Giai phap nao cho
xuat khau gao Viet Nam?
PGS.TS HA V A N S U
N3ng li^c san xuS't va xuS't kh^u gao cua Vi^t Nam
Kd tff nam 1989, sdn xud'l lua gao ciia Viet Nam khdng nhffng dap ffng du cho nhu cau tieu dilng trong ntfdc md cdn bat dau xua'l khau ra ntfdc ngodi. Tff dd de'n nay, xud't khau gao cua Vidt Nam lang dan bdng ndm. Tong Itfdng gao xuat khau cua Viet Nam de'n ndm Idn tdi trdn 80 tridu tan gao, trung binh mdi nam xua't khau tren 3,7 tridu ta'n. Xua't khau gao lien tuc tdng cao ca ve Iffdng vd kim ngach, dtfa gao trd thdnh mdt trong nhffng mat bdng xud'l khau chu Iffc. khdng nhffng ddng gdp quan trpng vao kim ngach xua't khau ca ntfdc, thuc day tdng trtfdng chung cua cd nen kinh te sau hdn hai mtfdi nam ddi mdi, md cdn dan khang dinh dtfdc vi the' cila Viet Nam tren thi irffdng gao qudc Id' (Bieu do 1).
Neu nam 1998 Viet Nam xua't khau 3,8 tridu td'n, thu ve khodng 700 tridu USD thi den ndm 2011 Itfdng gao xud't khau Idn ddn 7,5 trieu td'n, thu ve tdi 3,7 ty USD.
Hien nay xua't khau gao da chid'm ty trpng khodng 4 - 5% tdng kim ngach xua't kh^u va dffng thtf 7 trong tJ trpng cdc nhdm hdng ddng gdp chinh vdo kim ngach xu^t kh^u cda Viet Nam. Vdi stf gia tang manh me cd vd sdn Itfdng vd kim ngach, den nay Viet Nam da trd thanh quoc gia xua't khau gao Idn thff hai tren the gidi vdi tJ trong chid'm khodng 20%
tdng Iffdng gao giao dich ihffdng mai toan cau.
Trong hdn hai mtfdi ndm qua, thi trtfdng xua't khau gao chi3 yeu cffa Viet Nam la chau A vdi l^
trpng g^n 60%. Trong dd, ASEAN
Hipn nay, lua gao Vidt Nam ludn chig'm trdn 90% san Itfgfng c^c cgy Irfrfng thtfc ed h^t, lidn quan dd'n vide i^m va thu nh|)p cua khoang 75 - 80% sfl'hp ndng dfln, tao ra trdn 40 tridu tS'n Itfrfng thtfc \a khoang 4 - 7 tripu tS'n ggo xuS't khS'u mdi nam, thu vd cho dd't nffdc trdn 3 ty LSD. Hi^n nay, nhffng bdTt dn
\ e vS'n dd an ninh iffdng thifc toan cSu dang md ra cho xufl't khfl^u gaio Vipt Nam nhidu trien vpng dd t^o btfdc phat trien cd tmh dOt phd khdng chi vd san Itfdng xudft khd'u, ma didu quan trpng hdn la ndng cao hidu qua, gid trj gia tdng, sffc canh tranh va thffdng hidu cho hat gao Vidt Nam.
la thi trtfdng nhap kha'u Idn nha't cua Viet Nam vdi ly Irpng xa'p xi 50%. Tid'p de'n Id khu vtfc chdu Phi. chdu My, chau Au. Trong do, cdc ntfdc nhap khau gao chinh cda VietNamIa:Inddnexia, Philippin, Malaixia, Singapore, Cuba, Ddi Loan, Hdng Kdng, Trung Qud'c, Nam Phi... (Bieu dd 2)
Cha't Itfdng gao xua't khau cua Viet Nam tuy da dtfdc cai thien dang kd, song vdn cdn chdm vd lhap hdn so vdi cdc ntfdc xuat khau gao chinh tren the gidi. Hien nay, Viet Nam chu ydu van xua't khiu loai gao ph£m cd'p trung binh. Do chat Itfdng gao chtfa cao, nen mac dd cung mot chung loai gao, nhtfng gid bdn binh quan cdc loai gao Viet Nam ludn thd'p hdn so vdi cua Thai Lan. Khodng each chdnh lech gid gao xuat khau Viet Nam vdi Thdi Lan cdn rd't Idn, loai 5% td'm thtfdng vdo khodng 25 - 35 USD/tan, cd biet cd Ihdi diem Idn den 150 USD/td'n. Ndu so sdnh binh qudn ta't cd cac loat gao xuat khau thi gid gao cua ta ludn tha'p hdn gid gao cua Thai Lan khoang 10 - 20 USD/td'n.
