TAP GHJ CONG THIfdNG
NH0NG NET NOI BAT
TRONG HOAT DONG XUAT NHAP KHAU CUA VIET NAM TRONG NAM 2018
• vu DIEP ANH
TOM TAT:
Sau 33 ndm thffc hidn ehinh sach hpi nhdp kinh td', eiing vdi nhffng nd Itfc tff do hda thffdng mai thong qua viec ky ke't nhffng hidp djnh thffdng mai song phffdng, da phffdng vd sff nang dpng cua cac doanh nghidp Vidt Nam trong viec khai thdc ede thi trffdng nffdc ngoai, hoat ddng xua't nhap kh£u cua Viet Nam da ghi nhan nhffng kd't qud d'n tffdng. Dffa tren viec phan tich cac so'lieu thd'ng ke, bdi bdo nay chi ra nhffng ndt ndi bat trong boat dpng xud't nhdp khd'u cua Viet Nam trong nam 2018 la kim ngach thffdng mai vd xud't sieu dat ngffSngky luc, cd cd'u hang xudt nhdp khd'u tie'p tue dffpc cai thien theo hffdng tich effe, ede mat hang xua't nhdp khau chu Itfc gia tdng ve quy rad va eac thi trffdng xua't nhdp khau chu yd'u dffdc md rdng.
Tff khoa: Xua't nhap khau, cd ca'u xua't nhdp khau, mat hang chu Iffc, thi trffdng chu yd'u.
1. Kim ngach xuat nhap khau va xuat sieu dat mtfc ky luc trong nam 2018
Nam 2018 la mpt nam thanh edng dd'i vdi hoat ddng thifdng maiqud'e td'ciia Viet Nam. Tong kim ngach xua't nhdp khd'u eua Vidt Nam xde Idp mffc ky luc mdi trong nam 2018 vdi 515,51 ty ddla.
Trong dd, kim ngach xud't nhdp khd'u hang hda van chid'm vai tro ehu dao (93,54%) so vdi kim ngach xud't nhap khau dieh vu trong hoat dpng thffdng mai qud'c te'cua Viet Nam.
Kim ngach xud't nhdp khau hdng hda nam 2018 dat mffc 482,23 ty dola, tang 13,5% so vdi nam 2017, tdng 46,78% ,so vdi nam 2015 va tang 207%
so vdi nam 2010. Xua't khd'u hang hda nam 2018 la 244,72 ty ddla, lang 14,48% so vdi nam 2017, vffdt xa chi tieu Qud'c hdi giao (7-8%). Hoat dpng xud't khd'u cua khu vffc ed vo'n ddu tffnffdc ngoai (ke ca dau thd) vdi 175,52 ty ddla, chid'm 72% trong tdng kim ngach xud't khau cua Vidt Nam. Kim ngach nhap khau ndm 2018 dat 2337,51 ty dola, tang 12,51% so vdi nam 2017. Ty trpng kim ngach nhap
kha'u cua khu vffe kmh te' trong nffdc vd khu vi/c ed vd'n dau tff nffdc ngoai lan Iffdt Id 40% va 60%.
Cd the ndi khu vffc ed vd'n dau tff nffdc ngoai van giff vai trd chii dao trong hoat ddng thffdng mai qud'c te'cua Viet Nam. Nhffng con sdd'n tffdng ve thffdng mai qud'c te' trong nam 2018 giiip Viet Nam trd thanh mdt trong so' 30 nffdc cd hoat dong xual nhap khau Idn nhd't thd'gidi bidn nay.
Hinh 1: Kim ngach xud't nhdp khau hdng hoa cua Viet Nam Ddn vj: t^ USD
Nguon: Tong cue Thdngke 182 So 11 -Thang 6/2019
Cdn edn thffdng mai hang hda qud'c te' nam i 2018 dat mffc thang dff ky luc 7,21 ty ddla, tdng jl 4,54 ty dola (170,34 %) so vdi nam 2017, vffdt xa
muc tieu Qud'c hpi de ra (nhap sieu dffdi 3%). Theo so' lieu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng kd, khu vffc kinh te trong nffde nhdp sidu 25,6 ty dola trong khi khu vffe CO vdn dau tff nffdc ngoai xud't sieu 32,81 ty ddla.
