Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. He ihdng ddo tao Phdt gido...
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He thong dao tao Phat giao Nam Tong Khmer hien nay - Mot so dac diem va de xuat giai phap^
Nguyen Thanh Xudn*, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh**
* Vien Tdn gido. Tin ngudng - Hoc vien Chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh,
** Ban Tdn gido - Uy ban Trung uong Mgt trdn Td quoc Viet Nam Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/11/2019. ngdy gui phdn bien: 02/12/2019. ngdy duyet dang 20/12/2019 '"/ ^rong cdc ddn toe thieu sd d Viel Nam, ngu&i Khmer la cong ddng co sd ddn tuoiig doi l&n, -L chii yiu sinh song & 9 tinh Tdy Nam Bg. Phat gido Nam tdng Khmer hiin nay vdn duy tri md hinh gido due tgi chua; da so cdc chua deu to chirc day tiing ddn tpc cho con em ngu&i ddn tpc Khmer d dp ludi lie 8 den 15. Nhieu chiia m& nhirng l&p day gido ty, so cdp Vint, Anh ngir, tin hgc. Ngodi ra cdn cd cdc l&p trung cdp Pali tgi Trd Vinh va Hoc vien Phdt gido Nam long Khmer m&i dugc thdnh lap mgt thai gian tai Cdn Tha. Tuy hi thdng gido due da tuong doi hodn thien nhimg vdn cdn mot so bdt cap Hin quan din viic ddo tgo su sai. cdn dugc quan tdm, gidi quyit de timg bude ndng eao chdt lugng ddo tgo ciia gido due Phdl gido Nam long Khmer
Tir khda: Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer, hi thong ddo tgo, susai Mffdau
Trong cae dan tgc thigu sd d Viet Nam, ngudi Khmer cd sd dan tuong ddi Idn vdi khoang 1,3 trieu ngudi, sinh sdng chu yeu d 9 tinh Tay Nam Bd. Ndi den dan tgc Khmer la ndi dgn Phat giao Nam tdng. Ngudi Khmer quan niem, thanh nign phai vao chiia tu mdt thdi gian. Tu khdng phai de lanh ddi ma la ca hpi hpe tap, ren luyen dg trd thanh mpt ngudi trudng thanh that su, Tu la dg tra hieu cho ong ba, cha me, theo each higu cua nhigu ngudi, Nhung tu cung cdn la con dudng hudng dgn tri thuc, hpc tap, ren luyen de trd thanh mpt ngudi Pbat tu "thuan thanh" va co ich cho xa hpi sau nay. Ngudi dugc vao chiia tu bgc se dugc cpng dong tdn kinh va de cao ban ngudi khdng tu hgc d cbiia. Quan niem nay anh hudng rat Idn tdi ddng bao Khmer cung nhu ngudi theo Pbat giao Nam tdng d mdt sd nudc. Hp no luc tu va hgc dg bat kip sy phat trign eiia xa hgi va giir viing ban sac van hda dan tpc. Sd lieu thong ke eho thSy, cudi nam 201 8, cd 8.574 vj su sai va 462 chiia Nam tdng Khmer (Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, 18/10/2018, tr.3). Digu nay dat ra van dg vg viec lam thg nao de phat huy higu qua ciia he thdng giao due Phat giao Khmer Nam tdng hien nay.
' Bai viit l^ kit qua cua de tii cap Bp: "Phat giio Nam Tong Khmer is TSy Nam Bp hien nay - Mot so van dl noi bat va kien nghi cac giai phap tang cudng doan ket trong khoi dai doan ket dan toe" do Ban Ton giao, Uy ban Trung uong Mat tran To quoc Viet Nam chu tri.
Nghign eiru An Dp va Chau A. S6 i - 2020, tr.78-87 78
Nguygn Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh Hi thdng ddo tgo Phdl gido 1. He thong dao tao Phat giao Nam tong Khmer hien nay
Ciing vdi su pbat trign cua giao due Pbat giao ndi chung, Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, bon canh viec phat trign md hinh giao due nha cbila, md nhieu Idp day giao ly, so cap Vmi, Anh ngu', tin hoc tai chiia... da md cac Idp trung cSp Pali va tham ehi ca Hgc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, hinh thanh mdt he thdng giao due kha hoan thien cho Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer,
He thong gido due Phdl gido tgi chiia (trudng chua)
Day la md hinh giao diic truygn thdng dugc Phat giao Nam tong Khmer duy tri va phat trign tii- xua. Ngay nay. Dang va Nba nude van cd chinh sach hd trg, tao digu kien cho md hinh nay phat tnen Su g^n bd giiia nba chiia (tru'dng chiia) vdi quan niem "song gui ciia, ehgt gui cot" da gitip eho viee giao due con em Phat tir dien ra thuan lgi va hieu qua. Tre em vao chiia vira dugc hpc giao ly, vita dupe hoc nghi, bgc van hda, ren luyen nhan each dao dice. Md hinh nay dugc ggi la hoe lu.