Crf hdi cho xuS't kh^u gao Vi$t Nam
Hidn nay vd nhffng nam tiep theo, thi trtfdng gao thd gidi cung nhtf nhffng ye'u td trong nffdc se
cd nhffng tdc ddng theo htfdng md ra nhieu cd hpi vd tridn vpng cho ngdnh sdn xud't vd xua't khau gao Viet Nam, cu the:
Thd nhdl, hien nay an ninh Itfdng thffc lodn cau ngay cdng bi de doa vd dang trd thdnh va'n de ndng bdng, theo dd gid ca cdc loai Itfdng thtfc thffc phim dang tdng manh ke tff ndm 2007, ddc biet la tff cudi ndm 2010. Nguyen nhan Id do sff bie'n ddi khi hau loan cau vdi nhffng ba't Idi cho ngdnh sdn xud't Ida gao, vide tang dff trff vd ban chd' xua't khdu Itfdng thtfc cua nhieu qudc gia, viec dung Itfdng thtfc de lam nhien lieu thay thd', hay dan sd ngdy cdng tdng nhanh trong khi didn tich trdng cay Itfdng thtfc khdng tang, tham chi gidm xudng... Nhffng dieu nay dd tao ra cd hdi Idn cho xud't khau gao cua Viet Nam cd ve so' Itfdng vd gid ca, ddng Ihdi. ntfdc ta trd thdnh qudc gia cd vai trd quan trpng dd'i vdi ddm bao an ninh Itfdng thffc loan clu.
Thd hai, xu htfdng tff do hoa thtfdng mai vd yeu cau md cffa thi trtfdng cho cdc san pham ndng nghidp nhffng nam gan day dang vd se tac dpng manh dd'n chinh sach ttf cung vd Itfdng thtfc va tbeo dd lam tang nhanh nhu cau nhap khiu Itfdng thtfc cua nhieu ntfdc.
I, ,inJ Forecast ReM
MGHIEM Q(SU - TRAO DOI
dac bidt la cac ntfdc thudc chau A (thi trtfdng xud't khau chinh cua Viel Nam).
Thd ba. chinh sdch cai gidm vien ird Itfdng ihffc cua cdc nffdc phdl iiidn cho cdc nffdc kdm phdl trien bien nay cung Idm tdng nhap khau Itfdng thtfc iheo dicu kien ihtfdng mai ihdng ihtfdng ciia cac ntfdc ndy. nha'l Id vdi cdc ntfdc chau Phi.
Thd lU. nhffng ydu cau vc c^t giam Irp cdp xual khau cdc san pham ndng nghipp vd gidm hd
trd irong ntfdc sc Idm tdng gid gao cha'l Itfdng cao lien Ihj Irtfdng thdgidi. nha'l Id gid gao cda My.
Nhdl Bdn. Dieu ndy sc lao dicu kidn cho Vipt Nam tham gia vdo thi Irtfdng gao chal Itf0ng cao.
Tlid ndm. cung vdi cdc cd hpi do. xud'l khdu gao cua ViOi Nam irong nhffng ndm tdi cdn cd ihe phdl huy nhffng dicm manh tff nhffng ye'u id npi Itfc qudc gia.
dd Id: Vidl Nam cd vj tri, the Itfc chu yd'u lien thj trtfdng gao ihe' gidi; San xua'l vd xual khau gao Id mdt irong irong nhffng htfdng
BIEU DO 1 ; GIA TRj VA SAM LtiOrHQ X G A T K H A U G A O C U A V i f T M A M GIAI DO^rS 1 9 8 9 - 2 0 1 1
—•— I Jng iwong gao XK
tfu lien phdt tridn cda Chinh phii khdng chi xua't phdt tff chfnh sdch an ninh Itfdng thtfc qudc gia, ma cdn Id mdi hdng xua't khau cd Ipi thd cua Vipl Nam hipn nay;
Ntfdc la thu0n Ipi eho stf phdl trien cua cay Ida, chi phi ngudn Iffc ndi dja lhap; Kinh nghidm Iham gia vao Ihi irtfdng sdn xuat.
