I Dien dan Khoa hoc va Cong nghe
KHAI THAC TAI NGUYEN BIEN SAU
PGS TSKH Nguyen Tac An
• L - ,h,hi BiOn Viel N,im PhbChuiidiHi.iKiKuh.H \ J K M " U . I I
Thong qua bai bao, tac gia trao doi mot so npi dung dang dUdc quan tam trong viec khai ^'^^'^ !^^^^^°
ve tai nguyen vung bien sau, nhU: cd sd khoa hpc va cong nghe, kinh te, moi trUdng, phap y, 9 mai va chia se ldi ich... nham tang ciidng nhan thUc de nang cao vai tro va trach nhiem cua vie trong quan tri va phat trien Bien Dong, dac biet la vung bien sau, phii hdp v6i xu the thdi dai.
M61 auan Utm cua nhidu QU6C gia T u nhQng nam 6 0 eua the ky X X . the gidi dd "ndng len" vdi thdng lin nhQng vung bien. dai d d d n g sau hdn 2 0 0 m (khdng gian ngoai khu vuc kinh le dgc q u y ^ n - E E Z s cua cac qudc gia) ehda dciy nhdng lai nguyen quy gia ma dcit hen dang can kiel. Cac eudng qude bidn n h u Nga. My.
Dde, A n h . Phap, Nhdt Ban... "dua n h a u " xay d y n g nhQng sach ludc tim kiem, khai thae va thuong mai hda cdc ngudn tai nguyen quy hiem eiia vung bien sau
60 nam da qua, vdi nhdng k h o ^ n dau tu khong he nhd va r^t nhieu cdng sdc, tri lue, trai nghiem. con ngudi eung chi mdi cd the bdn luan mdt sd van de
"sat sudn" dang dddc quan tam nhieu nhat. D d la nhQng van de "chae chan" va "khdng chae ehan" lien quan den khai thdc. s d d y n g . thuong mai hda dai d u d n g , bien sau ed hieu qua va an l o a n h d n ' ,
Cung n h u nhieu qudc gia cd bien khae, Viet Nam da phe
Koen Rademaekers Oscar WidertDe-g Ka- tanna Svalikcva Roel van der Veen | 2 0 l 5 i
c h u a n Chien lupc bien Viel Nam den nam 2 0 2 0 (nam 2 0 0 7 ) . Luat Bien Viet Nam (2012) va Chien luge phat tnen ben vQng kinh te bien Viet N a m den ndm 2030, tam nhin den 2 0 4 5 (Nghj quyet so 3 6 - N Q / T W ngay 22/10/2018), Viet Nam da khan truong td chUc va Inen khai eac boat dgng khai Ihac. bao ve bien, dao. nhal la vung bien ndng ven bd, vung them lye dia. v u n g them lye dja keo dai, vung dde q u y e n kinh te va cac hai dao ngoai khoi Trudng Sa. Hodng Sa va Ihu dddc nhQng ket qua bude d a u . D a n g ke nhat la nhdng bai hoc tiep c a n va trai nghiem thue te. O u a cae ngudn tai lieu va kinh nghiem trien khai eua nhieu qudc gia, c h u n g ta da hinh d u n g kha ro npi ham eua viee id ehde khai thac, phat trien bien. nhat Id v u n g bien sau d Bien D d n g , trong thdi dai c u a k h o a hpc v d cong n g h e . trong boi c a n h dia ehinh trj phuc tap hien nay^. Bai hoc ro nhat la khai thae b i e n , dao phai ed s d c h u a n bi chu dao-.
