgi the nang ddng, kheo leo vi cd siic khoe nen thuang de ding tilp cgn dich vy nay. Phan Idn thinh vien ciia ca sd san xuit la thanh nien. cd nhimg nginh nghe ddi hdi kT thuat cao, dep, hap dan nhu son mii. khim trai, dSt,... thi 100% lao dgng la thanh nien.
Tuy nhien, dich vu day nghe nay co nhieu diem hgn che:
- Cac kien thiic dugc truyen thu khdng cd he thdng, ngudi hgc khdng co hieu biet loan dien ve nghe (ddi khi la do chii nghl mudn giii bi quylt) nen khi ddi mat vdi mdt hien tugng mdi phit sinh, hg rat liing tiing va thudng khdng tim dugc cich xii li thich hgp. Cung chinh vi hieu biet rdi rac ve nghe mi nhieu khi mudn ip dung tien bd KHKT hay cai tien cdng nghe diu khdng thuc hien dugc.
- Thdi gian hgc thudng lau va cd thinh nghl hay khdng lai phu thudc nhieu vao kha ning ciia timg ngudi nen nhieu thanh nien ndng thdn ngan ngai khdng mudn thu siic.
- Nhiing ngudi truyen nghe thudng giii kin cac thong tin ve thi trudi^ tieu thu san phim ciing nhu cac dich vu diu vao (mua nguyen vat lieu, xay dung ca sd san xuat,...); Trong nhieu trudng hgp ban than ngudi truyin nghe ciing khong cd nhieu thdng tin vl thj truong sin
T T- T- Hd. S T T Tung I Tgp chi Kliog hpc DHQGHN: Nghien dm Gido due, Tap 30, So 3 (2014) 22-30
pham. Chinh vi the thanh nien ndng thdn rit khd khin trong viec tao dyng ca so sin xuit ddc lap va phit triln nghl sau khi cd nghl.
3.1.2.2. Cic khoa day nghl ngin ban Thanh ni6n ndng thdn cd co hgi tham gia cac khoa day nghl ngan ban td chiic ngay tai dia phuong. Cic khoi hpc nay thudng Ii mgt trong cac hogt ddng hd trg ihanh nien ciia Chinh phii, ciia ca nhan vi cac td chiic qudc tl;
ciia cic trung tam dgy nghl va ca sd dao tgo, ciia cic khu cdng nghiep, khu kinh tl dugc dit tai dja phuang. Hinh thtrc dao tgo nay thudng di kem vdi viec td chiic mdt co sd sin xuit lgi chd, vira de dgy nghe cho thanh nien, vira sii dung ngudn lao dgng thanh nien nay vao hogt ddng san xuit. De tham gia khoa hgc va dugc nhan vao lam viec, thanh nien phai nop mdt khoan le phi ban dau va ddi vdi mgt sd nginh nghS, thanh nien ddi hdi phai cd mdt trinh dg hgc van nhat dinh. Cac khoi hpc nay thuc chit la su hd trg hai ben cimg cd Igi. Thanh nien ndng thdn thi cd nghe, cd thu nhap, cdn ngudi td chiic thi thu lgi rdiuan tir viec tiSu thy sin pham. Tuy nhien, khdng phai thanh nien ndng thdn nao ciing dii kha nSng ngp khoan 1? phi ban diu va trinh d^ hgc van theo yeu ciu.
Md hinh Idp day nghl luu ddng dang md rgng d nhieu viing ndng thon, Cic co sd dao tao, cac trung tim xuc tien vi?c lam den tin thon - x3 td chirc Idp hgc cho thanh nien ndng thon vi thu mgt phan hgc phi, phin cdn lai do Nha nude hd trg. Md hinh nay dap iing yeu cau hpc nghl ciia thanh nien ciia timg dia phuang, giup hp cd till phit triln kinh te ngay tren dia phuang minh, khai thac dugc nhiing dilm mgnh ciia dja phuang. Vi IS dd, cac khoa hgc nay dang ngay cing dugc nhan rgng, nhit la d cic tinh phia Nam. Tuy nhien, vdi nhiing viing ndng thdn ngheo, thi trudng kem phat triln, md hinh nay khd cd thi ip dyng dugc bdi thanh niln khdng mudn va khdng cd tiln dl nop 11 phi.
