N G H i e N c a u GlAO DUC NUOtC NGOAl
Tim hieu viec sap nliap cac cd sd giao due dai hpc d Phap va Trung Quoc - Bai hpc Idnh nghiem cho Viet Nam
Hoang Minh Sdn\ Bui Thi Thuy Hang^
Do Thj Thu Hang^
' Email: hoang minhson@hust edu vn ' Email. [email protected] Tnidng Dai hoc B^ch Khoa H^ NQI So 01 Oai Co Viet, Hai Ba Tn/ng, Ha NQI, Vi?t Nam
^ Tnrdng Dai hQC Gi^o due - Dai hoc Qu6c gia Ha NOi 144 Xuan Thiiy, Cau Giay, Hi NQI, Viet Nam Email: hang.dtt@vnu,edu.vn
TOM TAT TrUdc Ihuc ti so lUdng cic trudng dai hgc trong ci nddc da vi/0 qui con s6 dUa ra trong Quyit dinh 37/2013/QD-TTg vd Quy ho^ch mgng lUdi cic trudng dai hgc. cao ding giai dogn 2006 • 2020. viic sip nhip hgp nhat va giii the cic cd sd giao due dai hgc la tit yiu vi cin thiit dS xay dung nhdng dgi hgc Idn, dd khi ning cgnh tranh quoc ti. Bai bio trint) biy kinh nghi$m sap nh$p, Hdn kit cic tS chdc giio due dai hgc vi nghian cdu d Phip va Trung Quic. Dii vdi mdi quic gia, boi cinh giio dgc d^i hgc trong nude, cac lan sdng sip nhip, nhdng lac ding tich cgc vi ti&u cgc Id viec sip nhip va lien kit deu dUdc phin tich rd. Phin cuii cOa b^i viit se li nhOng bii hgc rut ra doi vdi viic quy hoach mang lUdi giio dye dai hgc d Viet Nam.
TLI KHOA: Gido due ffai hoc; sap n h | p dai hoc; th€ giff; quy hoach mang lUdi gido dgc dai hoc; Viet Nam.
•» NhSn bai 23/4/2020 •> Nhan b^ da chinh sila 08/6/2020 •> Duy^t dSng 15/7/2020.
1. Dat van de
Phap dugc biet den la mot dat nuac co nen giao due (GD) dai hoc (DH) phat trien tu lau doi vai he thong cac tnictng da dang va phO:c tap. Vai thap nien gin day, hf thdng GD Phap da boc 16 mpt s6 diem y6u nhu: thilu hyt ve ngan sach cho dao tao va nghien cuu, sir han che ve chat lugng GD, dao tao va danh tieng quoc te. Trong khi d6, GD DH Trung Quoc da trai qua nh&ng lan song sap nhap manh me tu cap tinh den toan quoc nham muc dich xay dung nhung truang DH dang cap quoc t6. Nha do, Trung Quoc da tra thanh quoc gia c6 nen GD DH t6t nhit Chau A nam 2019 do Tap chi Times Higher Education binh chpn. Sap nhap, lien ket cac co so GD DH thanh cac truang DH lan nh3m giai quyet nhiing kho khan vk ngan sach trong GD DH, cai thien chat lugng giang day va nghien cuu, nang cao thu hang trong cac bang \kp hang DH quoc te dang la xu huong cua nhieu nuoc tren the gioi hien nay. Bai viet nay di sau tim hieu kinh nghiem sap nhap va lien ket trong GD DH a Phap va Trung Quoc. Doi vai moi truang hgp, boi canh GD DH trong nuac, nhihig tac dpng tich ci/c va tieu cue tii viec sap nhap deu dugc phan tich nham nit ra bai hpc cho qua trinh quy hogch mang luai GD DH a Viet Nam. Bdi bdo dirg^c thuc hifn trong khudn kho eiia de tdi "Cff s& khoa hpc ciia quy ho^ch mang lu&i cdc ea s& GD DH Vift Nam", md so KHGD/16- 20. DT.021, thugc Chuffng trinh Khoa hpc vd Cong nghf cap Qude gia giai dotfn 2016-2020 "Nghien ciru phdt trien khoa hpc GD ddp irng yiu cau doi m&i cdn bdn, todn difn nen GD Vift Nam ".
2. N p i d u n g n g h i e n cuTu
2.1. Sap nhap va lien Itet trong giao due dai hpc 6 Phip [1]
2.1.1. Bcii c^nh giao due dai hoc
S6 lugng cac cupe giai thk va sap nhap bac DH 6 Chau Au tang dSn theo thai gian va Phap ciing khong 1^ ngo?i 1?.
Theo kSt qud khao sat chua dugc cong b6 ciia m^t t6 claitc g6m 34 truang DH thanh vien thupc Hiep hpi DH Chau Au, dpng lire cua cac ho^i dgng giai the va sap nhgp dugc chia lam 4 nhom chinh: quy mo kinh te, su tac dgng len khu vuc va qu6c tk, su gia tang chit lupng GD va nghien cuu nham tao ra mot sue manh trong nen GD va nghien cuu bang each c5t giam nhan cong.
