NGHIENCUU-TIWOB6I
V
an dl khai tliie t i l ngityen vi bio ve mil truing bUn i nbiiu khu Vui, quite gia hiin nay dmg dung Iruit vi Vin thich thue, Ngutn t i i nguyin bj khii thac can kiit, mii truing biin b| i nhiim den muc bio ding da giy ri thiet h^l nghiim trpng, can t r i sp phit triin kinh te - xi bii c i i nbisu quit gii. Muc dich eila bii vlit niy nhim tim bleu thue trpng eie Vin de tai nguyin, mii truing biin dang dii mil hiin my vi long kit mil s i hunig giii phip ep the dang dupe ip dung tpi nhiiu nuit Irin I h i gloi nhSm huing den quin ly bin vung til nguyin vi bao vi mil truing biin.GlAl P H A P KHAI THAC HdP l l TAI MGUYtM
V^BflOVE MOI TRUdNG BIEN
• Ths. NguySn Van Huy Hf« Ckien lu^c, Chinh sdch Tdi nguyin va Moi tru&ng
1. xSng quan vin &k tki nguydn, moi trirorng bien the gi61 v^ khu vyc
Hien nay, truoc sue ep ciia t6c d$ gia tang dan so ngay c^g nhanh, nhu cSu phat triln kinh t% n$ky cang cao trong boi canh cac ngu^n tai nguyen dat liSn ngay c^ng can ki^t cang day manh xu hudng tiln ra biSn, khai thac biSn, lam giau tu biin. Nhimg di kem voi do lai la cac phuong thiic khai thac thiSu tinh bin viing;
cdc hoat dpng khai thac chu y6u chi t^p trung vao muc tieu phat trien kinh te de dat duoc ckc mong mu6n t6i da, trong khi xem nh? c6ng tac bao ve m6i trudng, hoac khong c6 hoac thilu nhung quy hoach, kl hoach chi tigt, cu th6, cung vdi co che quan ly long leo cua nhieu qu6c gia tren thfi giai. Dac biet, trong b6i canh tac dOng ciia biin d6i khi hau (BDKH) vdi cdc bilu hi$n chinh Id su gia tSng muc nudc biin vd nhiet d6 cua trai ddt, via dl khai thdc tdi nguydn va bdo v% moi trudng bien d nhieu khu vuc, qudc gia ngay cdng diing trudc nhilu thdch thiic. Nhilu ngudn tdi nguyen bi khai thdc can kiet, moi trudng biin nhilu nai bi 6 nhiem den miic bao dpng.
K6t qud nghien ciiu cua Lien hi$p qudc, FAO vd cac to chiic qudc tl khde diu chi ra rdng, hi6n khoang hon 80% lugng ed toan cdu da bi khai thac, trong dd
ed d€n 25% lugng cd toan cdu bi khai thdc qud miic (overexploited) hoac hi khai thdc can kiet (depleted), nhieu lodi sinh vdt biin khde dang diing trudc nguy ca tuy$t di?t khi sdn lugng ddnh bdt gidm den 90%
trong nhirng nam gdn day.
Ben canh thytc tr^ng nhilu ngudn tdi nguySn khodng sdn bien, tdi nguydn dau khi vd nhung nguon tdi nguydn biin khdng tdi tao khac dang bi khai thdc qud m^c, thilu tinh ben vung, n^n phd hdy ran san hd, thdm cd bidn, riing ngdp man cung ngay mOt tang d nhidu ncri trdn thi gidi.
Theo udc tinh, cd biin da mdt 30-60% vd rung ngdp man - chilm 1/3 di?n tich ning the gidi - mdt ddn 70% vd khoang 11 % cdc ran san hd trdn todn cdu da bi phd huy hodn todn trudc nam 1998. Trong vdng 20 ndm qua, cac nudc Ddng Nam A da mdt di 12%
sd ran san hd, 48% sd ran san hd khac dang trong tinh trang suy thodi nghiem trgng.
Cdc ran san hd thudng la mdi trudng s6ng cua khodng 1/4 cdc loai cd, d6ng thdi cdn Id nai cu tru cua cac lodi sinh vat bidn
S6 6/2014 Tgp chf
KH-CN Ngh6 An (141
NOHIENC0U-TRAOO6I
khac. S\r mdt ddn ciia cdc ran san hd se khien lugng cd bi suy giam nghiem trgng, tham chi cdn din ddn s\r tuy?t chung cua mdt sd sinh vat bien do chdng khdng cdn noi de cu trii vd sinh sdn. Didu nay khong chi anh hudng nghidm trgng den mdi trudng ma cdn gdy phat sinh nhilu vdn dd kinh te - xa hOi do sy thidu h\it thuc phdm cung cap cho nhiing cu dan sdng d cdc ddo vd cdc vung ven biin, keo theo nhiing cugc di ddn hang loat tir cac vung ven bien vdo cdc viing tmng tam...