Cd thi ndi, tm'dng hgc dau ddi cua ngudi Khmer la tai cac ngdi chiia Viec day hpc do cac vi su hoac cac cu sT(su da hoan tue) dam trach. Trg em phat nguyen vao tu trong chiia. Nha su la thay day, dugc dong bao tdn kinh va dugc xem nhu dai dien eho Tam bao dl truygn dat triet ly song huong thien cua Due Phat; edn ngudi hpc trd vao chiia tu nhan minh la eon em ctia Phat, phai nghiem tiic hoc tu trudc ba ngdi Tam bao. Hinh thiie giao due nay vira mang y nghia dac trung ciia Phat giao Nam tong, vira dem lai hieu qua cao can dugc phat buy. Day se la nguon nhan lyc phuc vu cho dao phap va dat nude neu dugc td chuc tdt.
Thye t l hien nay, Phat giao Nam tong Khmer nhan dugc su quan tam ciia Dang va Nha nudc, cua Giao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam. Nhim nang cao trinh dp dan tri, tai cae ap, xa ed dong bao Khmer sinh song, nhat la vimg sau, vung xa deu dugc tao dieu kien eho cac cbiia md lap day tieng Khmer, tigng phi thong (tiing Viet), tiing Pali kit hgp day nghi, Tai tinh Kien Giang, co 44 chiia Khmer t l chtic day chu Khmer cho tren 6.000 su sai va thanh thilu nign ding bao dan tpc theo hpe tir lap 1 dgn Idp 5 trong dip he. Sdc Trang tu nam 2007-2012 da td chuc duac 1.968 Idp vdi ban 43.045 lupt hpc sinh.
Tra Vinh nam 2005 cd 712 Idp vdi 16.345 tang, hpc sinh; din nam 2012 tang len 912 Idp vdi 21.120 tang hoc sinh tbeo hoc Idp ngu van Khmer. Ci Ca Mau, tk ca cac chiia diu md lap xda mil chu, pho cap giao due tiiu hpc, day chii Khmer cho eon em ddng bao va chu tang tu hpc trong suot 3 thang he (Ban Chi dao Tay Nam Bo, 2013).
Da s6 cac chiia Nam tdng Khmer diu td chuc day tiing dan toe cho con em ngudi dan tdc Khmer d dd tudi tir 8 din 15. Vigc td chuc thanh cdng cac Idp hgc ngu trgn da gdp phan timg bude hoan thien chuang trinh giao due su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer cua Giao hdi Phat giao V.et Nam... Tuy nhien, s6 luong nay edn it so vdi sd lugng su Nam tong hien cd. Day la mot van dg can quan tam trong tinh hinh tu hge cua su Nam tdng Khmer hien nay, vi bigt tmyln cua Phat giao Nam tong Khmer khac vdi Phat giao Bac tdng.
Ngoai nhirng lop hoc nen tren, hing nam, cac chna Phat giao Nam tong Khmer con to chfc cac kh6a tu Thien dinhTho cu sT. Phat tu « n tu tap n.hu Kien Giang, Soc Tr^ng. Tra Vmh; mo, khoa ,u co tir vai chuc din vai tram Pbat bi tham du.
He thong Sa cdp Phdl hgc
79 Nghien eiru An Dp va Chau A. S6 1 - 2020, tr.78-87
, Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Nguyin Ngoc Quynh. Hi thing ddo tao Phdt gido...
He thong giao due nay ed tir trudc nam 1975, song chi thuc sy phat triln manh me tir sau nhung nam 90 eua the ky XX. Mo hinh dao tao nay thudng dien ra tai eae chiia vua hge giao ly, giao luat vira hpc van hda. Den nay, hinh thirc giao due nay phat trign kha manh va dat dugc kit qua kha quan.
Trong nhiem ky VI (2007-2012), giao due Phat giao Nam tong Khmer tilp tue dugc Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam va cae cap ehinh quyen quan tam, ho trg; rieng 9 tinh, thanh phd thupc Tay Nam Bp da to chuc duac hang tram Idp hge cho chu tang va thanh thigu nign dan tdc Khmer tai dia phuang, nhu:
Tieu hpc Khmer ngir tir lop 1 den Idp 6 cd 1.418 Idp, vdi 32.538 cbu tang va thanh thieu nign dong bao dan toe Khmer theo hpe; So cap Pali, Vini, So cap Phat hpe ed 5.839 hgc vign; lap Kinh, Luan, Luat cd 1.371 hpe vien (Giao hgi Phat giao VietNam, 2012, tr,26). Nam 2017, Sdc Trang cd 170 vj su sai dang theo hpc tir nam thir nhat dgn nam thir tu tai Tmdng Bd tiie Van hda Pali Trung cap Nam Bp;
An Giang co 3 diem bgc so cap Pali vdi 60 tang sinh theo hpc; Tra Vinh eo eac trudng: Tigu hpc Ngu van Khmer (Idp 1 dgn Idp 5) vdi 931 Idp, So cap Pali Khmer (tir Idp 6 dgn Idp 9) ed 102 lop (Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, 2017, tr.465)...
Hi thong Trung cdp Phdt hoc
Tu sau khi Chi thi 68-CT/TW cua Ban Bi thu Tmng uong ra ddi, dugc su quan tam cua Dang va Nha nudc, ciia Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, Phat giao Nam tdng da xay dung, hoan thien chuang trinh dao tao he Trung cap Phat hpe cho dpi ngii su sai Khmer.