Chinh sach nghien ciru va GD DH cua Phap trong nhiing thap ki qua nham huong den giai quyet hai di6m yeu chinh cua he thong, do la sieu tap trung (hyper-centralization) va sieu phdn mdng (hyper-fragmentation). Co the n6i, h^t giong cua hai diem yeu nay da dugc gieo mam tir the ki XVIII.
a. Sieu phdn mdng
Vao then ki Cich mang Phap, Nha nuac d3 tao ra nhihig truang 1cm diu tien ("grandes ecoles"), thong qua vi$c thanh lap Trudng DH Su pham (Ecole Normale Supirieure) va DH Bach khoa (Ecole Polytechnique). Cac t6 chiic niy di theo duang 16i cua cac to chue GD ngh€ nghi?p cu diuih rieng cho dao tao ki su, bao g6m ca quan nhan. Ok vio dupe "grandes ecoles", mpi thi smh phai u^i qua mpt cupe thi CO tinh chpn Ipe va cgnh tranh rit eao. Di6u d6 dugc danh gia la cong bang va dan chii boi vi mpi nguoi dku co CO hpi dk thdnh cong ngang nhau. Tuy nhien, nhihig ki thi CO linh phan hoa cao nay Igi co ti Ip trugt rat cao. Ngoai ra, mpt so ngudi thi d6 Igi khong co dii kha ndng tai chinh de
60 TAP CHI KHOA HpC GIAO OIJC V l f f NAM
theo hpc. Han niJa, sir sieu phSn mang ciia GD DH Phap liic bay gio cang tra nen trSra trpng bdi nhiing ehinh sach thitc dky nghien cuu ben ngoai eac trudng DH.
b. Sieu tap trung
Hoang de Napoleon da thanh l|p mot trudng DH Hoang gia dugc quan li bdi cac Bg. Trong qua trinh thanh lap mOt trudng DH (vdi vo s6 cac chi nhanh tren nudc Phap), Hodng d6 th^c chat d3 phd hong to chuc von eo ciia cae trudng DH khae. Cdc tnrdng DH da khong dupe quyen tu quyet dinh trong hau het mpi vi?c ma deu phdi bi phu thupe vao Nha nudc, cac Bp vd co quan quan li cap vimg.
Di^u ndy din dkn vi?c cac trudng rat it co ca hpi dugc doi mdi vd cdi each do phan Idn cac chinh sach deu phdi tuan theo cdc quyet dinh cua trung uang.
2.1.2. Cic Idn s6ng sap nhap
Vao khoang ndm 2002, cac trudng DH d Grenoble da tien phong thdnh lap "Grenoble Universites", m6t to chiic duge tgo ra nhdm thuc day su hgp tde tren khdp ede tnrdng DH d Grenoble. Mpt so trudng DH Phap cung tuan theo theo m6 hinh ndy. Hg thdnh lap cdc t6 chuc rieng vd bdt dau thdo luan ve vi$e sap nhgp de tang khoi luong tdi han (critical mass) eua hp vd gidi quyet cde van thudng nien v^ thieu hut tai trg (Kh6i lugng tdi hgn la di8m ma tai do nhd trudng eo the duy tri su phdt trien md khong can dau tu th£m).
Bg GD ung hp phong trao nay. Nam 2003, Bp da de xudt m0t cau tnic cho su hgp tde nay vd da tim dugc mpt so dan vi tham gia. Mpt ndm sau, tai thdi diem thyrc thi hi?p udc cdi cdch GD DH Bologna, Tong Gidm d6c GD DH, Jean-Marc Monteil [2] da nhdn manh cam ket trong tuang lai cua hg la tich hgp manh me cde doi tde dia phuong (Cac trudng DH, cac trudng hgc, cac ea sd dao tgo giao vien, cac b?nh vien DH...). Do Id su song con de ddm bao s\t gan ket giDa cdc to chirc GD dja phuang, dong gdp cho s\r phdt triin trong khu v\rc trong vien canh quoc te.
NghiSn ciiu vd gidng day DH (PRES, Poles de recherche et d'enseignement superieur) Id mgt sang kien nhdm thue day quan h? doi tac trong khu v\rc. Sang kien ndy la mpt phan ciia no lire nhdm phdn cap vd liy quyen cho cac chii th8 d khu vi^c va dia phuong. Muc tieu chinh cua PRES la gia tdng ve khoi lugng tdi han vd cdi thi^n danh tieng quoc tk. Do do, eac hoat dgng ddc thii bao gom phoi hgp dao tgo tien si, chia se ede chinh sdch mua sdm, sir dung va bdo tri cdc thi8t bi va ca sd vdt chat khoa hpc, chien lirpc quoc te hda (xiic tien, trao doi, thda thuan...), cac sang ki6n chxmg ve chuyin giao tri thiie, hgp tac tren cdc xudt ban khoa hpc. Den nam 2012, nudc Phdp da xay d^ng dugc 26 PRES.
Khuon vien mdi Condorcet d Paris va Aubervilliers, chuy6n ngdnh khoa hgc x§ hpi d5 dugc len kl hogch tir ndm 2007, tap hgp bin trudng DH, mgt s6 t l chiic nghien ciiu, mpt s6 vi?n, khodng 200.000 m^ cdc tda nha mdi, t6a thi chinh Paris, ehinh quyen khu v\rc vd Bg.