Day la nam thff 6 Viet Nam xud't sidu trong boat ddng thffdng mai qudc td' ke tff nam 2012. Xuat sieu ngdy cang gia tang la mdt tin hieu lac quan cho nen kinh td', tuy nhidn, xuat sieu eua Vidt Nam vln chffa dffdc coi la ben vffng vi mffc xud't sidu con nhd, Viet Nam hidn nay vdn Id nen kinh te' gia cong xud't khau ndn phu thupc vao viec nhdp khd'u nguydn phu lieu tff nffdc ngodi, nganh cong nghidp ,P phu trd vdn chffa phdt trid'n trong khi xud't sieu vdn ,, phu tbuoe vdo khu vffc cd vo'n dau tff nffdc ngoai.
L, Theo Tong cue Hai quan, trong quan hd thffdng mai song phffdng nam 2018, Viet Nam xua't sieu ,; sang 150 nffde, viing lanh thd va nhdp sidu tff 85
nffdc, viing lanh thd trdn thd'gidi.
trong xua't khau dieh vu tff nam 2010. Kim ngach nhdp khau dich vu ndm 2018 dat 18,48 ty ddla.
Dieh vu van tai vd dieh vu bffu ehinh, vidn thdng ddng gdp phan Idn vdo nhap khd'u dieh vu vdi kim ngach lan iffdt la 8,84 va 5,73 ty ddla, chie'm 47,83% va 31% tdng kim nhach nhap khau dich vu. So' Iffdng ngffdi Viet Nam di du lich nffde ngodi trong nam 2018 giam lam kim ngach nhap khau dieh vu du lich giam manh xud'ng edn 92 tridu dola so vdi con so' 3,595 ty ddla nam 2015 va 5,04 ty ddla nam 2017. Nhff vay, trong nam 2018, Viet Nam tid'p tuc nhdp sidu dich vu vdi 3,68 ty dola. Quy md xua't nhap khd'u dich vu cdn chid'm vai trd khiem td'n (6,48%) trong hoat ddng thffdng mai qud'c te'cua Vidt Nam, De giam nhap sieu dich vu, trong nhffng nam tdi Viet Nam can phat huy hd't tiem nang ciia cac nganh dich vu nha't la nganh logistics vdi ldi thd'he thd'ng cang bie'n day dae vd ngdnh Du lich thdng qua viec da dang hda cae san pha'm du lich va nang ede ehd't Iffdng dich vu du lich.
Bdng 1. Kim ngqch xudt nhdp khau djch vu cua Vidt Norn
Ddn vj: ty USD
^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ ^ Nam
Dich vu van tai Dich vu buu chfnh, vi^'n thong
Djch vu du hch Dich vu tai chinh Dich vu bao hiem Dich vu l(hac
Tong so
Xuat khau 2010
2,306 0,137 4,450 0,192 0,070 0,305 7,460
2015 2,430 0148 7,350 0180 0,055 1,087 11,250
2018 2.885 0,167 10,080 0,190 0,061 1,417 14,800
Nh$p khau 2010
6,596 0,079 1,470 0195 0,481 1,100 9,921
2015 8,050 0,085 3,595 0,486 1.015 2.784 16,015
2018 8.840 5.730 0,092 0,522 0,689 2,607 18.480
