TAI CHINH VA NGAK HANG QUOC TE ^ •
\iVAI TRD CDA TOCHflC DAD HIEM TIEN GAI TRONG VIEC GUil QDYET KHONG HOANG TAI CHINH;
HNH NGHIEM CDA CAC DDDC GU TREN THE Gllh VADAIHOCCHOinlTNAM
^rftS. Tran Phi Long va PGS.,TS. Vu Duy Hao *
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e thdng bao hiem tien gui dtrac coi la mpt trong nhijng bien phap bao ve nguoi gtri tien khi ngan hang khong the thanh toan di/yc cac khoan tien giii cCia ngtrai dan khi den h$n, gdp phan dam bao sy dn djnh cua he thong tai chinh. Bai viet nghien cuu vai tro, tam quan trpng cua cac td chiic bao hiem t i l n gui tren the gioi trong khijng hoang qua cac khfa cgnh mo hinh td chijc, phi bao hiem va h?n muc chi t r i Oiem moi cua bai nghien cuu la da phan tich thyc trang mo hinh b^o hiem tien gui cua Viet Nam theo nhOng khi'a canh nay, Qua do, bai nghien ciju khang djnh Vi|t Nam can ddi moi mo hinh bao hilm tien gui thanh mo hinh giam thieu rui ro, hoan thien sy phdi hi;^ giiia To chiic bao hiem tien giii Viet Nam voi cac co quan giam sat thay ddi each thu phi bao hiem tien gui va nang han miic chi tra b^o hiem tien gtri.* Triftlng Dai hoc Kinh le QJDC dan
1. Phan md dau
Cung vdi sy phat trien cua nen kinh tg' ddt nUdc, hoat dpng cua hg t h o n g tai c h i n h ngan hang Vigt N a m da cd nhdng bydc phat trien Idn. Trong qua t r i n h phat trien d d , cac san p h a m , d i c h v y ma ngan hang cung cap c h o nen k i n h l e ngay cang nhieu, gdp p h i n thoa man nhu c l u eua ngddi sd d y n g d i c h v u . Tuy n h i e n , eung vdi sd phat trien cac san p h i m , d j c h vu, nhieu rui ro t i e m an trong hoat dpng eua ngan hang cdng d i n ddpc bdc Ip, lam cho each n h i n nhan cua ngddi gdi l i l n dd'i vdi sy an loan cua tdng ngan hang ndi rieng va cua he thdng ngan hang thdPng mgi ndi chung t r d ndn hoai nghi hon. Ly do c h o sy hoai nghi nay la v l khi mdt ngan hang bj ma't kha nang thanh loan, ngddi gdi t i e n , cijng ddng thdi la c h u no cua cdng ty, sg dd'i mat vdi rui ro khdng dddc thanh toan khoan tien g d i , bao gdm ea gd'c va lai.
Hon nda, mot trong nhdng dac trdng cua hoat ddng ngan hang
la t i n h anh hddng day c h u y i n ra't Idn, viee m p i ngan hang ma't kha nang thanh toan ed t h i se lam eho he t h d n g ngan hang b j anh hddng theo, gay hoang logn trong nen k i n h l e . C h i n h v i vay, d l tao n i l m l i n trong ngddi d a n , viec thanh lap co quan bao h i e m t i l n gdi la can thie't eho sd phat t n e n on d j n h cua he thdng ngan hang. Theo H i e p hpi Bao h i l m tien gdi quoc tg' (International Association of Deposit Insurers - I A D I ) , t i n h de'n ngay 3 1 / 0 1 / 2 0 1 4 , tren the' gidi ed 113 qudc gia c d cd quan bao h i e m l i e n g d i , tfnh t d qudc gia phat t r i l n n h d M y vdi Tdng eong ty bao h i e m tien gdi Lien bang (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation FDIC) da dope thanh lap I d lau (nam 1934), cho de'n qud'e gia dang phat t r i l n mdi thanh lap cP quan bao h i l m tien gdi n h d Viet N a m (nam 2000). C h f n h v i vay, vige nghign edu k i n h n g h i g m hoat ddng cua eo quan bao h i l m tien gdi cua nhdng qudc gia tign tien trgn the gidi la can thig't eho vige phat trien cd quan bao h i e m t i l n gdi tgi Viet N a m .
Hign nay, chda ed mot khai nigm thdng nhat v l bao h i l m tien g d i . Tuy n h i e n , da cd nhieu nha nghien cdu dda ra quan d i e m v l bao h i l m tien gdi trong cac nghign edu cua m i n h . Choi J.B (1 999) da d l xuat bao h i e m t i l n
NBAN HANG OUAN OOI
Chuyen m u c nay do Ngan hang ThJdng mai cd phan Quan (Joi tai trd
f CHI NGAN HANG 1 SO 6 | THANG 3/2015 @
[ ^ TAI CHiNH VA NGAN HANG QUOC TE
gdi la sy c a m k i t tra gdc v a lai khoan l i l n gdi, nd am chi nghTa vy cua eae t d chdc tin d y n g theo lu^t va theo nhdng d i l u khoan eua hyp ddng ma se phai Ira bat c d khoan l i e n gdi nao cdn lai trong tai khoan ngydi gdi t i l n . Dao v a n Tuan (2006) lai dya ra khai n i e m bao h i e m l i e n gdi "dUOc h i l u la mdt sd bao dam rang sd d d gdc va lai cdng ddn cua cae lai khoan t i l n gdi nhdt d j n h se ddpc thanh loan ldi m p i gidi hgn nhat d i n h " . Bui HOu Toan (2006) lai dda ra each h i l u ve bao hiem l i e n gdi nhd sau: "Bao h i l m t i l n gdi la c a m ket gida i d chdc bao hiem tien gdi vdi t d chde nhan
l i e n gdi, theo d d i d chdc bao h i e m l i e n gi!fi se i h y e hign thanh toan thay t d chdc nhan l i e n gdi khi t d chdc nhan t i e n gdi e h ^ m ddt hogt d p n g va mat kha nang thanh toan eho ngUdi gdi l i e n " . Chfnh vl vgy, nghien cud dda ra khai n i e m thd'ng nh^t v l bao h i l m tien gdi la c l n thiet.