Thang 12/1994, dupc phep ciia Chinh phii, tmdng Bd nic Van hda Tmng cap Pail d khu vuc Nam Bp dugc md tai tinh Sdc Trang. Viec md tmdng da cd nhigu tac dung tich cue trong viee dao tao nang eao trinh dp su sai cho Phat giao Nain tdng Khmer Nam Bd. Nhigu tinh cung md cac tmdng chiia day lop Pali, chir Khmer trong chiia. Nam 2002, trudng Trung cap Phat hpc tinh Bac Ligu dugc thanh lap, trong dd cd phan hieu dao tao rieng cho su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer. Nam 2007, Tm'dng Trung cap Phat hpc tinh An Giang dugc thanh lap, trong dd co phan hieu rieng dg dao tao su sai Phat giao Nam tong Khmer, Tir nam 2004, dugc su giiip dd cua cac cap chinh quyen va cua Giao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam, Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da tirng bude bd sung, xay dung ngi dung, chuang trinh dito tao su sai ciia he phai va gdp phan giao due trong dong bao Khmer dg phii hgp vdi giai doan phat trign mdi cua dat nudc, nhung van giir dugc net truygn thdng mang sac thai rieng cua ddng bao va be phai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer.
Qua khao sat, hien nay cd 6 trudng Trung cap Phat hoc cd he dao tao chuang trinh Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, va da dat duge nhu'ng kgt qua rat kha quan. Tai tinh Tra Vinh, niim hgc 2005, cd 9 lap Tmng cap Phat hpc vdi 192 tang, hoc sinh theo hgc; nam 2012 cd 13 lop Trung cap Phat hgc vdi 369 tang, hgc sinh theo bgc; nam 2017 cd 14 Idp vdi 459 tang, hpc sinh theo hpe. Tinh Sdc Trang, tif nam 2007 den nay da phdi hgp md cac idp Pali Roong cho 1.474 tang sinh va Pali Thommaviny cho 978 tang sinh (Hdi ddng Tri sy Giao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam, 2017, tr.465). Trong nhigm ky VI (2007- 2012), Giao hpi Phat giao Vigt Nam da td ehiic cac Idp Tmng cap Phat hpc, cd 367 hgc vien.
Hoc viin Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer
Hgc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer tai thanh phd Can Tho da dugc Thii tudng Chinh phti eho phep thanh lap theo van ban sd 4286A'PCP"NC ngay 8/8/2006. C(3 sd Hge vign dat tai chiia Pdtbisomrdn, phudng Chau Van Ligm, quan 6 Mdn, thanh pho Can Tha. Ban Thudng tryc Hpi dong
Nghign cuu An Dp va Chau A. S6 1 - 2020, tr.78-87 80
Nguygn Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. Hi: Ihdng ddo too Phdl eido . Tri su Giao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam da iiy nhiera cho Hpi d3ng Diau hanh Hoc vien Phat giao Nam tong Khmer tai Can Tha lam "Chu dau tu dir an xay dtmg Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tong Khmer".
Cong tac xay dirng Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tong Khmer dang dugc tiSn hanh theo tirag giai doan.
Hpc vien da hoan tSt chucmg trinh khoa hpc dSn tien (2007-2011), voi sc sir theo hoc la 69 vi, tuy nhien tot nghiep chi co 60 vi (do mot so iy do khach quan va chu quan nen da thoi hpc, trong do co 4 tang sinh xin chuyen qua hpc tai Thai Lan). Trong do, co 12,6% chir tang dat loai gioi; 55,2% dat loai kha; 32,2% chu tang dat loai trung binh. Khoa II (2011-2015) co 29 su dang theo hpc nam thu tu va khoa 111 (2013-2017) co 11 su theo hpc nam thu hai. Ngoai ra con co 12 vj hpc tai Hpc vien Phat giao Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh. Khoa IV gom co 119 tang sinh theo hpc Dac biet, nam 2016, Hoc vien ciina da thirc hien quy che lien ket dao tao voi Truong Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van thupc Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Npi, to chuc lop chuyen nganh Ton giao hpc, voi 86 hpc vien theo hgc (Bao cao so 09/BC-HVPGNT, tr.2).
Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tong Khmer dupc thanh lap, tao dieu kien cho cac su sai hoc tap nang cao trinh dp Phat phap. Dong thoi hp trg su sai theo hpc cao hon a cac trirong trung cdp, cao ding, hpc vien Phat giao trong nucrc, cac truong dai hpc the hpc nhu Dai hpc Luat, Dai hpc Ccng nghe thong tin hoac theo hgc thac sT, tien sT a trong nuoc va du hpc a nunc ngpai.
Trong 10 nam (2001-2010), toan viing Tay Nam Bg 630 su siii Khmer du hoc a nuoc ngoai (Tra Vinh nhieu nhat voi 493 vi). Phan Idn su sai di du hgc o cac nudc nhu Campuchia, Thai Lan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, An Do... Nhieu nhat la di Campuchia (371 vi) (Giao hoi Phat giap Viet Nam, 2017, tr.466). Trong nam 2018 CO tren 100 chu tang Phat giao Nam tong Khmer dang du hgc tai nudc ngoai de lay b&ng Thac sT, Tien sT (Hgi dong tn su Giao hgi Phat giao Viet Nam, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh, 2018, tr.4).