Cae trudng DH d khdp nai tren toan nudc Phap dugc quy hogch de sdp nhap va cung co. Ddu tien phai ke den ba trudng DH d Strasbourg vao ndm 2009, tiep den la ba trudng DH d Aix-en-Provence vd Marseille ndm 2012, ba trudng DH d Nancy vdi DH Metz d Lorraine trong cung ndm va cac cugc sdp nhdp khac dugc cong bo tai Bordeaux, Montpellier va Toulouse.
2.1.3. Ket qua daf dildc va nhDng kho khan a. Nhung kit qud dgt duac
Chinh sdch sap nhdp va lien minh trong trong nghien ciiu va GD DH cua Phap trong nhiing thap ki qua da gidi quyet hai diem yeu ciia he thong, do la su sieu tap trung (hyper- centralization) va sieu phan mdng (hyper-fragmentation).
Viec thdnh lap ede PRES (cue nghien ciiu va giang dgy DH) da dat dugc nhimg thanh cong dang ke, thiic day viec ISnh dgo DH trd nen eo chien luge hon vd ldm vi?c tot han vdi ehinh quyen khu vyc, cdc trudng Idn lan can va cac chi nhdnh cua cdc to chirc nghien ciru d dia phucmg.
Cac "phong thi nghiem cpng tde" ra ddi ddn den sir thiet lap tinh hiru nghi giiia cac trudng DH vd cdc to chiic nghien cuu. Cac nhd nghien cuu tir trudng DH va trung tam nghien ciiu qudc gia hoac cac to chire nghien cim khae den ldm viec tai cde trung tdm nghien cim ndy vd da ed tde dgng lam tdng ddng ke ndng suat nghien ciiu.
Nhieu trudng DH khdc ciia Phdp da quyet dinh lien ket chat che cde dan vi trong trudng nhu DH Creteil vd Mame -la-Vallee, Dijon va Franche-Comte. Budc di nay tgo ca hgi thir nghiem su hpp tde frong quy mo nho va chuan bi cho su sap nhdp tren quy mo todn trudng. Quan trgng nhdt la dieu ndy eo y nghTa doi vdi viec xep hang vd cd ich Igi ngay lap tuc trong viec lam tang khoi lugng tdi hgn.
b. Nhimg khd khdn
Cac khoa tu tri dugc Chinh phii tap hgp lai thanh mgt hodc nhieu trudng DH d mgt s6 thanh pho. Ci mgt miie dp nhdt djnh, cac trudng DH mdi da the hi^n no luc thiic ddy sir lien nganh nhung trong mpt pham vi nho ciia cac nganh. Chi d cac thdnh pho nho va vira thi mdi thue sir ed cdc trudng DH lien ngdnh, da ITnh vuc. Ngodi ra, lich sir ciia eac khoa tu tri khong the xoa bd mpt each de dang va chinh sir hodi niem, nuoi tiec da tao ra nhiiug cdng thang ben ttong cac trudng DH mdi dugc thdnh lap.
Sir hgp tde giiia cac trudng DH vd to chiic nghien ciiu de tgo ra cde phong thi nghiem lien ket lam tdng nang sudt nghien ciiu. Tuy nhien, cdc trudng DH nhdn thdy rang, tnmg tdm nghien ciiu quic gia da tang eudng dugc nang luc nghien cim ciia chinh hp bang cdeh lua chgn nhiing nghien eiiu vien xuat sac nhat tir cac tnrdng DH.
Chinh sdch tang cudng nang luc nghien cim cua cac tnrdng DH thong qua viec hgp tac vdi cac to chiic nghien cim da g&p phdi mgt nhugc diem vi qua trinh ndy da tao ra hai loai phdng thi nghiem: Cdc phong thi nghiem dugc ttung tam nghien ciru qudc gia CNRS tdi trg (URM - unites mixtes de recherche) va cac phong thi nghiem dugc
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trudng DH tai ttg (laboratoires d'accueil). URM dugc ddnh gia la phong thi nghiem hang ddu ciia nudc Phdp. Do do, cac nha nghien ciiu gan ten tuoi ciia minh vdi URM de qudng ba ten tuoi ciia minh tten toan qudc nhilu han la gan vdi tnrdng DH ciia hp. Dilu nay lam gidm danh tieng ciia cae trudng DH vi cdc nha nghien ciiu thudng ghi danh tren cac an pham cua hg theo nhimg don vj cgng tac (phong thi nghiem, co quan tai trg...). Hau qua Id ttong bang xep hang Thugng Hai (Shanghai Ranking 2005), chi CO 3 trudng DH Phap lot vao Top 100 md khong c6 bdt ki mgt trudng Idn (grandes escoles) hay cdc to chiic nghien eiiu nao xuat hien trong danh sach nay.
Chinh quyen khu vuc can thiep qua sau vdo cac trudng DH den muc mpt so noi con muon dinh hudng chien luge thay cho cac trudng DH. Dieu nay khien Bp trudng Bg GD DH va nghien ciiu liic bay gid (ong Laurent Wauquiez) vd Gidm ddc GD DH (Pattick Hetzel) len hing cdnh bao cdc hieu trudng cac tnrdng ttong hgi thao thudng nien nam 2012 ve TU ro mdt di quyen dan chii md hp da co gang dat dugc. Dieu nay da gay cang thang giUa Bg va cac chinh quyen dia phuang.