2. Ban ctiat, vai tro cua bao hiem tien gufi
T i m quan trpng cua i d chde bao h i l m tien gdi dypc i h l hign rd qua so' IdOng ngay cang tang cua he thdng t d chdc bao h i e m lien gdi tai eae qud'c gia Iren t h e gidi. Sd Iddng t d chdc bao h i l m
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.^' Sf Sf ^- A^ ^,^ .3^ ^-•v" -v* -v" -^ -^ ' i ' -i^ 1^ -^^ -^ -ifi ^ - ^ ' ^ ^^.•^^.•^^.<^^.^^.^<'~0 Nguon: Tong hap tilLe Viet Nga (2012) va Hiep hoi Bao hiem Tien
gCli Quae te (International Association of Deposit Insurers - lADA) Bang 1: 0|c diem v^ cac trudng hdp quoc gia ap dung tie tiiong bao hiem tien gili
03c di^tn
VI du
M6 hinh chi trd ' Mo hinh chi trS vdi ' quyen han md rong cac muc tieu chinh ve
chinh sSch cong cua cac h& th6ng bSo hiem tien giii theo mo hinh chi uA la de Uh ngudi gCri tien trong cac t6 cht]'c tham gia bSo hiem that bai v^ gi5p phan vao s j 6 n dinh cua he thong tai chinh. M6 hinh chi trd don thuSn c6 ba chiJc nSng chinh: thu phi bSo hiem, qu^n ly quy vd boi thudng cho ngudi gul tien.
Quy bdo hiem tien giiri Cdng hoS S^c, Quy b i o hi^m t i l n gffl Phin Lan, Cong ty bSo vS tien gCfi Hongkong
Bao gom dac diem cua mo hinh chi trd. Ngoai ra, mo hinh chi tra vdi quyen han md rong con lien quan den viec xijf ly no xau, chiu trach nhiem thanh ly ngan hang, va dong quan ji^ cac ngan hang thSnh vien
Quy bdo hiem tien gOi Bungary, Quy bSo lanh tin dung Braxin
(Wd hinh gidm thieu fill ro Bao gdm dac diem cua mo hinh chi tra vcS quyen han md rdng.
l>igoai ra, md hinh gISm thieu riii ro con co chiJc nang quSn ly rui ro mpt each toan dien va ddng vai trd trong viec tang cudng on dmh tai chinh. Trach nhiem va quyen han cua md hinh nay bao gom ca viec can thiep, giam sdt, xd 1^ that bai trifc tiep cac to chdc thdnh vien.
Tong cong ty bdo hiem tien gdi U&n Bang My, Tdng cdng ty bao hiem tien gdi Canada, Tong cong ty bdo hiem tien gdi Han Quoc
t i l n gdi da tang t d 1 to J >^ nam 1934 d ^ n 113 t d d lO nam 2 0 1 3 , dgc bigt tan.L, -nh trong khoang thdi gian t d n a m 1994 dg'n nam 2011 do tac d d n g cua cupc khung hoang tai c h f n h chau A nam 1996 va k h i j n g hoang tai c h i n h loan eau n a m 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 . ( B i l u d d 1)
Trgn t h e gidi hign nay ed ba m o h i n h bao h i e m t i l n gdi phd bie'n: M 6 h i n h ehi tra, md hinh c h i tra vdi q u y l n hgn m d rdng v l mo h i n h g i a m t h i l u rui ro. Dac d i l m va cae trddng hdp qudc gia ap d y n g dope t r i n h bay trong Bang 1
Vai tro quan trpng cua he thdng bao h i l m t i l n gCri ddoc t h i hi^n thdng qua bd'n vai tro:
Thd nhdt, t d chdc bao h i l m t i l n gdi bao ve ngddi gCfi t i l n nho le, nhOng ngUdl m a khdng cd kha nang tig'p cgn den thdng t i n hoat ddng cCia nhdng td chdc tai c h i n h , qua d d tgo n i l m tin cua ngddi gdi t i l n vao h? thdng lai c h m h qud'c gia. To chdc bSo h i e m l i l n gdi bap ve nhOng cd d d n g nho le giao d i c h vdi cac td chdc lai c h i n h trgn cd sd long tin va khong bao v? nhdng nha dau t d t d chde, nhdng ngddi m a c d l h l c d day du thdng tin v l thj trddng tai c h i n h va ed kha nang dda ra nhdng quyet d i n h phu hdp. Noi each khae, ngddi gdi l i l n nho 1^
tai cac t d chdc l i n d u n g la nhdng ngddi khong ed kha nang bao v0 m i n h va rat d l bi thigt hai trddc nhdng quyg't d i n h d i u t y cua cac t d chdc tin rlung. D p vgy, c i n e d m d t t d c i >g ra b^o ve q u y l n Ipi eua , ,^j ( j l n . M g c d d , trong truo ngddi ddpc bao h k
nay, gddi
© TAP CHI NGAN HANG | SO 6 | THANG 3/2015
- TAI CHINH VA NGAN HANG QUOC TE ^ 1
di/yc hyfing quyen ldi bao h i e m , la ngddi gdi l i e n , khong phai la ngydi t h a m gia bao h i e m , la to chde t h a m gia bao h i e m , nhdng bao h i e m l i l n gdi la h i n h thdc bao h i e m t h a m gia bat bupc dd'i vdi cac t d chdc tin d y n g cd huy ddng t i l n gdi trgn thi trudng. Khi ngydi dan mang t i l n de'n gdi tgi cac to chde l i n d y n g , hp thddng hinh thanh mdt n i l m tin vao hg thdng tai c h i n h , vi cho rang ed sd bao dam eua c h i n h phu dang sau cac t d chdc t i n dung, mac dd eae td chdc t i n dung hogt ddng doe lap va t d chiu trach n h i e m theo quy d j n h eua phap luat.
