THl/C TIEN-KINH NGHIEM
'I^ACIDSNG CUA CAC YEU TO
DAU VAO T 6 1 H I E U QUA,
SAN XUAT KINH DOANH CUA CAC HO NONG DAN TREN DIA BAN TINH THAI NGUYEN
TRAN QUANG HUY»
OINH H6NG LINH<»
PHAM THI VAN KHANH»«
KWAKBUSUNG*""*"
Tinh Thai Nguyen tmng nhang nam qua da quan cam den diu tu thuc day phatJrien kinh tS - xa hoi, ddi song vat chat cua ngudi dan dan dan duoc cai thien. Tuy nhien, do dac diSm dm hinh, su phan bS dan or khong diu lam cho khoang cAch thu nhap ngay cang gia tang phan idn hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh ctia ngitdi^ nong dan chii yeu van dua rao kinh nghiem, ben canh dd viec sir dung cac yeu to dau vao nhu von, lao dong va tu lieu san xuh lam anh hudng dang ke tdi hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh.
TCr khda: ho nong dan, ySu to diu vao, hieu qua san xuat - kinh doanh
Thai Nguyen province in recent years has invested in promoting socio-economic de- velopment, thus the people living standard has gradually improved. However, due to the topographic features and the uneven distribution of population, the income gap has been raising. The majority of farmers' production and business activities have based on experiences. Additionally, the inefficient use of inputs such as capital, labour and materials significantly has affected the productivity. This paper examines the impacts of inputs on the production efficiency of farmer households in Thai Nguyen.
Keywords: farmer households, inputs, production efficiency
Ngaynhan: 1 5 - 0 8 - 2 0 1 8 Ngay ptian bien danh gia; 0 5 - 0 9 - 2 0 1 8 Ngay duyet Jang: 2 0 - 0 9 - 2 0 1 8
I.COsdlyluanvathtfctiln vao. . Do do, chii the chi c6 the dat duoc hieu qua a. Cds&I^lu$n cao Idii sii dung cac yeu to co ban cua qua trinh Hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh ia pham tru kinh san xuat co liieu qua. Hay noi each khac, liieu qua te gan voi co che tiii trucmg c6 quan he vcri t4t ca kinh doanh la pham tru kinh te theo ciiieu sau, cac yeu to trong qua trinh san xuat kinh doanh phan anh trinh do khai thac cac nguon iuc.
nhu iao dong, von, may moc, nguyen vat lieu dau Cac yeu to san xuat (yeu to dau vao) duoc tiieu
* Trin Quang Huy- Trudng BH Kinh te va Quan tn Kmh doanh - Dai hoc Thai Nguyen
*' Dinh Hong Linh - Trudng BH Kinh te va Quan tri Kmh doanh - Dai hgc Thai Nguyen
"' Pham Tiii VSn Khanh - Sd Tai chinh That Nguyen.
"" Kwalc Basung - SAEMAUL GLOBALIZATION FOUNDATION 12 |TAPCH(KINHTEVAQUANLY| 50 27(09-2018)
la nhiing yeu td cjuan trpng can thiet, khong the thieu eho hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh ndi ehung va san xuat kinh doanh nong nghiep ndi rieng. Yeu to dau vao chu yeu trong ndng nghiep bao gom ddt dai, lao dpng, tien vdn, tu lieu san xuat .. Thue chat eua viec td chue eac yeu td dau vao trong boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh ndng nghiep ehinh la qua trinh hoach dinh, lua chpn, ket hpp va chuyen hoa cac yeu td san xuat nong nghiep theo mgt cjuy trinh de cd san pham ndng nghiep hay san pham dau ra. Chihh vi vay, mdi cjuan he giOta hieu qua san xuat vdi eae yeu to dau vao la chat ehe, viec dam bao cae yeu td dau vao gdp phan quan trpng dam bao san xudt dien ra nhip nhang, thda man nhu cau cac ydu td san xuat trong moi thdi diem, mpi khau canh tac va trong moi tinh hudng.
