QUOCTE
V! THE KINH TE C U A ASEAN
va tPien vong lliiding mai vdi Viet Nam
• vu LE THUY QUYNH
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ade sang nam 2010, Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A (ASEAN) dang chuyen sang giai doan phat trien mdi, hudng muc tieu hinh thanh Cong dong ASEAN vao nam 2015 va hoat dong tren cd sd Hien chudng ASEAN. Tien trinh nay dang dieh ra trong mot moi trudng khu vuc va quoc te VL(a cd nhieu thuan ldi vt/a cd nhieu l<hd khan va thach thtlc.Trong luc nay, ASEAN cung nhu tting nudc thanh vien dang phai no"
luc khac phuc hau qua nang ne cua cuoc khung hoang kinh te - tai chinh va nhQng tac ddng nghiem trpng cua nhQng thach thQe mang tinh toan cau khac. Trong khi dd, nhQng han che ndi tai cua ASEAN. NhQng khd khan cua mot sd nudc thanh vien cung vdi nhQng thay dd! phQc tap cua mdi trudng khu vUc va the gidi dang la nhQng trd lUc cho tie'n trinh hdp tac va lien ket cua ASEAN. Vi the, nhiem vu trpng tam cua Viet Nam tren cUdng vj Chu tjch ASEAN nam 2010 la gdp phan tang cudng doan ke't va lien ke't trong ASEAN, then khai thuc hien cd hieu qua nhQng chUdng trinh va muc tieu da dat ra; Md rdng va lam sau sac them quan he hpp tac giQa ASEAN vdi cac ben ddi tac, qua dd giQ vQng vai trd va V! the cua ASEAN d khu vUc, the gidi. Trong cac chQdng trinh va muc tieu de ra, trpng tam nhat van la xay dung Cdng ddng kinh te AEC, tap trung vao viec lUu chuyen tU do hPn ve hang hoa, djch vu, dau tu, lao
ddng...; Xay dung ke hoach td'ng the ve ke't nd'i ASEAN, tao sU lien ke't chat che hdn ve cd sd ha tang, cdng nghe thdng tin (nhat la d khu vUc Tieu vung Me Kdng, tQ dd md rdng ket nd'i ra toan khu vUc); Tim kie'm md hinh phat trien phu hpp va tie'n hanh cac bien phap kha thi de sdm phuc hdi kinh te, bao dam phat trien can bang va ben vQng. Tien trinh lien ke't kinh te giQa ASEAN vdi cac ben dd'i tac dang tie'p tuc dupe day manh ca d pham vi khu vUc va the gidi, nha't la viec thuc hien cac thoa thuan va trien khai cac FTA.
Cho de'n nay, ASEAN da cd ban hoan thanh mdt budc viec thiet lap cac FTA vdi 6 dd'i tac Idn la Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, An Dp, UcvaNiu Dilan. TQ 1/1/2010, Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - Trung Qud'c (ACFTA) cd hieu lUc. NhQ vay, da xua't hien mdt FTA Idn thQ 3 the gidi va trd thanh mot dd'i tac quan trong cd lien quan tdi nhieu nudc. Day la dd'i thu canh tranh chinh cua EU va NAFTA. Nam 2009, trao doi thUPng mai ASEAN - Trung Qud'c dat 192,5 ty USD. Vdi viec xoa bd thue quan cho 90 hang muc hang hoa budn ban, ACFTA se giup tang khdi lUdng hang hoa trao doi giQa 2 ben, giup ASEAN tang cudng XK nhieu chung loai hang hoa ma thj trQdng Trung Qud'c dang cd nhu cau. Vai nam gan day, Trung Qud'c da vupt My, trd thanh dd'i tac thUdng mai Idn thQ 3 cua ASEAN (chi sau Nhat Ban va EU). Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - Nhat Ban (AJFTA) da cd hieu lUc vdi Xingapo, Myanma, Lao va Viet Nam