Cung vdi su suy gidm, can kiet nhieu ngudn Igi bien do khai thdc, su d\ing khdng hgp ly va thieu tinh ben viing, mdi trudng bidn d nhidu khu v\rc tren trdi ddt dang phdi d6i mat vdi nhiing thach thiic va cac moi de dga trdm trgng khi dan cu ven bien ngdy cdng tang, cdc ho^t dgng kinh td ven bidn ngdy cdng phat triln, nhidu ciia sdng ven biin bi d nhidm do nudc thdi tu cac khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thi thai ra cung vdi n ^ pha huy rung ngdp man ngdy cdng tang, su gia tang ve tdn sudt va miic dp dnh hudng cua thidn tai bao lu do BDKH...
Trong mdt bdo cdo eiia Trung tam ve cae gidi phdp dai duang (Center for Ocean Solutions) xuat bdn vao thang 5/2009 vdi t^ia dk "He
sinh thdi vd Con ngudi cua Thdi Binh Duong- Cdc moi de dpa vd ca hdi hdnh dong", vdi su tham gia cua han 30 nha khoa hgc thudc cdc ITnh vuc tu nhien, vat ly vd xa, hgi, tu ngudn thdng tin, du li?u phan tich tdng hgp eua 3400 bdi bao, bdo cdo khoa hgc cua hon 50 qudc gia va vung lanh thd, bao cao da neu chi tidt vd cdc moi de dga chinh ddi vdi mdi trudng bidn vd daij duang, cac dnh hudng eua
chung vd dua ra Id trinh ciing vdi cdc bidn phdp doi phd vdi nhiing mdi de dga ndy. Theo kdt qud nghidn ciiu tdng hgp tir bdo cdo, trong cac mdi de dga ehinh md mdi trudng bien tai 50 qudc gia va vung lanh thd ndy dang phdi ddi mat, tai cdc nude giau cung nhu nude ngheo, tai cdc qudc gia, qudn ddo, khu vi^c ddng hay thua dan cu diu cd mot diem rdt chung d miic rdt pho bidn vd dang d miic do bdo ddng, dd Id:
(i) 0 nhiem mdi trudng cd nguon goc tir dat lidn va tir bien,
(ii) Pha huy noi cu tru tu nhien, (iii) Khai thdc vd danh bat cd qud miic, (iv) Tdc dgng cua BDKH,
(v) Cudi cung, cac mdi de dga ddi vdi mdi trudng dd la: s\r xam nhap cua cac loai ngoai lai vd cdc mdi de dga cgng hudng cila cdc mdi de dga ke tren.
2. Xu hu-dng giai p h a p ciia mot s6 nurdc nhiim khai thdc hgp ly tai nguyen va bdo v^ mdi t r u d n g bien
Trong nhiing nam qua, de gidi quyet cdc vdn dd phdt sinh lien quan den bien tai moi nudc nham hudng tdi vide khai thdc hop ly tdi nguydn, bdo v§ mdi trudng dd phat tridn ben viing bien, xu hudng chung cho thay cac qudc gia tren the gidi ciing cd nhieu nd luc, khdng ngung xdy dung, tridn khai nhidu ehinh sdch, bidn phdp, chuang trinh, k l hoach nhdm khai thdc, sii dung hgp ly tdi nguydn vd bdo vd moi trudng bidn, phdt tridn ben viing dat nudc. Den nay, nhieu qudc gia da dat dugc nhiing tien bd va thanh cdng ddng ghi nhdn. Diem
€> nhilm moi truing bien Id van de ndng tren todn cau hi#n nay
S 5 6/2014 Tgp chi
KH-CN Ngh^ An [151
NGHIENC0U-TRAOB6I
qua cac bi^n phdp va sang kiln nhdm khai thdc, sir dyng hgp ly tai nguyen vd bdo ve mdi trudng biin cua mdt sd qudc gia cd biin, chung ta cd the thay rang xu hudng chung cua cac nudc tap trung vdo mdt sd ndi dung chinh sau:
2.1. Tang cudng xdy dftng, hodn thien Ap thdng phdp ly di khai thdc hgp ly tdi nguyen vd bdo vf moi trudng, thuc ddy phdt trien ben vimg bien