- h l l p s / / p u r e d i i s dK. w s / f i l e s / 5 6 2 9 2 / WP2010_07_Soutfi_China_Sea_web pdf -Chuan bl khai ihac bien nhal la bien sau la moi qua umh cong phu phijc tap va ton
\em Truoc ne' pna' Iham do, sau do Oanh gia -a lap ^e r-jaC^ lai nguyen, ph4i x^c 3i' '• j u . c • r - - - S m, Tc-c :he khi bUOc vao j t j i 'Jc.fi lap d j an -•~ai ihac
phai gan lien vdi tri t u e , t i e m ldo khoa hpe, thdc tien v a b a o v e c h i i q u y e n . Ve nhan t h d c , day la q u a trinh xay d d n g Viet N a m t h a n h mpt qude gia bien m a n h \ m u o n vay phai thdc hien c h i e n Idpc cong nghiep hda, t h d d n g m a i hda khai thac, sif d u n g , b a o v e hieu qua cae tai n g u y e n k h o n g gian dja ly d Bien D o n g . D a y la mdt qua Irinh lau d a i , p h u t h u p c v a o sdc m a n h ehinh tri, kinh t e , ngoai giao v d qude p h d n g .
Kho bau diroii long bi^n sau
Bien s a u ia v u n g bien bat d a u ndi t h e m lue dja ket t h u c , t d do s a u ldn hdn 2 0 0 m, n g o a i v u n g dae q u y e n kinh te c u a eac q u o c gia v e n b i e n . D i e n tich eae v u n g bien s a u d dai d d d n g r p n g hdn 3 2 6 trieu km^, c h i e m k h o a n g 9 0 % t d n g dien tieh dai d d d n g t h e gidi. C h o den nay, m d i c h i cdk h o a n g 0 , 0 1 % dien tich b i e n s a u dupe n g h i e n c d u , k h a o sat. K h o a
-Nghi q u y e l d u a ra muc lieu l6i 2030, di/a V($t Nam trd thanh quoc gia bien m a n h ; dat CO ban cac tieu chi ve phai irien ben vOng kmh te bien; hinh thanh van hoa sinh th^i bien, chii dpng Ihich Ong -, bien doi k h i
" ' • nudc bien dang, n g ^ - .n^n / u the 6 'i^'h trang nhiem, suy ihoai r
sat 16 bo bien va bien ^B"^
bdo !6n cac hg sinh thai •
KHMHOC I \
C N I G N G I C \ I C < V:Ihpc khang dmh, bien sdu dang la vung ma loai ngudi it hieu diet nhat tren trai dat ve mat sinh ihai hpc, nhat la nhdng mdi quan he bien chdng giQa khai thae, bao ve va phal trien. Cd le, day la mpt trong nhflng "rao can" Idn nhat cho qua trinh td chdc khai thac.
thddng mai hda khdng gian to ldn va day nhQng tai nguyen quy gia nay.
Tuy dieu tra, khlio sdt chua nhieu, nhung mdt sd ket qua thdm do khoa hge thu ddde da cung cap cho con ngudi nhung kien thdc, tu li§u^ vd eung quan trong ve bien sau, nhat Id tai nguyen khoang s^n va sinh vat, ddpc hinh thdnh qua hang trieu trieu nam bdi eae qua trinh sinh dja hda, vdi vai tro khdng nhd ciia cac loai vi khuan oxy hoa^. Khdng chi cung cap cho con ngudi nhung Ihdng tin.
kien thdc ed ban ve cde loai tai nguyen, irQ lupng khai thae, cae dieu Ira, khao sat cdn cho biet ve vung phan bd va nhQng van de "cd the" va "khdng the" trong khai thac hay phat trien cae loai lai nguyen bien sau. Cae dang tdi nguyen d bien sau phan bd chu yeu phu thupc vao dac didm tram lich vd cau true dia chat, thudng tap Irung d cac ddng bang vyc tham rdng ldn, eac maeh thuy nhiet, ede ranh sau lien thdng cac day nui ngam gida dai dUPng ..