chd' bie'n. xua'l khau gao cua cdc doanh nghiep Vipl Nam. ke cd cdc doanh nghipp itf nhan dd tffng btfdc dffpc ndng len
Va thach thffc
Mac du cd nhidu cd hpi, song ngdnh sdn xual vd xua't khau gao cda Vipl Nam cung cdn dang phdi ddi mdi vdi khdng it nhffng thdch thffc. dd Id:
Ngudn Tong cut TtiOng k6, riiep hOi Liiong Hiijc V.
BIEG D 6 2: TV TRQNG X U A T K H A U G A O CUA VIET N A M DEM C A C C H A U L g C N A M 2 0 1 0 (%)
; 8 6 8 0 2
; 8 . 2 1
^ h ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ S 9 36
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ k ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ • . ^ f l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ B ••
• _^^^^ .^^^B^^^^^^^^^^a "
\jj^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ E ; ^^^K
-v^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r ,
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
A Phi Mv Au Uc
Nguon; vt-ri
M<}i Id, mdc du trd ihanh nffdc xua'l khau gao Idn ihff hai thd' gidi song Vipt Nam van chffa cd qui hoach long the vd kd'hoach cii ihe ve san xua'l Ida gao xua't kha'u. Mdi so vung vd dta phffdng da hinh thdnh qui hoach va ke' hoach. nhtfng van ndng linh iff phdt, cue bd, ke cd viing Ddng bdng sdng Cffu Long vd Dong bdng song Hdng.
Hai la, mang Iffdi thu mua, vgm chuyen. che' bid'n Ida hang hod phuc vu xua'l khau gao van phu ihudc qud Idn vao ihffdng Idi igiin 90%). chtfa cd stf tham gia lich ctfc cua cdc doanh nghidp Itfdng thtfc nha ntfdc. Bdi vdy, linh trang dp cap. ^p gid dd'i vdi ngtfdi sdn xua'l van dien ra kha phd bid'n.
Ba Id. cd sd \ at cha't ky thudt phuc vu che bie'n, bao quan xuat khau cdn yeu lai phan bo khdng deu. He thd'ng nhd mdy xay xal.
ddnh bdng gao xud't khau nhffng ndm gan day tuy cd dtfdc irang bi them mdy mdc, thiet bi hidn dai hdn, nhtfng sd Itfdng cdn it, chu ye'u dtfdc bd' tri d mdt sd thdnh phd'nhtf: thdnh phd'Ho Chi Minh, Can Thd, My Tho, trong khi dd nhffng vilng vd dia phtfdng cd nhieu Ida hang hod phuc vu xud'l khau nhtf An Giang, Ddng
Kmh le vii Dif bilo
Thdp, Sdc Trdng... lai khdng cd.
Dau md'i xua't khau gao tap trung qua Idn vdo cang thdnh phd' Hd Chi Minh, trong khi ngudn gao la d Ddng bang sdng Cffu Long lam tdng chi phi van chuyen vd nhffng chi phi trung gian khac.
Bdn id, he thd'ng cdc didu kipn ve cd sd vdi chat, ky thudl phuc vu cho viec bao quan, tich trff Ida gao cdn han chd', ndn vdi san Itfdng lua gao hang hda Idn ldi hdng chuc trieu ta'n nhtf hien nay thi cdc doanh nghiep khdng cd du kha ndng ddp ffng nhu cau kho dtf trff Ida gao de dn dinh ngudn hdng va chd cd hdi xud'l khiu td't.