tQ thang 12/2008 va tie'p tuc cd hieu IQC vdi cac nudc ASEAN khac khi cac nUdc nay hoan tat thu tuc phap ly theo qui dmh. Day la FTA dau tien cua Nhat Ban vdi mdt to chQc khu vQc. Theo thoa thuan, Nhat Ban se bd thue dd'i vdi 93% chung loai hang hoa NK tQ ASEAN trong 10 nam dau thuc hien, ngQpc lai 90% chung loai hang hoa ASEAN NK tQ Nhat Ban se dQpc bd thue. Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - Han Qud'c (AKFTA) dat muc tieu dua kim ngach thQdng mai 2 chieu ASEAN - Han Qud'c len 150 ty USD vao nam 2010 (nam 2008 dat 90 ty USD). Hien nay, ASEAN la dd'i tac thudng mai Idn thQ 3 cua Han Qud'c (sau EU va Trung Qud'c), trong khi Han Qud'c la ban hang idn thQ 5 cua ASEAN. Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - An Dp (AIFTA) bat dau cd hieu lUc tQ 1/1/1010 sau 6 nam dam phan va ky ke't. Viec trien khai thQe hien AlFTAse giam dan va tie'n tdi xoa bd thue quan dd'i vdi khoang 4.000 mat hang thudc cac ITnh vUc dien tQ, hoa chat, may mdc, det may... Hien nay, cac nhdm hang nay dang chie'm tdi 80% tong kim ngach budn ban giQa 2 ben. Du kie'n trong nam dau thQe hien AIFTA, kim ngach thUdng mai 2 chieu se tang them khoang 10 t'y (nam 2009 dat 52 ty USD), se tao ra mot khu VUc thj trudng cd gia tri hang hoa trao doi khoang 1,1 nghin ty USD. Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - Uc va Niu Dilan (AANZFTA) dUdc ky ke't thang 2/2009. Ddng thdi vdi viec ky ke't nay, Bd trudng ThUdng mai Uc va Bp trudng ThUdng mai Niu Dilan da trao dd! van kien chinh thQe cdng nhan Viet Nam cd nen ' ^
THUOHGMAI 369/2010 I 11
M-;.-^ ili8STE
^^^ kinh te thj trudng day du. Viet Nam cQng cam ke't vdi 2 nudc nay se thuc hien day du nhOng qui dmh lien quan cua WTO ve chd'ng ban pha gia va trp cap dd'i vdi hang hoa cua Viet Nam XK vao 2 nudc nay mdt each binh dang. Theo ke hoach, giai doan 2010 - 2018 se cd khoang 90% ddng thue dUdc cac ben cat giam, ITnh vUc dich vu va dau tU s§
dUdc tu do luan chuyen, nhQng ngudi lao ddng cd tay nghe d cac nudc nay se cd them cd hdi viec lam. Diem cd ban trong AANZFTA la cac ben thie't lap CO che nham bao dam han che nhQng rao can phi thue quan nhu giay phep, cac tieu chuan va qui chuan... Ngoai ra, Hiep dmh ve thie't lap cac quan he kinh tegan gui hdn giua ASEAN vdi Uc va Niu Dilan bat dau cd hieu lUc tU thang 3/2010. Day la Hiep dmh thQ 5 giQa ASEAN vdi cac ben dd'i tac (trudc dd la vdi Trung Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c, An Op).
ASEAN dang quan tam xuc tie'n viec ky cac hiep dmh tUdng tu vdi cac nudc vung Vmh va cac nudc My La tinh trong thdi gian tdi. Hiep dmh FTA ASEAN - EU (AEFTA) da dUPc tie'n hanh dam phan tQ thang 5/2007 vdi muc tieu se dUdc thuc hien day du vao nam 2015 (trung vdi thdi diem du kie'n thuc hien Khu vuc thj trudng chung ASEAN). Khi AEFTA dupe thuc hien thi day se la FTA cd tiem luc kinh te Idn nhat the gidi vdi dan sd hdn 1 ty ngudi. Theo gidi phan tich, viec hudng tdi AEFTA la nam trong nd'lue cua EU nham tang cudng hpp tac kinh te vdi DNA, nPi ma nhieu dd'i tac thUdng mai quan trpng khac tren the gidi da chie'm giQ thj phan dang ke.