Thd hai, bao h i l m t i l n gdi la gidp hg I h d n g tai c h i n h hoat ddng dn d j n h va higu qua b i n g each g i a m sal va ngan ngda cae td chdc t i n d y n g b j pha san. H g thd'ng tai c h i n h ed dac d i e m la cd t i n h anh hddng day e h u y i n rat Idn, e h i can mot hoae mdt vai t d chdc t i n d u n g bj d d v d , Idng t i n cija ngddi gdi l i l n se bi anh hudng. Khi cd to c h d c bao h i l m l i l n g d i , long t i n cua ngddi gdi l i l n dddc cung c d , cac trddng hpp d d v d nhd le cua td chdc t i n d y n g se khong lam anh hddng Idn dg'n cae t d chde tin d u n g lanh m a n h , do do t i n h anh hddng day c h u y e n se k h d n g xay ra. H o n nda, he thd'ng bao h i l m l i e n gdi c d n tao ra c d che' giam sat, eanh bao, ngan ehan va hd trp cae t d chde t h a m gia bao h i l m t i e n gdi p h d n g t r a n h rui ro trong k i n h d o a n h .
Thdba, bao h i e m l i e n gdi giup eho vigc k h i c phuc hau qua khi hogt dpng cda cac td chdc t h a m gia bao h i e m ed van d l . Ng'u cac to chdc t h a m gia bao hiem cd rui
Khi CO to chdc ro ma't kha nang thanh toan, t d chdc bao h i e m tien gdi cd t h i ap d y n g cac bien phap can thie't n h d eho vay hd trp de chi tra cac khoan tien ddpc bao h i e m , bao lanh cac khoan vay dae biet.
Cdn trong trydng hpp cac td chdc t h a m gia bao hiem da thdc sd ma't kha nang thanh loan thi t d chde bao h i l m tien gdi phai thdc hign vige chi tra t i l n gdi ddpc bao h i l m cho ehu t h i thu hdcing bao h i e m .
Thdtd, he tho'ng bao h i l m tien gdi tao ra mdi trddng kinh doanh eanh tranh eho cac td chdc tai ehinh va lam tdi t h i l u hoa ganh nang tai ehinh cho chinh phu.
To chdc bao h i l m t i l n gdi la t d chdc thanh loan cho ngddi thu hddng bao hiem neu d d vd xay ra thay cho chfnh phu vdi sd tien ddpc lay t d quy cua cua chfnh td chdc bao h i l m tien gdi, ddpc huy ddng chu yeu tCithu phf bao hiem cua cac td chdc tham gia bao h i e m . Theo D i n h Dung Sy (2011), d n h i l u qud'c gia, td chde bao h i e m t i l n gdi la nhdng doanh nghiep thde sd, t y chiu trach n h i e m va cd dCi nang lye lai chfnh de x d ly nhdng do v d
BHTG. long Hn cua ngddi gUi tien dddc cung co ngan hang, chfnh phu khdng c l n thie't phai ean thiep hoac ch? can I h i g p , hd trp khi ed khung hoang.
Bgn eanh d d , viec thu p h i bao h i l m ddoe ap dung theo eo ehe tfnh phf tren cd sd rui ro cua tdng td chde tham gia bao h i e m . Chfnh V! vay, nhdng ngan hang hoat ddng lanh m a n h , an toan, cd uy tfn cao thi mdc nop phf bao hiem se tha'p, cdn nhdng ngan hang nao hoat dong cd dp rui ro eao, cd uy tfn tha'p t h i mdc phf bao hiem phai ddng se cao. D o dd, he thdng bao h i l m t i l n gdi da tao ra mdi trddng k i n h doanh canh tranh cdng b i n g eho cac to chdc t h a m gia bao hiem tien gdi, td chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m se ludn c d g l n g giam t h i l u rui ro de cd the ndp p h i tha'p nha't.