2.2. Sap nhap to chulc trong gido due dai hoc Trung Quoc 2.2.1. Doi net ve giao due cua Trung Qude
Tmng Quoc Id mgt ttong nhung cai noi cua vdn minh nhdn loai vd nen GD eiia Trung Quoc da dugc hinh thdnh tir rdt sdm ttong khoang tir nhiing nam 2257 - 2208 Trudc Cong Nguyen (TCN) vdi muc dich ehinh la day eon em vua chiia, quan lai ttong trieu dinh nhdm duy tri quyen lire.
Trudng hpc ddu tien dugc ghi nhdn dudi thdi Dong Chu ttong khoang tir nam 771 - 221 TCN vdi su gop eong rat Idn eiia Khong Tu [3]. Tuy nhien, muc dich cua viec hpc tap liic bay gid vdn chi dimg lai d day dao H, each dii nhdn xu the va each lam ngudi ma chua cd mgt trudng hpc ndo dugc coi la tnrdng DH. Bdi le, trudng DH (University) dugc dinh nghTa la cap hpc tten phd thong, chuyen dao tgo va nghien cuu nhimg vdn de khoa hgc, kT thugt vd kinh tl.
Mai din culi thi ki XIX, nam 1895, Thien Tdn - Trudng DH ddu tien ciia Trung Quic ra ddi dudi su anh hudng ciia nln GD Chau Au. Kl tir do, cdc trudng DH d Trung Quoc da phdt trien manh me cho din nam 1952. Nhung n5m tiep theo, GD DH Trung Quoc bi anh hudng tieu cue bdi nhirng bdt on ehinh tri nghiem ttgng, do la chiln dich Dai nhdy vgt (1958-1960) va Cdch mang Vdn boa (1966 - 1976). Din nam 1977, mgt logt ede cdi cdch duge d l ra va kl tir ndm 1999 ttd vl sau, GD DH ciia Trung Quic din dugc binh dn.
2.2.2. Cac lan s6ng sdp nhap [4]
a. Lan sdp nhgp ddu tien (1992)
Ldn sdp nhgp dau tten dupe ddnh ddu moc vdo nam 1992. Cu thi. tir thang 3 din thdng 5 ndm 1992, sau trudng DH d tinh Giang Td eimg vdi mpt trung tdm dao tgo dd sdp nhgp Igi thdnh mpt trudng DH duy nhdt. Song song vdi dd, cac tinh nhu Cat Ldm. Trimg Khdnh, Son Tdy vd Quy
Chau cung dd dp dgng cde phuang thuc de sap nhdp cac trudng DH va ea sd ddo tgo nho le lai thdnh nhung trudng DH va ea sd nghien ciiu cd quy mo ldn hon. Cdn cu vao trinh dp va chuyen mon, cde co sd ddo tgo vd cde trudng DH xip logi thdp hon se dugc sdp nhdp vdo cde tnrdng DH ldn. Do do, trinh dp chuyen mdn cOng nhu chdt lugng cua cdc trudng DH duge edi thi?n ro r?t. Chmh phu dong vai ttd quan trgng ttong viec tgo dilu ki?n cung nhu thuc ddy qud trinh sap nhdp duge diln ra thudn Igi. Ndm 1992, Uy ban GD Nhd nudc ciing vdi chinh quyen tmh Quang Dong dd thii nghiem xdy dung DH Dai Nam Trung Quoc, DH Cong ngh? va DH Ton Trung San tai Qudng Dong. Stf kien nay da ddnh ddu mpt budc dpt pha cho viee quan li G D D H d Trung Qudc.
b. Lan sdp nhgp thu hai (1993-1997)
Vdi su thdnh cong ciia ldn sdp nhap thii nhdt, ndm 1993 dugc xem la nam danh ddu cho lan s6ng sdp nhdp thir hai eua Trung Quic. Khdc vdi nam 1992, vi^c sdp nh?p cdc trudng DH mdi chi dien ra d ede tinh dan 16 thi tdi ndm 1993, viec sdp nhap diln ra tten cd nudc, cdc tnrdng DH md rOng phgm vi cua minh bdng cdch sdp nh|p c4c trudng DH nhd vd kem chat lugng han d cdc tinh ldn c|n de tdng khd ndng cgnh tranh va gidm tai cho ca sd chinh ciing nhu phdn hoa r6 rang cae chuyen ngdnh nghien cim dSn timg CO sd. Vi dy, DH Giang Tay vd DH Cong ngh?
Giang Tdy sap nhdp vdo thdng 3 ndm 1993 de hinh thanh DH Giang Tay - mgt ttong nhiJng trucmg ttpng diem quic gia dau ti^n ttong tinh. Trudng DH Thdm Quyen cung d3 tiep qudn nhieu trudng cao ddng. Thdng 02 ndm 1997, Tnrdng Cao ddng Nong nghi?p Quy Chdu, Tnrdng Cao ddng Ngh? thugt Quy Chau vd Trudng DH Qudn li n6ng nghiep Quy Chau sap nhgp vao trudng DH Quy Chdu Cao ddng Yinehuan, Hpc vien Cong nghe Ninh Hg vd Cao ddng Ninh Ha ttd thdnh mpt phdn ciia trudng DH Ninh H?, Culi ndm 1997, Trudng Cao ddng Y khoa Yan ttd Ihdnh mpt khoa cua DH Yan.
