Thong tin khoa hpc cong nghe m o
\/HINH THANH CAC CUM mo
N H A M N A N G CAO
HIEU QUA KHAI THAC KHOANG SAN KIM LOAI MAU
Mineral resouices in general and non-ferrous metal resources in particular in our country are abundant and very diverse, however, these resources have low reserves and scattered distribution, therefore, there have been many difficulties in their mining and processing operations. In recent years, non-ferrous metal mining enterprises in Vietnam have coped with many challenges. Creating mine blocks fn)m small scale and scattered mines to increase the mining efficiency and decrease the investment expenditure as well as to solve the environmental problems is considered as one of the solutions for the sustainable development of the mineral mining sector in our country
ThS. P H O N G T H I T H U TRANG ThS. NGUYEN C H A U G I A N G Trwcfng Dgi hgc Thu'o'ng mgl Hit N0i Bien tip: ThS. Hoing Minh Hung
Nguon tai nguyen khoang san cua nu-dc ta du'gc danh gia la tu-ang d l i phong phu va da dang v l ehCing logi. Cae nhom khoang san chu y l u eua nu-de ta bao g i m nhom khoang san nhien lipu (diu khi, than); nhom khoang san s i t va hgp kim s i t (sit, cromit, titan, mangan);
nhom khoang san kim logi mau (boxit, thilc, ding, chi-kem, antimon, molipden); nhom khoang san qw^ (vang, da quy); nh6m khoang san hod chit cong nghiep (apatit, cao lanh, cat thuy tinh); nhom khoang san vat lieu xay dyng (da voi xi mang, da xay dyng, da I p lat). D i n nay, nu-dc ta da tiln hanh dieu tra ca ban, tham d6 va phat hien mdi tren 5.000 diem khoang va mo.
D l i vdi mpt so loai khoang san quan trpng va c6 tilm nang Idn, Chinh phu da giao eho mpt s i doanh nghipp Nha nu-dc dam nhgn vai trd n6ng cIt trong khai thac theo m6 hinh kinh t l djnh hu'dng xa h6i chu nghTa. Cu the nhu-, khai thac va ehl bien d i u khi giao Tgp doan Dau khi Viet Nam; khai thac va c h i biln than va cac khoang san khac giao cho Tap doan Cong nghipp Than- Khoang san Viet Nam (Vinacomin); khai thac va c h i biln khoang san h6a chit (apatit) chu y l u giao eho Tgp doan Hoa chat Vipt Nam; khai thac, ehl biln quang sat chu y l u do Tong Cong ty Thep Vi$t Nam va Tap doan Vinacomin thyc hipn; khai thac, ehl biln vat lipu xay dyng chu yeu giao cho Ting Cong ty Xi mang Viet Nam va cac doanh nghiep nganh xay dyng, giao thong van tai thyc hien (nganh khodng san vat
lidu xay dyng do Bp Xay dyng quan 1;/).
Ben cgnh viec giao cho cac doanh nghipp Idn cua Nha nu-dc trien khai khai thac quy mo, nu-dc ta cung da cho phep khai thae cac mo vdi quy mo nho. UBND cac tmh co quyen d p , gia hgn, thu hIi Giay phep tham d6 khoang san, Giay phep khai thac khoang san, Gily phep khai thac tan thu khoang san; chap thugn tra Igi Giay phep tham d6 khoang san, Gily phdp khai thac khoang san, Gily phep khai thae tan thu khoang san, tra lai mgt phln dien tich khu vyc tham do, khai thae khoang san; t l chdc d i u gia quyin khai thac khoang san thugc thlm quyln.
Tinh d i n nam 2015, Bp Tai nguyen va Moi tru-dng da khoanh djnh va cong b l 38 khu vyc CO khoang san phan tan, nho le vdi tong dipn ttch la 10,463 km^tren dja ban 14tinh, thanh phi gom: Lai Chau, Yen Bai, Hoa Binh, Tuydn Quang, Cao Bang, Bic Kgn, Thdi Nguyen, Bac Giang, Thanh Hda, Ha TTnh, Quang Binh, Thu-a Thien - Hul, Quang Nam va Gia Rai d l Oy ban Nhan dan cac tinh quan ly, d p ph6p khai thac khoang san theo quy djnh cOa Lugt khodng san.