Tai Trung Qudc, cung vdi vi?c ban hdnh Lu^t Bdo vd mdi trudng bien, den nay Trung Qudc da ban hdnh nhidu van bdn phdp quy khac nhau nham thuc ddy phdt trien kinh td bien di ddi vdi vi?c bao vd mdi tnidng, khai thdc, su dung ben viing tdi nguyen bien, nhu: Ludt ve Thim luc dia vd vung ddc quyen kinh td Trung Qudc; Quy djnh qudn ly sii dyng va bao vd ddo khdng cd cu ddn... Tucmg tu Trung Qudc, nhidu qudc gia khac da xay dung, hodn thien h | thdng, cdng cu phap ly vd khai thac hgp ly tai nguyen va bao vp mdi trudng, thue day phdt trien ben vung bidn, vi du nhu My thdng qua Ludt Bien vao nam 2000, Canada da xdy dung vd ban hdnh Lu$t Bien tii nam 1997, Oc vdi Ludt Bdo tdn da dang sinh hgc vd bdo v? mdi trudng trong dd dp dung toan di$n ddi vdi bidn. Vipc xdy dung va ban hdnh cac bg Lu|it, van ban quy pham phdp ludt ve biin da tao ra CO sd phdp ly vung chac ddm bdo cho vide thuc hidn thanh cdng cdng tdc qudn ly tdng hgp, khai thdc hgp ly tdi nguydn vd bao ve mdi trudng bidn d nhilu qu6c gia cd bien.
2.2. Hoan thien khung the che quan ly bien Cung vdi vide hodn thien phdp ludt vd bidn, he thdng qudn ly mdi trudng bidn mdi cilng dugc xay dung vd phat tridn tai nhieu quoc gia nhdm ddm bdo tinh thdng nhat xuyen suot, cat gidm chi phi hanh ehinh, thdc ddy cdng tac trao ddi thdng tin vd du lieu, dsit dugc hidu qua cao trong cdng tac quy hoach phdt firidn bin virng bidn... Tai Nhdt Bdn, sau khi ban hdnh Luat ca bdn vd Bien nam 2007, nudc nay da thdnh lap mdt ca quan ddu mdi vd chinh sdch biin tdng hgp do Thu tudng dung dau nham thiic ddy bien phdp v l b i i n mdt each tap trung vd tdng hop. Hoac tai Uc, sau khi ban hanh chinh sach bien qudc gia, Uc da dua ra mdt loat nhiing diiu chinh ca can td chiic bao gdm vide thdnh lap mgt Uy ban bg trudng bien qudc gia cung vdi nhdm cd vdn biin qudc gia, van phdng bidn qudc gia vd mdt ban chi dao quy hogch bidn, trong dd chiic nang cua Uy ban Bd trudng bidn quoc gia t^p trung vdo vide didu phdi chinh
sach biin, gidm sdt qua trinh kd h o ^ h phdn vung biin, xay dung cdc chuong trinh, kd hogch thuc thi chinh sdch bidn qudc gia, Ah xudt uu tidn nghidn cdu bidn lidn quan ddn phdt trien vd thuc thi ehinh sdch bien Oc.
2.3. Kh&cphifc Unh trang 3 nhiem vd suy thodi mdi tru&ng nghiem trpng vd tdng cu&ng kiem sodt, ngan ngua cac nguon 6 nhiem bien
Dd gidi quyet vdn de d nhiem bidn co ngudn gdc td bidn vd tu ddt lien, nhilu chuang trinh hdnh ddng nhdm khde phuc tinh trang d nhidm vd suy thodi moi trudng nghiem trgng vdi cdc diem, khu virc, vung bi d nhiem va suy thodi nang dd dugc trien khai; viec umg phd, khac phuc su cd mdi trudng, thien tai tren bien vd vung ven bidn, bao ve vd cai thien moi trudng cdc khu vuc trgng diem tai cdc vung bien cung tich cue dugc tidn hdnh;
cdng tac phdng ngtia va kidm sodt 6 nhiem ddi vdi cac hoat dgng du lich, hang hai; khoan, tham dd, khai thdc, vdn chuyen dau khi; khai thac khoang sdn;
danh bat, nudi trdng thuy sdn; thdi dd biin, nao vet ludng giao thdng thuy, cdng trmh bien... Cling dugc im tidn chu trgng d nhieu nudc.