Ndm Id, do nhffng tdn tai ndi tren md vide phdn chia Idi nhuan xud'l kha'u gao giffa ngtfdi ndng ddn trdng Ida vdi cdc doanh nghidp che' bid'n vd xua't khau gao chtfa hdp ly, trong do phan thiet thdi van thupc ve ndng dan vd Nhd ntfdc. dac bidt cd nam Nhd ntfdc dd pbdi bu Id hang trdm ty ddng mua lua tam trff de phuc vu ydu cau dieu tiet, blnh dn tbi trtfdng. bdo ve ldi ich cho ngtfdi ndng dan. nhtfng stf hd trd ndy van chtfa thtfc sff dd'n tay ngtfdi trdng lua.
Sdu Id, chung ta chtfa Idm to'l cdng tac dff bao nhu cau nhdp khau cua cdc ntfdc trong khu vffc vd tren thd gidi de thdng tin djnh htfdng sdm vd phu hdp cho ndng ddn Iffa chon gid'ng lua phu hdp vdi yeu cau cda tbi trffdng, thdi diem vd thi trtfdng xua't khiu cd hieu qua. Tren thtfc te. ngtfdi ndng dan van ehu ye'u ffng xff vdi thi trtfdng trong ntfdc va nb^p khau mang tinh tff phdt.
Bdy Id, dd'n nay hat gao Viet Nam van chtfa cd thtfdng hidu tren thi trtfdng thdgidi, thdng tin thi trtfdng thid'u va eham, hoat ddng xuc tien thtfdng mai cdn nhieu ba't c|p. Chd't Itfdng gao xuat khiu chtfa cao. chtfa dat lieu chuIn vd khdng ddng deu, xud'l khiu chi tap tmng d mdt sd thi trtfdng cbinh, chu yd'u la cdc ntfdc Ddng Nam A.
Mdt sd'giai phap Trong bd'i canh hien nay. dd nam bat dtfdc nhffng cd hdi nham day manh xud't khiu, dac biet la ddi mdi todn didn ve chat cua ngdnh sdn xua't va xud't khau gao, ndng cao dtfdc sffc canh tranh, gid tri gia tang, vi the' cua thtfdng hieu, vai trd lua gao Vidl Nam trdn trtfdng qud'c Id', cdc nhdm gidi pbap chu yd'u sau ddy can dtfdc tap trung gidi quyet:
Ddi vdi phdt trien san xudl.
De nang cao hidu qua san xua't vd xud'l khiu gao. nhffng ndm tdi ddi hdi phdi cd nhffng thay doi cd bdn trong dau ttf phdt trien, chuyen tff dau ttf tang didn tich vd san Itfdng gao sang dau ttf cho phdt trien gao chd't Itfdng cao, cd nhieu tiem ndng xuat khau hdn, cung nhtf kha ndng canh tranh cao hdn trdn tbi trtfdng the gidi Mudn vay can phai quy hoach tffng vung trdng cdc gid'ng Ida khdc nhau de tranh sff lai tap giffa cac loai gidng lua khi trdng xen lan trong cung mdt vdng. Can quy hoach tffng viing Ida de phuc vu cho xua't khiu sang tffng thi trffdng khdc nhau. Cd ke hoach cu the ffu tien dau tff vdn, khoa bpc, ky thuat va cdc didu kidn can thid't khdc dd phdt trien sdn xud't
Ida trong tffng thdi ky phu hdp vdi qui hoach va ke' hoach xud't khau gao cua cd nffdc.
Dong thdi, phai dau ttf xay dtfng cd sd ha tang, thffc hien ddng bd cdc gidi phap kboa hpc ky thudt, day manh cdng tac nghidn cffu sdn xud't, cung ffng vd ffng dung cdc gid'ng Ida mdi cd chat Itfdng va ndng sua't cao phu hdp vdi nhu cau thi trtfdng nhap khau. Khuyd'n khich rad binb san xud'l Ida gao qui md Idn, tap trung theo htfdng ddn dien, ddi thffa, thuan ldi cho viec dp dung khoa hpc, cdng nghd, tie't kidm cbi phi va tdng ndng sud't.