Cd ba ngudn quang da kim loai chinh, cd gia tri thddng mai la: 1) cac ket hach mangan (MN)' tai
^Kalhryn A Miller, Kirslen F, Thomp- son, Paul Johnston and David Saniillo (2018) "An overview of seabed mining including the current stale ol develop- menl". Environmental Impacts, https V/doi o r g / l 0 3 3 8 9 / f m a r s . 2 0 1 7 , 0 0 4 l 8 'hltps,7/doi,org/10.3389/fmars.2017 00418
V i khuan til bot b i e n sau co t h e la mpt bi/Oc dot pha t r o n g cuoc c h i e n chong lai sieu v i khuan m g u o n : i h e g u a r d i a n c o n n
cae ddng bang sau tham. Hach mangan edn ehda dau vet cua nhieu kim loai thUdng mai khae, nhu baeh kim. Tellurium (Id thanh phan quan trong cdng nghiep edng nghe eao nhu te bao quang dien va xue lac); 2) cac via ddng, kem, ehi. ban va bac; 3) Idp vo da kim loai (ferromanganese) ehda mangan, sdi va mdt loat eac kim loai VI lddng (coban, niken, baeh kim...). Tai nguyen dat hiem=. dau khi va khi hydrat melan dUdi day biin sdu eung cd gia Iri thddng mai rai ldn. Ben canh dd. bien sdu cdn ed ngudn tai nguyen da dang sinh hge phong phu, cung cap cdc boat chat quy hiem dung de dieu ehe cac loai Ihudc mdi hay my pham cao cap...
NhuTng thacb Uiilfc flat ra
Mae du den nay da cd 27 giay phep ddge Cg quan Quan ly day bien qudc te (ISA) cap cho 20 qudc gia, cho phep tham do, khai thac vung bidn sau ed khdng gian rong den 1.4 tneu km-, nhung Iren thdc te van chua cd nhieu hoat dong thudng mai thanh cdng^ Tai nguyen bien sdu
' H a m luong mangan: 28°o, niken 1.3''D.
dong- 1,i°o. c o b a n : 0,2°=, molypden 0.059°o, kim loai dat hiem. 0.081°=.
' D a t hiem la kim loai "quy hdn vang". gom 17 nguyen 16. chia lam hai n h o m ; nhom nang co 10 nguyen to, nhom nhe 7 nguyen to. Hang nam the giOi thuong mat hoa khoang 80-90 tneu 1§n,
CO nhieu chung loai can thiet cho nhu cau hien dai hda ciia con ngudi va ed IrQ Idpng thda man thj trddng, nhung van cdn khdng it nhQng khd khan va thach thdc de ed thd khai thae va thUdng mai hda trong tddng lai gan.
Rao can ldn nhat ed le la sy hieu biel ve bien sSu cdn chua day dii, dac biet Id ki^n thde ve sinh thai hpe. Chinh vi vay, ehua the dam bao sd an toan va todn ven eho he sinh thai khi khai Ihac thUdng mai. Cae phan tieh, ddnh gia tac dgng trddc mat va lau dai ve kha ndng phuc hdi sau khai thae van khien eac nha quan ly, doanh nghiep va cdng ddng khoa hgc chua yen Iam. Mpt dieu chae chdn la vung bien bi xao Iron sau tham dd, khai thac cd the phai can den hang thap ky, tham ehi la hang thien nien ky mdi cd the phye hoi hodn loan Nam 1989, Dai hgc Hamburg (Dde) da khai thac thir nghiem eac ket hach mangan 6 do sau dudi 5.000 m, tren dien tfch 11 km^ d dong nam Thdi Binh Dddng. 29 nam sau.
eac nha khoa hpc dd kiem tra khu vuc khai Ihac va that dang lo ngai khi "khdng cd gi khac xda, tat
"Du an IhUOng mai dau lien. nhSm muc lieu khai thac khoang chat quy hiem d vung nuoc sau 1 500 den 2 000 m tren them luc dia Papua New Guinea (bSt dau l u nam 2019)
KHOAHOC \
I Khoa hoc • Cong nghe va Doi mdi sang tao
, . c o n g n g h ^ ^ n xua. v a c . n phdng hdi chdng rdi loan hd h a p
H d n g , Duyen h^i Nam Trung Bd.