Den nay, Phat giao Nam tong Khmer da co mpt he thdng dao tao chuc sSc tuong doi bai ban so voi cac thoi ky tnroc, voi he thdng cac truong tir so cip, trung cap Phat hpc den hpc vien chuyen dao tap cac su Khmer. Dugc su giiip do ciia Trung uong Giap hgi Phat giao Viet Nam va cac cap chinh quySn, Phat giao Nam tong Khmer da nhanh chong, timg buoc bd sung nhung ngi dung tich cue trong dao tap su sai ciia he phai va gop phan giao due trong ddng bao Khmer phu hpp vdi giai doan phai triJn radi ciia dSt nudc, nhung vin giu duoc net truyen thdng mang sic thai rieng cila dong bao dan tpc Khmer va he phai Phat giao Nam tong Khmer.
Cong tac day va hpc chir dan tpc (Pali, Vini) co ban dat ket qua tdt. HSu h « cac tinh co ddng bao Khmer dju td chuc cho cac chiia day bd tiic van hoa song ngir; giang day chti- Khmer, Pali cho ddng bao va su sai. Da hoan thanh viec xay dung, nang cap, md rdng trudng Trung ciip Pali o tinh Sdc Trang. Cong tac van dpng su sai, Phat tu tham gia day tidng Khmer, tijng Pali va chuong trinh Phat hpc d cac chiia dat ktt qua tdt, thu hut ddng dao su siii, con em dan tgc Khmer den hpc, qua dd cd nhidu ddng gdp cho cdng ddng nguoi Khmer, ndi bat nhSt la viec giii gin va phat huy tieng ndi, chir ViSt, ban sic van hda dan tgc, dao tao dgi ngu tri thiic, tag ra cac hoat ddng xii hgi thiet thuc, phat huy tdt truyen thdng doan ket...
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2020, u.78-87
Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. He thing ddo tao Phdt gido...
2. M o t SO van de d a t r a tir cong tac dao tao P h a t giao N a m tong K h m e r 2.1. He thong ddo tgo
Dugc su quan tam, tao dieu kien eua Dang va Nha nude, he thdng giao due, dao tao su sai ciia Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da cd chuang trinh rieng, cd he thong ea cau gdm 3 cap: Sa cdp Phat hpc Pali, Trung cap Phat hpc Pali va Cao cap Phat hgc Pali. Tuy nhign, ca vg binh tbii'c dao tao cung nhu ndi dung chuong trinh deu cdn dang hoan thien diin.
0 cap So cdp Phdl hgc Pali van chii ygu td chuc tu hpc theo dang trudng, lap chiia va tu phat, Cae Idp nay do cac nha chiia ty td chuc, ty tim thiy day, ty xay dyng chuang trinh. Nhigu lap dang nay chua duoc edng nhan hgp phap, nhung van mac nhign ton tai do nhu eSu thyc te,
Hien nay cac cap hge trong nen giao due Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, cd bai tinh to chirc theo mo hinh Trung cdp Phdt hge gdm; Sdc Trang ed Tmdng Bo tiic Van hda Pali Tmng cip Nam bd va Tra Vinh cd tmdng Trung cip Pali - Khmer, cac tmdng nay true thupc Sd GD&DT, Cdn d cac tinh nhu:
An Giang, Kign Giang, Hau Giang, Bac Lieu, VTnh Long, thanh pho Can Tho va thanh ph6 Hd Chi Minh ehi md lop so cap Phat hgc Pali, Dhamma Vinya theo truygn thdng tryc thupc Tinh hpi. (Giao hpi Pbat giao Viet Nam, 2012).
6 cap Cao cdp (cu nhdn) Phdt hgc, mac dii Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da dupc thanh lap (2006), nhung cdn dang trong qua trinh hinh thanh nen viec dao tao chua thu biit dugc nhieu su sai Khmer theo hgc.
2.2. Nguon ddo tgo
Mac dil sd lugng su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer nhieu va cd tdi 80% la su tre, nhung do nhigu nguyen nhan khac nhau, so lugng su sai Khmer xuat va nhap tu khdng cd dinh, gay kho khan trong viee tao ngudn cho cac cap dao tao, nhat la viee lua ehpn dg dao tao d cap cii nhan Phat hpe,
Thyc tg cho thay, sd lugng eac vj su Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer hgc tai cac trudng, lap Phat hpc tir trung cap tdi cu nhan khdng nhieu. Ddi vdi he cu nhan Phat hpc, tir khda I (1984-1988) dgn khda V (2002-2006), Hgc vien Phat giao Viet Nam tai thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, mac dii da cd uu tign, nhung chi cd 16 vj su Nam tdng Khmer theo hpc va da tot nghiep; khda VI (2005-2009) ciing chi cd 6 vj theo hpc.
Mac dil nhiing nam gan day, Dang va Nha nudc cung nhu Giao bdi Phat giao Viet Nam da danh nhigu sy quan tam cho viec dao tao, boi dudng dpi ngii su Khmer tre, nhung sd lugng ngudi theo hgc van rat thap, ngay cang giam.