b. CcrsdthuctiSn
Thuc te tren thd gidi cung nhu tai Viet Nam cd nhieu nghien cdu tuong ta da dupe thuc hien, cu the: Tren thd gidi cd nghien eiiu cda Li Wei (3001) (Asia Pacific Press at The Australian National Uni- versity) ve anh hudng eua phat trien ngudn nhan lire tdi thu nhap cua hp dan tai khu vuc nong thdn ngheo eua Trung Qudc chi ra 5 nhdm yeu td anh hudng tdi thu nhap cua hp gdm: ngudn Iuc tu nhien, ngudn vdn, chat lupng cua ngudn nhan luc, sd luong nhan lue, va vi tri eua hg. Cac nghien ciiu trong nude dien hinh gdm Nghien ciiu cua Le Xuan Thai (2014) ve cac ydu td anh hudng thu nhap cua ndng hg trong mo hinh san xuat tren Ida tai tinh Vinh Long chi ra dupe thu nhap cua hp chiu su tae dpng cua nhieu yeu td' sd ngudi trong hg, tudi ehu hp, sd nam di hgc cua chu hp, sd nam di hoe binh quan cua lao ddng ndng hd, so ngay lao dpng gia dinh cho san xuat trong mot nam, dien ttch dat san xuat, ehi phi san xuat mgt nam cua ndng hd, tham gia td chdc xa hpi dia phuong, nhan hd trp san xuat; Ngliien cdu cua Le Dinh Hai (2017) ve cae nhan td anh hudng ddn thu nhap cua ndng hp tren dia ban huyen Ba Vi, thanh phd Ha Npi chi ra ed sa tuong quan giua tudi, gidi tinh, hpc van, nghe nghiep, dien tich dat dai, vdn vay, thi tmdng, va ky thuat tdi thu nhap cua ngudi dan.
2. PhUtfng phap nghien ahi
De thue hien nghien edu nay, ben eanh viec sd dung cae ngudn tai heu thd cap eac tac gia da tien hanh thu thap sd heu so cap tren co sd khao sat 270 hp dan tren dia ban 3 huyen thi tai tinh Thai Nguyen bao gdm huyen Dinh Hda, huyen Dong Hy va thi xa Phd Yen vdi each thde ehpn mau ngau nhien. Ciing vdi viec sd dung eae phuong phap thdng ke, so sanh bai viet nay cung sd dung phuong phap udc luong thong qua ham san xuat Cobb - Douglas phan mem STATA.
Ve mat ban chat ham san xuat dupe de xuat de danh gia vdi bidn phu thupe la san luong. Tuy nhien, ve mat bien chung cd moi tuong quan thuan chidu chat che giua thu nhap cua hp va san lugng td hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh cua hp do do sd dung bidn phu thupe la thu nhap cua hp hoan toan phu hpp vdi mue tieu nghien eiiu.
Phuong phap nay nham md hinh hda gida ket cjua san xuat kinh doanh cua cac hp tren dia ban nghien cdu vdi cac nhan td dau vao co ban nhu chi phi san xuat, lao dpng va dien tich dat dai, ddng thdi phan tich tac dgng cu the cua cac ydu td dau vao nay anh hudng ddn thu nhap cua hp san xuat hang hoa. Thu nhap eua ho san xuat hang hoa la chi tieu cjuan trong phan anh ket cjua cua boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh cua hd. Ham san xuat Cobb - Douglas dang tuydn tinh Y = aO.
XlaLX2a2.X3a3,X4a4 Ham san xuat dang Ldgarit:
LnY = hiaO+ alLnXl + a2LnX2 + a3LnX3 + a4LnX4
Trong dd,
Y la thu nhap eua ndng hp san xuat aO: He sd tu do
XI: Vdn cua hg (la cac khoan ehi phi dau tu vao boat ddng san xuat nong nghiep cua hd)
X2: Lao ddng gia dinh eua hp X3: Dien tich dat nong nghiep cua hp a l , a2,a3, a4 la he so tuong quan ung vdi bidri t h d X l , X 2 , X3,X4
He so a l , a2, a3,a4 eho biet khi tang 1% cae yeu td dau vao se lam cho thu nhap cua hp thay doi theo ehieu hadng tang len hoac giam xudng.