Kim ngach xud't nhdp khdu dich vu ciia Viet Nam trong nam 2018 dat 33,28 ty dola, tang 13.2% so vdi nam 2017, tdng 22,1% so vdi nam 2015 va tang 91,5% so vdi nam 2010. Xud't khau dich vu nam 2018 la 14,8 ty ddla, trong dd xud't kha'u dich vu du lich dat 10,08 ty ddla, chie'm 68,1% trong kim ngach xuat khau dich vu va xua't khau dich vu vdn tai dat 2,885 ty ddla, chie'm 19,5% trong kim ngach xud't khau dieh vu. So'lieu thdng kd ve nhap kha'u dieh vu eho thd'y nhffng dieh vu Viet Nam xua't khd'u chii ye'u la dich vu du lich va dich vu van tai. Ddy la xu hffdng chung
Ngudn: Tong cue Thdng ki
2. Cd ca'u xua't nhdp khdu nam 2018 tie'p tuc dffrfc cai thien theo htfdng tich ctfc
Cd cd'u hang xud't khau nam 2018 ghi nhdn sff gia tang ty trpng eua nhdm hang cong nghidp va sff sut giam ty trong cua cdc nhdm hang khde. Cu thd', nhdm hang cdng nghiep chid'm 85,5%, nhdm hang ndng, ldm sdn chid'm 9%, nhdm hang thiiy san chie'm 3,6% va nhdm hang khoang san chie'm 1,9%
trong tdng kim ngach xua't kha'u eiia Viet Nam trong nam 2018. Trong giai doan 2010-2018, ed cd'u hang xud't khau ciia nffdc ta cd nhffng chuye'n bie'n tich cffc. Ty trong cua nhdm hang cdng nghiep
So 11 -Thdng 6/2019 183
TAP CHi CDNG THIfdNG
tang tff 74,23% trong nam 2010 Idn 85,5% trong nam 2018. Ty trpng cua nhdm hang ndng, ldm san trdng nam 2018 (9%) chi cdn bdng 1/2 ty trpng nam 2010 (17,91%). Tffdng tff, ty trpng cua nhdm hang thtiy san cung giam tff 7,85% trong nam 2010 xud'ng cdn 3,6% trong nam 2018. Nhdm hang khoang san ghi nhdn sff sut giam manh ve ty trpng, ehi cdn 1,9% trong nam 2018 so vdi mffc 13,03%
trong nam 2010. Vdi kd't qua ndy, Viet Nam da vffdt mue tidu dffde de ra trong "Chie'n Iffdc xud't nhap khau hang hda thdi ky 2011-2020, dinh hffdng de'n nam 2030" vdi ty trpng ciia nhdm hdng e6ngnghiepche'bid'n,che'taoedty trong tang Idn 62,9%, nhdm hang ndng, ldm, thuy san cd ty trpng giam xud'ng cdn 13,5%, nhdm hang nhidn lieu, khodng san ed ty trpng giam xudng cdn 4,4% trong cd ca'u hang xud't khau nam 2020.
Hinh 2: Cd cdu hdng xudt khdu cua Viet Nam ndm 2018 r^^„ ,,,•. q.
Ngudn: Tdc gid tinh todn tUsdltiu cua Tong cue Thdng ke Bdng 2. Cd cdu hdng xudt khau cua
Viet Nam trong glai dogn 2010-2018 Ddn vi: %
^~~~~—-^^^^^ Nam Nhom h a n g ^ - ^ ^ . ^ ^ Hang cong nghiep nang va khoang san Hang cong nghiep nhe va tieu thu cong nghiep Hang nong. lam san Hang thuy san Khoang san
2010
22.04
52.19 17.91 7.85 13.03
2015
43,25
41,57 10.97 4.21 3.90
2018
48,65
36.86 9.00 3.60 1.90 Ngudn: Tdc gid tinh todn id so' liiu cua
Tong cue Thdng ke Trong cdcd'u nhap khau nam 2018, nhdm hang tff lieu san xua't van chie'm ty trong Idn (91,36%), trong do, nhdm hang may mdc, thid't bj, dung eu.