e. Ldn sdp nhgp thu 3 (1998-2000)
Tir nam 1998, eac eupc sdp nhdp DH bdt ddu dugc lien kei vdi vi?c ddu thdu cua Trung Quoc de dua vi the cdc tnr&ng DH len ddng cdp quoc te. Muc ti6u nay dugc ddnh ddu trong dip ll ki niem 100 nam ngdy thanh lap DH Bdc Kinh, Chu tich nudc Trung Quoc va Tong Bi thu Ddng Cgng san Tnin^
Qu6c da tuyen bd xdy dgng chinh sach GD va khoa hpc de hoi sinh ddt nudc dong thdi keu ggi Trung Quic thdnh lap ede ttudng DH ddng cdp thi gidi. Tu do, rdt nhilu trudng DH vd cdc t l chuc GD DH d Trimg Qudc dd nl lgc trong vi?c sap nhgp d l tao ra nhiing trudng DH ngang tdm dw gidi. Thdng 11 ndm 1999, mgt trudng cao ddng kinh tl vi mpt ttudng eong ngh? d Hgp Phi dd sdp nhdp vdo Tmdng DH Khoa hgc vd Cong ngh? Trung Quic thupc Vi§n HJn ldm Khoa hpc Tnmg Quoc. Ndm 2000, Tnmg Qudc dd co nhieu to chuc va eac ttudng DH nho dugc sdp nhgp vdo cae trudng ldn hang ddu ddt nudc nhu: DH Y Bdc Kmh sip nhgp vdo DH Bac Kinh.Tnrdng DH Cdng ngh? JinUn, DH Khoa hgc Y khoa Norman Bethune, DH Khoa hge va Cong ngh? Trudng Xudn, Trudng Cao ddng Buu di?n Tnrdng TAP CHl KHOA HQC GIAO DIJC VIET NAM
Xudn sap nhgp vdo trudng DH Cdt Lam,...
Trong giai doan ndy, su sap nhdp ciia cdc trudng dugc ddy len dinh diem. Dong thdi, rdt nhieu cugc hgi thdo mang tdm ea thi gidi dd dugc to chirc nham muc dich dua chat lugng cua cae tnrdng DH ed the cgnh ttanh dugc vdi cde ttudng ddn ddu tten thi gidi. Sau nam 2000, sl lugng sg kipn sap nhdp giam xuing dang kl, cdc trudng DH da tap tnmg han vdo viec nghien ciiu de tu ndng cao vi the thay vi vi?c sap nhdp them ede trudng de da thiie hoa viec giang day.
2.2.3. Ket qua dat dUde va trd ngai a. Nhihig ket qud dgt dugc
Trdi qua nhieu biin dpng cung nhu nhung ldn sdp nhgp tii quy mo nho ttong mpt tinh den quy mo ldn tren ca nudc, Trung Quoc da dat dugc nhung kit qua nhu mong dgi. Ndm 2010-2011, ttong so 2358 ca sd GD DH chinh quy d Trung Quoc c6 1112 chuang ttinh cdp bang cu nhdn va sau DH, 1246 chuang trinh cap bdng cao ddng 2-3 nam vdi tdng so 22,32 trieu dang ki, dat ti le 26,5% nhap hpc DH. Tong so sinh vien ddng ki sau DH dat 1,54 tti6u vdi 1,28 trieu vd 0,26 trieu tuang iing d trinh do thgc sT va tiln sT, ti le sinh vien/gidng vien la 17,33... Ndm 2012. cae bai bdo dugc cong bo tten tap ehi khoa hgc Nature tir cac tnrdng DHd Trung Quic tang 35% so vdi nam 2011 [3], Theo so li6u eiia Web of Science, cac tnrdng DH Trung Quoc dugc ghi nhan c6 sg gia tang dang ke so bai bdo sau khi sdp nhdp [5].
Ndm 2019, Trung Qude dan ddu Chau A ttong ttong bdng xep hgng cdc trudng DH Qudc te cua Times Higher Education. DH Thanh Hoa (Trung Qudc) da vugt qua DH Quoc gia Singapore sau khi gianh 8 bdc, dimg d vi tri 22, tto thanh to chuc xudt sac nhdt khu vuc. DH Bac Kinh diing d vi tri thii 31, mat bin bgc so vdi ndm trudc trong khi DH Chiet Giang da danh dugc 76 bgc, leo len vi tri thii 101. Cd tong cgng 72 trudng DH Trung Quoc co mat ttong bang xep hgng ndm 2019 so vdi 63 trudng nam trude dd, 7 ttudng dugc xep ttong so 200 trudng tdt nhat. DH Khoa hpc va Cong ngh? mien Nara (SUSTech) la dgi di?n mdi dupe xip hang cao nhat cita Trung Quoc, trong top 301- 350. Su thdnh cong ciia Trung Quoc con vugt ra ngoai lue dja, ndm ttong s6 sau dgi dien ciia Hong Kong da vuon len ttong bdng xep hang de diing ttong top 200 trudng tot nhat. DH Hong Kong luon ddn ddu ttong khu vuc da vuon len d vi tri thii 36.
b. Nhiing tr& nggi
Khoang cdch giO'a sg hung bien vl chinh sdch va thuc te khi xem xet Igi qud trinh sdp nhdp kha ro rang. Co khong it nhiing ehi trich tir liic bdt ddu qua trinh sap nhap cho tdi qud ttinh thuc hi^n ciing nhu sg hgi nhap sau dd.