3. Kinh ngiiiem bao hiem tien guii mot sd quoc gia tren the gidi va bai hgc cho Viet Nam
3.1. My
M y la quo'e gia dau tien trgn the'gidi t r i l n khai hoat dong bao hiem tien gdi vao nam 1934 va bao hiem tien gdi M y ddpc xem la tign tie'n nha't va la h i n h m i u hpc tap cua n h i l u qud'c gia khae
TAP CHi NGAN HANG | SO 6 | THANG 3/2015 Q
[ ^ TAI CHINH VA NGAN HANG QUOC TE
trgn the gidi. C d quan bao h i e m t i l n gC/i M y la Tdng edng ty Bao h i e m l i l n gd\ Lien bang (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - FDIC). FDIC hoat dpng theo Luat Bao h i e m t i l n gdi ban hanh nam 1933 va cac ehinh luat do Tdng i h d n g ban hanh vdi sy eha'p thuan eua Qud'c hpi qua tCftig thdi ky. FDIC hogt ddng ddc lap vdi C h f n h phu, Q u y d y t r d Lien bang M y (FED) va ehju sy k i l m soat tryc tiep cua Qudc h p i . H i e n nay, m d h i n h eija FDIC la md h i n h giam thieu riji ro. FDIC cd vai trd dae bi^t quan trpng trong vigc duy tri sy dn d j n h va phat t r i l n b i n vdng cda hg thd'ng ngan hang M y .
Cac boat dong nghiep vu cua FDIC ddpc chia thanh 4 nghigp vy chinh la giam sat khach hang;
thu p h i bao h i l m t i l n gdi; ehi tra tien bao hiem; va xd ly nji ro. Hg thdng giam sat cua FDIC dyoc h i n h thanh va phat trien t d rat sdm. FDIC nam trong nhdm 04 CO quan giam sat hogt ddng he thdng tai chinh ngan hang, bao gdm: Cyc d y t r d Lien bang (FED);
Co quan giam sat l i e n te thuoc Bp Tai chfnh (OCC); C P quan giam s i t cac td chdc nhan t i l n gdi phi ngan hang thuoc 86 Tai chfnh (OTS); va Tdng eong l y bao hiem t i l n gdi Lign bang (FDiC).
Theo d d , FDIC giam sat eae ngan hang va t d chdc tie't kiem ma cd tdng tai san nho hon 50 ty USD.
Cdng tac giam sat cua FDIC ddpc thyc hign theo hai h i n h thdc la giam sat t d xa va kiem tra tryc tiep nham d a n h gia tdt ea cac khfa eanh cua td chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m tien gdi. Viee k i l m Ira cac i d chdc tham gia bao h i e m
^ TAP CHI NGAN HANG | SO 6 • THA' ••: : :" -
dypc dya trgn " H g thd'ng phan logi chung cae t d chdc tai c h f n h "
(Uniform Financial Inslitudons Rating System - UFtRS), bao gdm cac ehi tigu giam sat CAMELS Vdn (Capital), Chat lyong tai san (Assets), Kha nang quan ly (Management), Lpi nhuan (Earnings), T i n h thanh khoan (Liquidity), D d nhay cam vdi rui ro thj trddng (Sensitivity to market risk). H g thdng giam sal nay ed ddpc sd phd'i hop va thdng nhat thong l i n gida cac cd quan cd chdc nang giam sat ngn chi phi kiem tra eua he thdng ddpc giam xudng mdc td'i thieu.
v l thu phf bao h i l m t i l n gdi, FDIC dang ap d u n g caeh thu p h i bao h i l m t i l n gdi dya tren mdc dp rui ro, tdc la i d chdc nao ed ft rui ro t h i dddc ap dung t y lg phf thap va ngdpc Igi. Trdde nam 2 0 1 0 , FDIC quy d|nh t i n h p h i bao h i l m l i l n gdi t d l y le theo phan tram quy d m h Iren tdng sd d d tien gdi ddpc bao h i l m . Tuy n h i e n , de'n nam 2 0 1 0 t h i FDiC da thay ddi each tfnh phf bao h i l m t i l n gi!ri, chuyen ddi t h a n h each tfnh phf bdo h i e m l i e n gdi dya tren tdng tai sdn, nham ban ehe' rui ro cua eae t d chdc tai chfnh cd quy m d tai san qua Idn, ddng thdi tang tdc dp tfch luy quy bao h i l m t i l n gdi. Ve chi tra l i l n bao h i e m , hign nay hgn mdc bao h i l m tien gdi ldi da la 2 5 0 . 0 0 0 USD dd'i vdi moi ngddi gdi t i l n .
Ve x d ly rui ro, FDIC e6 q u y l n can thiep vao hoat ddng eua cac i d chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m tien gdi ma boat ddng yeu k g m , co quyen yeu cau eae ngan hang nay sap n h i p , hpp nhdt vao ngan hang khac hoac bj ngSn hang
khac mua Igi. Viee • 'ra b j o h i e m l i e n gdi eho ngu - $d\ l i e n ehi la b i e n phap s.^'' ^ .ng ddye thye hign khi cac b i e n phap khac khdng m a n g lai hieu qua.