Tir khi CO chu tru-ang khai thac mo nho, khai thac t i n thu, hang logt cae cong tru-dng khai thac thu cong moc len nhu- khai thae vang, da quy, thilc, mangan, sat, in-me-nhit.... Phu-ang phap khai thac thu cong h l u nhy khong co ea sd khoa hgc ve cdng nghp. Mgt s i xi nghipp khai thac ca gidi cung chuyen sang khai thae thu cdng nhy mo thilc TTnh Tue, San Du-ang, Bac Lung, cromit C l Djnh, do cgn kipt tai nguyen
Bfl KHCNM s o 3/2016* KINH TE MO
Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe mo
hoac do quy mo khai thdc giam, khdng chju n l i chi phi cua khai thdc ca gidi. Phu-ang phap khai thdc thu cdng va bdn ca gidi da tdc d|ng x l u d i n moi tru'dng sinh thai va gdy lang phi tai nguyen. Ve tuyIn khoang, cdng nghp tuyIn ca gidi tap tmng cung du-gc thay t h i bang nhu-ng xu-dng tuyIn quy md nho, thu cdng hogc ban ca gidi. Hinh thu-c ndy bao trum h l u h i t cac nganh khai thac khoang san kim logi nhu- thilc, vang, cromit, mangan...
Nhu-ng nam g i n day, do anh hu-dng cua kinh t l t h i gidi, gia eac mat hang kim loai mau giam sau, cac doanh nghiep khai thac, e h l biln quang kim logi mau trong nu'dc ggp r l t nhieu khd khan.
Cac doanh nghiep khai thdc vd c h i biln quang kim loai mau nu'dc ta dang phai doi mgt vdi tinh trgng gia ea ha, gia thanh tang, cdng nghp san xult Ige hgu, v l n de mdi tru'dng ngdy cang trd len d p thiet. De giai quylt eo hieu qua tinh hinh hipn nay, can hinh thanh du-gc cac cum md d l tap hgp, lien k i t cac md nho, phan tdn thanh cac khu vyc md cd quy md san xult Idn, thing nhat tu- khau hau can d i n khai thdc va e h l biln khoang san, dam bao nang cao hieu qua sCr dyng tai nguyen, bao ve mdi tru-dng, tilt kiem v l n dau tu-, nang cao hieu qua kinh t l .
V\ec hinh thanh cac vung md la nham den cdc khu vyc tap trung tu-ang d l i nhieu cac md nhd, thing nhIt quy hogch, phan b l mpt each hgp ly tdi nguyen cua vung, xdc djnh hgp ly s i lu-gng md vd nhd may tuyIn qugng, tien hanh quy hoach hd thdng van chuyin, hau d n chung nham khai thac co quy md, hipu qua cdc vung CO nhilu mo nhd, phan tan, nang cao hipu qua diu tu-, quan ly Nha nu-dc vd bao vd mdi tru-dng.