Qua nghign eiiu thuc tg cho thay, cd nhigu nguygn nhan dan den tinh trang tren, nhung ly do ehu ygu ia:
Tmdc hgt, do sy phat trign ciia xa hgi va trinh do dan tri dugc nang cao nen xu hudng thanh nien Khmer di theo con dudng tu hanh giam dan, hg quan tam nhigu hem dgn cdng an viec lam, lo xay dyng kinh tg.,. Mat khae, do ddi sdng edn nhieu kho khan nen cac su sai thudng khong dii dieu kien hpc eao,
Nhung nguyen nhan quan trpng la do nhtmg bat cap vg he thdng dito tao va chuang trinh dao tao ciia Phat giao Nam tdng Klimer hien nay. Dg duac hgc lgn trung cap Pali, phai ed bang sa cap, muon vao hge cao cap phai cd bang trung cap. Tuy nhien, hiiu hgt cac Idp sa cap Pali la tu pbat d cac digm chiia, chua dugc cdng nhan bang cap, trong khi cac trudng trung cap lai qua it. Dgn nay, mdi chi eo tinh Tra Vinh cd chuang trinh trung cap Phat hgc, cac dja phuong khac chi cd trinh dp so cap giao ty
Nghign cuu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2020, tr.78-87 82
Nguyen Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh.//ef/7o'/7g tfao too P/ifl/gjgo...
Phat giao. Cdn Trudng Bo tuc Van hda Pali Trung cap Nam Bd d Sdc Trang la tmdng dan tdc npi trii, dao tao van hda thude he thdng giao due qude dan ngn khdng ed bp mdn giao ly Pbat giao, Trong khi, Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer khdng thuoc he thong giao due qudc dan, bing cap chua duac cdng nhan de xin viec va su sai Khmer xuat tu thudng xuyen.
Nhirng bat cap ngu tren la nguyen nhan dan tdi viec su sai Khmer it theo hgc tai Hpe vien Phat giao Nam tdng Can Tho, mdt bp phan khdng nhd su sai Khmer ty tim sang Campuchia theo hpc va chiu tin phong cua Vua sai Campuchia, Digu nay gay kho khan cho Giao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam trong quan ly tang su, bat lgi eho edng tac quan ly ciia Nha nudc doi vdi Phat giao.
2.3. Cff Sff ddo tgo Doi ngU gidng su
Doi ngii giang su eiia Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer chu ygu theo loi truygn thong, truygn thu kinh nghiem ciia ngudi xuat gia di tmdc cho nhiing ngudi di sau tbeo Idi Phat day. Thyc te cho thay, dpi ngii giang su hien nay kg tir trung cap Phat hgc dgn Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, chu yeu la cac su da tu lau nam, cbi cd bing Tmng cap Pali, mdt sd it cd trinh dp Cao cap Pali (bau hgt la bac Hoa thugng, thudng la nhiing ngudi tu hpe d nudc ngoai tmdc day).
Dpi ngu giang su ea huu, kg ea Hgc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, ed rat it Hau hgt giang su tai cac diem chiia (so cip Pali) la cu sT da hoan tuc, eo trinh do trung cap, cao cip Pali giang day. Kg ca d bae trung cip Phat giao, dpi ngu giang su cung ehii yeu do eu sT cd bing tmng, cao cap dam nhiem. Vi nhu Tmdng Tmng cip Phat hpc Bac Ligu, khi thanh lap, bd phan chuygn ban dao tao Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer ed 9 ngudi, trong dd giang su co 4 cu sT va 2 Dai diic. Do thieu giang su ngn thudng cac giang su vira lam giang su d Hgc vien, vira phai kiem ludn giang day d Idp cao dang Phat hpc, tru'dng tmng cip Phat hgc, tham chi ca cac Idp so cap Phat hgc.
Da so giang su chua dugc dao tao ca ban vg chuygn mdn nghiep vu, chii yeu trudng thanh thong qua kinh nghiem, ban chg vg phuong phap truyen thu, giang day theo phuang phap truyen though chua cbii y nhigu den viec trau ddi cac ky nang, nban each ngudi tu sT de ra lam try tri, hoang phap, img xir vdi xa hgi - mgt dieu rat cin thiet doi vdi su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer.
Cae ca sd dao tao chua ed kg hoach lau dai dao tao ngu6n giang su kg can, bi ddng trong viec mdi giang su ehuyen nghiep. Da s6 giang su edn it vg tudi ddi, tu6i dao, it cd kinh nghiem, lai han che vg Phat hgc.
Chuang trinh, tdi lieu hpc tap • - tw Chuang trinh dao tao chua thdng nhit trong tirng bac hoe va giiia cac cap hpc, eon co sy khae nhau giua eae ca sd dito tao va cae dia phuang, Noi dung chuang trinh chua ddng bo vit thieu su thong nhit tuy thuoc vito mdi ca sd dao tao va mdi dia phuong ma cd nhung tigu chi rigng, chua co mpt bp giao trinh, saeh giao khoa chung cho toan he phai Ngay ca cac trudng Tmng cap Phat hpc Pah va Hpc vien Pbat giao Nam tdng Cin Tho dgn nay vin chua bign soan dupc giao trinh, sach giao khoa chmh
^ Tite l.nh.ng bac eao . n g u y e n th.m ^ - ^ ^ ^ S S c ^ ' ^ t ^ g ^ i ^ ^ ^ ^ truyen khau, it diing cac phucmg phap giang day hien dai nhu tnuc n„nii:m iiu. „.
mpt s6 han chi uong viec ffuyen thu kien thiic.