3.2. Nhat Ban
Ca quan bao h i l m l i e n gCi\ tgi N h a t Ban la T d n g c d n g ty bdo h i e m t i l n gdi N h g t Ban {Deposit Insurance Corporation of Japan - DICJ), d y y c t h a n h lap vao nam 1971 trgn eo sd d l nghj eua Uy ban nghign cdu lai c h i n h Nhgt Ban. M d h i n h hogt d p n g d i u lign eua N h 0 t ban la m d h i n h chi trd, nhdng do vai trd khdng hipu quS cija m d h i n h nay nen co quan nay da ehuyen t h a n h m d hinh g i a m t h i l u rui ro, t d d d dgt ddpc nhdng thanh cdng nhat djnh, gdp phan dn d i n h he i h d n g lai c h f n h Nhat Ban.
DICJ hogt d o n g dpc lap vdi Ngan hang Trung dong Nh|lt Ban, do d d it c h i u chi phd'i ti^
cac c d quan nha nddc, cd t h i dda ra ddpc nhdng p h a n dng kjp thdi vdi thi t r y d n g . Ben canh dd, DICJ ed CO ehe thu phf bao h i l m l i l n gdi theo tL/ng n h d m khaeh hang, ddng thdi dypc q u y l n vay l i l n khi c l n thig't i d Bp Tai chinh d y d i sy b i o lanh cua C h i n h phu.
H i e n l a i , mdc thu phf bao h i l m t i e n gdi cua DICJ dao dpng td 0 , 0 8 4 % c h o den 0 , 1 0 7 % , tuy theo loai h i n h t i e n gtfi va hgn mdc ehi tra ldi da la 10 trigu Y i n N h a i cho mot ngddi gdi t i l n tgi ngan hang, tdPng ddong khoang 9 7 . 0 0 0 USD.
v l boat d p n g g i a m sai, DICJ chu yg'u t h y c hien g i a m sai ngan hang t h d n g qua cor fpc k i e m Ira tnic tiep vdi ndi dui ,.-n gdm k i e m trd t i n h h i n h n-. b^Q
- TAI CHINH VA NGAN HANG QUOC TE €
hiem l i l n g d i , k i l m tra d d ligu ve ngydi gdi l i l n va d y l i n h sd tien phai tra Irong tnJdng hop lo chdc tai c h i n h b j d d b e .
Ve boat ddng x d ly rui ro va hd trp tai e h i n h , DICJ e6 nhdng phddng phap c h i n h sau: H d Iro lai ehinh (Financial aid), Giai phap cd Ceiu lai cac t d chdc lai chfnh y l u kem (Resolution of failed financial institutions), Cung cap vd'n (Capital injection), Mua lai san t d nhdng td chdc lai chinh (Purchasing assets from financial institution). Phdong phap hd try tai c h i n h la phddng phap eung cap hd t r d iai e h i n h cho cac td chde tai c h i n h de d a m bao vige e h u y i n giao kinh doanh thuan loi trong trddng hop mdt t d chdc tai c h i n h d d v d ehuyen giao kmh doanh hoac sap nhap vdi i d chdc tai c h i n h khac. Phddng phap giai phap c d ca'u lai eae td chdc lai e h i n h yeu kem lien quan ddn vige DICJ se ddpc chf d j n h la nha quan ly hoat ddng lai ehinh eua td chdc lai c h i n h day.
Phdong phap eung ca'p vo'n lign quan de'n viec h i n h thanh mpt ep quan ehuygn trach la Cdng ty thu hdi va x d ly nd (Resolution and Collection Corporation RCC) ma ddoc DICJ eung cdp vd'n.
N h i e m vu eua RCC la x d ly va thu hdi nhdng khoan no xa'u.
Chfnh nhd eae phddng phap nay ma cae ngan hang d d v d ddpc xd ly nhanh gpn, hieu qua, gdp p h i n cung c d va duy tri niem tin eua cdng chdng vdi he thdng ngan hang.
3.3. Dai Loan
long cdng l y bao h i l m tien gdi Trung ddng D a i Loan (Central
Deposit Insurance Corporation - CDIC) ddpc t h a n h lap vao nam 1 9 8 5 , ddpc dau t d vdn I d Bd Tai c h i n h Dai Loan va Ngan hang Trung dOng D a i Loan. Trong nhdng nam d i u hoat dong, C D I C hogt d p n g theo md h i n h ehi tra.
Chde nang g i a m sat eua C D I C va eua cac cP quan giam sat khac tai Dai Loan bi chdng cheo, va do bi ban ehe v l d j a vi phap ly, kha nang tidp can thdng tin eon ban che nen sy hieu qua cua C D I C la thap. D l tang cydng vai tro cua C D I C , C h i n h phu Dai Loan da sd ddi Luat Bao hiem t i l n gdi vao n a m 1 9 9 9 , cho phep C I D C CO quyen k i e m soat rui ro boat ddng cua eae t d chCfe tham gia bao h i l m t i l n gdi, giai quyet eae td chdc tai c h i n h ed va'n de va XLf ly cac ngan hang d d vd, tang quy md quy bao h i l m t i l n gdi va yeu eau t h a m gia bao hiem tien gdi vdi cac t d chdc tin dung la bat bupc. Lue nay, md h i n h cua C D I C da ddoc c h u y i n thanh md h i n h giam thieu rui ro, va dac bigt da dat dddc thanh cdng vdi he thdng canh bao sdm t i n h hinh tai ehinh cac to chdc l i n dung tham gia bao hiem tien gCfi, I d d6 phat hien va x d ly cac td chdc ed rui ro cao.