5627 (09-2018) I TAP CHf KINHTE V A Q U A N L Y I 13
THl/CTtEN-KINH NGHIEM
3. Tac tfong cOa cac yeu t d tfau vao tdi hieu q u i siin xuat Mnh doanh tfdl vdi cac ho nong dan tren dja ban tinh Thai Nguyen
a. Tinh Jiinh dk dai aia cic ho duae dieu tra De thac hien nghien cdu nay nhdm nghien cdu da thu thap sd heu ve 4 loai dat ehinh la dat trong eay hang nam, dat trdng cay cong nghiep, dat lam nghiep (dat rCmg) va dien tich dat nudi trdng thuy s ^ . Do su khac biet ve dac diem dia hinh ndn dien tich dat dai tai 3 huyen eung cd sa chenh lech kha Idn. Tong dien tich dat tai cac hp duoc dieu tra tai Dinh Hda va Dong Hy lan luat la 1.033.341 va 819.164m2 Idn hem nhidu so vdi 389.495m2 tai Phd Yen.
b. Tinh hinh nhin khiu vh lao ddng da dc h$
duoc <siu tra
Tong so nhan khau cua eae hp tai thi xa Pho
Yen tai thdi diem dieu tra la 362 tuong umg vdi so lao dong la 236, trong khi do sd nhan khau cua Ddng H-^ va Dinh Hda eao hon dang kd vdi lain lupt la 383 va 422 (xem Bang 2).
Sd lieu tren eho thay, so nhan khau binh quan tai huyen Dinh Hda la 4,69 ngum eao hon so vcri sd Dong Hy va Phd Yen. Ty le binh cjuan khau/hp va lao dgng/hd d Dinh Hda eao hon so vdi Dong Hy va Pho Yen ed the do yeu td van hda, phong tuc tap quan eua dia phuong tac ddng den ty le sinh de eiia cac hg tren dia ban nghien curu. Neu nha d Pho Yen va Ddng Hy ngudi dan chd yeu la dan tgc Kinh va Tay thi d Dinh Hda con cd nhieu dan tde khac nhu Dao va San Chi.
c. Thu nh$p vi ca ciu thu nh$p cda cic h^
dupe diiu tra
Thu nhap cua cac hg dapc dieu tra hinh thanh
Biing 1 : Tinh hinh d a t d a i cua cac ho d i e u t r a
Phan ioai - Dat trong cay hang nam - Dat timg cay cong nghi^
- Dat lam nghiep - Dat nuoi trong TS Tdng
Vguon: Sd lieu dieu tra
Thi xa Phd Yen Dien tich
(m^) 241.560
93.774 26.878 27.283 389.495
Co cau
(%)
62,02 24,08 6,90 7,00 100
Huyen Dong Hy Dien tich
(m^) 118.329 232.253 443.230 25.352 819.164
Coc4u
(%)
14,45 28,35 54,11 3,09 100
Huyen Dinh Hoa Di^n tich
(m^) 198.396 138.132 678.437 18.376 1.033.341
Co cau
(%)
19,20 13,37 65,65 1,78 100,00
B^ng 2 : Nhan k h a u va lao dong cija cac ho dtftfc dieu t r a p h i n t h e o n h o m d a n toe
DVT: Ngudi Dia ban nghien cdu
Chi tieu
- So nhan khau cua cac hp - So lao dgng cua cac hp - So khau binh quan/ hp - So Id binh quan/hg Tong sd ho dieu tra Nguon: sS lieu dieu tra
Thixa Phd Yen
362 236 4,02 2,62 90
Huyen Dong Hy
383 244 4,26 2,71 90
Huyen Dinh Hoa 422 255 4,69 2,83 90
1 4 I T A P C H I K I N H T ^ V A Q U A N L ' ? ! S ( 5 2 7 ( 0 9 •2018)
Bdng 3: Cor cau thu nhap cua ho nong dan tit nong nghiep va phi nong nghiep Tir hoat ddng ^ ^ Chi tieu Nong nghiep Phi nong nghiep
SL SL
(l.OOOd) (l.OOOd)
%
Thu nhap binh quan ddu ngum 11.735 74,00% 4.123 Huyen Dinh Hoa
Thu nhap binh quan d4u ngudi 23.471 62,00% 14 385 Huyen Dong Hy
Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi 17.427 38,00% 28.433 Thi xa Phd Yen
Nguon: So lieu dieu tra
Bdng 4: Ket qua uTdrc lUtfng tijr cac yeu to dau vao
%
26,00%
38,00%
62,00%
SL (l.OOOd) 15.858 37.856 45.860
%
100%
100%
100%
Source Model Residual
Total LogTN logL LogK LogDT _cons
S S 2.72183853 2.05925545 4.78109398 Coet.