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2020, tr.78-87
Nguyen Thanh Xuan. Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. Hi thing ddo lao Phdt gido...
thong, mac dii kinh sach de tu hpe duac in an va phat den tan ehiia^; ndi dung giang day edn tuy thupc vao tirng giang su, cac giang su thudng su dung cac giao trinh bien soan da nhigu nam nay, hay sir dung mdt sd bg sacb Kinh, Luat, Luan da dugc dich ra tir phign ban tiing Han. ligng Pali, tham chi npi dung ndi dien cdn triing lap gitra cac bac hgc,
Nhieu tmdng (Idp) chiia Khmer chi thuan tiiy day chir Pali, chua day chu phd thdng (lieng Viet), ngn nhieu su sai va ddng bao Khmer rat ban khoan. Bdi phan Idn cae su sai ire (thudng viio tu tu liic 12-13 tudi) hien nay dgu la nhirng thanh nien con nha ngheo, khdng co digu kien di hgc mdi vao ehtia tu, rat nhigu ngudi khdng bigt tieng pho thong. Vi vay, nhu cau hpc chir phd thdng cua cac su sai trong chiia rat Idn. Nhieu su mong mudn dugc hpc dg biet tieng Viet, khi xuat tu cd thg di hpc nghg, kiem cdng an viec lam, Mac dii mdt sd dja phuang van to chuc cac Idp bd tiic eho su sai, nhung do ca sd d ngoai chiia, nhigu su khdng cd dieu kien tham gia, trong khi nhigu chiia de nghi nganh giao due cho giao vign den day tigng Viet d chiia cho su sai thi van chua dugc chap nhan.
Vi ea s& vdt chdt
Hau hgt eae ca sd dao tao su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer chua chii ddng dugc nguon kinh phi, cdn phu thupc nhieu vao su ciing dudng ciia Phat tii va nhijng nha hao tam, nen nguon thu kliong cd dinh va rat ban hep vi da sd ddng bao Khmer, eung nhu cac chiia Khmer cdn ngheo, it co kha nang van dpng ddng gop. Co sd vat ehat eua cae tmdng, lap chiia Khmer rat kho khan, thigu phdng hpc, biin ghe, do diing hpc tap cho lang sinh, ibigu lien boi dudng cho giang su, nhat la ddi vdi cac chiia d viing sau, viing xa.
Co thg noi, nhtmg van de tren la nguyen nban chinh gay kho khan Idn cho cong tac dao tao su sai Khmer, anh hudng dgn y nghTa, muc dich dg ra Cung chinh vi Iy do dd ma mdt sd ca sd dao tao su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer dy kign dugc thanh lap, nhung chua duge trign khai,
Vi vdn bdng. chirng chi ddo lao
Viec cdng nhan va cap bang Phat hgc cho cac Idp sa cap Pali d eac tinh chua thdng nhat, ngn mdi dia phuang lam mpt each rieng, Co nai cap bang tigng Khmer (Tra Vinh). cd nai chi can su tru tri chitng nhan, trong khi Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam chua cd quy chuan thong nhat ve van bang, chirna nhan cho cite lap dito tao tigng Pali. Thye tg ed tinh trang mpt sd ca sd dao tao d tinh nay khdng edng nhan eac van bang do tinh, chiia khac cap (chu ygu la trinh do so cap Phat hgc). Do dd, ga>' kho khan trong cdng tae quan ly, khdng khuyen khfch dupe su sai hpc d trinh dp cao hon,
iVIat khac, mot bd phan su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer hien nay khdng mudn tu hanh trpn ddi.
Hp ed mong muon dupe hgc d cac co sd dao tao ma vira cd thg vao chiia tu bao higu, vira cd the trang bi cho minh nhirng kien thuc xa hpi, cd bang cap de khi xuat tu cd the tim dugc nghg nghiep, viec lam.
Trong khi dd, bang cap ciia Hpe vien Phat giao Nam tdng (ciia giao hdi, do Giao hdi Phat giao quan ly) lai khdng cd gia tri vg mat xa hpi. Vi vay, nhung su sai khdng cd y dinh tu iron ddi sau khi da hpc xong d Tmdng Trung cap Pali Soe Trang (thugc he thong giao due qudc dan, do Nha nudc quan ly), se khdng theo hpc tigp d cap Hpc vien.
^ Hien da h6 trg cho nhap nhieu bp Dai Tang Kinh bang tieng Khmer (82 dau kinh sach Phat giao bang chU Khmer de phuc vu cho viec tung doc, nghien ciiu, giang day trong Phat giao Nam long Khmer da dugc in an va phat hanh).