v l giam sat cac thanh vien t h a m gia bao h i l m t i l n gdi, C D I C da sd dung he thd'ng c h i tigu CAMELSO (gid'ng vdi he thdng CAMELS ma FDIC ap dung, t h g m Rui ro boat ddng - Operation risk) de xay d y n g Hg thdng canh bao sdm, giam sal boat dpng eua t d chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m t i l n gdi. Hg thdng nay se kiem tra d d lieu d i n h ky va
dya vao day, C D I C se p h a n loai cac t d chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m t i e n gdi thanh 5 n h o m A , B, C, D va E vdi mdc dp rui ro tang d i n t d n h d m A den n h d m E, trong d d A la nhdm gdm cae t d chdc lanh m a n h nha't va cd it ye'u k e m , edn E la nhdm gdm eae t d chde yg'u k e m .
Ve thu p h i bao h i l m , khi mdi thanh lap C D I C ap d y n g phddng phap thu phf t y nguygn vdi mdc ddng hgng la 0 , 0 5 % trgn sd' d y t i l n dyoc bao h i l m . Tuy n h i e n , phddng phap nay khdng khuyen khfch cac td chdc tfn dung lanh mgnh t h a m gia bao h i e m ngay ea khi C D I C giam mdc p h i bdo hiem xud'ng. C h f n h v i vay, t d nam 1 9 9 9 , C D I C yeu eau cac i d chde tin d y n g t h a m gia bao h i l m t i l n gdi la bat bupc va t i n h phf theo mdc dd rui ro dda trdn k i t qua phan loai cae td chde t h a m gia bao h i e m tien gCfi. Tai ehau A , C D I C la td chde bao hiem t i l n gdi dau l i e n trien khai thanh cdng vigc thu phf bao h i e m theo mdc dp rui ro.
Ve han mdc chi tra bao h i e m , bao hiem tdi da eho mdi ngddi gdi t i l n tren mdi ngan hang la 3 0 . 0 0 0 USD va khdng bao gdm tien gdi ngoai te. Phf bao hiem dypc dya tren sd t i l n gdi, mdc phf bao h i l m l i g n gdi dao dong trong khoang 0 , 0 5 % den 0 , 0 6 % s d t i l n gdi dypc bao h i e m .
3.4. Philippine
Tdng edng ty bao h i e m tien gdi P h i l i p p i n e ( P h i l i p p i n e Deposit Insurance Corporation PDIC) dyoc thanh lap nam 1 9 6 3 , la mpt t d chdc tai c h i n h cua chfnh p h u , boat d p n g doe lap, va la
TAP CHI NGAN HANG | SO 6 | THANG 3/2015 ©
} TAI CHINH VA NGAN HANG QUOC TE
to chdc bao h i l m tien gdi d i u t i e n tai Odng A . M y e ligu quan trpng n h a l eua PDIC la n h a m bao vg nhdng ngddi gdi l i e n , qua do nang cao n i e m tin eua eong ehung vao he thdng ngan hang, gidp cho he thdng ngan hang an toan.
Ve CO c h d giam sat, PDIC ddpc i d chdc theo md h i n h giam t h i l u rui ro, thdc hign giam sat t d xa cae ngan hang, phat hien rui ro.
I d d6 dda ra nhdng canh bao kjp thdi d l xi!f ly cac td chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m lien gdi. Bgn cgnh d o , PDIC cdn k i l m tra tai chd cac t d chdc thanh vign dddi s d p h d i hdp chat chg vdi Ngan hang Trung ddng va vdi sd eha'p thuan cua Hdi ddng Thdng ddc Ngan hang Trung dPng. Ngoai ra, PDIC con giai quyet va thanh ly tai san cua eae ngan hang d d vd, phdng tranh d d v d day ehuyen va khung hoang tai c h i n h .
Trd thanh cae ngan hang, bao gdm ea cac chi nhanh trong nddc cua cae ngan hang nddc ngoai, d i u phai tham gia bao hiem l i e n gdi bat bupc. Han mdc chi tra bao h i l m hien nay la 5 0 0 . 0 0 0 peso, tdc la khoang 11.600 USD, bao h i l m dope 9 7 , 2 % tdng lai khoan t i l n gdi trong he thd'ng ngan hang (Thdng t i n t d DIV). Ty lg thu phf bao h i l m hien nay ap dung eho cac thanh vien tham gia bao hiem t i l n gdi la 0 , 2 % long so'tien gdi mdi nam.