Khi tdng kit cac khoi dao tao ngin ngay, nigt dilu cd the nhan thiy la thanh nien ndng
thdn thilu tinh ty giac, thieu long nhiet tinh trong hgc nghe. Hp trdng chd nhilu vao sy hd trg tu ben ngoai ban li tham gia vi nhu cau bin than. Mdt nguyen nhin dugc chi ra li thanh nien cin su hd trg tiep tyc sau cac khoa dao tao.
Sy ho trg dd cd the la cich thiic td chiic sin xuit. kinh nghiem quan li, thi trudng nguyen vat lilu va tiiu thy sin phim,... Thieu su hd trg niy, thanh nien cd nghe, bilt nghl nhung khdng dim triln khai thyc hi^n. Kit qua la cd nghe ma khdng cd viec lam va thu nhip.
Cic cugc phdng van va khao sat cho thay dgy nghe truyen thdng thu hut nhilu lyc lugng lao ddng tre, song d nhiing lang xa khdng cd nghe tieu thii cdng nghiep thi thanh nien sl rat khd khan khi hgc nghl va triln khai hogt ddng sin xuit sau khi cd nghe [6].
Cic khoi dao tao ngan ngay md rdng co hdi cho thanh nien ndng thdn tiep can vdi vile lam ngoai ndng nghiep, trd thanh cdng nhan - ndng nghiep, tiic li trd thanh cdng nhan ciia cac co sd sin xuat, xi nghiep ngay trin dia phuong minh.
Cic khoi dio tao ngin ngay di ddng li hmh thiic djch vu mdi ddi vdi thanh nien ndng thdn, ngudi td chiic klioa hgc da tim den vdi thanh niln, td chiic cic khoi dio tao theo yeu ciu ciia thanh niln nin khic phyc dugc tinh trang thilu thdng lin ciia thanh nien ndng thdn va khai thic dugc diem manh trong phat triln kinh tl cda dia phuong. Sau khoi hgc thanh niln cd thi tu tao vi|c lam va thu nhgp ngay tai que huang minh.
Thanh nien ndng thdn chua nang dpng trong viec tilp can cic khoi dao tgo nghl va chua tim cich md rgng ca hdi phat trien cho ban than.
3.1.2.3. Trung tim hpc tap cgng ddng O cac tinh diu cd he thdng cic trung tim hgc tap cdng ddng do Hgi khuyin hgc quan li.
Sau han mudi nam (tir 1999 - 2011), mang ludi trung tam hgc tip cdng ddng (HTCD) da phat triln rat manh me, vdi 10,428 trung tam, phii kin 93,87% sd xa/phudng/thi tran trong ci nude, vugt ban 13% so vdi muc lieu dat ra
r T-T Ha. \ . T.T Tietg T^ cUKhoa hgc DHQGHS: S^ahi cum Giao di^. Tgp 30. So 3 0014} 22-3
:rong Dk aa 'Xi> dui^ sa hpi hoc l ^ giai doan 2005 2010" ban hanh theo QD sd i:;2C"05QD-TTg ngay 18 5 2005 cus. Tin f u ^ ^ Chinh rhJ. Nhieu Truog lam HTCD hoat datig r^ tich cue co hieu qua. Diln cuoi nam 2013. ca DUOC CO kboaiK 11.000 mmg tam. p^ii kin 989; xa. {Auui^ trmg ca nude [3].
Tbeo so lieu tbdi^ ke cua Bg GD&DT. d u trong 5 nan <2005 - 2010) (S co iang diuc trieu luot ng;jd: (brgc hpc tap tm cac TnMig tam x'di b ^ ^ tram chuyen d i khac nhau ve tat ca cac Imh vyc chinh nri. 'erih ll. xa bn— g ^ phin tkh cue vao viec cai Ifaien cfai: iugi^ ddi soag xS hai tm cac ^ pfauDi^ Ddng ifaoi khii^ ^nh vai tro oia TiiM^ lam HTCD la coi^ cu ifai^ \eu x%- dui^ xa hn bgc 1 ^ tir ca sd.