- Ve sir hgi nhgp: Thgc t6 la sdp nhap khong dl dan din sg hgi nhap bdi sg hpi nhgp cdn rdt nhilu thdi gian.
Sdp nhgp gidi quylt rapt so v4n dl cl hiiu vl mdt quan tri nhung Igi tgo ra cdc thach thiic mdi. Cdc dan vi hgc thugt ldn khdng nhdt thilt Id nhirng mdi tnrdng tdt han eho giane dgy vd nghien ciiu. Nhieu ngdnh hpc phdi chiu anh
hudng tieu tir viee sap nhap bdi su lap ghep mot each co hpc cdc linh vuc co ve co lien quan. Nhieu to chiic vin tiep tuc hogt dpng vdi ea cdu to chire trudc khi sap nhap, khong dap irag nhanh chong vdi nhu cdu cua xa hpi va thi tnrdng.
Mpt so to chiic dupe hudng danh tieng co dugc tir trudc khi sap nhap nhung phai chiu su chi phli/anh hudng ciia cac to chiic khdc. Trong mgt so trudng hgp, nhirng cang thang, tham chi la xung dot ve y thiic he va each tilp can ttong GD noi len giiia cac bp phdn khdc nhau eua t l chiie mdi dugc sap nhdp.
- Ve chi phi: Viec cdi each khong the khong cdn din kinh phi vd viee eat giam chi phi Id rdt khd khan. Sau khi hop nhdt, cac cuge dam phdn mdi ve hpi nhdp bat dau, do la nhirng eupc ddm phan khong c6 hoi ket gay ton kem ve nhan luc vd tdi chinh. Chi phi ve van chuyen giira cde trudng la mgt chi phi ldn, ddc biet khi khoang each giiia cae trudng Id dang ke.
- Su khdc biet ve id ehue va vimg mien: Moi to chirc deu CO nhung diem manh va diem yeu ttong ba chiic ndng co bdn cua cac to chiic GD DH la giang day, nghien cuu vd phuc vu xa hpi. Vi su khac biet ve mdt to chirc va viing mien cd y nghia quan ttpng ttong cde he thdng GD DH hien dai nen cac trudng can phdi dinh vi mgt cdch chien lupc cho chinh minh, khong nhat thiet phdi theo duoi cd ba nhiem vu. Sg hieu biet va bdo ve su khdc biet co ve bi lang quen trong qua trinh sap nhap DH d Trung Quoc hien nay.
3. Bai hQC clio quy hoach mgng lUdi giao due dai hpc d Viet Nam
Trudc thuc tl, s6 lugng cdc trudng DH ttong ca nudc dd vugt qua muc tieu ma Quylt djnh 37/2013/QD-TTg ciia Chinh phu de ra ve viec dieu chinh Quy hoach mang ludi cdc trudng DH, cao dang, giai doan 2006 - 2010, viec tai cdu triic, quy hogch mang ludi cae ca sd GD DH tten todn quoc la viec lam can thiet vd cdp bdch. Bp GD&DT dd cd du thdo De an sap nhgp, hgp nhat hoae giai the cdc ca sd GD DH cong lap va du kien trinh Thu tudng vao quy II ndm 2020.
- Ciing vdi su phdt trien ve mat kinh te - xa hdi ciia ddt nudc la su md rpng he thong GD DH. Hien nay, d Viet Nam, khdng it ede trudng DH, cao ddng gap khd khan ttong tuyen sinh, chdt lugng ddo tao chua dam bao. Dieu dd ddt nen GD DH cua Viet Nam phai ddi mdt vdi nhirng van de ve kiem soat chat lupng vd hieu qud. Trong khi do, ngan sdch nhd nudc co hgn, khong the tiep tuc bao cap cho he thong su nghiep, ttong do co GD. Xu hudng sap nhgp, lien ket va gidi the DH Id mgt hudng di phii hgp vdi tinh hinh ttong nude va quoc te.
- O cap dp quoc gia, vi$c sap nhap cac trudng DH phai CO hudng di ro rang, 16 trinh thich hgp vdi su dinh hudng tong the cua nha nudc. Tir kinh nghi?m d Trung Quoc, Ddng vd Nha nudc da xay dung cdc chinh sdch GD va khoa hpc de dua nen GD DH dat tdi ddng cap quoc te, ede ldn sdng sdp nhap dugc thuc hien tir quy mo cap tinh roi md rgng ra todn qudc. (3 Phap, cac phong trao sap nhap dugc bat ddu tir quy mo nhd, d cap trudng va nhan dugc
So 32 thSng 8/2020
NGHIEN CLTU GlAO DUC MCSC NGOAl
s g h i ttg eiia Bg vd ehinh q u y i n dia p h u a n g d l d u a ra mpt c a u tnic sap n h a p d cdp k h u v g c vd cdp vimg. Vi vdy, cdn CO m p t CO q u a n n h a n u d c vdi cac dai dien tii cdc trudng lien q u a n diing ra dieu phoi qud trinh sdp nhgp vd mot liy ban gidm sat theo ddi, h d trg d e g i a m t h i l u nii r o .