3.5. Han Qud'c
Tdng cong ty bao h i e m H a n Qudc (Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation - KDIC) ddoe thanh lap vao nam 1 9 9 6 , hoat dpng theo Luat bao h i l m tien gdi H a n Qudc, vdi myc tieu chfnh la d l
( ^ TAPCHJNGAr^ O^h --flr;G3Z015
bao vg ngddi gCfi t i g n cua cac td chdc tai e h i n h t h a m gia bao hiem va de duy irT n i l m tin eua cdng ehung trong he thdng tai c h i n h , dam bao an toan hg i h d n g tai ehinh ngan hang. H i e n nay, KDIC boat ddng theo m d h i n h giam thieu rdi ro. D i l m ndi bat nhal cua KDIC la quy bao h i e m t i l n gdi eua KDIC khdng hoan loan phu thude vao vige ngan sach Nha nddc cap cho KDIC bao nhidu t i l n . Ngudn thu chu yg'u eua KDIC v i n de'n t d cac khoan thu phf bao h i l m l i e n gdi eua eae td chdc tham gia bao h i l m tien gdi. Tuy n h i g n , d l dng pho linh hoat vdi khung hoang, Luat Bao ve t i l n gdi eua H a n Qude cho phep KDIC ed the vay t i l n I d C h i n h phu hoac Ngan hang Trung dong, cac td chdc lai chfnh ddpc bao hiem khac theo quy d i n h tai s i c Ignh cua Tdng thd'ng, vdi sy chap thuan eua Bo trddng Bp Tai c h i n h va Kinh le Han Qud'c.
Ve edng tae giam sat, theo Dieu 21 Luat Bao h i l m tien gi^i Han Qud'c, KDIC ed quyen yeu c l u cac td chdc tai c h i n h t h a m gia bao h i l m de t r i n h cac tai lieu can thie't cd lien quan de'n hoat ddng k i n h doanh v a t i n h hinh tai c h i n h hien tgi cua m i n h . KDIC eung lap ra Uy ban G i a m sal rui ro lien tyc (Ongoing Risk Surveillance Council), cd traeh nhiem giam sat va danh gia cae hoat dpng rui ro cua t d chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m . Dd'i vdi cac to chdc tai chfnh m a ddpc KDIC k i t lugn la dang trong t i n h trang khd k h a n , KDIC sg k i t hop vdi Co quan D j c h vu G i a m sat Tai chfnh (Financial Supervisory
Service) d l p h a n tic' " t h | n ban nhdng ch? tic c h i n h trpng yg'u mdt I l n ^ a ^ do, K D I C se yeu can id chde lai c h i n h c l n phai cai thien lgi boat d p n g quan ly eua m i n h .
Ve cdng tac x d ly cae ngan hang d d v d , K D I C co chdc nang quydt d i n h lya c h p n phyOng p h a p x d ly, bao gdm hd try tai c h i n h , ban eho ddn vi lai chinh t h d ba, ngan h a n g b i c c l u va cudi cdng la t h a n h loan l i l n bao h i l m . Cac phddng phap nay d a m bao nguygn t i c ehi p h i tdi i h i e u trgn cp sd Ifnh l o a n ldi ich gida viec hd t r d d l t d chdc tai e h i n h phuc hdi va eho pha san.
V e mdc thu phf bao h i e m , hien nay, mdc thu phf dddc KDIC ap d u n g theo p h d d n g phap phan biet cac logi h i n h i d chdc ddoc bao h i l m vdi mdc p h i t d 0 , 1 % de'n 0 , 3 % . H g n mdc chi tra t i l n bao h i l m hign nay cua KDIC la 50 trigu w o n , Idong dddng khoang 4 8 . 0 0 0 USD eho moi ngddi gi!/i tien lgi mdi to chde t h a n h v i e n .
3.6. Bai bgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
To chdc Bao h i e m t i l n gdi Vigt N a m (Deposit Insurance of V i e t n a m - DIV) ddoc thanh lap vao nam 1999 va c h i n h thdc hoat ddng vao n a m 2 0 0 0 theo quyet d i n h cua Thu tddng Chfnh phu Vigt N a m . H i e n nay, DIV dypc hogt dpng theo m d h i n h chi tra m d rpng, vdi mue d f c h nham bao ve quyen loi ngudi gdi t i l n , hd irp cac t d chd. d u n g gap k h d k h a n , k i e m '^ ^ phdng ngda mi ro trong hoc ngan hang.
- TAI CHINH VA NGAN HANG OUOC TE ij
Ve cong tac g i a m sal, D I V ddpc quyen theo doi v a kiem Ira vigc chap h a n h eae quy d j n h phap luat v l bao h i e m l i l n gdi va long hop, phan t f c h , x d ly thdng tin ve to chde t h a m gia bao hiem l i e n gdi nham phat hign va k i l n nghi Ngan hang Nha nddc xd ly kip thdi nhdng vi p h a m quy d i n h v l an loan hg thdng ngan hang, rui ro gay ma't an toan trong he t h d n g ngan hang. Tuy n h i e n , khudn k h d quy d j n h ve c d c h e giam sat gida DIV va cac cd quan khac nhd Bp Tai c h i n h , Uy ban G i a m sat tai chinh qudc gia, K i l m loan N h a nddc va Trung t a m Thdng l i n t i n dyng Qude gia Vigt N a m (CIC) chda thdc sy rd rang. Thdng tin dau vao de phan l i c h rui ro eae td chde t h a m gia bao h i e m tien gi!fi hign nay h l u n h y ehi dypc DIV l i y t d hai ngudn la Ngan hang Nha nddc va t d chdc t h a m gia bao h i l m l i e n gdi.