Nghien ctiu An Dp va Chau A So 1 - 2020, tr.78-87 84
Nguyen Thami Auan, Nguyin Ngpc Quynh- He thdng ddo tgo Phat gido. . Vi vdn de qudn ly
Mdt sd van ban ve chu tmang, chinh sach hoac van ban cu the hda chu tmang, ehinh sach lien quan cua mgt so bd, nganh khdng dugc phd bign rdng rai, do do khdng tranh khoi anh hudng trong qua trinh trien khai, ap dung thyc hien.
Mae du da ed su phdi hgp giira Bg Giao due va Dao tao vdi co quan quan ly nha nudc vg tdn giao d Tmng uong trong van de xay dyng chuang trinh day thong nhit hai mdn hpc Lich sir Viet Nam va Phap lual Viet Nam cho cae ca sd dao tao su sai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer nhung din nay vin chua CO dugc chuang trinh cu the. Do do, mdi co sd dao lao vin cd mdt ehuang trinh rieng, phu thugc nhigu vao su hd trg eua nganh giao due d dia phucmg trong cdng tae giang day nhirng mdn nay.
Trgn CO sd phap ly va thyc lien, dg Giao bdi Phat giao Viet Nam ndi chung, he phai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer ndi rieng manh vg mpi mat, trong dd cd cdng tae dao lao, bdi dudng bi si, viec giiip cho Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam, he phai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer thye hien lot nhiem vu nay cung chinh la giiip cho cdng tac quiin ly Nha nudc doi vdi Phat giao dugc thuan lgi. Qua do, giiip cho viec dinh hudng tu tudng the he tu sT kg can ciia Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer luon theo phuang cham hoat dgng: Dao phap - Dan tpc - Chii nghTa xa hgi.
3. Mot so de x u a t
Mot Id, can ra soal lai he thdng dito tao ciia he phai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, tren co sd do giitp Phat giao Nam ldng Khmer xay dyng mpt md hinh dao tao phii hgp vdi cac cap. Tm'dc tign, hd trp xay dung mpt sd ca sd dao tao trung cap Phat hgc, Pali - Vini d Tra Vinh, Soe Trang, Kien Giang
Hai Id, cin cd su hd trg, giiip dd Phat giao Nam tong Khmer thdng nhit viec xay dung chuang trinh dao tao su sai; xay dyng giao an, giao frinh, sach giao khoa phii hgp vdi tirng cip hpc cua he phai; long ghep chuang trinh day the hpc (van hpc, ngoai ngu, tieng Khmer, tin hpc,.,), day nghe... d muc dd hgp ly dg giup su sai theo hpc vira cd kien thuc Phat hgc vii'a cd kien Ihue xa hpi, nhu thg mdi phat huy dugc kha nang hoSng duong chanh phap trong xa hdi mdi, cQng nhu lam hanh trang khi xuat tu,
Ba la, cin cd sy hd trg he phai md cac lap bdi dudng giang su, giiip ddi ngu giang su dupc tap huan, boi dudng ve nghiep vu su pham, tir dd nang cao kha nang Imygn thu kign Ihuc cho cac su sai.
Phan djnh va quy djnh cu thg vg tieu chuin giang su co huu va thinh giang theo bing cap dao tao, b6i dudng cu thg; cung nhu cd mdi dgi ngu giang su ehuygn nghiep, tranh viec giang su vira phat giu cae chtic vu Phat sy vira phai day tit ca eac cap bgc nbu hien nay.
Bdn Id, nhirng ca sd dao tao cua Phat giao chua du tigu chuan Idp hpe, chua dam bao mdi trudng giao due, cin dugc kigm tra de giiip nang cip, nhirng co sd khdng thg khic phuc cd thg khong cho tuyen sinh liep de dam bao chat iugng dao tao.
Ndm la, doi vdi ca quan quan ly nha nudc:
Tmdc hgt, ddi vdi cac su Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer theo hgc tai Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tong Khmer hoac cac Trudng Trung cip Phat hgc, Nha nude cin hd Irg tien an, d, di lai cho hp. Co nhu vay, mdi khuygn khich duoc cac su Khmer tu hpe, tranh viec cae su do khd khan nen bo sang Campuchia tu hgc (do dugc tai trg kinh phi an, d, di lai), ehiu s y t i n phong cua vua sai Campuchia
Nghign cuu An Do va Chau A. Sd 1 - 2020, tr,78-87 ^^
Nguygn Thanh Xuan, Nguyen Ngpc Quynh. He thong ddo tao Phdl gido hoac khdng tu hgc vi khdng cd dii kinh phi an hpc, tao cd cho cac thg luc tbii dich trong va ngoai nudc vu cao chinh sach tu do tdn giao, tin ngudng ciia Dang va Nha nude ta.
Bp Giao due Dao lao va Bp Ndi vu. Bo Tu phap la cac ea quan diu m6i duac giao nhanh chdng cd su thdng nhat vg ndi dung va thdi lugng hai mdn hgc Lich sir Viet Nam va Phdp ludt Viit Nam, trong do ndi dung ve lich sic, vimg ddt Tdy Nam Bg vd ngu&i Khmer & Nam Bp dugc dua vao giang day trong cac tmdng Idp tdn giao ciia Giao hdi Phai giao Viet Nam ndi chung va Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer ndi rieng.