phu tung chie'm 42,52% vd nhdm hang nguycG nhien, vdt lieu chie'm 48,84%. Nhdm hang tieu dung ehid'm ty trpng nhd trong tdng kim ng^cli nhap khdu eiia ca nffdc vdi 8,63%. Sd lidu thong ke trong Bang 3 eho thd'y, ed ca'u nhdp khau cin Viet Nam ed ban tffdng do'i dn dinh trong giai dop 2010-2018. Ty trpng nhdp khd'u hang tff lieu sjn xud't ehid'm trdn 90% trong tong kim ngach nh$p khd'u, trong kbi ty trpng nhap khau hang tieu ding ehl ehid'm 8-10%. Sff thay ddi nhieu nha't ve cdc^
nhdp khd'u trong giai doan nay dien ra trong cac nhdm hang ciia nhdm tff lieu san xua't. Culhe,ty trpng nhap khau mdy mdc, thid't bi, dung eu. phu tung trong giai doan nay tang tff 29,99% len 42,52%, trong khi ty trpng nhap khau nguyen, nhidn, vat Heu giam tff 60,02% xud'ng cdn 48,84%, Nghien cffu ky xu hffdng thffdng mai qud'c te ciia Viet Nam trong ndm 2018 cd thd' dd dang nhan thd'y Viet Nam nhap khau nhieu tff lieu san xuatd^
lam dau vao cho hoat dpng gia cong, lap rap xual khau. Kd't qua dieu tra eho tha'y ty Id gid tri nguyen lieu nhap kha'u ve de gia cong, lap rap trdn t^ng gia tri hang hda sau gia cong d mffc cao (62,3%).
Ty Id nay d nhdm hdng didn thoai la 78,9%, S nhdm hang didn tff, may tinh la 76,4%, d nhomdet may Id 67,1 %, d nhdm giay dep la 47% va d nhom hang hda khde Id 74,7% [I]. Nhffng so'lieu nay cho thd'y gia tri gia tang trong hoat dpng xua't khau eiia Viet Nam la khong eao.
Bdng 3. Cd cdu hdng nhgp khdu cua Viet Nam trong giai dogn 2010-2018
Ddn vi: %
1. Tu li$u san xuat + IVIaymoc. thiet bi. dung cy, phu tung + Nguyen, nhien. vat iieu 2. Hang Heu dung
2010 90,01
29,99 60.02 9,99
2015 91,16
43.27 47.91 8,84
2018 91,36
42.52 48,84 8,63 Ngudn: Tdc gid tinh todn td so lieu caa
Tdng cue Thdng kl
3. Cac mat hang xud't nhgp khiu chu Iffc gia tang ve quy mo
Theo so'lieu ciia Tdng cue Thdngke, Vidt Nam cd 29 mat hdng vdi kim ngach xua't khd'u datlren 1 ty ddla trong nam 2018, tang 6 mat hang so vcii nam 2015 va tang 8 mat hang so vdi nam 2012.
184 S d n -Thdng 6/2019
Tri gia xua't kha'u ciia 29 mat hdng nay chie'm 91,7% tdng kim ngach xua't kha'u ca nffdc trong nam 2018. Didn thoai cdc loai vahnh kien dan ddu ve xua't kha'u vdi kim ngach 49,08 ty dd la vdi 2 thi trffdng xud't khd'u ehinh Id Trung Quo'c (9,38 ty dola) vd My (5,41 ty ddla). Tid'p dd la hang ddt, may (30,49 ty ddla) vdi cac thi trffdng xud't khd'u chinh la EU, Nhdt Ban, Han Qud'c vd Trung Quo'c.