Tu>- lAJen. pboiK nao pbai t r i ^ kboi^ diu.
so mnK tam boat dgi^ cd cfaii luoi^ \i bieu qua chi diilm ti le rat thip. khoing 10 - 30%.
Phin dong cac tmng t s n cdn ggp nhieu kbo khan, lui^ ttii^ boat dgng inang tiidi biiA thiic.
ken: chii IUDI^ \'a bieu qua.
Tai CJoi Tho. tnn^ tam hpc tap cgng ddng
£ bd tra lat tot tnng viec bin' d ^ ^ tre din inidt^ Trong bao cao idr^ kit boat dgng ctia Tnii^ t ^ bpc tap c n ^ d ^ ^ tren toan rinh nam 2013. Sd Giao due va E>ao tao tinh Cin Tbo i£ khing dinh. cac Tr^ng tam ^ gdp phin tich cue \-ao cmg tac pb6 cap ^ao due Tieu bgc diii^ dp turn miic do 1 va pb6 cap giao due Tieu hpc dat 100%: hgc sinh tdt i^iiep Tmng hpc co so \'ao Trung hgc pbd tbdi^ dat tren S^"^ hoc sinh tdi r^hiep TniiK hoc pbd ttioag dai tren 96^o... {]]. Mac dii \i\. cac boat dgng giao due i ^ i l iKfaiep. dao tao ki nang cho lao dgog (£ rdi r u o i ^ |rfid tbdi^ cua cac trung tam ia cor. rat ban chi do kho kl-:i_- wc can bg \"a kii^ phi. O c i ; xa. phudi^ co khu cdng nghiep.
tnn^ tam phoi hgp vdi cac khu coag i^faiep td chirc dao tao iKhe may. diai co, tin hpc vi tnntg lam td chiic cac kboa hgc fi^ c ^ 2 nam/
lop de bu kiln thuc cbo cac lao dgi^ cd dii diiu kien di lam :ai cac kr.- cons r-shieri.
Tai Vinh Phuc. 100% xa, f^uui^ cd trung tam hgc tap cmig ddi^ [1). Ngoai viec bd tig rich <^c cac trucmg pii& tfamg t r a ^ viec buy dgng ire din tmdng. cac tmng tam da td chirc cac buoi ndi chuyen chuy^ de x-in boa, chinfa tri va kinh tl. tCr do thay ddi nhan thuc cua ngirdi daiL ^ c Inet nguoi t m ^ dp tudi lao dgng ve vai tro cua hpc van. nghe nghiep va sy dong gdp ciia cac ca nhin vao ^ phat trien kiiA t i - xa hm ciia dia phuDi^ Mac dii vay, theo danh gia cua lanh dao cac trtioi^ \'a Sa. Ineu qua hoat d n ^ cua cac trung lam la thip, chua ho ira duoc cho thanh men tnx^ do tudi lao dgng nhih^ i^ioi da rai nha mHH^ phd tbdi^
idoebicciia 3.2. Moi quan he giQa thuc trgng giao <UH. LUU ihanh men nong thon vd bta chgn tiep can ^do due cua ho gia £nh
KH qua phong van s ^ cha me hgc sinh (bieo cd a m bgc bs tiiu hgc cho den dai hoc) va cac dai diln ai so giao due cho ttiay. co nhilu li do khien thanh nioi ndng tfami k b « ^ dii tilp tuc bgc len bac hpc cao hon:
- Chi phi bgc cao - Kinh te gia £iib kbd khan
- Thanh nioi va gia ^nh ciia bg coi troi^
cai loi kinh te tmdc mit cua viec bd hgc di lam ban ia d ^ nr £ hgc cao ma chua chic da tim dugc \iec lam co thu nhap cao boiL
- Sue hgc kem.