2.4. Thuc day tang cu&ng qudn ly tdng hpp ddi bcf (ICM)
K I tir khi ra ddi ddn nay, quan 1;^ tong hgp ddi bd da dugc thira nhdn nhu la khung qudn ly hieu qud d l dat dugc phdt tridn ben viing vung bidn vd ddi bd, dugc tridn khai, ap dung cho nhidu vung bd khac nhau trdn the gidi vdi nhidu van de khac nhau. Tgi My, Lugt Quan ly ddi bd dugc thdng qua nam 1972 dua My trd thanh qudc gia tidn phong trong vide dp dung quan ly tdng hgp bidn vd ddi bd.
Luat Quan ly ddi bd ra ddi da giup thuc ddy, tang cudng su tham gia vd phdi hgp cua cdc ben lidn quan trong vipc dua ra cac chuang trinh lidn quan din viing ven b i i n vd can bdng giiia cac nhdm cgnh
S 6 6/2014 Tgp chi
KH-CN Nght le An « [161
NGHlENCClU-TRAODdl
tranh ve Igi ich d vimg ven bidn. Tai Nhat Bdn, quan ly tdng hgp ddi bd ciing dugc dp dung rdng rai nhdm duy tri tinh nguydn v?n cua he sinh tiidi vdng bd thdng qua cdng tdc bdo tdn vd bdo v^, khuydn khich sii dung bin virng cdc tdi nguydn biin vd ven bd, dac biet lien quan ddn cac hoat dgng ddnh bat, khai thdc ngudn Igi tdi nguydn sinh vdt biin chu ylu, ngan ch|n nhung thiet hgi Idn ve vat chat do trilu cudng, sdng to, gid Idn, lii lut, ddng ddt, sdng thdn vd xdi Id bd bidn. Tai mgt sd qudc gia khac, den nay, nhidu chuang trinh Idn vd quan 1^ ddi bd dugc xay dung, trien khai Ak gidi quydt vdn dd d nhidm bien, ddng thdi gidi quydt cdc vdn dd lidn quan khde nhau nhu danh bat ca, nudi trdng thuy sdn, du lich, da dgng sinh hgc vd muc nude bidn d ^ g cao nhu: Chuang trinh quaxi ly tdi nguyen bien chdu My La Tinh vd vung Caribe, Chuang trinh qudn ly ddi bd cdc vimg ^flctoria (tic), Cape Town (Nam Phi), Batangas vd Bataan (Philippines), Bali (Indonesia)...
2.5. Qudn /)! d^a vdo h^ sinh thdi
Qudn ly dua vdo he sinh thai Id mgt cdch tilp cdn qudn ly thdng nhdt chu trgng xem xet todn bg he sinh thdi, cac mdi lien he xuyen sudt trong todn he thdng vd cdc anh hudng, tdc ddng tich tu do cdc hoat ddng cua con ngudi tao ra. Thuc te, ngay tir rdt sdm trong qua trinh hinh &dnh vd phdt tridn ciia khdi niem ndy, qudn 1;^ dua vdo hd sinh thai dd dugc dp dung vao rat nhieu ITnh vuc phuc vy cdc muc dich khde nhau. Trong bdi cdnh nhu cdu qudn ly va phdt triln bin vung mdi trudng bidn ngdy cdng trd ndn cdp thilt, cdch tiep can qudn ly sinh thdi dugc xem la nguydn tdc ca bdn cua ehinh sdeh biin qudc gia cdc nudc nhu Cc, My, Canada... vd dugc ap dyng thdnh cdng trong thuc tidn qudn 1^ bidn tgi khu bdo tdn Great Barrier Reef Marine Park cua Oc, vimg bidn Bering cua MT.
,2.1$. Quy hofch vdphan vung khdng gian bien vd ddibcr
Qudn ly biin tren ca sd quy hoach, phdn viing khdng gian bidn va ddi bd hien Id xu thd qudn 1^ bidn hipn dai dugc triln khai d nhidu qu6c gia. Tgi My, viec xdy dung quy hoach, phan vimg khdng gian bien vd ddi bd chinh Id mdt trong nhung uu tidn cdn tridn khai trong chinh sdch biin dudi thdi Tdng thdng Obama. Nhdm ddc nhi^m vd Chinh sach bidn cua Tdng th6ng da di xult mgt khung quy hogch, phdn vung khdng gian bien va ddi bd qudc gia nham tao ra mdt cdch tiep can mdi, tdng hgp, todn di$n, theo khu vuc nhdm d l :
- Hd trg sii dung bdn vung, an todn, hidu qua bien, dai duang vd cdc hd Idn.