Hang didn tff, may tinh vd linh kidn cd kim ngach xuat khd'u la 29,32 ty do la dffdc xua't khau sang cae thi trffdng nhff Trung Qud'c, EU va My. Hang ndng san bad gdm rau qud, hat dieu, hat tidu, ehe, ca phd, gao, san va cac sdn phdm san, cao su vdi tri gia xud't khd'u 18 ty ddla dffdc ban chu yeu cho Trung Qud'e, EU, ASEAN va My. Mdy mde thid't bi, dung cu, phu tung khac dat ngffdng xua't kha'u 17 ty ddla. Giay cdc loai vdi kim ngach 16 ty dola dffde tidu thu ehii yd'u 6 My, EU, Trung Qud'e va Nhat Ban. Hinh 3 eho thd'y cdc mat hang xua't kha'u ehii Iffe eiia Viet Nam, dac bidt la dien thoai ede loai va linh kien, hang ddt, may va hang didn tff, may tinh va linh kidn, deu ed sff gia tang ve quy md trong giai doan 2010-2018.
dau vd nhdp khau ia nhdm hang dien tff, may tinh va linh kidn vdi 43 ty ddla. Nhdm hang may mdc thid't bi, dung cu, phu tung khdc cd kim ngach nhap kha'u Idn thff 2, dat 33 ty ddla. 2 nhdm hang nay chii yd'u dffdc nhdp khd'u ve tff Trung Qudc, Han Qud'c va Nhat Ban. Xe'p vi tri thff ba Id didn thoai cdc loai va linh kien vdi tri gia nhdp kha'u Id 16 ty dola. Nhdm hang ndy ehu yd'u ed xud't xff tff Han Qud'c (6,2 ty dola) va Trung Qud'c (8,58 ty ddla).
Chd't deo nguyen lieu, san pham tff chat deo vd nguyen phu lieu ddt may, da giay ed tri gid nhap khd'u lan Iffdt la 14,96 ty ddla va 5,7 ty ddla. 2 nhdm hang nay chii yd'u dffdc nhap khau ve tff Trung Qud'c, Han Qud'c va Dai Loan. Nhin chung, kim ngach nhap khau ciia cdc mat hang nhdp khd'u chii yd'u deu cd xu hffdng gia tdng trong giai doan 2010-2018. (Hinh 4).
4. Cac thi trtfdng xudft nhdp khdu chu yd'u cua Viet Nam dtftfc md rdng
Cac nffdc ban hang chu ye'u cua Viet Nam la My, EU, Trung Qudc, ASEAN, Nhat Ban va Han Qud'c.
Gia tri xua't khd'u sang cac thi trffdng nay dat 196,67 ty ddla, chie'm 80,37% tdng kim ngach xua't khau jl Hinh 3: Mgt so mat hdng xudt khdu chinh cuo Viet Nam giai dogn 2010-2018
.eft
Dan
ll . 1
Nguon: Tong cue
vi: tf USD
• 2010
• 2015
• 2018
Hiil quan
Trong nam 2018, Viet Nam ed 15 mat hang ed kim ngach nhdp kha'u dat tren 1 ty ddla, ehid'm 73,1% tdng kim ngach nhdp khd'u ciia ca nffdc. Ddn
ciia Viet Nam trong ndm 2018. Gia trj nhdp khau tff 6 thi trffdng ndy Id 190,36 ty ddla, chie'm 80,15%
kim ngach nhap khau eua ea nffde. (Bang 4).