- Coi trgng bac bgc dai bpc \ i chua >' thuc dugc 1 ^ quan trpi^ cua b ^ hgc pbd tbdi^
dan dai su\' nghi- khdng thi vao hgc dai hgc thi cd tbi bo hpc |rfid t h « ^ bit Id luc nao.
- Tnrong bgc xa nha. mang ludi truong Idmig thuan IgL
Trii bac tieu bgc dugc mien bgc fid, a cac bac hgc khac hgc sinh d ^ phai dong tiln nen vao tbdi diem chuyen cap, hgc sinh \a pz ffinh cua hp diudr^ can nhic lgi ich ciia hgc van cao 6k quyit dinh co hgc tiip hay khong. Hiu hit
TTT Hd. N T T. Tung / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Nghie, V Gido due. Tdp 30. So 3 (2014) 22-30
thanh niln ndng thdn di rdi bo ghe nha trudng vao cic thoi dilm nay.
"Ngoai hgc phi, con rdi nhiiu khoan dong gop, di chai, tham quan, chdng nhe lgi khdng cho con di. rdi hgc tiing Anh, hgc ihem... nhiiu tien ldm, md so vdi ddn thdnh phd thi cOng khong tham vdo ddu... " (trich phdng vdn phu huynh hoc sinh d Can Tho).
"O nhd ciing nhiiu vifc de ldm, sau gid hgc bgn tre vdo cdc vuon trdi ldm them, khdng dugc nhieu nhung bgn nhd ham... " (trich phong vdn phu huynh hoc sinh d Can Tho).
"Tui no tim viic trong cdc khu cong nghiep, gia ldm gi co ddt de lain ndng nghiep, hgc xong Idp 9, lop 10 Id di ldm dugc rdi... " (trich phdng vdn phu huynh hgc sinh a Cdn Tho).
"COng muon cho con hoc len cao nhtmg no khong chiu hgc, nd bdo mudn vdo dgi hgc thi phdi ra thdnh phd hoc them, ra day thi ngodi tien hgc, con den trg, tien&i,... lay ddu ra... " (trich phong vdn phu huynh hoc sinh d Vinh Phiic)
Cd thi ndi trinh dg hgc van THCS va THPT khdng phii la thap, vdi trinh dp nay thanh niln ndng thdn hoin toin cd dii kien thiic co bin dl hgc nghl hoic nang cao trinh dg khi cd nhu ciu. Song dilu ding ndi Ii vdi nhieu thanh niln ndng thdn, con dudng hgc hanh Igi dCmg lm d day, ho khdng hgc nghe nen trd thanh Iuc lugng lao ddng khdng cd lay nghl, khdng cd trinh dg chuyin mdn. Die biet, khi da ed gia dinh thi thanh nien ndng thdn gin nhu khdng mudn tham gia bit ki tmdng Idp nao. Theo sd lieu khio sat ciia Vien Nghiin cim Thanh niln thi cd den 86,61% thanh niln ndng thdn khdng cd chuyen mdn kJ thuat (Viln Nghiin ciiu Thanh nien. 2009, Sd lieu khao sat [4]). Nhin nhin tren quan diem cho rang lyc lugng lao ddng la dpng Iuc thiic diy kinh ti phat triin thi ti trgng lao dgng cd chuyin mdn kl thugt d ndng Ihdn hien nay la qua thap, nd se khdng thuc day dugc khi nang ty tgo vile lam phi nong nghilp d ndng thdn.
Nhu viy, sy lya chgn tiep can, dau tu giio due ciia hd gia dinh vira la nguyen nhan, vira la he qua ciia tinh trgng hgc vin vi trinh dp chuyen mdn kl thugt thip ciia thanh niln ndng thdn.
3.3. Nhimg uu tien
Ds tang cudng khi nang tilp cin giao due cho thanh niln ndng thon, ting siic canh tranh ciia lao ddng tre ndng thdn vdi ca cau nin kinh te dang chuyen ddi can cd uu tiln cic chucmg trinh dgy nghe, dio tao lai vi hoan thi?n kl nang.