HQdng tdi muc tieu thie't lap AEC vao nam 2015 nham tao ra mdt th]
trQdng chung cho toan khu vQc, trong nam 2010, bieu thue NK cac san pham hang hoa se dQdc giam xud'ng 0% tai ASEAN 6 va thQe hien cham hdn 5 nam tai ASEAN 4. TQ
1 2 I THUUHG MAI So 9/2010
1/1/2010, ASEAN 6 hoan thanh viec xoa bd thue quan dd'i vdi 7.881 ddng thue cud'i cung tham gia ChQdng trinh Qu dai thue quan cd hieu iQc Chung (CEPT - AFTA). Viec nay da nang td'ng sd ddng thue dat thue suat tu do len 54.457 ddng, chie'm hdn 99% td'ng so ddng thue tai ASEAN 6. Cac ddng thue dUdc dUa vao xoa bd thue quan lan nay gdm nhieu mat hang tieu dung nhQ: Dieu hoa khdng khi, linh kien xe may, nQdc mam, thuc pham che bie'n, giay, xi mang, dd thuy tinh va gd'm sQ, dd nhua, hoa chat... Viec xoa bd thue quan nay the hien quye't tam cua ASEAN trong viec dd bd rao can thue quan nham tU do hoa hoan toan thUdng mai ndi khd'i, hudng tdi thj trQdng tQ do ASEAN.
Theo cac Bd trudng kinh te ASEAN, de cd dUpc sU iQu thdng tU do ve hang hoa, cac nudc thanh vien can loai bd hang rao thue quan va phi thue, hoan chinh khung phap ly ve qui dmh xua't xQ hang hoa, tao thuan Ipi cho cac hoat ddng thUdng mai, lap "cd che mdt cQa" trong thu tuc XNK. Dd'i vdi ITnh vUc djch vu, can thUdng lUdng de giam rao can cho cac DN, xoa bd sQ "phan biet dd'i xQ" de tao dieu kien cho ngudi tieu dQng dQdc tQ do lUa chpn theo y mud'n (trudc he't la cac nganh du hch, hang khdng, y te, vien thdng...).
Nham thuc hien muc tieu tQ do hoa dau tu, ASEAN da soan thao Hiep dmh dau tu toan dien (ACIA) mdi thay cho Hiep dmh dau tu khu vUc (AIA) nam 1998 va Hiep dmh thuc day va bao hd dau tu nam 1987.
Thoa thuan mdi cd tanvbao quat rdng hdn va tap trung vao 4 khia canh chinh la: Bao dam dau tu, hdp tac va thuan ldi hoa, thuc day, tu do hoa hoat ddng dau tu. Ben canh viec thuc day su hinh thanh cac lien minh chie'n lupc giua cac ITnh vQc quan trpng trong khd'i, ASEAN se trie'n khai thoa thuan khung do cac Bd
trudng Tai chinh ASEAN xay dung ve phat trien thj trudng vd'n va sU luu thdng cCia ngudn vd'n, trong khi van bao dam cho cac nUdc thanh vien duy tri su phat trie'n d'n dmh cCia nen kinh te mdi nUdc.
Ke tQ khi gia nhap ASEAN (thang 7/1995) de'n nay, quan he hpp tac nhieu mat giQa Viet Nam vdi ASEAN khdng ngQng phat trie'n, trong dd cd quan he thUdng mai. Kim ngach thUdng mai 2 chieu tang tQ 6 ty USD nam 1998 len 14,9 ty USD nam 2005 va 29,77 ty nam 2008. Hien nay, ASEAN la mdt trong nhQng dd'i tac thUPng mai hang dau cua Viet Nam, nam 2009 Viet Nam XK sang ASEAN 8,9 ty USD (chie'm 15% td'ng kim ngach XK cua Viet Nam) va NK tQ ASEAN 14 ty USD (chie'm 20%
td'ng kim ngach NK cCia Viet Nam), FDI cua ASEAN tai Viet Nam hien la 60 ty USD.