Ddng bang sdng Cdu Long). Cac gdi ky ihucil c d ban da chdng minh dupe h i ^ u qua trong s i n xucit Ida thdng qua gia In kinh te, bSo v0 mdi Irudng khi trinh dien Igi cde diem m d hinh vd s^n xuat lien ket doanh nghiep. Tuy Iheo quy trinh lai eac vung san xuat.
da g i ^ m Idong dam bdn 25-30 kg/ha (22-33''o). lan 35-40 kg/ha ( 3 1 - 4 5 % ) , kah 40-50 kg/ha (38- 5 0 % ) ; g i ^ m 2,8-3,3 tneu ddng ha neu s d dung ma khay - eay may, giam 2,438-2,865 tneu d o n g / ha neu phun thude va bon phan bang may, giam khi phat thai 98.2-117.1 kg/ha/vu. Gdi ky thuat da dupc IhD nghiem Iren quy mo dien lich 30-50 ha/md hinh Nhin Chung, ap d u n g gdi ky thuat da giam chi phi san xuat so vdi eanh tae theo tap quan trung binh 4.2- 7.966 trieu d o n g / h a . tang hieu qua kmh te 17,5-36.9%. Theo ke hoach IQ nam 2020 cd khoang 10.000- 20.000 ha/vung Ung d u n g gdi ky Ihuat san xuat lua
T h d n g q u a ChUdng trinh. da s ^ n xuat duoc 212,9 ldn gidng
lua sieu nguyen c h u n g , 8.766,3 tan giong Ida nguyen chiing va tren 161 253 tan gidng lua xac nhan phuc vu san xuat dai tra Da phoi hdp vdi eac doanh nghiep va cac dia phudng xay dung eac md hinh tnnh dien san xual gidng, m d hinh lien ket san xuat gidng Ida cac cap, san xuat lua Ihudng p h a m . m d hinh trinh dien gdi ky i h u a i eanh lac Ida lien lien vdi long dien lieh tren 150.000 ha.
Ddi vdi sin pham vac xin phdng benh cho vat nudi
Cac d u an phat trien vac xin phdng benh cho vat nudi theo khung cua Chuong irinh eo ban dang duoc thuc hien Ket qua bude dau dat duoe nhu sau: da ed 1 vac xm cum duoe luu hanh, mdi nam san xual khoang 200 tneu lieu; l vde xin cum dang tien hanh kiem nghiem qude gia Du an K H & C N "Cdng nghe san xuat vac xin cum A/H5N1 eho gia c a m "
do Cong^ty Navetco ehu tri dang diJOc tnen khai lot (Cdng ty da dau lu nha may san xuat vac xm dat lieu chuan G M P - W H O vdi gia tn tren 150 ty dong). Ddi vdi d u
Nong nghiep Y,e. Nam n g h i e n CLTU dang chuyen g.ao cho C o n g ,y c6 phan phal trien p o n g n g h e nong thon dSng ky de san x u a t . D l nghien citu dUpc loai vac xin nay Hoc vien da dau tu p h o n g thi nghiem dat dieu kien an t o a n c a p 2 va khu san xuat thu n g h i e m . v 6 i tdng kmh phi tren 20 ty d o n g .
Vdi san pham vac xin p h o n g benh cho vat nuoi, C h u o n g trinh da gdp phan dao tao d u o c dpi ngu can bp K H & C N . nhat la cac chuyen gia ve cong nghe g e n de lam chij dupc cac c d n g n g h e s a n xuat vSc xm tien tien hien nay tren the gidi. dap i l n g kip thdi nhu cau vac xm phdng b e n h khi c d dich benh mdi va cac bien c h u n g mdi: chu dpng san x u a t vac xin trong nudc. hudng tdi xuat k h a u .