De vipe xay dyng cdc cum md nhu- da neu, d n thyc hipn du-gc cdc ndi dung sau:
- Cac d p chinh quyen tu- tnjng u-ang d i n dia phu-ang can quan tam chi dgo, hodn thien he thing van ban phap luat QLNN ve khai thae, c h i biln, kinh doanh khoang san, nhIt la doi vdi nhdm cdc khodng san kim logi mau, quy hilm;
- D i u tu-, nang cao chat lu-gng nguIn nhdn Iyc quan ly Nha nu-dc v l khai thae, e h l biln va kinh doanh eac logi khodng san;
- Tang cu-dng cdng tdc tuyIn truyen, pho biln phap lugt v l khoang san de nang cao nhan thu-c cua ngu-di dan, doanh nghiep trong cong tac
Mgt gdc cong truung
khai thic quang cromit Cd Dinh (Thanh Hda) quan ly khodng san, bao vp khoang san va trach nhiem eua cdc ngdnh, ehinh quyen dja phu-ang;
- Tang cu-dng cdng tdc thanh tra, kiem tra, xie't chgt vide cap giay phep khai thac md. Tang cu-dng cdng tdc thanh tra, kilm tra trong hogt dpng khoang san; xu- ly nghiem d l i vdi cae tnj'dng vi phgm; thu hIi giay phep theo quy (^nh doi vdi cae tnj-dng hgp e l tinh khong chap hanh;
- Chinh quyen cdc d p cIn ra soat tong t h i Igi cdc quy hoach d l i vdi tu-ng logi khoang san, cd k l hogch khai thdc su- dung khoang san hgp ly phgc vg cho phdt triln kinh t l tru-dc mat vd lau ddi trdnh tinh trang khai thae tran Ian, xult khiu khodng san thd khdng qua c h i biln, xult khiu
"tilu ngaeh" dan d i n ngn "md thd phP, "qugng tgc"... 1dm lang phi, thIt thoat tai nguyen khodng san.
- Kidn quylt triln khai quy hoach t i n g t h i , thuc day phdt triln xanh. Khdng chi cdc d p chinh quyin d n kien quylt trong viec triln khai quy hoach tong t h i md ngay ea cae doanh nghiep phai c6 y thdc rd rdng v l viec triln khai nghiem tuc quy hogch t i n g t h i . Vi neu khdng lam du-gc dilu nay, cae md Idn khdng du-ge khai thdc tot d i n d i n hipu qua kinh t l thIp, cac md nhd bj khai thdc bu-a bai gdy lang phi tai nguyen.
Viec triln khai theo dung quy hogch ting the lam ea sd cho vipe tgp hgp cdc md, diem khai thdc nhd thanh cac cym md, cd quy md Idn, de ddng dp dyng cdc cdng nghe khai thac va ehl biln tien tiln, giOp hg gia thanh, nang cao hipu qua dau tu-, tgo diku kipn thuan Igi cho vipe quan ly cua cdc d p ehinh quyen.
- Tang cu-dng hgp tdc, lien k i t giu-a eac dja
KHCNM SO 3/2016* KINH TE MO
Thong tin khoa hoc cong nghe mo
phuong cd chung nguon khoang san nham thong nhat trong khau dSu tu' xay du'ng ha tang ca sd, bao ve moi trudng tai cac khu khai thac, han che viec dau tu' dan trai, chong cheo. Bleu nay rlit quan trpng, bdi vl da so cap dja phuong cd khoang san d^u la cac Sia phu-png mi^n nui, kinh te cdn nhi^u khd khan.
Tao di^u ki$n, khuySn khich cac doanh nghiep khai thac, che bidn khoang san hpp tac, thong nh^t trong viec triln khai c4c hoat dpng san xuat kinh doanh nhlm nang cao hieu qua dau tu.
- Cd chinh sach khen thu'dng xirng dang cho vi^c SU' dung tilt kiem, hpp ly khoang san va cd c h i tai xir phat nghiem khac cac hanh vi vi pham, lang phi, that thoat tai nguyen khoang san trong hoat dpng khoang san.
- Cham dirt hoan toan viec xin, cho, hoan thien c h i dp d i u thau trong cap phep khai thac khoang san, nhIt la ddi vdi nhdm khoang san mau, quy hiem.
- Phat huy vai trd ciia cac doanh nghiep Idn.
cac doanh nghi$p Idn, thay vi dua vao cac \a\
t h i ciia minh canh tranh tn,i'c tiep vdi cac doanh nghiep nhd, can dong vai trd trung tam, dau tau giiip dd v l von, ky thuat va phuong tien hau cln cho cac doanh nghiep nhd, tao ra su'c manh tong Iyc doi phd vdi nhung biln dpng, thach thirc tren thj trudng t h i gidi cung nhu su canh tranh cua cac doanh nghipp nude ngoai trong thdi ky hpi nhap kinh te quoc te hien nay.