v l mdc phf bao h i l m , luat bao h i l m l i l n gdi quy d i n h mdc khung phf bao hiem l i e n gdi ddoc quy d j n h bdi Thu tddng Chinh phu theo d l nghi eua Ngan h i n g Nha nddc Viet N a m , va sau dd Ngan hang Nha nddc Vigt N a m quy d i n h mdc phf bao h i l m l i e n gdi cy the vdi td chdc tham gia bao h i e m tien gdi tren CO s6 danh gia ket qua va phan logi cac td chdc nay. Tuy n h i e n , hign nay mdc phf bao h i l m t i l n gdi ap d y n g tgi Viet N a m v i n dyoc ap d y n g theo co ehe' ddng hgng, Idc la cac t d chdc tham gia bao h i l m t i e n gdi diJ cd rui ro cao hay tha'p cung d i u ndp chung mdc phf la 0 , 1 5 % / n a m t i n h trgn sd d y t i l n gdi thuoe dd'i t y y n g dyyc bao h i e m . C h i n h vl
Vciy, vdi mdc p h i nay chda tao ra moi trddng cgnh i r a n h bupc cac i d chdc t h a m bao h i e m t i l n gdi nang cao mdc dd an toan va higu qua hogt dong, giam t h i l u rui ro de dope hddng mdc phf tha'p.
H i g n nay, hgn mdc chi tra bao h i l m tien gdi la 50 trigu ddng, ddoc duy tri k l t d nam 2 0 0 5 . H a n mdc ehi t r a / G D P b i n h quan d i u ngddi t i n h de'n nam 2 0 1 2 da thap hdn 2 lan, lieu chf td'i t h i l u theo khuyg'n nghj eua cpng ddng qudc te'.
Tdm lai, de D I V boat dong ddpc hieu qua hon, C h i n h phu Vigt N a m can phai nghien edu, t h a m khao nhdng quy d i n h , cP che cua nhQng td chdc bao h i l m t i l n gdi thanh cdng trgn the' gidi, de ap dung phd hpp vao thyc t i l n Viet N a m , dae bigt 6 cae npi dung sau:
Thd nhdt, v l md h i n h hoat dong eua i d chdc bao h i e m tien gdi, qua k i n h nghiem cua cac qudc gia ddpc nghign edu vdi sd thanh cdng cua md hinh giam thieu rui ro, D I V ed the nghign cdu chuyen doi td md h i n h chi tra vdi quyen ban m d rpng sang ap dung md h i n h giam thieu rui ro trong thdi gian tdi vdi Ip trinh phu hpp. Bgn canh d d , D I V c l n ddpc C h i n h phu cho phep m d rpng t h e m tfnh dpc lap de c6 the dng phd nhanh hdn vdi t i n h hinh thdc te, ddng thdi can cd eo che' phd'i hpp chat che va chia se thdng tin gida D I V vdi cae td chdc khac ed lien quan, dae biet la Ngan hang Nha nddc, Bd Tai c h f n h va CIC.
Thd hai, D I V can ehuyen he thdng thu p h i bao h i l m t i l n gCi'\
t d ddng hgng sang thu p h i bao
h i l m l i e n gdi theo mdc d d rui ro de tao ra dpng lye gidp eae to chdc t i n d y n g hogt d o n g an loan hdn, dam bao sd dn d i n h , ben vdng cua ca he t h d n g . Ben canh d d , hgn mdc ehi tra bao h i e m l i l n gdi cho ngddi gdi t i l n cung can dope dieu c h i n h l a n g Ign, giup duy tri Idng tin eua ngddi gdi t i e n .
Thd ba, v l edng tae giam sat, D I V can chuan bl xay d y n g hg thd'ng canh bao sdm de xac d m h kjp thdi nhdng t d chdc t h a m gia bao h i e m boat d d n g ed dp rui ro eao. De lam ddpc dieu nay, D I V can xay ddng myc lieu va d j n h hddng chig'n boat ddng, doi mdi va hoan thien md h i n h to chdc, quan ly nang dong, higu qua, lang cddng eo sd vat eha't, edng nghg thdng tin hign dai cdng vdi ddi ngu nhan sd cd trinh dd phd hop. Ngoai ra, d l cd the xay d y n g ddpc hg thd'ng eae ehi tigu giam sat, mdt trong nhdng yeu t d quan trong la sd ligu dau vao can d i y d u , cap nhat va m i n h bach.B
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
Bill Hdu Toan (2012), 'Phap luat ve bSo hiem tien giJi d Viet Nam trong i3ieu kien tipi nhap quoc te', Luan an tien si, Hoc vien Khoa hpc Xa hoi - Vien Khoa hpc Xa hoi Viet Mam.
Choi J B (1999), 'Stfuctunng a deposit insurance system from Asian perspective', trong tai lieu Rising lo the Challenge in Asia' A study of Financial Markets, Tap 6, Asian Development Bank,
Dao Van Tuan (2006), *Giai phSp hoan thien chinh sach bao hiem tien gili d Vi§t Nam trong qua trinh hdi nhap kmh te quoc te', Lugn an tien si. Hoc vien Ngan hang.
Oinh Dung Sy (2011). 'Oia vi phap ly, md hinh to chLlc va hoat ddng cua to chiic Btio hiem tien gifi Viet Nam', Ky yeu hdi thSo D\l an Luat Bao hiem tien gilt do Uy ban Kinh t l Qudc hpi to chdc ngay 23/8/2011,
Le Viet Nga (2012), 'Quan ly hoat ddng bao hiem tien giii ciia to chile bao hiem tien giii Viet Nam hien nay', Luan an tien si, Oai hoc Thddng mai.
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