- Giii phap dot phip cho vin dl nlu trin la cii thien cdng tic dinh hudng nghe thanh niln ndng thdn vi gia dinh hg. Cdng tic hudng nghiep trong nha irudng phd thdng d ndng thdn hien nay chua sat vdi thyc tl ndng thdn Mgt dinh hudng tdt khdng chi giiip cho thanh nien ndng thdn vi gia dinh hg lya chgn nghl nghiep phii hgp mi cdn giiip hg tim dugc nghe ngoii ndng nghilp sau khi rdi khdi trudng hgc.
- Quy hoach phat triln cac ca sd day nghe va dich vy viec lam dl dio tao ngin ban cic nghl theo ylu cau thj trudng, nhu cic trung tam xiic tien viec lam d cac dia phuang, cic td chiic xa hdi (doan thanh nien, hdi phu nii,...).
- Td chiic lai cac chuang trinh dio lao cdng nhin kT thugt h | chinh quy dii hgn thupc he thdng giao dye - dao tao dl dap iing yeu ciu lao ddng cho cic nganh kinh te, phii hgp vdi yeu cau thi tmdng, phii hgp vdi nhu cau phat trien ciia ndng nghiep, nong thon.
- Md rgng cac lop dio tgo nghl dan gian, sir dyng ngay de phuc vy cho vile lam tmdc mit ciia hg thdng qua cac hinh thirc dio tao va huan luyen ngin ban, cip tdc hoac tuyen tmyIn gidi thilu cac kiin thirc, td chiic viec lam cho ban than.
Phil triin cic trung lam hd trg doanh nghilp vira va nhd, cac ca sd sin xuit tieu thii
T T. T. Hd. \TT Titng I Tgp chi Khoa hoc DHQGHN 1 n cmi Gido due. Tgp 30. So 3 <2014} 22-30
cdng nghilp truyin thing, trong dd, ngoii hd trg vi kl thuat, thdng tin thi tmdng, vdn,... cdn td chiic dio tgo chu doanh nghiep, chii hg gia dinh cac nang lyc de phat trien nhu quan tri kinh doanh, tiip thi, kiin thiic ve luit phap, kT nang quin Ii vdn, hogch dinh kl hoach phat triln kirdi te quy md nhd—
Tai li|u tham khao
[i] Tr4n Thj Thai Ha, Giai phap cung co va nang cao chat l u ^ g giao due khu v\rc nong thon trong thai ki chuyen doi ca cau kinh te, Bao cao
de tai khoa hoc cap Bo. Vien Khoa hoc giao due VietNam,20012-2013.
Bo Lao dong - Thuang binh \ a Xa h^i. So li?u Ihdng ke Lao dgng - Viec lam 6 Viet Nam, cac nam 2010,2011.2012.
Lien hgp quoc t^i Viet Nam. M6 rgng ca hoi lya chgn cho ngheo nong thon, thang 12/2008.
Vien Nghien cuu Thanh ni&i. Tinh hinh ihanh nien Vict Nam hi?n na>. So lieu khao sat 42 xa, thupc 14 huyen trong 7 Unh. 2009.
Tdng eye thong ke. So lieu thong ke din s6 va lao dgng. 2010, 2011.
New York. Youth m Vietnam: A Review of the Youth Situation and National Policies and Programmes, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. United Nation. 2010,
Relations Between Real State of Education of Rural Youth and Option of Access to Education of Households
Tran Thi Thai Ha, Ngo Thi Thanh Tung Vien Khoa hgc Gido due Vigt Nam, 101 Trdn Hung Dgo, Hoan Kiem, Hd Ngi, Viet Nam
Abstract: The study on the "Relations between the real state of educalion of mral youth and the option of access to education of households" shows that rural youth currently have various options for education - formal education, informal education, traditional education and others. However, the fact shows that the real state of educational level of most of rural youth remains low with h i ^ difference as compared with the requirement of the labor market. This educational level is not good enough for them lo look for or create a non-agricultural job. That is why, they are found hesitating in continuing their higher education. The breakthrough solution to the above-said issue is to improve the job- orientation work for mral youth and their families.
Keywords: Youth, rural, access to education, mral education, mral households.