- Bdo ve, duy tri va khoi phuc bidn, ddi bd ddm bdo cdc he sinh thai co khd ndng phuc hdi cao, cimg cdp bdn vung cdc dich vu he sinh thdi.
- Ddm bdo, duy tri khd nang tilp cdn bien, ddi bd cua cdng chiing.
- Thuc ddy su hd trg trong sit dung, gidm thieu xung dot va tdc ddng mdi trudng.
- Tang cudng tinh nhdt quan, thdng nhdt trong qud trinh ra quydt dinh, gidm thidu cdc xung ddt Igi ich, gidm chi phi, su tri hoan kdo ddi, nang cao hidu qua quy hogch...
- Ndng cao tinh chdc chdn vd khd ndng du bdo trong quy hoach dd ddu tu khai thac, sir dung bidn, ddi bd.
- Tang cudng su phdi hgp, lidn lgc lidn bg, ng^ih, cac bdn lidn quan trong nudc vd qudc te trong qud trinh Idp quy hogch, xdy dung ke hoach.
2.7. Xay d^g cac khu bao ton biin Khu bdo tdn biin dugc xay dung d l bdo v$ va giii gin tinh da dgng sinh hgc, tdi nguyen thidn nhien vd cdc gia trj vdn hda. Theo sd lidu thdng kd, sd lugng khu bdo tdn bidn ngdy cang tang trdn quy md todn cdu. Tinh ddn nam 1970, tiie gidi mdi ed 118 khu bdo tdn d 27 nudc, din nam 1985 da cd 470 khu d 69 nudc vd 298 khu dugc dd nghi. Mudi nam sau, the gidi da thdng ke dugc 1.306 khu bao tdn vd tinh den nay tdng cdng cdc khu bdo ton biin dugc xdy dung trdn todn thi gidi da cd khoang hon 5.000 khu, chilm 8% dien tich dai duang.
2.8. Qudn t^ d^a vdo c^ng dong/Md hinh dong qudn ly
Phuong thdc quan ly ngudn Igi biin dua trdn c a sd cdng ddng da dugc dp dung tai nhilu qu6c gia, dgc bipt Id nhiing nudc dang phdt triln vd dugc thira nhdn la phuong thiic hidu qua, it tdn kem d l duy tri vd qudn 1^ ngudn Igi thuy sdn, bao
S 6 6/2014 Tgp chi [,-n
KH-CN Nghe An ' '
NGHIEN cuu-TRAO B 6 |
vp da dgng sinh hgc vd ddp ling cac muc tieu bdo ton khac cflng nhu nhu cdu sinh ke cua con ngudi. Trong khu vuc, Phillipine, Indonesia... la nhung quoc gia ddu tidn sdm manh dgn triln khai dp dung md hinh qudn ly dga vao cdng ddng vd da dat dugc nhung thdnh cong nhdt dinh. Thdng qua md hinh ndy, cgng ddng dia phuang ven bidn dugc trao quydn cu thd, ed kidm sodt trong vide qudn ly cdc ngudn Igi ven bidn.
Didu nay da tang cudng su chu dgng, thuc ddy su tham gia tich cue han cua cdng dong, chia se trdch nhipm vdi nha nudc trong vipe qudn ly va bdo tdn hipu qud cdc nguSn Igi biin.