So 11-Thang 6/2019 185
TAP CHi CDNG THIfdNG
Hinh 4: Mdt sd mat hdng nhdp khdu chinh cua Viet Nam giai dogn 2010-2018 Dan vi; if USD
O t o Nguyen phu lieu det may, da, giay Xang dau cac loai I S a t t h e p cacloai Hoa chat va san pham tit hoa chat Vai Ctia't deo nguven lieu va san p h a m t i i ' ch^t deo ' Dien thoai cac loai va linh kien May mbc thiet bj, dyng cu, phy t i i n g khac Oien ti>, may tfnh, va link kien
• 20181 I
• 2015 I
• 2010
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Nguon: Tong cue Hai quan
Bang 4. Kim ngqch xuat nhgp khdu theo c d c thj trtfdng chu y e u c u a Viet N a m nam 2018 Ddn vi: fy USD
Thl trudng
My EU Trung Quoc
ASEAN Nhat Ban Han Quoc ChSu Bai Duong
Chau Phi
XuSt ktlS'u 2017 41,61 38,28 35,46 21,51 16,84 14.82 4,07 2,67
2018 47,53 46,30 41,27 24,52 18,85 18,20 4,90 2,80
Nh$p lihau "
2017 9,20 12,10 58,23 28,02 16,69 46,73 3.69 4,02
2018 12,76 13,89 65,44 31,77 1901 47.50 4.41 4.10
Thj trffdng xud't khd'u Idn nhd't cua Vidt Nam la My vdi kim ngach xua't khau 47,53 ty ddla, tid'p dd la EU va Trung Qud'c vdi kim ngach xud't khd'u lan Iffdt la 46,3 ty dola va 41,27 ty dola. Trung Qud'c tid'p tue giff VI tri la thi trffdng nhdp kha'u Idn nha't eua Viet Nam vdi gia tri nhap khau dat 65,44 ly ddla trong nam 2018. Han Qud'c va ASEAN lan Iffdt la thi trffdng nhap khau Idn thff 2 va 3 ciia Viet Nam vdi kim ngach nhdp khd'u lan Iffdt la 47,5 ty dola vd 31,77 ty ddla. So'lieu thd'ng ke trong Bang 4 eho thd'y kim ngach xua't nhdp khd'u ciia Viet Nam vdi cac thi trffdng chii ye'u, nhd't la Trung
Nguon: Tdng cue Hdiquan
Qud'c, deu tang Idn so vdi nam 2017. Trong 2018, kim ngach xud't khau sang Trung Qud'e tang 5,81 ty ddla va kim ngach nhdp khd'u tff thi trffdng nay tang 7,21 ty ddla. Trong 6 ban hang chii yd'u, Viet Nam ed thdm hut thffdng mai vdi 4 thi trifSng (Trung Qudc, Han Qud'c, ASEAN va Nhat Ban) va cd thang dff thffdng mai vdi 2 thi trffdng (EU va My). Trong nam 2018, Vidt Nam nhdp sidunhi^u nhd't tff Han Qud'c vd Trung Qud'c vdi mffc nhap sidu lan Iffdt la 29,3 ty ddla va 24,17 ty dola. Mi^c xua't sidu eua Viet Nam sang My va EUlanWdtla 34,78 ty ddla vd 32,41 ty ddla •
186 So 11 -Thang 6/2019
T A I L I E U T H A M K H A O :
7. Blip hgi Bong sOi Viel Nam, 2019 Gia cong hdng hda cho Ihuang nhdn nudc ngodi: Bdi lodn dugc - mat.
http://vcosa org.vn/gia-cong-hang-hoa-chO'thuong-nhan-nuoc-ngoai-bai-toan-duoc-mal/ (Ngdy Iruy cap 10/5/2019)
2. Tong cue Hdi quan: hltps://www ciistoms.gov.vn. (Ngdy truy cap 10/5/2019) 3. Tong cue Thdng ke: https://www.gso.gov.vn/. (Ngdy truy cdp 10/5/2019)
Ngay nhan bai: 9/5/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chffa: 19/5/2019 Ngay chd'p nhgn dang bai: 29/5/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
TS. VU DIEP ANH
Khoa Kinh te'va Quan tri kinh doanh, Trffdng Dai hoc Mo - Dia chat
HIGHLIGHTS ON VIETNAM'S EXPORTS AND IMPORTS IN 2018
• PhD. VU DIEP ANH
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology
ABSTRACT:
After 33 years of implementing the economic integration policy, doing trade liberalization through signing bilateral and multilateral trade agreements as well as the dynamics of Vietnamese enterprises in exploiting overseas markets, Vietnam's export and import activities have recorded impressive achievements. By analyzing trade statistics, this paper points out the main characteristics of Vietnam's international trade in 2018, In 2018, Vietnam's import-export turnover and trade surplus reached records, the trade structure was improved and major export - import items and trading markets expanded in terms of value.
Keywords: Export and import, export and import's structure, major export and import items, major market.
So 11 -Thdng 6/2019 187