.20825 .572643 ,0360941 2.168781
Std. Err.
.0483234 .0410525 .0205518 .188042?
df
3 2 6 6
2 6 9 t 4.31 13.95 1.76 11 . 5 3
M S .907279508 .007741562 .017773584 P > | t | 0.000 0.000 0.080 0 000
Number of obs = F(3, 266) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squarGd Root MSE
195% Conf.
,113111 .4918138 -.0043708 1.798539
2 7 0 117.20
= 0.0000
= 0.5693
= 0.5644
= 0 08799 Interval]
.3034011 .6534721 .0765591 2.539022 Nguon: Ket qua tCr Stata
tir hai ngudn chinh la boat ddng san xuat nong nghiep va boat dpng phi ndng ngtiiep Vdi dac thu la cac dia phuong xuat phat diem td thuan nong nen nguon thu nhap cua hd nong dan tren dia ban la tu nhiing hoat dpng lien cjuan true tidp den ndng nghiep nhu trdng Ida, trdng ngd, chan nudi Ion, chan nuoi ga... Sau khi tinh Thai Nguyen thu hut thanh cong Tap doan Samsung dau tu vao tinh, dac biet la d thi xa Pho Yen thi nguon thu chinh tu hoat dpng nong nghiep d day da ed su chuyen dich sang cac hoat dpng plii ndng nghiep va da dem lai ngudn thu nhap dang ke cho ngudi dan dia phuong.
Kdt qua eho thay, thu nhap binh cjuan/ngudi tai thi xa Phd Yen la cao nhat dat 45 860 nghin ddng trong do tu hoat dpng phi ndng nghiep ehiem 62%, theo sau la huyen Dong Hy vdi 37,856 nghin ddng, va thap nhat la huyen Dinh Hda vdi
15,858 nghin dong, trong do "thinihap td h'oaF dpng ndng nghiep ehidm tdi 74%
d. Anh hudng aia cic yeu to dau vio t(M kSt qui boat dong sin xuit kinh doanh a}a hd
Hoat ddng san xuat kinh doanh cua cae hp ndng dan thue su dat hieu qua eao khi cac yeu td dau vao cua cjua trinh san xuat duoc tap trung vdi mgt quy md phu hop Trong qua trinh hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh cae yeu td nay khdng chi cd mdi quan he rang buoc ehat che vdi nhau ma con tac ddng true tiep ddn ket qua san xuat kinh doanh eua hp.
Ve mat thuc tien cac ydu td tac dpng ddn boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh cua eac hp nong dan CO the chia thanh 2 nhdm chinh: nhdm 1 thupe nhdm eac ydu td ehu cjuan thupc ve npi tai cua ngudi nong dan, nhdm nay bao gdm dat dai, lao dpng, vdn, ca sd vat ehat, ky thuat, trinh dp hieu S6 27 (09 -2018) j TAP CHf KINH TE VA QUAN LV | 1 S
THI/CTIIN-KINHNGHIEIVI
Biing 5: Kiem d i n h d a cong t u y e n Variable
logL LogDT
LogK Mean VIF Nguon • Ket qua tir Stata
biet eua chu hd; nhdm 2 thupc nhdm eae yeu to khach quan td ben ngoai nhu co che, ehinh saeh eua Nha nudc va thi trudng.