San pham nam an va nam dUc/c lieu
Da chpn dudc 12 g i d n g n a m mdi {2 gidng m d i / m o i c h u n g c u a 6 loai nam chu luc) g d m : n a m m d (nang suat cap. dat 3 1 8 . 2 - 3 2 0 kg/tan n g u y e n lieu, t a n g 16,5- 19.2%); nam rdm ( n a n g s u a t c a c . dat 1 5 0 , 7 - 1 5 3 , 2 kg n a m t u o i / tan n g u y e n lieu, t a n g 1 6 - 1 8 % ) ; nam mpe nhT ( n a n g s u a t c a o , dat 7 0 5 . 7 - 7 2 1 . 3 kg n a m t u d i / tan n g u y e n lieu, t a n g 1 3 - 1 8 % ) ; nam dui ga (nang s u a t n a m tUdi c n d i n h , dat 2 5 1 , 2 - 2 5 4 . 8 kg/tan n g u y e n lieu, tang 1 5 % ) ; nam sd (nang suat cao. on d i n h . dat 6 6 0 . 8 - 7 0 1 . 5 kg n a m tudi/tan n g u y e n lieu, l a n g 1 5 - 2 6 % ) ; n a m linh chi ( n a n g suat nam kho c a o dat 3 0 . 5 - 3 3 , 7 kg .^r, n g u y e n lieu, t a n g 1 6 . 8 - 2 ' ; i - , f,^^
lUdng p o l y s a c c h a n d f ; o 70/,^ y ^ triterpenoid >2 m g / g /
30 KHOAHOC \ CbNGNGHE ' d V:"
Khoa hgc - Cong nghe va Doi mdi sang tao I
Hoan thien 6 quy trinh nhan gidng cap I. cap 11, cap 111 eho 6 loai nam d a m bao e h a l lddng gidng sinh trddng khde, ty le nhiem < 5 % ; cac quy trinh ehi tiet.
ngcin g g n , de ap d u n g va phu hpp vdi dieu kien s a n xuat eua Viet Nam; hoan thien 6 quy trinh edng nghe s&n xuat nam quy m d edng nghiep eho 6 loai n a m , ndng suat tang 11-15% so vdi quy trinii hien cd, hieu qua kinh te tang 1 5 - 1 9 % . Hoan thien quy trinh phdng t r y sau benh bao gom cde bien phap phdng IrQ tdng hpp sau b e n h tren nam, hieu lUe p h d n g trQ dat tren 80%, nang cao hieu qua kinh le 15-20%, dam bao ve sinh an l o a n Ihuc pham. Hoan thien lap dat day chuyen san xuat nam quy m d cdng nghiep c d n g suat may d d n g Ip khoang 4,000 Ig/gid, gap 1,84 lan so vdi thiet bi cdng nghe c u . Nang suat lao d d n g dat 2 1 5 % , gicim ly le h d hdng dudi 1 0 % , nang sual nam tdng 2 4 , 6 9 % , cd the Scin xuat 4 tan nam tUdi/ngay, tao ra lddng s a n p h a m h a n g hda ldn, cd sdc eanh tranh cao.
San xuat giong nam va m d hinh trinh dien eong n g h e ; e h u y e n giao 135,4 tan gidng eua 4 loai nam (so, linh ehi, moc nhT, dui ga) de lao san lugng nam 3.252,7 tan va 26 000 lit gidng d a n g djeh Ihe de san xuat ra 4 7 6 lan nam t h d n h pham. Chuyen giao thif n g h i e m Lfng dung quy trinh tai mdt sd ed sdsSn xuat nam quy md ldn; 57,2 tan nguyen lieu tao ra 2 1 6 tan nam san p h a m .
Sin pham ca phe Viet Nam chat Idpng cao
Da ehgn lpc dUdc 13 m d u gidng ca phe vdi va 4 mSu gidng ca phe che chat lddng eao (dat chat lddng ea phe dac s a n vdi thang diem tren 80 d i e m ) . Trien khai trdng mdi 10,7 ha de so
s a n h , d a n h gia gidng Irien v o n g . A p d u n g d o n g bd cdc bien phap ky thuat, dac biet la bdn phdn c h a m tan cd kiem soat - C R F v a p h a n bdn hoa tan da tiet kiem 15- 2 0 % Idpng phan bdn; ap d y n g co gidi hda trong thu hoaeh giup tiet kiem 4 0 % edng thu hoaeh (gdp p h a n g i a m chi phi san x u a l . l d n g ldi n h u a n 5.28 t n e u d o n g / h a ) . Hieu q u a ky thuat c i i a m d hinh ca phe che dat 9 , 2 1 % va m d hlnh cd phe vdi la 9 . 0 7 %
Xay d d n g 130 ha m d hinh ca p h e vdi, ea phe ehe ap d y n g gdi ky thuat G A P / B A P , trdng xen va theo h u d n g c d gidi hda, t a n g hieu q u a kinh te 1 0 - 3 0 % . San xuat va c u n g cap cho san xuat 3.000 kg hat gidng T R S 1 ; 1 2 0 . 0 0 0 cay gidng ghep T R 1 4 vd T R 1 5 ; 100.000 cay ea phe ehe thuc sinh T H A I ; 9 0 0 . 0 0 0 cay thdc sinh T R S 1 . . .