Mat khdc, tang ctfdng vai trd cua he thdng cdc doanb ngbiep cung cd'p vat ttf, dich vu dau vdo phuc vu cho ndng nghidp iheo htfdng giam khdu trung gian vd tid't kidm chi phi trong Itfu thong de nhffng mat hang nay den vdi ngtfdi san xud't vdi gia bdn hdp ly. Tdng ctfdng cdc bien phap gidm sdt, kiem tra thtfdng nhan kinhdoanh vat ttf ndng nghidp, cd cd chd' khuyd'n khich cdc phtfdng thffc trao ddi vat ttf la'y hdng ndng sdn vd bdn trd gdp, trd chara de tao thuan ldi cho ngtfdi trdng Ida.
Ddi vdi khdu ehe bie'n, van chuyen, can chd trpng dau ttf
MGHIEM c f f u - TRAO D 6 |
cdng nghd sau thu hoach. ddc biet Id tang ctfdng dau ttf cho cdng nghiep xay xdt, chd'bid'n gao; Ihu hdt vd'n dau ttf Irtfc lid'p ntfdc ngodi (FDI) vdo ITnh vffc chd' bidn gao, cung nhtf chd' bid'n mdi so lffdng thtfc, thffc pha'm khdc; dau Itf phal trien cd sd ha lang ndng ihon vd bd'n cdng phuc vu xua'l khiu gao, trong dd md rpng cang Can Thd trd tbanh cdng chuydn diing chu yd'u dd xud't khiu gao.
Ve id chdc thu mua Ida hdng hod. cdc doanh nghipp kinh doanh Iffdng thtfc phdi phdt tridn vd id chffc lai he thdng thu mua Itfdng tlitfc phd hdp nhu cau vd tinh cha'l pbdn tdn cua sdn xua'l hien nay.
ddm bdo mua hd'l Ida gao hdng hda khi den vu thu boach ciia ndng dan mpt cdch nhanh vd hidu qud nha't, trdnh tdn tha't sau Ihu hoach.
Tdng ctfdng hd thd'ng cdc cd sd kinh doanh Itfdng thtfc lai cdc chd dau mdi. md rdng mang Itfdi tieu thu ndi dia thdng qua cdc dai ly.
cdc cffa hdng bdn le cua cac doanh nghiep, cdc thanh phan kinh td'.
Tffng btfdc xda bd vide thu mua, phan phd'i Ida gao qua qud nhieu khau trung gian nhtf hien nay.
Nha ntfdc cung can ho trd cdc doanh nghidp kinb doanb Itfdng thtfc ve vdn, cdng nghd vd cdc didu kidn khdc de xdy dtfng he thd'ng kho chffa ndng san vd cung ffng dich vu logistics ma nhieu qudc gia nhff Hoa Ky, Thdi Lan...
da Idm. Nhtf vdy, khd nang Ihu mua gao cho ndng ddn se dtfdc chu dpng va kip thdi hdn, gao cd the dtfdc bdo qudn khdng cbi vdi ihdng, ma cd the kdo ddi hang
ndm dd chd cd hdi id'l nhat dtfa ra thi irtfdng xual khiu.
Tdng ctfdng lidn kcl giffa doanh nghidp kinh doanh Itfdng thtfc vdi ndng dan ihdng qua cdc hinh thffc gdp vd'n cd phdn, phal hdnh cd phid'u vd hpp ddng Ihu mua. ky gffi sdn phim hdng hda dd gidi quydt linh Irang bj ddng cua cd ngtfdi sdn xud'l va ngtfdi lieu thu ndng san, gdp phdn dn djnh thi Irtfdng, ddm bdo an ninh Itfdng thffc qudc gia vd tdng ctfdng khd ndng cho xua'l khau,
vi nghiin cdu. dif hdo vd phdt trien thi trudng, \d \ difng thuang hi('u\
- Hodn ihipn hd thdng Ihong lin ve linh hinh mat hdng gao irdn the'gidi. Nhd ntfdc can tdng ctfdng ho trd vide cung cap cdc Ihdng lin, cung nhtf phdl irien mang Itfdi cung cap thdng tin ve ihj trtfdng the gidi cho cdc doanh nghidp. ddc bidl tao dieu kien cho doanh nghiep lie'p cdn ihi trtfdng xua'l khau thdng qua be thd'ng tham tdn ihtfdng mai. Bdn canh dd, Bd Cdng Thtfdng vd Hiep hpi Ltfdng thtfc Viet Nam can 1dm lot cdng tac dieu hanh xua'l khau phu hdp vdi tinh hinh tbi trtfdng Itfdng thffc trong nffdc va the gidi.