Trong nghien cdu nay chi danh gia nhan to npi tai eua eac hp tai 3 huyen, thi tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen. Khi danh gia mdc dp anh hudng cua cae yeu td dau vao tdi ket qua san xuat kinh doanh thdng qua ham Cobb - Douglas se giup eho eac ho ed eai nhin khach quan ve viec sd dung ngudn luc npi tai cda hp, ddng thdi each thde phan tich nay cung giup cho viec xae dinh mdc dd tac dpng cua mdi nhan td dau vao tdi ket qua boat dpng san xuat kinh doanh. Qua dd eae hp cd the cd nhiing can ed phu hpp trong viec dua ra bien phap hpp ly giai quyet thac trang hien nay cua hp.
Ket qua td md hinh cho thay, moi cjuan he gida bien phu thupe vdi cac bidn doc lap cd he sd tuong quan d muc trung binh, vdi R2 nhan gia tri td 0,5693. Dieu nay chi ra rSng 56,93% bidn thien thu nhap td ket qua boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh cda hp cd the dupe giai tiiich bdi su phu thupc tuyen tinh vao cac ydu td dien tich ddt dai, ehi phi san xuat va lao dpng cda hp, edn lai la do cac yeu td khac ngoai mo tiinh.
Ket qua kiem dinh da cpng tuydn td hang tren eho thay dp chap nhan (lA^F) ta tuong ddi cao, hay ndi each khac he sd VIF nhan cac gia tri tuong doi thap deu nhd hon 2 nen dam bao md hinh khong xay ra hien tuong da cpng tuyen gida cac bien doc lap.
Td ket qua dau ra cda md hinh, mdi quan he tuong quan giua thu nh§p eua cac hp vm eac nhan td anh hudng dapc kiem dinh la dien tich dat dai, ehi phi san xuat va lao dpng dupe the
VIF 1.62 1 47 1.17 1.42
lA'IF 0.G16375 0.682196 0.857396
hien dudi dang ham n h a sau:
Ln(TN) = 2,168 + 0,208 Ln(L) + 0,572. Ln(K) + 0,036. Ln(DT)
hayTN = e2,168.L0,208.K0,572.DT0,036 = 8,740. L0,208.K0,572.DT0,036
Phuong trinh tren ehi ra cd su anh hudng giua cac ydu td dau vao va hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh cua eae hd tren dia ban nghien cdu. Iljy nhien, mde dp anh hudng cua cac bien nay eo su khae nhau kha Idn giiia cac yeu to dau vao. Cu the nhu sau:
Ve ngudn lac lao dpng, neu thay doi 1% so luong lao ddng eua eae ho dan tren dia ban nghien edu se lam tang thu nhap la 0,208%.
Thue td nghien edu tai dia phucmg cho thay, hien nay, mpt luc lupng Idn lao dpng tre tai eac dia phuong tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen di lam tai eac khu cong nghiep. Do do, luc luong tham gia vao hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh nong nghiep phan Idn la nhung ngudi ed dp tuoi trung hinh kha eao. Dieu nay co the anh hadng tdi ket qua boat ddng san xuat kinh doanh eua hp. De khac phuc tinh trang nay, viec keu goi luc lapng lao dgng tre tham gia boat dpng nong nghiep tai dia phuong la khdng kha thi. Chinh vi vay, de ed the nang cao iiieu qua trong hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh thi viee n§ng eao chat luong lao dgng va nang suat eay trong vat nudi can dupe uu tien.