N g h i e n edu, Ihiet ke, che tao.
Ida c h o n thdng sd de toi uu hda hoat d p n g cua cac may trong day c h u y e n che bien udt (cd phe che va ca phe voi). g d m : rda q u a , tach q u e la eanh, bdc vd va tach qua x a n h , bdc l a c h vd thit, tach qua sdt trong ca phe thdc udt, d a n h nhdt. Da lap d a l , c h u y e n giao mdt m d hinh che bien ddt ca phe vdi tai C d n g ty T N H H Vmh Hiep (Imh Gia Lai) D a ehe tao hoan ehinh 2 he t h d n g thiet bi s d ehe ca phe (thiet bj s d ehe ca phe voi qua 3,5 tan/gid. tiet kiem 5 0 % nudc. Ihiet bi sd ehe ca phe che q u a 5 t a n / gid, tiel kiem 5 0 % nudc) va xay d y n g md hinh ung d y n g trong san xuat.
Ngoai ra. ChUPng trinh c u n g da CP ban ehe tao xong ede thiel bi ehinh cua he Ihdng say phun 250 kg/gid: hoan Ihien c d n g nghe va thiet bl san xuat ea phe rang va eac san p h a m ea phe rang
xay; hoan thien edng nghe va thiet bi san xuat ea phe hda tan (say phun va say thang hoa)...
Sin pham tdm va torn ni/dc Id
C h d d n g trinh da hd trd hodn thien quy trinh Udng nudi tdm su chon giong tien thanh Ihuc cho 2 ddng gia dlnh/lan nudi. Ihdi gian Udng nudi den giai doan Ihanh thyc 10 t h a n g . tdm bd m e dat kich thude 8 0 - 1 0 0 g/eon; ty 1$ song giai doan Udng den thdnh thyc dal tren 4 0 % , ty te Ihanh thuc sau c d i mat > 8 5 % ; sQe sinh Scin l d m cdi: >500.000 au trung/lan dS.
Hoan thien quy trinh c o n g nghp nudi tdm t h ^ c h a n trdng tren cat b a n g nude bien v e n b d dcim bcio an l o a n I h y c p h a m , an l o a n djeh b e n h . Thiet ke va quy Irinh v a n hanh he thdng nudi tdm su bo me thanh Ihuc vd tien thanh thyc da dupe trien khai Iai Ninh T h u a n va san xuat dupc 6.025 tdm su bd me,..
C d the ndi, nhQng ket q u a cua C h u o n g trinh phat trien s^n p h a m qudc gia dal dUdc la rat tieh ede, bddc dau tao s y dot pha Irong cde n g a n h , ITnh vdc ndi chung vd ITnh vuc ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn ndi rieng, giup lam chii va Qng d y n g nhieu edng nghe tien tien, hd trd phat trien ed hieu q u a ddi vdi eac s^n p h a m trgng d i e m , ehii lye qudc gia. C h d d n g trinh cung gdp phan nang cao nang lye, hinh t h d n h eac d o a n h nghiep di lien p h o n g ; n d n g eao trinh dd ddi ngu edn bp K H & C N , gdp phan giai quyet kip Ihdi cac van de cap baeh trong phat trien kinh te - xa hdi cua dat nydc-.-^-
V V H
KHOAHOC \/