2.9. Chu trpng cdc gidi phdp bdo ddm sinh ke ben viing cho cpng dong ddn cu ven bien
Thue t l cho thay, lau nay, da sd dan cu d viing ven bidn thudng ngheo vd sdng phu thugc hodn toan vdo ngudn Igi bien. De gidm thidu dp luc ddi vdi ngudn tdi nguyen va bdo vd mdi trudng biin, vide chii trpng tang cudng ap dung cdc gidi phap dua vdo thi trudng trong qudn ly tai nguydn, ddng thdi chu trgng cac gidi phdp chuyen ddi nghi nghidp, dam bdo sinh k l bin viing cho cgng ddng ddn cu ven bien cung dugc ede quoc gia hdt sue quan tdm. Den nay, tgi nhilu qudc gia, dac bidt eac qudc gia cd sd lugng ngu dan ddng ddo nhu Trung Quoc, Indonesia... da cd nhidu hogt dpng, chuang trinh da dang sinh ke bin viing cho cu dan ven bien dugc tridn khai nhu ddo tgo nghi thii cdng my nghd; ho trg nuoi trong thuy sdn ben viing, xdy dung chuong trinh du lich sinh thai gan vdi cdc khu bdo tdn bidn, ddo tgo nghe hudng din vien du lich cho cdng dong dan cu... vd da thu dugc nhimg ket qud ddng khich le. Tgi Trung Qudc, sd lieu thdng kd cho thdy khuynh hudng gidm mgnh sd ngu ddn tham gia ddnh bdt cd (giam 13% tir nam 2001-2004), trong khi d6 sd lugng ngu dan chuyin ddi nghd nghiep qua ITnh v\re nudi trdng thuy san tang cao trong nhiing nam gdn day. Tgi Phillipine, vide thanh lap cdc khu bao tdn d quan dao Apo da tao ra nhilu ca hdi viec lam trong ITnh vuc du lich cho cu ddn ven bidn, thu hiit han mpt nua sd hd gia dinh cua Apo tham gia. CJ California, mdt sd ngu dan dd tham gia cdng vide hd trg giam sdt vd nghidn ciiu eac khu bdo tdn...
2.10. Long ghep vdn di thich ung BDKH vdo trong chinh sdch, quy hogch vd cong tdc qudn ly tdi nguyen vd moi trudng bien
K I tii khi Cdng udc khung ciia Lien Hipp Qudc v l
BDKH ra ddi ddn nay, nhieu qudc gia dd chu trgng, chu dgng long ghep v^n de BDKH vdo trong chinh sach, quy hogch vd cdng tac qudn ly tdi nguyen vd bdo v$ moi trudng bidn eua minh. Tai Bangladesh, Chuang trinh hdnh ddng Qudc gia vd thich ling vdi BDKH dd dugc xdy dung d l long ghep bidn phdp thich ling BDKH cu the vdo trong nhieu ITnh vuc, vi du nhu quan ly ddi bd, qudn ly tdi nguyen nude, chuong trinh phdng trdnh thdm hga thien tai. (3 nhidu qudc gia khac nhu: Butan, Congo, Tuvalu, Tanzania, Zambia..., Chuong trinh hanh ddng Quoc gia ve thich ling vdi BDKH (NAPA) cdng da dugc xay dung vd tridn khai, tgo co sd thuc ddy long ghdp van d l thich ling BDKH vdo trong chinh sdch, quy hogch, cdng tdc quan ly tdi nguydn, mdi trudng bidn d l ddy mgnh cdng tdc iing phd vdi BDKH vd quan ly tdi nguyen mdi trudng bien hieu qud hon.
2.11. Xay d^g cff s& hg thng phdng chong thien tai, thdm hga, chong xdi Id bd bien, bdo vf ddn cu, umg phd vdi BDKH
Bdn cgnh xdy dung ede cdng trinh ky thuat, CO sd hg tdng nhu xdy tudng bdo v§
bd bien, dd, kd sdng, ke bidn, xdy dung kdnh muong d l k i l m sodt lu lut..., ph6ng tranh, gidm thiet hgi do thien tai, thdm hpa gdy ra, cac gidi phdp sinh hpc, phi cdng trinh nhu tang cudng bdo ve da dgng sinh hpc, cdc he sinh thai tu nhidn ven biin nhdm tao vung dpm viing chdc, giup giam nhe thidt hgi, ndng cao khd nang iing ph6 vdi BDKH cho ngudi ddn ven biin cung dugc chii trgng tridn khai, dp dung tai nhieu qudc gia vd dugc ddnh gid nhu Id mdt phuong thiic giam nhe thiet hai, ling phd vdi BDKH hieu qud trong bdi cdnh BDKH ngdy cdng diln biin phuc tap. Tai Indonesia, Srilanka, An Dp, Thdi Lan vd Malaysia, chuang trinh "Ddi bd xanh (Green Coast)" nhdm khdi phiic noi cu tni tu nhien ven bidn thdng qua cdc hogt dgng trdng dude va cdc cdy trdng ven bien da
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KH-CN Nghe An ^ '
NGHI£NC0U-TI?AOB6I
Tr6no rilmg ng|q> n i f n nhJUn gidm ttiliu tdc d^ngcija BDKH
dugc trien khai, dat dugc nhidu kit qua tich cue gidp bdo vf c^ng d-^ng ddn cu trudc tdc ddng eiia bidn ddi khi hdu bao gom bao, lii, lut, xdm nhap man vd xdi mdn... Hogc tgi Trinidad va Tobago, sau khi tridn khai du an trdng rung, khdi phuc ddt ngdp nude vdi su hd trg ciia WorldBank, hding ngan hecta dien tich ddt ngap nudc da dugc frdng vd khdi phuc, du an da tgo ra mgt co hdi quan trgng kit h ^ giiia muc tidu giam diidu khi nha kinh vdi nhu cdu thich iing vdi BDKH, ddng thdi vi#c khdi phuc ddt ngdp nudc cung tao ra mgt vung d^m, Id chan tu nhidn quan trgng trudc tac dgng cua BDKH va muc nudc bidn dang...