Ve nguon lue vdn san xuat, luong vdn nhidu hay it anh hudng tdi cjuydt dinh dau tu cua hp va tac dpng den kdt qua san xudt. Nhirng hp khdng cd dieu kien ve vdn thi viee dau tu eho san xuat thap, lam cho chdt lapng san xuat thap va hi0u qua thu duae cung thap va ngupe lai nhung hp cd dieu kien thi dau tu cho viec md rdng quy md 16 iTAPCHIKINHT^VAQUANLy I S027(09 2018)
san xuat, phat trien them cac nganh nghe de mang lai thu nhap cao hon. Kdt cjua tii phaong trinh tren cho thay neu thay ddi 1% vdn se lam thu nhap cua hp tang len 0,572%. Tuy nhien, do phan Ion ngudi dan san xuat manh mun nen hp thudng sd dung ngudn vdn tu cd de san xuat kinh doanh, chi mpt sd it hp manh dan vay vdn tu eae to chdc tin dung de dau t u phat trien san xuat kinh doanh. Mac du hien nay viec tidp can vdi cae ngudn vdn vay eua cac hp dan la tuong ddi de dang nhung do tam ly cua ngudi dan thudng sp rui ro, ngai vay nhiing khoan vdn vay Idn de ddu t u md rpng san xuat nen hieu qua thuc s u t u nguon vdn nay chua tuong xung vcA tiem nang.
Chinh vi vay, viec lam the nao de giup ngudi dan tai dia phuong manh dan dau tu von vao md rdng san xuat kinh doanh ed vai trd cjuan trpng trong viec tao ra gia tri hang hda tir san pham nong nghiep
Ve ngudn lac dat dai, ndu thay ddi 1% dat dai se lam tang thu nhap eua hp la 0,036%. Day la su thay ddi kha thap so vdi hai yeu td dau vao khae la vdn va lao dpng. Dieu nay cho thay vdi ngudn lue nhu cac hp hien nay thi viec tang quy md dien tich trong san xuat khdng thue su can thiet ma cjuan trpng la lam tang chat luong dat ciing nhu hieu qua trong viec sd dung dat dai.
4. Ket luan
NhCmg nghien cdu dinh lupng dua tren ket cjua khao sat tai mpt thdi diem nhdt dinh thudng chi ed dp tin cay cho mot giai doan thdi gian cu the.
Do do, viee thue hien nghien edu nay se ed y nghia va gia tri khoa hpc trong giai doan hien nay.
Nghien cdn nay mdi chi ra dupe khai cjuat su anh hadng eung nhu mde dp anh hudng cua 3 nhan td dau vao (dat dai, vdn va lao dpng) tdi hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh ddi vdl eac hp ndng dan ma chua di sau vao phan tich s u anh hudng tdi nhiing nhdm ddi tupng nghidn cdu khac nhau giiia ngadi thu nhap eao va ngudi thu nhap thap, giiia cae dia ban, cae nhdm dan tde eung nhu trinh dp hpc van. Do dd, nghien edu nay cd the gpi md cho cae nghien edu tiep theo de thuc hien
danh gia va phan tieh sau rgng su anh hudng eua cae yeu td dau vao tdi tdng hoat dpng trong trpt, chan nuoi, dich vu ndng lam nghiep.... tren eac gdc do khac nhau
TAIUfiUTBIAMKHAO
1} Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan: Giao uinh kinh te phat trien nong thon, Nxb. ThongkS, H.2010.
2} Dao The Tuan: Kmh te ho nong din, Nxb, Thong ke,H.1997.
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4) Le Dmh Thang: Chuyen dich ca cau kinh te nong thon - nhimg van deiyluan va thiic tien, Nxb. Nong nghiep. H. 1998.
5) Le Dinh Thing- Phat tnen kinh te ho nong dan theo huong san xuat hang hoa, Nxb. Nong nghiep.H. 1993 6) Le Trong. Phat trien ben vimg kinh te ho nong dan gan lien ke hoach voi hach toan kmh doanh, Nxb. Van hoa dan tgc, H 2003.
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8, PGS. TS NguySn Quang Dong: Kinh tS luong, Nxb.
Thong ke. H.2003
9, Vien Chinh sach va Chien iuqc phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon- Phan tich thu nhip cua ho nong dan do thay doi he thong canh tac a dong bing song Hong H.2006.
10, Li Wei (2001)- The effect of human resource de- velopment on household income in selectd poor areas of rural China, Asia P5ciSc at the Australian National University.
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