Ben canh dd, cac doanh nghi$p Idn cIn ddng vai trd trung tam trong viec bao vp mdi trudng va thyc hien cac trach nhiem xa hpi.
- Bay manh hpp tac giOa doanh nghiep va cac CO quan nghien ciru. Vipe hgp tac giu'a dpanh nghipp va cac ca quan nghien ciru ngay cang trd len quan trpng va cIn thilt. Sy hgp tac nay giiip doanh nghipp cd t h i giai quylt nhyng van de gap phai trpng san xult, kinh dpanh cung nhy phuong hydng phat triln trpng tyong lai.
Hpp tac giya dpanh nghiep va cac co quan nghien ciru cang quan trpng hon trong viec thiic day hinh thanh va phat then cua cac cym md.
- D l y manh irng dung cdng nghe thdng tin trong quan \<i, tham dd, khai thac, cung d p thong tin... tap dieu kipn d l cac doanh nghipp tlm hieu, tim kilm co hoi hpp tac kinh dpanh.
Trong boi canh gia ca quang kim loai, dao bipt la kim loai mau giam, gia thanh san xult tang.
Cling vdi nhu'ng yeu cau cap bach ve canh tranh kinh t l qu6c t l ciing vdi ydu cau v l bao vp mdi trydng va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen khpang san, vipe tang cydng hgp tac giya cac dia phygng, doanh nghiep vdi doanh nghipp d l hinh thanh cac cym md la hit su'c d n thiet. Lam dygc dieu dd, giiip cho Nha nydc va cac dia phygng de dang hontrong cdng tacquanlyNha nygc ve khai thdc, c h i biln va kinh doanh khoang san. Dong thdi, gitip cdng tac bao vp tai nguyen mdi trydng dygc tiln hanh thuan Igi, tap trung hgn. Viec hinh thanh cac cpm md giiip nang pao nang Iyc canh tranh, giam chi phi dau ty, tang hieu qua kinh t l trpng giai doan hpi nhap kinh t l qu6c t l dang dien nhanh chdng nhy hipn nay.
Nhy vay, viec hinh thanh cac cum md la phif hgp vdi xu the phdt triln ciia nganh khai khoang kim loai mau ndi rieng va nganh cdng nghipp khai khpdng ndi chung, phii hgp vdi dydng loi, chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nydc ta ve sy dung cd hipu qua tai nguyen khoang san, la mOt trong nhyng giai phap giiip nganh khai khpang phat triln ben virng./.
Tdi li§u tham khio:
1. Nguyen Manh Quan, Binh hwang khai thac khoing san Viet Nam. Bd Cdng Thyong.
2. Vu Binh Thuy, Tinh hinh QLNN v l khoing san tren dia b^n tinh Lao Cai, ke ho^ch giai phap trong giai do^n t&l.
3. Nguyin Khac Vinh, Hi nguyen khoing sin Viet Nam - thut: trang va m0t so kien nghi Td'ng hgi Dja chat Viet Nam.
4. Hipn trang khai thac va c h i bien mpt s6 khpang san kim loai chinh.
http://vravw.hamico.vn/index. php?act=newsde- tail&cld=50&id=157.
5. Bao cao cdng tac QLNN v l khoang san nam 2014, ket qua 6 thang d^u nam 2015 va nhipm vg trong tSm 6 thang cull nam 2015 cOa Bd Tai nguyen va IVIdi trydng.
e.httpV/vraw.tapchitainguyenvamoitnjong.vn/
383/TNMT/14068/Chuyen-bien-ro-net-trong- cong-tac%C2%A0quan-ly-nha-nuoc-ve-khoang- san.html.
KHCNM su .1/2016- k l M r i C MO