2. J2. Bay m^k diiu tra, khde sdt, quan trie, nghien cuu ve tdi nguj^n, moi truamg bien di su d^ng bin vmg tm nguyen va bdo v$ moi tnrdfng biin Tgi c ^ qudc gia bidn, didu tra co bdn bidn dugc xac dinh Id nhidm vy quan trgng, nin tdng vd dugc tdng cudng dau tu tridn ktiai hit siic mgnh me. Cac sd lipu dieu tra co bdn nay da cung cdp nhiing thdng tin quan d-^g, giup cdng tac bo^h djnh chinh sach biin cd hipu qud cao, d6ng thdi cung cdp co sd didng tin khoa 'hgc dl bd tri khdng gian vd phat tridn cac vung bien phii hgp vdi sinh thdi cua timg viing, hudng tdi myc tieu su dyng ben vung tai nguyen vd bdo vd mdi trudng biin.
2.13. T^g ca^g xAy dung, •qudn iy hf thdng cff s& du lifu vi tdi nguyen moi trtrdtng bien
Trong bdi cdnh sau khi UNCLOS 1982 cd hieu
luc da thiet 1 ^ mdt trdt tu mdi ve bien, dsu duang, ddi vdi eac nudc, tdm quan trgng eiia bidn ngay cdng dugc nhgn ihiic cao. Cung vdi dd, nhd Internet phat tridn ndn vide luu giii sd lieu, qudn ly vd cung cap thdng tin cung Uiudn Igi va he thdng thdng tin GIS iing dung vdi web cung da phat tridn mgnh. Viec thu digp, xay dung, quan iy thdng tin lidn quan d&a bidn rat dugc chu trgng tgi cdc qudc gia phdt triln nhu My, EU, Canada, Uc... Tgi EU, mang dii lieu mang ten SeaDataNet da dugc thidt lap trd thanh mdt trong cac h$ thdng kiem tra du lieu Idn vd bien vai ngudn dii li^u thdng tin dugc cung cap bdi nhilu ca quan, td chiic qudc tl. Tgi Uc, ngay tii rat smn, da cd nhidu no luc tang cudng kha nang tiep can, truy c^p thdng tin vd du lieu vd bidn, cd the ke ddn la vipe van hdnh he thdng vdi tdn gpi "Blue Page 2000" ngay sau khi kit thiic thap nien 1990, vdi muc dich Id mdt trang thdng tin cd the truy cap dugc cdc du lieu bidn, ddc biet la du Udu Idiu vuc ddi bd vdn dugc quan ly rdi rac d nhidu ca quan to>ng nudc. Ben canh cdc cdng cu fra ciiu tiidng tin va dii lidu, Oc cdn chii
S6 6/2014 Tgp chf
KH-CN Nghe A n 119]
NGHlENCClU-TRAOedl
trgng d i n viec xay dung dii lieu bdn do, tgo thudn Igi trong cdng tdc hoach dinh chinh sach, thdng qua iing dung ky thudt WebGIS. Tgi MT, NOOA (Cue Khi tugng Hai duong) vd mdt so co quan dp dung hp thdng "Danh ba b i i n da muc dich" (Multipurpose Marine Cadastre: MMC) vdi cdc iing dung v l GIS d l hidn thi cdc thdng tin v l bien do cae co quan lien quan sd huu. Lidn quan d i n vipe qudn ly tdng hgp, thdng nhdt thdng tin tu nhidn b i i n vd v i l n thdm b i i n . My cdn xay dung he thdng "Lien lgc vd Qudn ly du lipu" (DMAC- Data Management and Com- munication), ddy Id mgt he thdng con cixa hp thdng lOOS (He t h i n g quan trdc bidn tong hgp - Inte- grated Ocean Observing System), nham qudn ly thdng nhdt thdng tin du lipu bidn thu dugc tir cdc ea quan lien quan.