- O cap dp CO sd G D D H , d e xdy d u n g d u g c mgt t l chiic G D thdng nhdt va phdt trien b i n v u n g , edn tim h i l u v l chuyen m o n ddo tgo, m u c tieu vd dinh h u d n g phat triin, d i e m mgnh, diem yeu cua m o i t r u d n g dk t h i n g nhdt tdm nhin vd cdc gid tti chung. N g o a i ra, cac ii do, su cdn thilt, c a p bach cua viec sap nhdp vd tiem ndng phdt t r i i n ciia cac ben lien q u a n eiing can d u g c truyen thong ro rdng va lien tuc t r u d c v a ttong suot qua ttinh sap nhgp tdi can bg, giang vien, sinh vien d l v i e c sap nhgp vd q u y trinh npi bg cua t r u d n g d u g c d i l n ra thuan Igi [6].
- T u kinh n g h i e m thanh lap cdc c g c nghien ciiu v a gidng day D H ciia Phdp ( P R E S ) , Viet N a m c o the thanh lap ede c g m t r u d n g ttong k h u v g c , phdn c a p vd liy q u y i n cho cdc chu the, dan dat hg tirag b u d c h u d n g tdi su t u c h u vd chiu trdeh nhiem, phdi h o p cdc boat d g n g gidng day va nghien ciiu nhdm thiic ddy sd l u g n g c a c dn p h d m q u i c t l , cdi thi?n
danh t i i n g ciia n l n G D D H ttong n u d c . Vi?c tgo ra cdc phong thi nghiem Uen k i t d u a cdc nhd nghien ciiu tir cdc t r u d n g D H vd trung tdm nghien ciiu xich Igi gan nhau, gop phdn ldm gia tang sd lugng cde dn p h d m khoa hpc nhung d d n g thdi cOng d e m Igi nhimg bai hgc cd gid tti ve vi?c quan li d l qud trinh thilt lap m d i q u a n h ? giiia cdc tnrdng va cdc vien khong ldm dnh h u d n g den Igi ich c u a cdc ben Uen quan, eu t h i la vi?c x i p hgng cua cac d o n vi.
- K h o n g nen gh6p cde t r u d n g mpt cdch c o hgc ma phdi t l chiic cdc trudng phat ttiln theo h u d n g da ngdnh, da Imh v u c d l thich h g p vdi n l n k m h t l thi t r u d n g vd dich vg GD.
D i l u ndy c6 y nghia d a c biet q u a n ttpng doi vdi cac tiah vd thanh p h i c6 quy m o vira vd n h o , tgo dieu ki?n cho sinh vien cd c o hpi Iga c h g n cac ngdnh n g h e p h u hgp vdi s6 thich va ndng lue ed nhan. H a n raia, D H da linh vgc ciing chiing td mpt s l u u t h i n h u : dao tao dgi c u a n g tot nhd dpi n g u gido su thuOc cdc ITnh v u c khoa h p c , phdt trien tot cdng tac nghien ciiu vd p h u c vg xa h p i vl eac nganh nghien ciiu hien nay khdng ton tgi mgt cdch d a n le md luon c6 sg ket h o p nhieu ngdnh, n h i l u ITnh v g c , thich nghi tdt vdi thj t r u d n g nhdn luc ludn thay doi.
Tai lifu tham khdo
[1 ] Andr6e Sursock, (2015), Mergers and Alliances in France:
Incentives, Succes Factors and Obstacles, pp. 17-31, in Adrian Curaj, Luke Georghiou, Jennifer Cassingena Harper, Eva Egron-Polak (Editors), Mergers and Alliances in Higher Education: International Practice and Emerging Opportunities, Springer Open.
[2] Monteil, J. M., (2004), 0403249 Direction de la recherche et de Tenseignement superieur Circulaire. Republique Franfaise
[3] Hayhoe, R, (1989), China's universities and Western academic models. Higher Education, 18(1), 49-85.
[4] Rui Yang, (2015). Institutional Mergers in Chinese Higher Education, pp. 123-144, in Adrian Curaj, Luke
M
Georghiou, Jennifer Cassingena Harper, Eva Egron-Polak (Editors), Mergers and Alliances in Higher Education:
IntemaUonal Practice and Emerging Opportunities, Springer Open.
Qiaochu Liua, Donald Pattonb, Martin Kemiey, (2018), Do university mergers create academic synergy'' Evidence from China and the Nordic Countries, Research Policy, pp.98-107.
Hoang Minh Son, Vu Van Yem, Nguyen Thi Huong, (2019), Sdp nhdp, hpp nhdt, lien minh cdc ca sd gido difc dpi hpc - Kinh nghiem quoc te vd bdi hpc cho Vipt Nam, Tap chi Khoa hgc, Dgi hpc Quic gia Hd Ngi- Nghien ciru Giio dye. Vol. 35, No. 3 (2019) 46-58.