Ve XK cua Viet Nam sang ASEAN: Giai doan 1997 - 2008 cd td'c dp tang trudng trung binh
17%/nam (nam 2009 giam chut it do khCing hoang tai chinh - kinh te'toan cau). XK cua Viet Nam vao cac nudc ASEAN cd su khac nhau dang ke, trong dd Xingapo la ban hang Idn nha't vdi kim ngach XK hang hoa cua Viet Nam giai doan 1997 - 2008 la 15,78 ty USD (chie'm khoang 31%
td'ng XK cua Viet Nam sang ASEAN), tie'p de'n la Malaixia 8,13 ty USD (chie'm 16%), Philipin 7,47 ty USD (15%), Thai Lan 13%, In- ddnexia 12%, Campuehia 11%, Lao 2%. Nhin chung, hang hoa cua Viet Nam XK sang ASEAN cd ham iQdng che bie'n chQa cao, hang thd va hang sd che chie'm ty trpng cao ca ve khd'i lupng va trj gia. Mdt so mat hang XK cd kim ngach cao la dau thd, gao, thuy hai san, det may, linh kien dien tQ...
Ve NK cCia Viet Nam tQ ASEAN:
(Xem tiep trang 56)
DOANH NGHIEP-DOANH NHAN
t ; ^ a n C h u n g cif S a i G d n - MACHINCO 100 c a n hd cho ngifdi lao ddng trong Cty vdi tdng mufc ddu tif k h o a n g 6 0 ty ddng.
Dif kie'n cud'i n a m 2 0 1 1 k h d i cdng xay dufng.
- Dang tich cufc n g h i e n cifu viec chuyd'n ddi khu k h o 230A Kha Van C a n t h a n h k h u d a n cuf.
Vdi nhifng ke't qua dd, Cty da vinh duf d d n n h a n n h i e u p h d n thufdng cao quy ciia D a n g , Nha nufdc, Chinh phu va Bo chu q u a n nhuf sau:
- Nam 2006, Thii tifdng Chinh phil t a n g Bdng k h e n .
- Nam 2 0 0 7 , Chu tjch nufdc t a n g H u a n chifdng Lao d d n g h a n g 3.
- Nam 2 0 0 8 , Thu tifdng Chinh phii t a n g Cd thi d u a xua't s d c .
- Nam 2 0 0 7 va 2 0 0 9 , Bd tnfdng Bd Cdng Thifdng t a n g cd thi dua xua't sdc.
- Ngoai r a cdn n h i e u B d n g k h e n ciia Bd Thifdng m a i va Bd Cdng Thifdng trao t a n g vi t h a n h tich XK t o a n d i e n k e h o a c h SXKD tiJf n a m 2 0 0 5 de'n n a m 2 0 0 9 .
- Ddng bd d a t "Dang bd trong s a c h vifng m a n h tieu bieu" c a c n a m 2 0 0 6 . 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 8 , 2 0 0 9 . Nam 2 0 0 9 , la D a n g bd duy nha't cua D a n g bd khd'i DN Thu'dng m a i IIV tai TP. HCM dif(?c T h a n h uy TP.HCM t a n g Bdng k h e n "To chufc cd sd D a n g d a t trdng s a c h
vifng m a n h tieu bieu 3 n a m lidn".
- C d n g d o a n cd sd Cty d a t
"Cdng d o a n cd sd v a n g m a n h x u a t sdc" c a c n a m 2 0 0 5 , 2 0 0 6 , 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 8 , 2 0 0 9 .
- Nhieu p h d n g , b a n , ca n h a n cOng n h a n difdc n h i e u p h d n thifdng cao quy k h a c .