Can cd ca che dac biet uu tign cho nhung su sai da hpc d Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, nhung xuat tu ve vdi ddi thudng va muon tim kiem cong an viee lam, nhat la lam viee Irong khoi eae CO quan, td chirc, doan the xa hdi. Vi thudng nhirng su sai nay la ngudi cd tri thii'c va uy tin cao trong ddng bao Khmer, do do tranh tbti hp trong cong tac la dieu can thiel.
Kign nghj Chinh phii hd trp chinh thiic cho cae lap day su sai trong chiia. Co tbg ho trg tii' nguon ngan sach Tmng uang thdng qua Ban Tdn giao Chi'nh phti hoac hd tro tir ngudn ngan sach tirng dia phucmg (do dac digm ciia Phat giao Khmer vii digu kien kinh tg eua ddng bao Phat tir la ngudi dan tdc Khmer cdn khd khan, thigu thdn ngn khdng dti kinh phi quyen gdp cho viec giang day va hgc tap dupe dn dinh, trong khi dd viec giang day d chiia la mgt tat ygu, tap quan ciia ddng bao Khmer).
Cac vien, trudng thugc Giao bgi Phat giao Viet Nam can ehii y den viec lien kel vdi cac vien, tmdng Phat giao Nam tdng thude cae nude Campuchia, Thai Lan, Lao, Myanma, Sri Lanka de co chuong trinh hgp lac dito tao. Qua do, bang nam cd ke hoach dao tao tang sinh Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer tai mdt sd nudc neu Iren theo nhu cau Ihuc tign mit trong nudc chua cd hoac khdng cd digu kien dao tao, kem theo ea chg chinh saeh ho trg dac thii trong tbdi gian tang sinh du hpc.
Ket luan
Dgn nay, Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da cd mdt be Ihdng dao tao chuc sac tuong ddi bai ban so vdi cac tbdi ky tmdc, da thiinb lap dugc cae trudng tir so eip, trung cip Pbat hpc den hpc vien. Day la tien de rat quan trgng cho qua trinh dao tao chiic sac cho Pbat giao Nam tdng Khmer trong hien tai va tuong lai.
Dugc su giiip dd cua Tmng uang Giao hdi Phat giao Viel Nam va cac cap chinh quyen, Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da nhanh chong, tirng bude bd sung nhu'ng ndi dung tich cue trong dao lao su sai cua he phai vii gdp phan vao viee nang cao chat lugng giao due trong ddng bao Khmer phii hgp vdi giai doan phat trign mdi cua dat nudc, nhung van giir dugc net truygn Ihdng mang sac thai rigng ctia dong bao dan tgc Khmer va he phai Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer.
He thdng giao due cua Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer da gop phan dao tao cac vi su sai cd trinh dp, cd dao hanh, tieh cyc tham gia cac cdng tac xa hdi, tham gia Hpi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban Mat tran cac cip, gdp phan vao edng viec van dgng thye hien eac chinh sach cua Dang va Nhii nudc va eae phong trao quan chiing d dja phuang.
Ben canh dd, he thdng giao due cua Phat giao Nam long Khmer dang dat ra nhCi-ng van de can quan tam tir cpng ddng Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer, Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam va cae nganh, cac dia phuang ed lien quan. Dd la chuong trinh dao tao, npi dung dao lao, doi tugng dao tao, hinh thirc
Nghign ctiu An Dp va Chau A. So 1 - 2020, tr.78-87 86
Nguygn Thanh Xuan, Nguyin Nggc Quynh. He liidng ddo lao Phdl gido . dao tao, cung co s6 vat chat dam bao cho qua trinh dao tao chiic sac cua Phat giao Nam tong ngay cang dn dinh va chii lugng. Nhtmg yeu cau dd dang dat ra ddi vdi cac cap, cac nganh tir trung uong din dia phuang, va cin c6 su chung tay vao cugc de Phat giao Nam tong Khmer cd the nang cao chat lugng dao tao, gop phan cham lo cho su sai Nam tdng Khmer ndi rieng cting nhu ddng bao Khmer Nam Bg ndi chung.
Tai lieu tliam khao
1. Ban Chi dao Tay Nam Bg (2013), Bdo cdo linh hinh Plidl gido Nam long Khmer vitng Tdy Nam bo.
2. Ban Dan van Trung uong (10-9/2013), Bao cap tinh hinh Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer.
3. Bao cao so 09/BC-HVPGNT, Khai quat dnh hinh hpc tap cua Hpc vien Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer nam 2018.
4. Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam (2012), Van kien Dai hdi dai biSu Phat giao tpan qudc lan thii VII nhiem ky 2012-2017, Nxb. Hai Phdng, Hai Phdng.
5. Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam (11/2017), Van kien Dai hpi Dai bieu Phat giao toan quoc lan thii VIII, Ha Noi.
6. Giao hgi Phat giao Viet Nam, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh (18/10/2018), Bao cao cdng tac ho trp hoat dpng Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer (2004-2018).
7. Hgi ddng Tri su Qiao hpi Phat giao Viet Nam (9/2014), Ky ylu Hpi nghi chuyen de Phat giao Nam tdng Khmer.
8. So lieu cdng bd nam 2018 cua Vien Nghien ciiu Phat trien Mekong.
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chto A. S6 1 - 2020, tr.78-87