STUDYING THE MERGING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN FRANCE AND CHINA - LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
Hoang Minh Son', Bui Thi Thuy Ha^g^
Do Thi Thu Hang^
' Email, hoang,[email protected] vn ' Email hang [email protected] Hanoi Umversity ot Science and Technology No.l Dai Co Viet, Hai Ba Tmng, Hanoi, Vietnam
^ VNU University ol Education, Vietnam Nationai University, Hanoi 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Email: hang [[email protected] vn
ABSTRACT: In fact, the number of universities in Vietnam has exceeded the figure set out in the Decision 37/2013/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister on the Planning of Universities and Colleges Network in the 2006-2020 period:
therefore, the merging, amalgamation and dissolution of higher education institutions is indispensable and necessary to build large, international- competitive universities. This article examines the experience of mergers and alliances in higher education in France and China. For each country, the domestic higher education context, the waves of mergers, as well as its positive and negative effects will be analyzed. The final part of the artkile will present lessons learned for the planning of higher education netwodt in Vietnam
KEYWORDS: Higher education; unhwrsity mergers; worid;
nehwork; Vietnam.
higher
64 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
uc
N G H I E N ClJU L i L U A N Nguyen Hong Diep, Hojing Quang Ttung
Danh gia nang life thifc hanh cua hoc sinh, sinh vien d cac nha trudng hien nay - Mpt so van de cd ban 1 ASSESSING THE PRACTICAL COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS AT SCHOOLS TODAY - SOME BASIC ISSUES
LUdng Dinh H i i , Vu Thj Phifdng Thao, Nguyen Hoai Thu
Xay difng v a p h i t t r i e n t a i nguyen g i a o due md d c a c trddng d a i hoc 7 BUILDING AND DEVELOPING OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Le Thj Hddng
V a i t r d c u a ngddi thay trong viec nang c a o chat iifdng giang day mon Triet hgc Mac - Lenin d c a c trifdng f a i hoc
hien n a y 1 2 THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF MARXIST • LENINIST PHILOSOPHY TEACHING AT UNIVERSITIES TODAY
Than Thj Kim Tuyen
Nghidn cdu t h u phap hpc c h d H a n t h d n g q u a phong v a n sinh vien t i e n g Nhat t r i n h dp trung c a p 1 8 A SURVEY RESEARCH ON KANJI LEARNING STRATEGIES BY INTERVIEWING JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE LEVEL STUDENTS
Vu IVIinh Tuan, Cao Thj Thang, Nguyen Ngpc Ha
Thiet Ite hp cdng cu danh gia nang Idc nghien cdu Ithoa hpc cua hpc sinh trong day hpc Hda hpc 1 2 , phan Kim loai . 2 3 A DESIGN OF THE TOOL KITS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COMPETENCE ASSESSMENT IN TEACHING THE CHAPTER OF
"METALS" IN THE 12™ GRADE CHEMISTRY CURRICULUM Nguyen Thj Nhj, Le Xuan Tri
Phdt t r i e n n a n g Idc g i a i quyet van d e v a sang t a o cho hpc sinh iihi day hpc chu d e " M a y bdm nddc t d d p n g " d
trddng t r u n g hpc c d s d t h e p md hinh g i a p due S T E M 2 7 DEVELOPING STUDENTS' PROBLEM-SOLVING AND CREATIVE COMPETENCE WHEN TEACHING THE TOPIC OF "AUTOMATIC V^ATER
PUMP" IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS THROUGH STEM EDUCATION Nguyen Loc, Doan Thj iVIy Linh
I h i e t l(e bai hpc giao due Id nang sung chp hpc sinh tieu hpc theo md hinh hpc tap trai nghiem cua Norman & Jordan . . . 3 2 DESIGNING THE LESSONS OF LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION FOR ELEMENTARY STUDENTS BASED ON THE NORMAN 8, JORDAN'S EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING MODEL
Le Thj Cam Nhung
Day hpc yeu t c hinh hpc d t i e u hpc theo hudng phat trien nang Idc t d duy va lap luan Toan hpc chp hpc sinh . . . . 3 7 TEACHING GEOMETRY ELEMENTS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS BASED ON DEVELOPING MATHEMATICAL THINKING AND REASONING COMPETENCE FOR STUDENTS
Phimg Thj Thu Trang
Thdc t r a n g a p Itfc l a c dpng nghe nghiep cua giao vien tieu hpc 4 3 THE CURRENT STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL PRESSURES OF PRIMARY TEACHERS
NGHIEN Ciiu THUC TIEN GIAO DUC 10 Bili Quang Trddng
M p t s d giai phap nh ^ m nang c a o chat Iddng hpc t a p cija sinh vien Trddng Cao ddng Sd pham Ba Rja - Vung Tau . . SOME SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING THE LEARNING OUALITY OF STUDENTS AT BA RIA-VUNG TAU COLLEGE
1 1 DUdng Thi Kim Oanh, Ld Thj Kim Cue
Tc chdc heat dpng hpc tap trai nghiem trpng day hpc mdn Hda hpc 1 1 t a i cac trddng trung hpc phd thong c u a Quan 9 , Thanh phd Ho Chi M i n h
ORGANIZING EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING ACTIVITIES IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY 11 AT HIGH SCHOOLS IN DISTRICT 9 OF HO CHI MINH CITY
NGHIEN ClfU GIAO PgC NlitJC NGOAi _ 12 Hoang Minh Sdn, Bui Thj Thiiy Hang, Do Thj Thu Hang
Tim hieu viec sdp nhap c a c cd sd giao due dai hpe d Phdp va Trung Qudc - Bai hpc Itinh nghiem cho Viet Nam STUDYING THE MERGING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN FRANCE AND CHINA • LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