3 5 n a m h i n h t h a n h va p h a t trie'n, ciing vdi c h a n g difdng ca nufdc thd'ng nha't, n o n sdng thu ve m o t md'i, Cty Co p h d n Thiet bj p h u t u n g Sai Gdn da tao difdc m o t h a n h t r a n g viing chdc. Tin r a n g Cty se vifng bifdc h d n tren con difdng d a y t h i ! t h a c h , khd k h a n s d p tdi de' h o a n t h a n h n h i i n g m u c tieu cao d e p hdn •
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(Tiep theo trang 12)
Giai doan 1997 - 2008, kim ngach NK tang nhanh dat toe dp trung binh khoang 19%/nam. NhQng nam gan day, ty trpng hang hoa Viet Nam NK tl/ ASEAN CO xu hudng tang trong tong kim ngach NK cua ca nudc.
Nhu vay, xu the NK cua Viet Nam tCl ASEAN ngay cang Idn (nhung neu xet rieng tClng nudc thanh vien ASEAN thi Viet Nam dang d the xuat sieu sang mot so nudc, tuy nhien rniic dp khong Idn). Hang hoa Viet Nam NK tL( ASEAN chu yeu la nguyen vat lieu cho san xuat, hang cong nghiep, thudc tan dUOc, giay, xang dau, phan bdn... Hien nhap sieu cua Viet Nam tC/ASEAN chiem khoang 30% td'ng miic nhap sieu cija ca nudc.
Trong nhOng nam qua, thUdng mai 2 chieu Viet Nam - ASEAN cd chieu hudng phat trien kha, Viet Nam ngay cang khang dmh vj the
5 6 I THUOHGMAI 36 9/2010
trong nen kinh te cua ca khoi. Tuy nhien, so vdi ldi the va tiem nang thi thuc trang nay chua tUdng xClng.
Trong bo'i canh kinh te the gidi dang budc vao giai doan phuc hoi, Viet Nam can cd nhQng dieu chinh thich hdp ve chinh sach de tan dung nhQng uu dai ve thue trong khudn kho AFTA nham day manh XK, tie'n tdi can bang XNK vdi ASEAN. Trong dd, nhQng dieu chinh can dQdc thuc hien sdm, dd la: Cd chinh sach thuong mai phu hdp vdi nhOng nguyen tac cua ASEAN va cua thUdng mai qud'c te ndi chung tren cac phUdng dien thUdng mai hang hoa, thuong mai djch vu, dau tQ, sd hQu tri tue; Xay dUng cac cd che va che tai giai quye't tranh chap trong thUdng mai; Thuc hien minh bach hoa chinh sach thUdng mai; Tao ldi the so sanh cua hang hoa Viet Nam tren thj trudng ASEAN; Nghien cQu hoan thien cac bien phap phi thue bdi nd cd vai trd quan trpng trong thQdng mai qud'c te hien nay nham bao ve hang hoa va thj trudng trong nudc. Tang cudng hieu qua cua he
thd'ng thdng tin thQdng mai de holrd DN ve cac mat nhu dieh bie'n thi trQdng, san pham va cdng nghe mdi, tim kie'm ban hang...
ASEAN cd tiem nang de trd thanh mot khd'i kinh te cd the canh tranh manh vdi cac nen kinh te mdi noi.
Nam 2009, ASEAN cd GDP khoang 1,5 nghin ty USD, dan so 580 trieu ngQdi, gia tn thQdng mai 1,7 nghin ty USD. Ne'u xem ASEAN nhQ mot quoc gia thi day la nen kinh te Idn thQ 10 the gidi, cd dan so Idn thQ 3 the gidi, neu tinh ve trao do! thQdng mai ngoai khd'i thi ASEAN la dd'i tac thQdng mai Idn thQ 5 the gidi (sau My, DQc, Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban).
ASEAN dQng thQ 10 the gidi ve thu hut FDI. Tuy vay, tren thQe te, cac ddi tac thQdng mai van coi ASEAN la 10 nen kinh te rieng re do nhQng khac biet kha Idn ve che dp chfnh trj, luat phap, van hoa, mdi trudng kinh doanh... Vi the, sQ hdi nhap sau hdn ciJa ASEAN la can thie't de phat huy hdn nQa sQc hpp luc ndi khd'i va giup cho khu VQC nay gan ke't hon nQa vdi gidi dau tU va kinh doanh qudc te •