2.14. Tang cudng gido due, ddo tgo phdt trien ngudn nhdn lye biin phuc cdng tdc diiu tra, nghien cuu vd qudn ly tdi nguyin, mdi trudng bien
Gido due, ddo tao ve bidn cd muc tidu ehinh la tang cudng hidu biet cua chung ta vd mdi quan he cOng sinh giira biin va con ngudi. Ben canh do, gido due, ddo tgo vd bien cdn cd muc tieu xdy dung mdt ddi ngii, mdt nguon nhan luc cd kien thiic, kT nang, khd nang tu duy dd quan ly, sii dgng bdn viing, khai thac hgp ly tdi nguydn va bao vp mdi trudng bien, gdp phdn vdo su phdt trien ben virng, hda binh vd thjnh vugng chung tren toan the gidi. Gido due, ddo tgo ve bidn ciing chinh Id thue ddy hgc tap lam quen vdi bien, hieu bien, bdo vp bidn va sir dgng b i n viing bidn. Vdi vai trd quan trgng eua giao dgc vd dao tao vd bien trong vide xay dgng ngudn nhan luc b i i n nham phdt tridn b i n vung biin, cho tdi nay, chinh sach thiic ddy gido due, ddo tao v l b i i n ludn la mdt trong nhiing van dd trpng tdm dugc ndu trong cac chinh sdch, chidn luge ve bien tai nhidu qudc gia cd bien tren t h i gidi.
2.15. Nang cao nhan thuc cgng ddng ddn cu vi bien di khai thdc, su dffng hgp ly tdi nguyin vd bdo vf mdi trudng
De cpng ddng hidu rd vd quan tdm han ddn biin, vipe tuydn truyen, ndng eao nhdn thiic cgng ddng v l ehinh sach, phdp ludt lien quan d i n khai thdc, sii dgng ben viing tai nguyen va bdo ve mdi trudng bidn dugc cdc nudc quan tam, chu y ddy manh. Tgi Nhdt Bdn, nham tang moi quan tam va su h i l u bidt sdu
rgng hon vd bidn trong todn dan, chinh phu Nhdt da tich cue phd bien tuydn truydn, thuc ddy gido due xa hOi vd hpc dudng vd b i i n , tuyen truyin phd biin rgng rai thdng tin lien quan vd Lu^t Bidn, chu trgng phd cap hda thdng qua cdc boat ddng vui choi gidi tri biin. Tsii My, trong chinh sdch bien qudc gia cung da xdc dinh giao due, ddo tao dS ndng cao hieu biet, cai thidn tinh trang thidu hidu b i l t ve khoa hgc vd mdi trudng thdng qua con dudng giao dgc chinh quy vd phi chinh quy, can dupe tang cudng vdi cdc du dn cd muc tieu, lien tuc danh gia va cdi tidn chinh Id ndn tang quan trgng cua qudc gia bien trong tuong lai...
2.16. Day manh hffp tdc quoc te ve biin
Vdi tam quan trgng eua bien, nhu cdu phdt t r i l n ngdy cdng eao, tidn ra bidn trd thdnh trdo luu mgnh ciia cdc qudc gia cd bidn. Vdi xu hudng ndy, ngdy cdng cd n h i l u dudng bien gidi xudt hidn trdn bidn, tinh hinh nay khdng ngan can d u g c mOt nhdn thiic chung dugc hinh thdnh dd Id bidn cd la mgt mdi trudng ddng nhdt. Id tdi san chung ciia nhdn logi, ddi hdi cd su hgp tac cao giiia ede qudc gia nham giii gin bien trong lanh. Trong mdt the gidi ngdy cdng phiic tgp b a n vdi nhilu van dd ve tdi nguyen vd mdi trudng bien vugt qua khdi pham vi qudc gia, hgp tac qudc t l khdng chi dan thudn Id mOt sg lua chgn md la mdt su can thiet ciia cdc qu6c gia. Trong nhung nam qua, cdc qudc gia tren the gidi cung khong ngirng thuc ddy hgp tdc qudc te song p h u a n g vd da phuong ve bidn, cac ITnh vuc chii ydu lidn quan dd la thuc day khoa hgc ky thuat bien, dieu tra bien, ciiu ngn trdn b i i n , phdng tranh tham hga, k i l m sodt tgi phgm trdn biin, dao tao ngudn nhan l\rc cho cdc ITnh v^c lien quan ddn bien./.
S6 6/2014 Tgp chi
KH-CN Ngh^ An 120]