Cd bidn phdp ngdn chan hieu qua, kip thdi tinh trang dau cd tdng gia va gian Idn thtfdng mai gay ma't on dinh tbi trtfdng thu mua vd phan phdi Itfdng thtfc.
- Nhd ntfdc can giao cho Bd Cdng Thtfdng phoi hdp ciing Bd Ndng nghidp va Phdt irien Ndng thdn xdc tid'n nhanh hdn vide ra ddi thi irtfdng ky han vdi ndng phim ndi chung vd mdt hang
gao ndi ridng, day Id cd che col ldi cho kinh doanh gao tren thi trtfdng Ihdi gian tdi.
- Ddng kS nhdn mdc cho gao xud'l khiu nh^m bdo ve ihtfdng hidu cda gao Viet Nam tren thi irtfdng qud'c id', dffng di bi chiem dung rdi mdi md't lien, td'n kdm dd ddi lai nhtf mpl so' sdn pham vffa qua.
- Tich ctfc tham gia cdc cupc ddm phan lien ldi vi$c md cffa Ihi Irtfdng gao d cdc ntfdc khac irong chau A vd lidn ldi ttf do hod thi Irtfdng gao iren pham vi lodn cau.
- Tiep luc duy tri vd phdt trien quan hp Ihtfdng mai vdi cdc ntfdc Ihupc thj irtfdng iruyen thdng, ddc bidt Id thi trtfdng cdc ntfdc SNG vd Ddng Au, vi day Id m6l thi irtfdng cd dung Itfdng trao ddi Idn vd ydu cau khdng khd'i khe ve chd'l Itfdng nhtf thi trtfdng cdc ntfdc phdl trien.
- Da dang hda thi trtfdng xuat khau, gidm viec lap trung, phu thupc vdo mdt sd' thi trtfdng chlnh, tdng ctfdng cdng tdc lim kidm thi trtfdng, md rpng them cac thi trtfdng xuat khiu. Tffng btfdc da dang hda thi trtfdng theo htfdng chu trong de'n edc phan khuc thi trtfdng pham cd'p cao.
Chd trpng de'n thi tnfdng trong ntfdc, nha't la nhffng mat hdng chd' bie'n tff Itfdng thtfc co hat hidn nay da'l ntfdc dang phai nhap khau mpt Itfdng rat Idn. Neu ngdnh che' bie'n Itfdng thffc Iam dtfdc. se tid't kidm cho nen kinh te' mpt Itfdng Idn ngoai te. Dong thdi trdnh dtfdc nhieu rui ro kiii thi trtfdng gao the gidi bd't on."
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1) Bd Cdng Thtfdng (2009). Di dn phdl triin thuang mgi ndng thdn giai dogn 2009 - 2015 vd dinh hudng den ndm 2020.
2) TS. Dtfdng Mdng Huyen (2010). An ninh luang ihuc - Nhdng vdn di ddt ra do'i vdi phdl iriin kinh te- xd hgi vd ddm bdo an ninh qudc gia, Tap chi Cdng sdn, sd 811 (5-2010).
3) TS. Chu Tidn Quang (2008). Sdn xudl Ida ggo vd vdn di an ninh lUOng thuc d Viet Nam, Tap chi Thdng tin vd Dtf bdo Kinh te - Xa hdi.
4) Van phdng Trung tfdng Ddng vd Bp Ndng nghiep vd Pbat trien Ndng tbdn (2009). Chidn lugc ddm bdo an ninh luang thtfc qudc gia vd qui hoach ddt trdng Ida den 2020, tdm nhin ddn 2030, Ky ydu hdi thdo khoa hpc, Can Thd -5/2009.
5) Vidn Nghien cffu thtfdng mai (2003). Bdo cdo nghiin cdu thf trUdng ggo, Dtf an nang cao ndng Iffc nghidn cffu chinh sdch do Sida tai trd.
6) Cdc trang dien tu": http://v/ww.agro.gov.vn; http://faostat.fao.org/; http://www.ers.usda.gov...
